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|genus = Poa
|genus = Poa
|species = pratensis
|species = pratensis
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Maiz-Tome, L.|date=2016 |title=''Poa pratensis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T176440A78457132|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176440A78457132.en|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
}}


'''''Poa pratensis''''', commonly known as '''Kentucky bluegrass''' (or '''blue grass'''), '''smooth meadow-grass''', or '''common [[Meadow grass|meadow-grass]]''', is a [[perennial]] species of [[Poaceae|grass]] native to practically all of [[Europe]], [[North Asia]] and the mountains of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. Although the species is spread over all of the cool, humid parts of the [[United States]], it is not native to [[North America]]. The [[Spanish Empire]] brought the seeds of Kentucky bluegrass to the [[New World]] in mixtures with other grasses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/turf/publications/Bluegrass.html|title=Kentucky Bluegrass |publisher=Aggie Horticulture|author=Martin Anderson, Texas AgriLife Extension Service}}</ref> In its native range, ''Poa pratensis'' forms a valuable pasture plant, characteristic of well-drained, fertile soil. It is also used for making [[lawn]]s in [[Park|parks]] and [[Garden|gardens]] and has established itself as a common [[Invasive species|invasive]] weed across cool moist [[Temperate climate|temperate climates]] like the [[Pacific Northwest]] and the [[Northeastern United States]]. When found on native grasslands in [[Canada]], for example, it is considered an unwelcome [[exotic plant]], and is indicative of a disturbed and degraded landscape.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ksenija Vujnovic |author2=Ross W. Wein |date=September 1997 |title=An Inventory of Remnant Prairie Grasslands Within the Central Parkland Natural Sub-Region of Alberta |url=https://www.albertaparks.ca/media/3195225/parkland_report_remnant_prairie.pdf |page=5}}</ref>
'''''Poa pratensis''''', commonly known as '''Kentucky bluegrass''' (or '''blue grass'''), '''smooth meadow-grass''', or '''common meadow-grass''', is a [[perennial]] species of [[Poaceae|grass]] native to practically all of [[Europe]], [[North Asia]] and the mountains of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. There is disagreement about its native status in [[North America]], with some sources considering it native<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gleason |first=Henry A. (Henry Allan) |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofvascular0000glea |title=Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada |date=1991 |location=The Bronx, N.Y. |publisher=New York Botanical Garden |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89327-365-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poa Pratensis |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=POPR |access-date=September 10, 2024 |website=University of Texas Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Element Stewardship Abstract for Poa pratensis, Poa compressa Kentucky Bluegrass, Canada Bluegrass |url=https://www.invasive.org/gist/esadocs/documnts/poa_pra.pdf |access-date=September 10, 2024 |website=www.invasives.org}}</ref> and others stating the [[Spanish Empire]] brought the seeds of Kentucky bluegrass to the [[New World]] in mixtures with other grasses.<ref>{{cite web |author=Martin Anderson, Texas AgriLife Extension Service |title=Kentucky Bluegrass |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/turf/publications/Bluegrass.html |publisher=Aggie Horticulture}}</ref> It is a common and incredibly popular lawn grass in North America with the species being spread over all of the cool, humid parts of the [[United States]]. In its native range, ''Poa pratensis'' forms a valuable pasture plant, characteristic of well-drained, fertile soil. It is also used for making [[lawn]]s in [[Park|parks]] and [[Garden|gardens]] and has established itself as a common [[Invasive species|invasive]] weed across cool moist [[Temperate climate|temperate climates]] like the [[Pacific Northwest]] and the [[Northeastern United States]]. When found on native [[grassland]]s in [[Canada]], for example, it is considered an unwelcome [[exotic plant]], and is indicative of a disturbed and degraded landscape.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ksenija Vujnovic |author2=Ross W. Wein |date=September 1997 |title=An Inventory of Remnant Prairie Grasslands Within the Central Parkland Natural Sub-Region of Alberta |url=https://www.albertaparks.ca/media/3195225/parkland_report_remnant_prairie.pdf |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=There Are More Than a Dozen Types of Grass — Here's How to Know Which One You Have |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/a32130743/types-of-grass/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
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==Ecology==
==Ecology==
[[File:PP Na Popovickem kopci 007 cf Myrmus miriformis.jpg|thumb|''[[Myrmus miriformis]]'' in [[Přerov]], Czech Republic]]
[[File:PP Na Popovickem kopci 007 cf Myrmus miriformis.jpg|thumb|''[[Myrmus miriformis]]'' in [[Přerov]], Czech Republic]]
''Poa pratensis'' is among the food plants of the caterpillars of the [[meadow brown]] (''Maniola jurtina''), [[Gatekeeper (butterfly)|gatekeeper]] (''Pyronia tithonus''), and [[pepper-and-salt skipper]] butterflies; the common sun beetle (''[[Amara aenea]]'') (adults feed on the developing seeds), ''Eupelix cuspidata'' of the [[leafhopper]] family, and ''[[Myrmus miriformis]]'', a grassbug (feeds on young blades and developing seeds).<ref>[http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o1084-roughmeadowgrass.php Natural England description on website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223215305/http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o1084-roughmeadowgrass.php |date=2009-02-23 }}</ref>
''Poa pratensis'' is among the food plants of the caterpillars of the [[meadow brown]] (''Maniola jurtina''), [[Gatekeeper (butterfly)|gatekeeper]] (''Pyronia tithonus''), and [[pepper-and-salt skipper]] butterflies; the common sun beetle (''[[Amara aenea]]'') (adults feed on the developing seeds), ''[[Eupelix cuspidata]]'' of the [[leafhopper]] family, and ''[[Myrmus miriformis]]'', a grassbug (feeds on young blades and developing seeds).<ref>[http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o1084-roughmeadowgrass.php Natural England description on website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223215305/http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o1084-roughmeadowgrass.php |date=2009-02-23 }}</ref>


''Poa pratensis'' is host to a number of [[fungi]], including ''[[Claviceps purpurea]]'', which causes [[ergotism]] when consumed, ''[[Drechslera poae]]'', ''[[Epichloë typhina]]'', ''[[Phaeoseptoria poae]]'', ''[[Puccinia brachypodii]]'' var. ''poae-nemoralis'', ''[[Stagonospora montagnei]]'', ''[[Stagonospora nodorum]]'' and ''[[Wojnowicia hirta]]''.<ref Name="HH&GGE2004">Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4090/Fjolrit_45.pdf?sequence=1 ''Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir'' [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi]. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X</ref>
''Poa pratensis'' is host to a number of [[fungi]], including ''[[Claviceps purpurea]]'', which causes [[ergotism]] when consumed, ''[[Drechslera poae]]'', ''[[Epichloë typhina]]'', ''[[Phaeoseptoria poae]]'', ''[[Puccinia brachypodii]]'' var. ''poae-nemoralis'', ''[[Stagonospora montagnei]]'', ''[[Stagonospora nodorum]]'' and ''[[Wojnowicia hirta]]''.<ref Name="HH&GGE2004">Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4090/Fjolrit_45.pdf?sequence=1 ''Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir'' [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi]. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X</ref>
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During the 1990s{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} botanists began experimenting with hybrids of ''Poa pratensis'' and Texas bluegrass (''[[Poa arachnifera|P. arachnifera]]''), with the goal of creating a [[drought]] and heat-resistant lawn grass. In warm climates, such hybrids may remain green year-round.<ref name="KSU">{{cite web | title=Texas Bluegrass Hybrids – Bluegrass Research – Research – Bremer – Turf Information | website=[[Kansas State University Research and Extension]] | date=2004-11-04 | url=http://www.k-state.edu/turf/bremer/research/bluegrass/hybrid-bluegrass/ | access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
During the 1990s{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} botanists began experimenting with hybrids of ''Poa pratensis'' and Texas bluegrass (''[[Poa arachnifera|P. arachnifera]]''), with the goal of creating a [[drought]] and heat-resistant lawn grass. In warm climates, such hybrids may remain green year-round.<ref name="KSU">{{cite web | title=Texas Bluegrass Hybrids – Bluegrass Research – Research – Bremer – Turf Information | website=[[Kansas State University Research and Extension]] | date=2004-11-04 | url=http://www.k-state.edu/turf/bremer/research/bluegrass/hybrid-bluegrass/ | access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>


Bella Bluegrass is a brand-named dwarf variant of ''Poa pratentis'' developed by the [[University of Nebraska]]. It has relatively deep roots and propagates relatively rapidly horizontally from its root system but grows to only {{convert|2|-|5|in|cm|0}} in above-ground height, basically eliminating the need for [[mowing]] lawns that use it. It cannot be reproduced by seed and thus depends on [[Plug (horticulture)|sod plugs]] or [[sprigging]] for its production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/lawn-care/specific/kentucky-bluegrass/bella-grass-information.htm |title=What Is Bella Grass: Information On No Mow Bella Turf Grass |last=Grant |first=Bonnie L. |website=Gardening Know-How |access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref>
Bella Bluegrass is a brand-named dwarf variant of ''Poa pratentis'' developed by the [[University of Nebraska]]. It has relatively deep roots and propagates relatively rapidly horizontally from its root system but grows to only {{convert|2|-|5|in|cm|0}} in above-ground height, basically eliminating the need for [[mowing]] lawns that use it. It cannot be reproduced by seed and thus depends on [[Plug (horticulture)|sod plugs]] or [[sprigging]] for its production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/lawn-care/specific/kentucky-bluegrass/bella-grass-information.htm |title=What Is Bella Grass: Information On No Mow Bella Turf Grass |last=Grant |first=Bonnie L. |website=Gardening Know-How |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref>


==NFL playing surfaces<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.as.com/nfl/what-nfl-stadiums-have-real-grass-what-kind-of-grass-do-they-have-n-3/ |title=What NFL stadiums have real grass and which ones have artificial turf? The full list |last1=Abdalazem |first1=Reem |last2=Roche |first2=Calum |date=2023-09-14 |orig-date=2023-09-09 |website=en.as.com |publisher=as |access-date=2023-10-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011133314/https://en.as.com/nfl/what-nfl-stadiums-have-real-grass-what-kind-of-grass-do-they-have-n-3/#tbl-em-lnlsk4y3jff0oqamj6g |archive-date=2023-10-11|df=mdy-all}}</ref>==
==NFL playing surfaces==
*[[Cleveland Browns Stadium]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
*[[Lambeau Field]] in [[Green Bay, WI]]
*[[Empower Field at Mile High]] in [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]
*[[FirstEnergy Stadium]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Acrisure Stadium]] in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Empower Field at Mile High]] in [[Denver, Colorado]]
*[[Acrisure Stadium]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]


==MLB playing surfaces<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lawnlove.com/blog/turf-grass-favorite-mlb-ballpark/ |title=All about the turf grass at your favorite MLB ballpark |last=Butler |first=Sara |date=2022-06-17 |website=lawnlove.com |publisher=Lawn Love |access-date=2023-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311014942/https://lawnlove.com/blog/turf-grass-favorite-mlb-ballpark/ |archive-date=2023-03-11 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>==
==MLB playing surfaces==

{{more citations needed section|date=June 2022}}
*[[Yankee Stadium]] in [[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]]
*[[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] in [[Baltimore, MD]]<ref>[https://cnsmaryland.org/2019/10/29/baltimore-orioles-ravens-climate-change/ Eckert, Nora and Kostka, Andy. "Orioles, Ravens groundskeepers challenged by climate change," Capital News Service, Tuesday, October 29, 2019.] Retrieved March 28, 2022.</ref>
*[[Fenway Park]] in [[Boston, MA]]
*[[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]]
*[[American Family Field]] in [[Milwaukee, WI]]
*[[Progressive Field]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Yankee Stadium]] in [[Bronx, NY]]
*[[Angel Stadium]] in [[Anaheim, California]]
*[[Citi Field]] in [[Queens, NY]]
*[[Busch Stadium]] in [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]
*[[Busch Stadium]] in [[St.Louis, MO]]
*[[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
*[[American Family Field]] in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
*[[Nationals Park]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
*[[Nationals Park]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
*[[PNC Park]] in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]]
*[[Citi Field]] in [[Queens|Queens, New York]]
*[[Wrigley Field]] in [[Chicago, IL]]
*[[Comerica Park]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]
*[[Guaranteed Rate Field]] in [[Chicago, IL]]
*[[Guaranteed Rate Field]] in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]
*[[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]
*[[Target Field]] in [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
*[[Comerica Park]] in [[Detroit, MI]]
*[[PNC Park]] in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Fenway Park]] in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]]
*[[Great American Ball Park]] in [[Cincinnati, OH]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lord |first1=Stephen |title=I can tell you that graphic isn’t up to date no matter when it was posted. Field was changed to 💯 Kentucky Bluegrass in November 2019 by me, my staff, Moster Turf, and @TheMotzGroup |url=https://twitter.com/TurfSpartanLord/status/1627338799972851712 |website=Twitter |access-date=19 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Progressive Field]] in [[Cleveland, OH]]
*[[Oakland Coliseum]] in [[Oakland, California]]
*[[Target Field]] in [[Minneapolis, MN]]
*[[Coors Field]] in [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] (Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Blend)
*[[Kauffman Stadium]] in [[Kansas City, MO]] (Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Blend)
*[[T-Mobile Park]] in [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] (Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Blend)
*[[Coors Field]] in [[Denver, CO]] (Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Blend)
*[[Great American Ball Park]] in [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]] (Kentucky Bluegrass Blend)
*[[T-Mobile Park]] in [[Seattle, WA]] (Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Blend)
*[[Wrigley Field]] in Chicago, Illinois (Kentucky Bluegrass/Clover Blend)
*[[Kauffman Stadium]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]] (Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Blend)


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Poa&SPECIES_XREF=pratensis&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Poa pratensis'']
*[https://websites.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Poa&SPECIES_XREF=pratensis&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Poa pratensis'']
*[http://poa.ipk-gatersleben.de European ''Poa'' Database]
*[http://poa.ipk-gatersleben.de European ''Poa'' Database]
*[http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/poa-pratensis/ Horticultural information on this turfgrass; growing it in the home garden] * ''The Observers Book of Grasses, Sedges and Rushes''. Frances Rose. pages 42–43
*[http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/poa-pratensis/ Horticultural information on this turfgrass; growing it in the home garden] * ''The Observers Book of Grasses, Sedges and Rushes''. Frances Rose. pages 42–43
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[[Category:Poa|pratensis]]
[[Category:Poa|pratensis]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Grasses of Lebanon]]

Latest revision as of 16:47, 15 November 2024

"Kentucky bluegrass" redirects here. For the region of the state of Kentucky, see Bluegrass region. For the genre of music, see Bluegrass music.

Poa pratensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Genus: Poa
Species:
P. pratensis
Binomial name
Poa pratensis

Poa pratensis, commonly known as Kentucky bluegrass (or blue grass), smooth meadow-grass, or common meadow-grass, is a perennial species of grass native to practically all of Europe, North Asia and the mountains of Algeria and Morocco. There is disagreement about its native status in North America, with some sources considering it native[2][3][4] and others stating the Spanish Empire brought the seeds of Kentucky bluegrass to the New World in mixtures with other grasses.[5] It is a common and incredibly popular lawn grass in North America with the species being spread over all of the cool, humid parts of the United States. In its native range, Poa pratensis forms a valuable pasture plant, characteristic of well-drained, fertile soil. It is also used for making lawns in parks and gardens and has established itself as a common invasive weed across cool moist temperate climates like the Pacific Northwest and the Northeastern United States. When found on native grasslands in Canada, for example, it is considered an unwelcome exotic plant, and is indicative of a disturbed and degraded landscape.[6][7]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Poa pratensis was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark work Species Plantarum in 1753. Poa is Greek for fodder and pratensis is derived from pratum, the Latin for meadow. The name Kentucky bluegrass derives from its flower heads, which are blue when the plant is allowed to grow to its natural height of 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 feet).[8]

Poa pratensis is the type species of the grass family Poaceae.

There are two ill-defined subspecies:

  • Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis – temperate regions
  • Poa pratensis subsp. colpodea – Arctic

Description

[edit]

Poa pratensis is a herbaceous perennial plant 30–70 centimetres (12–28 in) tall. The leaves have boat-shaped tips, narrowly linear, up to 20 centimetres (8 in) long and 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) broad, smooth or slightly roughened, with a rounded to truncate ligule 1–2 millimetres (0.039–0.079 in) long. The conical panicle is 5–20 centimetres (2–8 in) long, with 3 to 5 branches in the basal whorls; the oval spikelets are 3–6 millimetres (0.12–0.24 in) long with 2 to 5 florets, and are purplish-green or grey. They are in flower from May to July, compared to annual meadowgrass (Poa annua) which is in flower for eight months of the year. Poa pratensis has a fairly prominent mid-vein (center of the blade).

The ligule is extremely short and square-ended, making a contrast with annual meadowgrass (Poa annua) and rough meadowgrass (Poa trivialis) in which it is silvery and pointed. The Kentucky bluegrass is a dark green/blue compared to the apple-green color of Poa annua and Poa trivialis.

The rootstock is creeping, with runners (rhizomes). The broad, blunt leaves tend to spread at the base, forming close mats.

Ecology

[edit]
Myrmus miriformis in Přerov, Czech Republic

Poa pratensis is among the food plants of the caterpillars of the meadow brown (Maniola jurtina), gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus), and pepper-and-salt skipper butterflies; the common sun beetle (Amara aenea) (adults feed on the developing seeds), Eupelix cuspidata of the leafhopper family, and Myrmus miriformis, a grassbug (feeds on young blades and developing seeds).[9]

Poa pratensis is host to a number of fungi, including Claviceps purpurea, which causes ergotism when consumed, Drechslera poae, Epichloë typhina, Phaeoseptoria poae, Puccinia brachypodii var. poae-nemoralis, Stagonospora montagnei, Stagonospora nodorum and Wojnowicia hirta.[10]

Cultivation and production

[edit]

The Central Kentucky Blue Grass Seed Company Building is on the National Register of Historic Places. Since the 1950s and early 1960s, 90% of Kentucky bluegrass seed in the United States has been produced on specialist farms in Idaho, Oregon and Washington.

During the 1990s[citation needed] botanists began experimenting with hybrids of Poa pratensis and Texas bluegrass (P. arachnifera), with the goal of creating a drought and heat-resistant lawn grass. In warm climates, such hybrids may remain green year-round.[11]

Bella Bluegrass is a brand-named dwarf variant of Poa pratentis developed by the University of Nebraska. It has relatively deep roots and propagates relatively rapidly horizontally from its root system but grows to only 2–5 inches (5–13 cm) in above-ground height, basically eliminating the need for mowing lawns that use it. It cannot be reproduced by seed and thus depends on sod plugs or sprigging for its production.[12]

NFL playing surfaces[13]

[edit]

MLB playing surfaces[14]

[edit]
[edit]
  • Closeup of flowers
    Closeup of flowers

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Poa pratensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T176440A78457132. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176440A78457132.en. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  2. ^ Gleason, Henry A. (Henry Allan) (1991). Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Internet Archive. The Bronx, N.Y.: New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-0-89327-365-1.
  3. ^ "Poa Pratensis". University of Texas Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  4. ^ "Element Stewardship Abstract for Poa pratensis, Poa compressa Kentucky Bluegrass, Canada Bluegrass" (PDF). www.invasives.org. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  5. ^ Martin Anderson, Texas AgriLife Extension Service. "Kentucky Bluegrass". Aggie Horticulture.
  6. ^ Ksenija Vujnovic; Ross W. Wein (September 1997). "An Inventory of Remnant Prairie Grasslands Within the Central Parkland Natural Sub-Region of Alberta" (PDF). p. 5.
  7. ^ "There Are More Than a Dozen Types of Grass — Here's How to Know Which One You Have". Popular Mechanics. 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  8. ^ Ryen, Dag (June 3, 1993). "What Makes Kentucky's Bluegrass Blue". The New York Times. p. 22. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  9. ^ Natural England description on website Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
  11. ^ "Texas Bluegrass Hybrids – Bluegrass Research – Research – Bremer – Turf Information". Kansas State University Research and Extension. 2004-11-04. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  12. ^ Grant, Bonnie L. (15 February 2023). "What Is Bella Grass: Information On No Mow Bella Turf Grass". Gardening Know-How. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  13. ^ Abdalazem, Reem; Roche, Calum (September 14, 2023) [2023-09-09]. "What NFL stadiums have real grass and which ones have artificial turf? The full list". en.as.com. as. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  14. ^ Butler, Sara (June 17, 2022). "All about the turf grass at your favorite MLB ballpark". lawnlove.com. Lawn Love. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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