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{{Short description|Overview of territory controlled by the Islamic State}}
{{Short description|none}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Islamic State
| conventional_long_name = Islamic State
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}<br />''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah''
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}<br />''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah''
| linking_name = Islamic State
| linking_name = Islamic State
| image_flag = Flag of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.svg
| image_flag = AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg
| image_flag2 =
| image_flag2 =
| image_coat = ISIL_Caliphate_Seal.svg
| image_coat = ISIL_Caliphate_Seal.svg
| symbol_type = Seal
| symbol_type = Emblem
| other_symbol = '''Seal:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aymennjawad.org/2017/08/archive-of-islamic-state-administrative-documents-3 |title=Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents (cont.- IV) |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=28 August 2017 |website=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aymennjawad.org/2016/09/archive-of-islamic-state-administrative-documents-2 |title=Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents (continued...again) |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=17 September 2016 |website=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aymennjawad.org/2016/01/archive-of-islamic-state-administrative-documents-1 |title=Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents (cont.) |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=11 January 2016 |website=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aymennjawad.org/2015/01/archive-of-islamic-state-administrative-documents |title=Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=27 January 2015 |website=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/04/world/middleeast/isis-documents-mosul-iraq.html |title=The ISIS Files |author=Rukmini Callimachi, Ivor Prickett |date=4 April 2018 |website=The New York Times |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/04/world/middleeast/isis-documents-photos.html |title= The ISIS Files: Extreme Brutality and Detailed Record-Keeping |author=Rukmini Callimachi, Andrew Rossback |date=4 April 2018 |website=The New York Times |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>'''<br />[[File:IS seal.svg|110px]]
| common_name = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
| common_name = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
| alt_flag =
| alt_flag =
| flag_caption = Flag
| flag_caption = Flag
| image_map = Islamic State (May 2015) (orthographic projection).png
| image_map = Islamic State (May 2015) (orthographic projection).png
| map_width =
| map_width =
| map_caption = Maximum extent of territorial control, May 2015
| map_caption = Greatest extension of the Islamic State. May 2015.
| image_map2 =
| image_map2 =
| map_width2 =
| map_caption2 =
| map_caption2 =
| national_motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}}}<br />"{{transliteration|ar|''[[Shahada|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh]]''}}"<br />{{small|"There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"}}{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}}<br />{{lang|ar|دولة الإسلام باقية وتتمدد}}<br />''Dawlat al Islam Baqiyah wa Tatamaddad''<br />{{small|"The Islamic State remains and expands"}}{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}}
| national_motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}}}<br />"{{transliteration|ar|''[[Shahada|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh]]''}}"<br />{{small|"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God"}}{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}}<br />{{lang|ar|دولة الإسلام باقية وتتمدد}}<br />''Dawlat al Islam Baqiyah wa Tatamaddad''<br />{{small|"The Islamic State remains and expands"}}{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}}
<br />{{lang|ar|خلافة على منهاج النبوة}}<br />''Khilafah ala Minhaj an-Nubuwwah''<br />{{small|"Caliphate Upon the Prophetic Methodology"}}{{sfnp|Zelin|2016|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onlinejihad.net/2017/08/01/part-2-upon-the-prophetic-methodology-and-the-media-universe/ |title = Part 2: "Upon the prophetic methodology" and the media universe |author=Nico Prucha |work=Online Jihad: Monitoring Jihadist Online Communities |date=1 August 2017 |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>
<br />{{lang|ar|خلافة على منهاج النبوة}}<br />''Khilafah ala Minhaj an-Nubuwwah''<br />{{small|"Caliphate Upon the Prophetic Methodology"}}{{sfnp|Zelin|2016|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onlinejihad.net/2017/08/01/part-2-upon-the-prophetic-methodology-and-the-media-universe/ |title = Part 2: "Upon the prophetic methodology" and the media universe |author=Nico Prucha |work=Online Jihad: Monitoring Jihadist Online Communities |date=1 August 2017 |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>
| national_anthem = {{ublist|class=nowrap|item_style=margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0
| national_anthem = {{ublist|class=nowrap|item_style=margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0
|"أمتي، قد لاح فجر"<br />"[[My Ummah, Dawn Has Appeared]]"<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marshall|first=Alex|date=9 November 2014|title=How Isis got its anthem|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/09/nasheed-how-isis-got-its-anthem|access-date=8 September 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{smaller|(official)}}}}
|"أمتي، قد لاح فجر"<br />"[[My Ummah, Dawn Has Appeared]]"<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marshall|first=Alex|date=9 November 2014|title=How Isis got its anthem|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/09/nasheed-how-isis-got-its-anthem|access-date=8 September 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{smaller|(unofficial)}}}}
| official_languages = [[Arabic]]
| official_languages = [[Arabic]]
| recognized_regional_languages =
| recognized_regional_languages =
| capital = [[Raqqa]] {{small|(2013–2017)}}{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}}<br />[[Mayadin]] {{small|(2017)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/21/isis-moves-its-capital-in-syria.html|title=ISIS moves its capital in Syria|first=Lucas|last=Tomlinson|work=Fox News|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><br />[[Hajin]] {{small|(2017–18)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-us-backed-forces-allegedly-enter-daeshs-new-capital/ |title=Breaking: US-backed forces allegedly enter Daesh's new capital |first=Leith |last=Aboufadel |work=[[al-Masdar News]] |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111035938/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-us-backed-forces-allegedly-enter-daeshs-new-capital/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| capital = [[Raqqa]] {{small|(2013–2017)}}{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}}<br />[[Mayadin]] {{small|(2017)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/isis-moves-its-capital-in-syria|title=ISIS moves its capital in Syria|first=Lucas|last=Tomlinson|work=Fox News|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><br />[[Hajin]] {{small|(2017–18)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-us-backed-forces-allegedly-enter-daeshs-new-capital/ |title=Breaking: US-backed forces allegedly enter Daesh's new capital |first=Leith |last=Aboufadel |work=[[al-Masdar News]] |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111035938/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-us-backed-forces-allegedly-enter-daeshs-new-capital/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Unknown {{small|(2018–present)}}
| largest_city =
| largest_city =
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[Theocracy|theocratic]] [[self-proclaimed]] [[caliphate]] under a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[Theocracy|theocratic]] [[Self-declared state|self-proclaimed]] [[caliphate]] under a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Salafism]])
| legislature =
| legislature = [[Shura]]
| sovereignty_type = [[War on Terror]]
| established = [[War on Terror]]
| established_event1 = Established under the name of [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]
| established_event1 = Established under the name of [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]
| established_date1 = 1999
| established_date1 = 1999
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| status = Unrecognized [[proto-state]]<br />[[List of designated terrorist groups|Designated as a terrorist organization]]
| status = Unrecognized [[proto-state]]<br />[[List of designated terrorist groups|Designated as a terrorist organization]]
| area_rank =
| area_rank =
| area_magnitude =
| area_km2 =
| area_km2 =
| area_sq_mi =
| area_sq_mi =
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| population_density_rank =
| population_density_rank =
| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Islamic State dinar]]{{efn|In October 2015, a film was released showing how the ''Gold Dinar'' would be introduced as the sole official currency of the proto-state. ''De facto'', however, it saw limited circulation. In the areas where it saw circulation, it was forbidden to use other currencies with the exception of the dollar. Other areas saw the use of different types of currencies such as the [[Syrian pound]] and the [[Iraqi dinar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreigndesknews.com/world/middle-east/isis-introduces-golden-dinar-currency-hopes-will-collapse-u-s-dollar/|title=ISIS introduces 'Golden Dinar' currency, Hopes it will collapse U.S. dollar|website=The Foreign Desk|date=6 July 2016|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807093307/http://www.foreigndesknews.com/world/middle-east/isis-introduces-golden-dinar-currency-hopes-will-collapse-u-s-dollar/|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br /> |[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]])}}
| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Islamic State dinar]]{{efn|In October 2015, a film was released showing how the ''Gold Dinar'' would be introduced as the sole official currency of the proto-state. ''De facto'', however, it saw limited circulation. In the areas where it saw circulation, it was forbidden to use other currencies with the exception of the dollar. Other areas saw the use of different types of currencies such as the [[Syrian pound]] and the [[Iraqi dinar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreigndesknews.com/world/middle-east/isis-introduces-golden-dinar-currency-hopes-will-collapse-u-s-dollar/|title=ISIS introduces 'Golden Dinar' currency, Hopes it will collapse U.S. dollar|website=The Foreign Desk|date=6 July 2016|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807093307/http://www.foreigndesknews.com/world/middle-east/isis-introduces-golden-dinar-currency-hopes-will-collapse-u-s-dollar/|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br /> |[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]])}}
| leader_name1 = [[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi]]
| leader_name1 = [[Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]
| leader_title1 = Caliph
| leader_title1 = [[Caliph]]
| leader_name2 = Abu Arkan al-Ameri
| leader_name2 = Abu Arkan al-Ameri
| leader_title2 = Head of the Shura Council
| leader_title2 = Head of the Shura Council
Line 74: Line 75:
| footnote_d =
| footnote_d =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| drives_on = right
| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] and [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +2 and +3
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| p1 = Iraq
| flag_p1 = Flag of Iraq.svg
| p2 = Syrian Arab Republic{{!}}Syria
| flag_p2 = Flag of Syria.svg
| s1 = Iraq
| flag_s1 = Flag of Iraq.svg
| s2 = Syrian Arab Republic{{!}}Syria
| flag_s2 = Flag of Syria.svg
| s3 = Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria{{!}}''Rojava''
| flag_s3 = De facto SA-NES Flag.svg
| s4 = Turkish occupation of northern Syria{{!}}Northern Syria Turkish occupation zone
| flag_s4 = Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg
| demonym =
| demonym =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP =
Line 96: Line 80:
| HDI =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_year =
| today =
}}
}}
The [[Islamic State]] had its core in [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] from 2013 to [[2017 Western Iraq campaign|2017]] and [[Battle of Baghuz Fawqani|2019]] respectively, where the [[proto-state]] controlled significant swathes of [[urban area|urban]], [[rural]], and [[desert]] territory.<ref name="RAND" /> Today the group controls scattered pockets of land in the area, as well as territory or insurgent cells<ref name="RAND"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/12/iraq-saladin-hamrin-pmu-isis.html |title=Iraqi forces hunt down IS remnants in Hamrin Mountains |author=Shelly Kittleson |work=[[al-Monitor]] |date=31 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> in [[#Specific territorial claims|other areas]], notably [[#Afghanistan and Pakistan|Afghanistan]], [[#Nigeria and West Africa|West Africa]], the [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara|Sahara]], [[#Somalia|Somalia]], [[#Mozambique|Mozambique]], and the [[#Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name="Chesnutt 2022">{{Cite news |title=The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/the-state-of-al-qaeda-and-isis-around-the-world |last1=Chesnutt |first1=Kate |date=2022-09-08 |work=Critical Threats |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Katherine}}</ref>
The [[Islamic State|'''Islamic State''']] ('''IS''') had its core in [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] from 2013 to [[2017 Western Iraq campaign|2017]] and [[Battle of Baghuz Fawqani|2019]] respectively, where the [[proto-state]] controlled significant swathes of [[urban area|urban]], [[rural]], and [[desert]] territory, mainly in the [[Mesopotamia]]n region.<ref name="RAND" /> Today the group controls scattered pockets of land in the area, as well as territory or insurgent cells<ref name="RAND"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/12/iraq-saladin-hamrin-pmu-isis.html |title=Iraqi forces hunt down IS remnants in Hamrin Mountains |author=Shelly Kittleson |work=[[al-Monitor]] |date=31 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> in [[#Specific territorial claims|other areas]], notably [[#Afghanistan and Pakistan|Afghanistan]], [[#Nigeria and West Africa|West Africa]], the [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara|Sahara]], [[#Somalia|Somalia]], [[#Mozambique|Mozambique]], and the [[#Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name="Chesnutt 2022">{{Cite news |title=The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/the-state-of-al-qaeda-and-isis-around-the-world |last1=Chesnutt |first1=Kate |date=8 September 2022 |work=Critical Threats |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Katherine}}</ref> As of 2023, large swathes of [[Mali]] have fallen under IS control.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=UN experts say Islamic State group almost doubled the territory they control in Mali in under a year |url=https://apnews.com/article/mali-islamic-state-alqaida-violence-un-e841e4d5835c7fa01605e8fd1ea03fcf |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>


In early 2017, IS controlled approximately 45,377 square kilometers (17,520 square miles) of territory in Iraq and Syria and 7,323{{nbs}}km<sup>2</sup> of territory elsewhere, for a total of {{convert|52700|km2}}.<ref name="RAND"/> This represents a substantial decline from the group's territorial peak in late 2014, when it controlled between {{convert|100000|and|110000|km2}}<ref name="RAND"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=How conflict affects land use: agricultural activity in areas seized by the Islamic State|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=12|issue=5|pages=054004|date=28 April 2017|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa673a|last1 = Eklund|first1 = Lina|last2=Degerald|first2=Michael|last3=Brandt|first3=Martin|last4=Prishchepov|first4=Alexander V|last5=Pilesjö|first5=Petter|bibcode=2017ERL....12e4004E|doi-access=free}}</ref> of territory in total.<ref name="RAND"/><ref>{{cite tweet |user=rcallimachi |last=Callimachi |first=Rukmini |author-link=Rukmini Callimachi |number=920451475624677377 |date=17 October 2017 |title=4. In an email, US-backed Coalition fighting ISIS told me that of the 104,000 square km the group held in Iraq/Syria, 93,790 is liberated}}</ref> IS territory has declined substantially in almost every country since 2014, a result of the group's unpopularity and the military action taken against it.<ref name="RAND"/> By late March 2019, IS territory in Syria was reduced to only the besieged {{convert|1550|mi2|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} [[Syrian Desert]] pocket.<ref name="besieged">[http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=117051 Although they have been besieged by Russia, Iran, and the regime for two years, thousands of ISIS members are still within an area of 4000 km<sup>2</sup> without any intention to launch a military operation against them]</ref> The enclave was surrounded by Syrian government forces and its allies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134748/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1R30FK Trump says all Islamic State land lost in Syria, SDF says fight continues]</ref><ref name="disregard">{{Cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trumps-maps-of-the-caliphate-disregard-isis-pockets-near-syrian-govt-areas/ |title=Trump's maps of the 'caliphate' disregard ISIS pockets near Syrian gov't areas |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054144/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trumps-maps-of-the-caliphate-disregard-isis-pockets-near-syrian-govt-areas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="besieged"/> The Syrian military conducted combing operations and airstrikes against the pocket, but with limited success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/complete-map-update-of-syrian-war-end-of-february-2019/ |title=Complete map update of Syrian War{{snd}}End of February 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101515/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/complete-map-update-of-syrian-war-end-of-february-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-islamicstate-sukhna/syrian-army-attacks-islamic-state-targets-in-desert-report-idUSKCN1QM0WM Syrian army attacks Islamic State targets in desert: report]</ref> IS propaganda claims a peak territorial extent of 282,485{{nbs}}km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>Al-Yaqeen Media. "Three Years on the Islamic State". Digital image, 11 June 2017. https://i.redd.it/i2id92mph33z.jpg</ref>
In early 2017, IS controlled approximately 45,377 square kilometers (17,520 square miles) of territory in Iraq and Syria and 7,323{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup> of territory elsewhere, for a total of {{convert|52700|km2}}.<ref name="RAND"/> This represents a substantial decline from the group's territorial peak in late 2014, when it controlled between {{convert|100000|and|110000|km2}}<ref name="RAND"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=How conflict affects land use: agricultural activity in areas seized by the Islamic State|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=12|issue=5|pages=054004|date=28 April 2017|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa673a|last1 = Eklund|first1 = Lina|last2=Degerald|first2=Michael|last3=Brandt|first3=Martin|last4=Prishchepov|first4=Alexander V|last5=Pilesjö|first5=Petter|bibcode=2017ERL....12e4004E|doi-access=free}}</ref> of territory in total.<ref name="RAND"/><ref>{{cite tweet |user=rcallimachi |last=Callimachi |first=Rukmini |author-link=Rukmini Callimachi |number=920451475624677377 |date=17 October 2017 |title=4. In an email, US-backed Coalition fighting ISIS told me that of the 104,000 square km the group held in Iraq/Syria, 93,790 is liberated}}</ref> IS territory has declined substantially in almost every country since 2014, a result of the group's unpopularity and the military action taken against it.<ref name="RAND"/> By late March 2019, IS territory in Syria was reduced to only the besieged {{convert|1550|mi2|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} [[Syrian Desert]] pocket.<ref name="besieged">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/117051/|title=Although they have been besieged by Russia, Iran, and the regime for two years, thousands of ISIS members are still within an area of 4000 km² without any intention to launch a military operation against them • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights|date=20 February 2019|access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> The enclave was surrounded by Syrian government forces and its allies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1R30FK|title=Trump says all Islamic State land lost in Syria, SDF says fight continues &#124; Reuters|date=24 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134748/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1R30FK|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="disregard">{{Cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trumps-maps-of-the-caliphate-disregard-isis-pockets-near-syrian-govt-areas/ |title=Trump's maps of the 'caliphate' disregard ISIS pockets near Syrian gov't areas |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054144/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trumps-maps-of-the-caliphate-disregard-isis-pockets-near-syrian-govt-areas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="besieged"/> The Syrian military conducted combing operations and airstrikes against the pocket, but with limited success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/complete-map-update-of-syrian-war-end-of-february-2019/ |title=Complete map update of Syrian War{{snd}}End of February 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101515/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/complete-map-update-of-syrian-war-end-of-february-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-islamicstate-sukhna-idUSKCN1QM0WM|title=Syrian army attacks Islamic State targets in desert: report|newspaper=Reuters |date=5 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> IS propaganda claims a peak territorial extent of 282,485{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>Al-Yaqeen Media. "Three Years on the Islamic State". Digital image, 11 June 2017. https://i.redd.it/i2id92mph33z.jpg</ref>


The majority of IS-controlled territory, though much-diminished, continues to be in the desert in eastern Syria, in addition to isolated pockets elsewhere in the country.<ref name="RAND"/> The majority of the Caliphate's territory, population, revenue, and prestige came from the territory it once held in Iraq and Syria.<ref name="RAND"/> In [[Afghanistan]], IS mostly controls territory near the [[Pakistan]] border and has lost 87% of its territory since spring 2015.<ref name="RAND"/> In [[Lebanon]], ISIL also [[Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon|controlled]] some areas on its border at height of Syrian war. In [[Libya]], the group operates mostly as a moving insurgent force, occupying places before abandoning them again.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|pp=13, 18}} In [[Egypt]], the group controls 910{{nbs}}km<sup>2</sup> of land centered around the village of [[Sheikh Zuweid]], which represents less than 1% of Egypt's territory.<ref name="RAND"/> In [[Nigeria]], [[Boko Haram]] (at the time an IS affiliate) controlled 6,041{{nbs}}km<sup>2</sup> of territory at its maximum extent in 2014, though most of this area was lost amid military reversals and a split within Boko Haram between pro- and anti-IS factions.<ref name="RAND"/> By late 2019, however, IS's African forces had once again seized large areas in Nigeria;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/down-still-threat-many-countries |title=IS Down But Still a Threat in Many Countries |work=Voice of America |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 }}</ref> as of 2021, IS's African forces still run their own administrations in territories they control.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://humangle.ng/how-did-abubakar-shekau-die-heres-what-we-know-so-far/ |title=How Did Abubakar Shekau Die? Here's What We Know So Far. |author=Kunle Adebajo |work=Humangle |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=30 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2021/6/17/what-now-for-boko-haram-post-shekau |title=Death of Boko Haram leader doesn't end northeast Nigeria's humanitarian crisis |author=Dulue Mbachu |work=The New Humanitarian |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref> As of 2022, most of IS's territory is confined to northeastern Nigeria and northern Mozambique.
The majority of the Islamic State's territory, population, revenue, and prestige came from the territory it once held in Iraq and Syria.<ref name="RAND"/> In [[Afghanistan]], IS mostly controls territory near the [[Pakistan]] border and has lost 87% of its territory since spring 2015.<ref name="RAND"/> In [[Lebanon]], IS also [[Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon|controlled]] some areas on its border at the height of the Syrian war. In [[Libya]], the group operates mostly as a moving insurgent force, occupying places before abandoning them again.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|pp=13, 18}} In [[Egypt]], the group controls 910{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup> of land centered on the small city of [[Sheikh Zuweid]], which represents less than 1% of Egypt's territory.<ref name="RAND"/> In [[Nigeria]], [[Boko Haram]] (at the time an IS affiliate) controlled 6,041{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup> of territory at its maximum extent in 2014, though most of this area was lost amid military reversals and a split within Boko Haram between pro- and anti-IS factions.<ref name="RAND"/> By late 2019, however, IS's African forces had once again seized large areas in Nigeria;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/down-still-threat-many-countries |title=IS Down But Still a Threat in Many Countries |work=Voice of America |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 }}</ref> as of 2021, IS's African forces still run their own administrations in territories they control.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://humangle.ng/how-did-abubakar-shekau-die-heres-what-we-know-so-far/ |title=How Did Abubakar Shekau Die? Here's What We Know So Far. |author=Kunle Adebajo |work=Humangle |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=30 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2021/6/17/what-now-for-boko-haram-post-shekau |title=Death of Boko Haram leader doesn't end northeast Nigeria's humanitarian crisis |author=Dulue Mbachu |work=The New Humanitarian |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref> As of 2022, most of IS's territory is confined to northeastern Nigeria and northern Mozambique, alongside large swathes of eastern Mali.<ref name=":0" />


== Background ==
== Background ==
The fifth edition of the Islamic State's [[Dabiq (magazine)|''Dabiq'' magazine]] explained the group's process for establishing new provinces. [[Jihadist]] groups in a given area must consolidate into a unified body and publicly [[Bay'ah|declare their allegiance]] to the [[caliph]]. The group must nominate a [[Wāli]] (Governor), a [[Majlis-ash-Shura|Shura Council]] (religious leadership), and formulate a military strategy to consolidate territorial control and implement IS's version of [[Sharia law]]. Once formally accepted, IS considers the group to be one of its provinces and gives it support.<ref name=isw2>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/GLOBAL%20ROLLUP%20Update.pdf|title=ISIS'S GLOBAL MESSAGING STRATEGY FACT SHEET|author=Romain Caillet|date=December 2014|access-date=13 March 2015|publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> ''Dabiq'' has acknowledged support in regions including [[Xinjiang|East Turkestan]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], and claimed that IS would eventually establish wilayat in these areas after forming direct relationships with its supporters there.<ref name=isw2/>
The fifth edition of the Islamic State's [[Dabiq (magazine)|''Dabiq'' magazine]] explained the group's process for establishing new provinces. [[Jihadist]] groups in a given area must consolidate into a unified body and publicly [[Bay'ah|declare their allegiance]] to the [[caliph]]. The group must nominate a [[Wāli]] (Governor), a [[Majlis-ash-Shura|Shura Council]] (religious leadership), and formulate a military strategy to consolidate territorial control and implement [[Sharia law]]. Once formally accepted, IS considers the group to be one of its provinces and gives it support.<ref name=isw2>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/GLOBAL%20ROLLUP%20Update.pdf|title=ISIS'S GLOBAL MESSAGING STRATEGY FACT SHEET|author=Romain Caillet|date=December 2014|access-date=13 March 2015|publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> ''Dabiq'' has acknowledged support in regions including [[Xinjiang|East Turkestan]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], and claimed that IS would eventually establish wilayat in these areas after forming direct relationships with its supporters there.<ref name=isw2/>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
IS spokesman [[Abu Muhammad al-Adnani]] said "the legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."<ref name="Johnson14">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=M. Alex|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/deviant-pathological-what-do-isis-extremists-really-want-n194136|title='Deviant and Pathological': What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?|date=3 September 2014|publisher=NBC News|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> IS thus rejects the political divisions established by Western powers during [[World War I]] in the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] as it absorbs territory in Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tran|first1=Mark|last2=Weaver|first2=Matthew|date=30 June 2014|title=Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/30/isis-announces-islamic-caliphate-iraq-syria|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGrath|first1=Timothy|title=Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict|url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20140702/watch-this-english-speaking-isis-fighter-explain-how-a-98-year-old-colonial-map-created-todays-conflict|access-date=22 July 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=GlobalPost|date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54017|title=The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind|author=Romain Caillet|date=27 December 2013|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> The [[Long War Journal]] writes that the logical implication is that the group will consider preexisting militant groups like [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP) and [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (AQIM) illegitimate if they do not nullify themselves and submit to IS's authority.<ref name=LWJexpansion>{{cite web|last1=Joscelyn|first1=Thomas|title=Analysis: Islamic State snuff videos help to attract more followers|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/analysis_islamic_sta_1.php|website=Long War Journal|date=17 November 2014|publisher=Long War Journal|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>
IS spokesman [[Abu Muhammad al-Adnani]] said "the legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."<ref name="Johnson14">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=M. Alex|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/deviant-pathological-what-do-isis-extremists-really-want-n194136|title='Deviant and Pathological': What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?|date=3 September 2014|publisher=NBC News|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> IS thus rejects the political divisions established by Western powers during [[World War I]] in the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] as it absorbs territory in Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tran|first1=Mark|last2=Weaver|first2=Matthew|date=30 June 2014|title=Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/30/isis-announces-islamic-caliphate-iraq-syria|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGrath|first1=Timothy|title=Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict|url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20140702/watch-this-english-speaking-isis-fighter-explain-how-a-98-year-old-colonial-map-created-todays-conflict|access-date=22 July 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=GlobalPost|date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54017|title=The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind|author=Romain Caillet|date=27 December 2013|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> The [[Long War Journal]] writes that the logical implication is that the group will consider preexisting militant groups like [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP) and [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (AQIM) illegitimate if they do not nullify themselves and submit to IS's authority.<ref name=LWJexpansion>{{cite web|last1=Joscelyn|first1=Thomas|title=Analysis: Islamic State snuff videos help to attract more followers|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/analysis_islamic_sta_1.php|website=Long War Journal|date=17 November 2014|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>


While branches in Libya and Egypt have been very active and attempted to exercise territorial control, branches in other countries like Algeria and Saudi Arabia have been less active and do not seem to have a strong presence.<ref name=bbc30jan15/><ref name="winep14Nov">{{cite web|title=The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=14 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref>
While branches in Libya and Egypt have been very active and attempted to exercise territorial control, branches in other countries like Algeria and Saudi Arabia have been less active and do not seem to have a strong presence.<ref name=bbc30jan15/><ref name="winep14Nov">{{cite web|title=The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=14 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref>
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== Specific territorial claims ==
== Specific territorial claims ==
The Islamic State primarily claimed territory in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]], subdividing each country into multiple ''[[wilayah]]'' (provinces), largely based on preexisting governance boundaries.<ref name=isw>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS_Governance.pdf|title=''ISIS Governance in Syria.''}}</ref><ref name=sd>{{Cite book|title=The ISIS Threat: The Rise of the Islamic State and their Dangerous Potential|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|year=2015|isbn=9781505837636|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt3srQEACAAJ}}</ref> The first territorial claims by the group outside of Syria and Iraq were announced by its leader, [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], on 13 November 2014, when he announced new wilayats, or provinces, in [[Libya]] (''Wilayah Barqah'', ''Wilayah Tarabulus'', and ''Wilayah Fazan''), [[Algeria]] (''Wilayah al-Jazair''), [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai, Egypt]] (''Wilayah Sinai''), [[Yemen]] (''Wilayah al-Yaman''), and [[Saudi Arabia]] (''Wilayah al-Haramayn'').<ref name="wapo28jan">{{cite news|title=The Islamic State's model|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/|access-date=13 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-idUSKCN0IX1Y120141113|title=Islamic State leader urges attacks in Saudi Arabia: speech|work=Reuters|date=13 November 2014|quote="We announce to you the expansion of the Islamic State to new countries, to the countries of the Haramayn, Yemen, Egypt, Libya [and] Algeria"}}</ref> In 2015, new provinces were also announced in the [[Afghanistan]]–[[Pakistan]] border (''Wilayah Khurasan''),<ref name=bbc30jan15>{{cite news|title=Islamic State builds on al-Qaeda lands|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=30 January 2015|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> Northern Nigeria (''Wilayah Gharb Ifriqiyyah''),<ref name="iswMay15"/> the [[North Caucasus]] (''Wilayah al-Qawqaz''),<ref name="caucasus"/> and the [[Sahel]] (''Sahil'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://al-ain.com/article/isis-abu-hussein-qurashi-leader |title=داعش الساحل" يعلن مبايعة القرشي زعيما جديدا |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=Al-Ain |language=ar}}</ref>
The Islamic State primarily claimed territory in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]], subdividing each country into multiple ''[[wilayah]]'' (provinces), largely based on preexisting governance boundaries.<ref name="isw">{{Cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS_Governance.pdf|title=''ISIS Governance in Syria.''|access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="sd">{{Cite book|title=The ISIS Threat: The Rise of the Islamic State and their Dangerous Potential|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|year=2015|isbn=9781505837636|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt3srQEACAAJ}}</ref> The first territorial claims by the group outside of Syria and Iraq were announced by its leader, [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], on 13 November 2014, when he announced new wilayats, or provinces, in [[Libya]] (''Wilayah Barqah'', ''Wilayah Tarabulus'', and ''Wilayah Fazan''), [[Algeria]] (''Wilayah al-Jazair''), [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai, Egypt]] (''Wilayah Sinai''), [[Yemen]] (''Wilayah al-Yaman''), and [[Saudi Arabia]] (''Wilayah al-Haramayn'').<ref name="wapo28jan">{{cite news|title=The Islamic State's model|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/|access-date=13 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-idUSKCN0IX1Y120141113|title=Islamic State leader urges attacks in Saudi Arabia: speech|work=Reuters|date=13 November 2014|quote="We announce to you the expansion of the Islamic State to new countries, to the countries of the Haramayn, Yemen, Egypt, Libya [and] Algeria"}}</ref> In 2015, new provinces were also announced in the [[Afghanistan]]–[[Pakistan]] border (''Wilayah Khurasan''),<ref name="bbc30jan15">{{cite news|title=Islamic State builds on al-Qaeda lands|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=30 January 2015|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> Northern Nigeria (''Wilayah Gharb Ifriqiyyah''),<ref name="iswMay15" /> the [[North Caucasus]] (''Wilayah al-Qawqaz''),<ref name="caucasus" /> and the [[Sahel]] (''Sahil'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://al-ain.com/article/isis-abu-hussein-qurashi-leader |title=داعش الساحل" يعلن مبايعة القرشي زعيما جديدا |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=Al-Ain |language=ar}}</ref>


=== Lebanon and Tunisia ===
=== Kurdistan ===
{{Main|Islamic State in Kurdistan}}
On 9 December 2022, the group released a series of photographs depicting fighters allegedly in Lebanon and declaring Lebanon as a province, as well as the revival of the Tunisian province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Error |url=https://jihadology.net/404-custom/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=jihadology.net}}</ref>
In November 2014, the Islamic State released a video in which two of its militants stated that IS will make a province for [[Kurdistan]] if they capture it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chechen IS Militants In Kobani Vow To Save Kurds From Communism |url=https://www.rferl.org/amp/under-black-flag-chechen-militants-saving-urds-communism/26688138.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=www.rferl.org}}</ref>


=== Iraq and Syria ===
=== Iraq and Syria ===
{{further|Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)}}
{{See also|Syrian Civil War|Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)|Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)}}
{{See also|Syrian Civil War|Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus|Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)|Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)}}
[[File:Near East ISIS controlled areas-fr.svg|thumb|Maximum extent of IS territorial control in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] in 2015.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Fairfield |first1=Hannah |last2=Wallace |first2=Tim |last3=Watkins |first3=Derek |title=How ISIS Expands |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=21 May 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523191807/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> ]]
[[File:Near East ISIS controlled areas-fr.svg|thumb|Maximum extent of IS territorial control in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] in 2015.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Fairfield |first1=Hannah |last2=Wallace |first2=Tim |last3=Watkins |first3=Derek |title=How ISIS Expands |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=21 May 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523191807/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> ]]

When the Iraq-based insurgent group [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]] announced it was establishing an [[Islamic State of Iraq]] in October 2006, it claimed authority over seven Iraqi provinces: [[Baghdad Governorate|Baghdad]], [[Al Anbar Governorate|Al Anbar]], [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]], [[Kirkuk Governorate|Kirkuk]], [[Saladin Governorate|Saladin]], [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]], and parts of [[Babil Governorate|Babil]].<ref name="lwj161006">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php#|title=The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq|work=The Long War Journal|date=16 October 2006|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref>
When the Iraq-based insurgent group [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]] announced it was establishing an [[Islamic State of Iraq]] in October 2006, it claimed authority over seven Iraqi provinces: [[Baghdad Governorate|Baghdad]], [[Al Anbar Governorate|Al Anbar]], [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]], [[Kirkuk Governorate|Kirkuk]], [[Saladin Governorate|Saladin]], [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]], and parts of [[Babil Governorate|Babil]].<ref name="lwj161006">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php#|title=The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq|work=The Long War Journal|date=16 October 2006|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref>


When the group changed its name to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and expanded into Syria in April 2013, it claimed nine [[Governorates of Syria|Syrian provinces]], covering most of the country and lying largely along existing provincial boundaries: [[Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)|Al Barakah]] ([[al-Hasakah Governorate]]), Al Khayr ([[Deir ez-Zor Governorate]]), [[Raqqa Governorate|Raqqa]], [[Homs Governorate|Homs]], [[Aleppo Governorate|Halab]], [[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]], [[Hama Governorate|Hamah]], [[Rif Dimashq Governorate|Damascus]], and [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]].<ref name="lwj090414">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/isis-southern-division.php#|title=ISIS' 'Southern Division' praises foreign suicide bombers|work=The Long War Journal|date=9 April 2014|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> It later subdivided the territory under its control to create the new provinces of [[Euphrates|al-Furat]],<ref name=sd /><ref name="furat">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/ar/20140830-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8/|title=تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية يعلن قيام "ولاية الفرات" على أراض سورية وعراقية|work=France 24|language=ar|date=31 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906065046/http://www.france24.com/ar/20140830-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8/|archive-date=6 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|title=Islamic State "Euphrates Province" Statement: Translation and Analysis|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/09/islamic-state-euphrates-province-statement|access-date=20 September 2014|work=aymennjawad.org|date=10 September 2014}}</ref> [[Fallujah]], [[Tigris|Dijlah]], and [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|al-Jazirah]].<ref name="soufan">{{cite web|title=The Islamic State|url=http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf|publisher=The Soufan Group|date=28 October 2014|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102203/http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="2IraqProvinces">{{cite web|title=Islamic State Announces Creation of Second New Province in Northern Iraq|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/islamic-state-announces-creation-of-second-new-province-in-northern-iraq.html|publisher=[[SITE Intelligence Group]]|date=19 February 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref> On 9 December 2017 Iraqi military forces announced the war against IS in Iraq had been won and that they no longer controlled territory in Iraq. In June 2017 IS affiliate [[Khalid ibn al-Walid Army]] Started referring to themselves as "Wilayat Hawran", one month later IS media started referring to all its claims in Syria as "Wilayat al-Sham".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Terror_Monitor |number=1020860257281511425 |date=21 July 2018 |title=#SYRIA #IslamicState Claims Killing/Wounding Dozens Of #SAA Soldiers in Repelling An Attempted Advance in the Countryside Of #Daraa. #TerrorMonitor}}</ref>
When the group changed its name to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and expanded into Syria in April 2013, it claimed nine [[Governorates of Syria|Syrian provinces]], covering most of the country and lying largely along existing provincial boundaries: [[Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)|Al Barakah]] ([[al-Hasakah Governorate]]), Al Khayr ([[Deir ez-Zor Governorate]]), [[Raqqa Governorate|Raqqa]], [[Homs Governorate|Homs]], [[Aleppo Governorate|Halab]], [[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]], [[Hama Governorate|Hamah]], [[Rif Dimashq Governorate|Damascus]], and [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]].<ref name="lwj090414">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/isis-southern-division.php#|title=ISIS' 'Southern Division' praises foreign suicide bombers|work=The Long War Journal|date=9 April 2014|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> It later subdivided the territory under its control to create the new provinces of [[Euphrates|al-Furat]],<ref name=sd /><ref name="furat">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/ar/20140830-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8/|title=تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية يعلن قيام "ولاية الفرات" على أراض سورية وعراقية|work=France 24|language=ar|date=31 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906065046/http://www.france24.com/ar/20140830-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8/|archive-date=6 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|title=Islamic State "Euphrates Province" Statement: Translation and Analysis|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/09/islamic-state-euphrates-province-statement|access-date=20 September 2014|work=aymennjawad.org|date=10 September 2014}}</ref> [[Fallujah]], [[Tigris|Dijlah]], and [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|al-Jazirah]].<ref name="soufan">{{cite web|title=The Islamic State|url=http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf|publisher=The Soufan Group|date=28 October 2014|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102203/http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="2IraqProvinces">{{cite web|title=Islamic State Announces Creation of Second New Province in Northern Iraq|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/islamic-state-announces-creation-of-second-new-province-in-northern-iraq.html|publisher=[[SITE Intelligence Group]]|date=19 February 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref> On 9 December 2017 Iraqi military forces announced the war against IS in Iraq had been won and that they no longer controlled territory in Iraq. In June 2017 IS affiliate [[Khalid ibn al-Walid Army]] started referring to themselves as "Wilayat Hawran", one month later IS media started referring to all its claims in Syria as "Wilayat al-Sham".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Terror_Monitor |number=1020860257281511425 |date=21 July 2018 |title=#SYRIA #IslamicState Claims Killing/Wounding Dozens Of #SAA Soldiers in Repelling An Attempted Advance in the Countryside Of #Daraa. #TerrorMonitor}}</ref>


Since mid-2018, IS has referred to its territory in the Levant simply as ''Wilayat al-Sham'' and has done the same with Iraq calling it ''Wilayat al-Iraq'', but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories, this has also been done with its claims in Yemen and Libya.<ref name="mid2018">{{cite news |last1=Al-Tamimi |first1=Aymenn Jawad |author-link=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|title=Islamic State Shifts From Provinces and Governance to Global Insurgency |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/21646/islamic-state-shifts-from-provinces |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=Global Observatory |date=26 September 2018}}</ref>
Since mid-2018, IS has referred to its territory in the Levant simply as ''Wilayat al-Sham'' and has done the same with Iraq calling it ''Wilayat al-Iraq'', but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories, this has also been done with its claims in Yemen and Libya.<ref name="mid2018">{{cite news |last1=Al-Tamimi |first1=Aymenn Jawad |author-link=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|title=Islamic State Shifts From Provinces and Governance to Global Insurgency |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/21646/islamic-state-shifts-from-provinces |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=Global Observatory |date=26 September 2018}}</ref>


As of 2022, the group seems to have increased its efforts in Syria compared to Iraq,<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Intelligence Predicted Resurgence of Islamic State Group Threat, Declassified Report Shows |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/09/15/us-intelligence-predicted-resurgence-of-islamic-state-group-threat-declassified-report-shows.html |last=Merchant |first=Nomaan |date=2022-09-15 |work=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> and has been reduced to several pockets in the Syrian desert, with local tribesmen acting as informants for the U.S. and other coallition forces. Despite this, the group managed to orchestrate a major prison break in January 2022.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tribal spies in Syria help U.S. win drone war against Islamic State |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tribal-spies-syria-help-us-win-drone-war-against-islamic-state-2022-09-13/ |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=2022-09-13 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
As of 2022, the group seems to have increased its efforts in Syria compared to Iraq,<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Intelligence Predicted Resurgence of Islamic State Group Threat, Declassified Report Shows |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/09/15/us-intelligence-predicted-resurgence-of-islamic-state-group-threat-declassified-report-shows.html |last=Merchant |first=Nomaan |date=15 September 2022 |work=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> and has been reduced to several pockets in the Syrian desert, with local tribesmen acting as informants for the U.S. and other coalition forces. Despite this, the group managed to orchestrate a major prison break in January 2022.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tribal spies in Syria help U.S. win drone war against Islamic State |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tribal-spies-syria-help-us-win-drone-war-against-islamic-state-2022-09-13/ |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=13 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>


=== Afghanistan and Pakistan ===
=== Afghanistan and Pakistan ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Khorasan Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – Khorasan Province|Islamic State – Pakistan Province}}
{{See|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in North-West Pakistan|Islamic State–Taliban conflict}}
{{Further|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in North-West Pakistan|Islamic State–Taliban conflict}}
[[File:Territories of the Islamic State in Afghanistan 1.jpg|thumb|Territory of the Islamic State in Afghanistan at its peak]]
On 29 January 2015, [[Hafiz Saeed Khan]], [[Abdul Rauf Aliza|Abdul Rauf]] and other militants in the region swore an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Khan was subsequently named as the Wāli (Governor) of a new branch in Afghanistan and Pakistan called [[Khorasan Province (Militant Group)|Khurasan Province]], named after the historical [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] region.<ref name ="khr1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054615/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2015|title=IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="khr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/02/pakistani_taliban_em.php|title=Pakistani Taliban emir for Bajaur joins Islamic State|website=The Long War Journal|date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="khr3">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31290147|title=Afghanistan drone strike 'kills IS commander Abdul Rauf'|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
On 29 January 2015, [[Hafiz Saeed Khan]], [[Abdul Rauf Aliza|Abdul Rauf]] and other militants in the region swore an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Khan was subsequently named as the Wāli (Governor) of a new branch in Afghanistan and Pakistan called [[Khorasan Province (Militant Group)|Khurasan Province]], named after the historical [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] region.<ref name ="khr1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054615/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2015|title=IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="khr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/02/pakistani_taliban_em.php|title=Pakistani Taliban emir for Bajaur joins Islamic State|website=The Long War Journal|date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="khr3">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31290147|title=Afghanistan drone strike 'kills IS commander Abdul Rauf'|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>


IS attempted to establish themselves in Southern Afghanistan, especially in [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] provinces, but were resisted by Taliban forces.<ref name="seattletimes.com">{{cite web|title=ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213191753/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="khaama.com">{{cite news| title =ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other| url =http://www.khaama.com/isis-taliban-announced-jihad-against-each-other-3206| newspaper = The Khaama Press News Agency| date = 20 April 2015| access-date = 23 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="rudaw.net">{{cite web| title =Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'| url =http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/130420151| website = Rudaw| date = 13 April 2015| access-date = 23 April 2015}}</ref> They were able to establish a foothold in parts of [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], and recruited disaffected members of the Taliban.<ref name="presence">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-group-loyalists-eye-presence-afghanistan-162510254.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913002928/http://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-group-loyalists-eye-presence-afghanistan-162510254.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2015 |title=Islamic State group loyalists eye a presence in Afghanistan |author=Lynne O'Donnell |date=8 September 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=10 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In August 2015, the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] leader, Usman Ghazi, swore allegiance to IS and announced that the group should be considered part of Wilayah Khorasan.<ref name=imubayat>{{cite news| url=http://www.rferl.org/content/imu-islamic-state/27174567.html| title=IMU Declares It Is Now Part of the Islamic State|date=6 August 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>
IS attempted to establish themselves in Southern Afghanistan, especially in [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] provinces, but were resisted by Taliban forces.<ref name="seattletimes.com">{{cite web|title=ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213191753/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="khaama.com">{{cite news| title =ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other| url =http://www.khaama.com/isis-taliban-announced-jihad-against-each-other-3206| newspaper = The Khaama Press News Agency| date = 20 April 2015| access-date = 23 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="rudaw.net">{{cite web| title =Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'| url =http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/130420151| website = Rudaw| date = 13 April 2015| access-date = 23 April 2015}}</ref> They were able to establish a foothold in parts of [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], and recruited disaffected members of the Taliban.<ref name="presence">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-group-loyalists-eye-presence-afghanistan-162510254.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913002928/http://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-group-loyalists-eye-presence-afghanistan-162510254.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2015 |title=Islamic State group loyalists eye a presence in Afghanistan |author=Lynne O'Donnell |date=8 September 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> In August 2015, the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] leader, Usman Ghazi, swore allegiance to IS and announced that the group should be considered part of Wilayah Khorasan.<ref name=imubayat>{{cite news| url=http://www.rferl.org/content/imu-islamic-state/27174567.html| title=IMU Declares It Is Now Part of the Islamic State|date=6 August 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>


The group suffered reversals in 2016, losing control of some territory in the wake of attacks from US Forces, the Afghan Government<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0XB2BK|title=Air strikes hit Islamic State in Afghanistan under new rules: U.S.|work=Reuters|date=14 April 2016|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> and the Taliban.<ref name=voa>{{cite news| url=http://www.voanews.com/content/taliban-captures-islamic-state-bases-in-afghanistan/3131609.html|title=Taliban Captures IS Bases in Afghanistan|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Voice of America|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Hafiz Saeed Khan was reportedly killed in a US drone strike in eastern Afghanistan on 25 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=IS leader in Afghanistan killed, US believes|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37063654|publisher=BBC News |date=12 August 2016}}</ref>
The group suffered reversals in 2016, losing control of some territory in the wake of attacks from US Forces, the Afghan Government<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0XB2BK|title=Air strikes hit Islamic State in Afghanistan under new rules: U.S.|work=Reuters|date=14 April 2016|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> and the Taliban.<ref name=voa>{{cite news| url=http://www.voanews.com/content/taliban-captures-islamic-state-bases-in-afghanistan/3131609.html|title=Taliban Captures IS Bases in Afghanistan|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Voice of America|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Hafiz Saeed Khan was reportedly killed in a US drone strike in eastern Afghanistan on 25 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=IS leader in Afghanistan killed, US believes|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37063654|publisher=BBC News |date=12 August 2016}}</ref>


In 2019, the group announced a new Pakistan province (Wilayah Pakistan).<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Announces 'Pakistan Province'|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/islamic-state-announces-pakistan-province/4918903.html |work=[[VOA News]] |date=16 May 2019}}</ref> Despite this, as of 2022, the Khorasan province continues to operate in the country, also operating against neighboring Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where some members have suggested that a [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Movarounnahr (or Transoxiana) province]] is established.<ref name=Diplomat>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State Khorasan's Expanded Vision in South and Central Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/islamic-state-khorasans-expanded-vision-in-south-and-central-asia/ |last1=Webber |first1=Lucas |date=2022-08-06 |work=[[The Diplomat]] |last2=Valle |first2=Riccardo}}</ref> In July 2022, a tajik-language magazine called ''Al-Azaim Tajiki'' was endorsed by the group, named after Yusuf Tajiki, a propagandist for the group killed by the Taliban.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State launches new Tajik propaganda network |url=https://eurasianet.org/islamic-state-launches-new-tajik-propaganda-network |last1=Alkhouri |first1=Laith |date=2022-07-20 |work=[[Eurasianet]] |last2=Webber |first2=Lucas}}</ref>
In 2019, the group announced a new Pakistan province (Wilayah Pakistan).<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Announces 'Pakistan Province'|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/islamic-state-announces-pakistan-province/4918903.html |work=[[VOA News]] |date=16 May 2019}}</ref> Despite this, as of 2022, the Khorasan province continues to operate in the country, also operating against neighboring Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where some members have suggested that a [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Movarounnahr (or Transoxiana) province]] is established.<ref name=Diplomat>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State Khorasan's Expanded Vision in South and Central Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/islamic-state-khorasans-expanded-vision-in-south-and-central-asia/ |last1=Webber |first1=Lucas |date=6 August 2022 |work=[[The Diplomat]] |last2=Valle |first2=Riccardo}}</ref> In July 2022, a Tajik-language magazine called ''Al-Azaim Tajiki'' was endorsed by the group, named after Yusuf al-Tajiki, a propagandist for the group killed by the Taliban.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State launches new Tajik propaganda network |url=https://eurasianet.org/islamic-state-launches-new-tajik-propaganda-network |last1=Alkhouri |first1=Laith |date=20 July 2022 |work=[[Eurasianet]] |last2=Webber |first2=Lucas}}</ref>


Since the [[Taliban]]'s [[2021 Taliban offensive|2021 offensive]], which ended with the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|takeover of Kabul]] and the end of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|20-year war]] in the country, ISKP have become a new focus for the group, with its funding and numbers increasing as a result of prison breaks of IS fighters during the offensive and subsequent recruiting.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/> Efforts have also increased to recruit fighters from neighboring [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State recruiting Uzbeks to fight in Afghanistan |url=https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-islamic-state-recruiting-uzbeks-to-fight-in-afghanistan |last1=Webber |first1=Lucas |date=2022-08-29 |work=[[Eurasianet]] |last2=Alkhouri |first2=Laith}}</ref>
Since the [[Taliban]]'s [[2021 Taliban offensive|2021 offensive]], which ended with the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|takeover of Kabul]] and the end of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|20-year war]] in the country, IS-K have become a new focus for the group, with its funding and numbers increasing as a result of prison breaks of IS fighters during the offensive and subsequent recruiting.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/> Efforts have also increased to recruit fighters from neighboring [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State recruiting Uzbeks to fight in Afghanistan |url=https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-islamic-state-recruiting-uzbeks-to-fight-in-afghanistan |last1=Webber |first1=Lucas |date=29 August 2022 |work=[[Eurasianet]] |last2=Alkhouri |first2=Laith}}</ref>


=== Libya ===
=== Libya ===
{{Main|Islamic State in Libya}}
{{Main|Islamic State in Libya}}
{{See|Second Libyan Civil War}}
{{Further|Second Libyan Civil War}}
[[File:Map of the Islamic State's territory in Libya.svg|thumb|Territory controlled by IS in Libya in early 2016]]
[[File:Libyan Civil War.png|thumb|210px|Military situation in Libya in early 2016:<br />[[File:Location dot grey.svg|11px]] [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]] [[File:Location dot black.svg|11px]] [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]]]]
IS divides Libya into three historical provinces, claiming authority over [[Cyrenaica]] in the east, [[Fezzan]] in the desert south, and [[Tripolitania]] in the west, around the capital.<ref name=nytimes14feb15>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html?_r=1|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=cnn17feb15>{{cite news|title=ISIS atrocity in Libya demonstrates its growing reach in North Africa|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/16/africa/isis-libya-north-africa/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=17 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>
IS divides Libya into three historical provinces, claiming authority over [[Cyrenaica]] in the east, [[Fezzan]] in the desert south, and [[Tripolitania]] in the west, around the capital of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref name=nytimes14feb15>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html?_r=1|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=cnn17feb15>{{cite news|title=ISIS atrocity in Libya demonstrates its growing reach in North Africa|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/16/africa/isis-libya-north-africa/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=17 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>


In 2014, a number of leading IS commanders arrived in the city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], which had been a major source of fighters in the [[Syrian civil war]] and [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)|Iraqi insurgency]]. Over a number of months, they united many local militant factions under their leadership and declared war on anyone who opposed them, killing judges, civic leaders, local militants who rejected their authority, and other opponents. On 5{{nbs}}October 2014, the militants, who by then controlled part of the city, gathered to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.<ref name="Derna">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.625652|title=Libyan city is first outside Syria, Iraq to join ISIS|date=10 November 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref><ref name=fp2015-02-17>{{cite news|title=The Islamic State of Libya Isn't Much of a State|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/17/the-islamic-state-of-libya-isnt-much-of-a-state/|access-date=10 June 2015|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=17 February 2015}}</ref> In February 2015, IS forces [[Battle of Sirte (2015)|took over]] parts of the Libyan city of [[Sirte]]. In the following months, they used it as a base to capture neighbouring towns including [[Harawa]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-libyas-civil-war-the-islamic-state-shows-itself-as-the-main-threat/2015/06/06/65766592-0879-11e5-951e-8e15090d64ae_story.html|title=Libyan gains may offer ISIS a base for new attacks|author=Hassan Morajea|date=6 June 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Nofaliya]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IS said to have taken another Libyan town|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150210/world/is-said-to-have-taken-another-libyan-town.555481|access-date=13 February 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=10 February 2015}}</ref> IS began governing Sirte and treating it as the capital of their territory.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Islamic State's Burgeoning Capital in Sirte, Libya|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-burgeoning-capital-in-sirte-libya|access-date=6 September 2015|work=Washington Institute of Near East Policy|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISIS shifts to Libya|url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/isis-shifts-libya-strikes-syria/|access-date=16 January 2016|work=The Washington Free Baecon|date=12 January 2016}}</ref>
In 2014, a number of leading IS commanders arrived in the city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], which had been a major source of fighters in the [[Syrian civil war]] and [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)|Iraqi insurgency]]. Over a number of months, they united many local militant factions under their leadership and declared war on anyone who opposed them, killing judges, civic leaders, local militants who rejected their authority, and other opponents. On 5{{spaces}}October 2014, the militants, who by then controlled part of the city, gathered to pledge allegiance to the Caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.<ref name="Derna">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.625652|title=Libyan city is first outside Syria, Iraq to join ISIS|date=10 November 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref><ref name=fp2015-02-17>{{cite news|title=The Islamic State of Libya Isn't Much of a State|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/17/the-islamic-state-of-libya-isnt-much-of-a-state/|access-date=10 June 2015|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=17 February 2015}}</ref> In February 2015, IS forces [[Battle of Sirte (2015)|took over]] parts of the Libyan city of [[Sirte]]. In the following months, they used it as a base to capture neighbouring towns including [[Harawa]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-libyas-civil-war-the-islamic-state-shows-itself-as-the-main-threat/2015/06/06/65766592-0879-11e5-951e-8e15090d64ae_story.html|title=Libyan gains may offer ISIS a base for new attacks|author=Hassan Morajea|date=6 June 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Nofaliya]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IS said to have taken another Libyan town|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150210/world/is-said-to-have-taken-another-libyan-town.555481|access-date=13 February 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=10 February 2015}}</ref> IS began governing Sirte and treating it as the capital of their territory.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Islamic State's Burgeoning Capital in Sirte, Libya|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-burgeoning-capital-in-sirte-libya|access-date=6 September 2015|work=Washington Institute of Near East Policy|date=6 August 2015}}</ref>


IS suffered reversals from mid-2015 when they were expelled from much of Derna following clashes with rival militants,<ref name="Driven from Derna">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-officials-jihadis-driving-eastern-stronghold-140440469.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006021421/https://news.yahoo.com/libya-officials-jihadis-driving-eastern-stronghold-140440469.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2015|title=Libya officials: Jihadis driving IS from eastern stronghold|date=30 July 2015|agency=Associated Press|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> following months of intermittent fighting, IS eventually redeployed to other parts of Libya.<ref name=retreat>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0XH27H|title=Islamic State in retreat around east Libyan city: military|work=Reuters|date=20 April 2016|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Its leader [[Abu Nabil al-Anbari]] was killed in a U.S. air strike in November 2015.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/us-airstrike-isis-leader-libya|title=Islamic State leader in Libya 'killed in US airstrike'|author=Martin Pengelly|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Libya's [[Government of National Accord|Interim Government]] launched a [[Battle of Sirte (2016)|major offensive]] against IS territory around Sirte in May 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YL1V0|title=Libyan security forces pushing Islamic State back from vicinity of oil terminals|work=Reuters|access-date=31 May 2016|date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YQ0TA|title=Libyan brigades capture air base from Islamic State south of Sirte: spokesman|date=4 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref> capturing the city by December 2016.<ref name="Lastholdout">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13V15R|title=Libyan forces clear last Islamic State hold-out in Sirte|work=Reuters|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
IS suffered reversals from mid-2015 when they were expelled from much of Derna following clashes with rival militants,<ref name="Driven from Derna">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-officials-jihadis-driving-eastern-stronghold-140440469.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006021421/https://news.yahoo.com/libya-officials-jihadis-driving-eastern-stronghold-140440469.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2015|title=Libya officials: Jihadis driving IS from eastern stronghold|date=30 July 2015|agency=Associated Press|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> following months of intermittent fighting, IS eventually redeployed to other parts of Libya.<ref name=retreat>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0XH27H|title=Islamic State in retreat around east Libyan city: military|work=Reuters|date=20 April 2016|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Its emir [[Abu Nabil al-Anbari]] was killed in a U.S. air strike in November 2015.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/us-airstrike-isis-leader-libya|title=Islamic State leader in Libya 'killed in US airstrike'|author=Martin Pengelly|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Libya's [[Government of National Accord|Interim Government]] launched a [[Battle of Sirte (2016)|major offensive]] against IS territory around Sirte in May 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YL1V0|title=Libyan security forces pushing Islamic State back from vicinity of oil terminals|work=Reuters|access-date=31 May 2016|date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YQ0TA|title=Libyan brigades capture air base from Islamic State south of Sirte: spokesman|date=4 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref> capturing the city by December 2016.<ref name="Lastholdout">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13V15R|title=Libyan forces clear last Islamic State hold-out in Sirte|work=Reuters|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>


The group's current leader is Abdul Bara al Sahrawi, who replaced Adnan Abu Walid al Sahrawi after his death in August 2021.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
The group's current emir is Abu Bara al Sahrawi, who replaced Adnan Abu Walid al Sahrawi after his death in August 2021.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>


=== Egypt ===
=== Egypt ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Sinai Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – Sinai Province}}
{{See|Sinai insurgency}}
{{Further|Sinai insurgency}}

[[File:Wilayat_Sinai_logo.jpeg|thumb|Sinai province logo]]
[[File:Map that shows areas in Egypt with strong ISIS presence or control in some parts.jpg|thumb|Map that shows areas in Egypt with strong IS presence or control in some parts.]]

The Egyptian militant group [[Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis]] swore allegiance to IS in November 2014. After al-Baghdadi's speech on 13 November, the group changed its name to [[Sinai Province (Militant Group)|Sinai Province]] on the Twitter feed claiming to represent the group.<ref name="Reuters"/> The group has carried out attacks in Sinai.
The Egyptian militant group [[Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis]] swore allegiance to IS in November 2014. After al-Baghdadi's speech on 13 November, the group changed its name to [[Sinai Province (Militant Group)|Sinai Province]] on the Twitter feed claiming to represent the group.<ref name="Reuters"/> The group has carried out attacks in Sinai.

On 1 July 2015, [[Islamic State – Sinai Province|Wilayat Sinai]] launched a large-scale invasion on the Egyptian city of [[Sheikh Zuweid]] with more than 300 IS fighters and attacked more than 15 army and police positions using mortars, RPG's, light and heavy weapons in an attempt to capture the city.


On 29 February 2017, the group announced a new "Misr" province in Egypt in a propaganda video against [[Copts|Coptic Christians]].<ref>{{cite news|title=#Egypt: #ISIS 'Misr' released video "And fight the polytheists collectively.." focusing primarily on Egypt's #Coptic Christians|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/menastream/status/833461983991255042?lang=he|date=19 February 2017|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
On 29 February 2017, the group announced a new "Misr" province in Egypt in a propaganda video against [[Copts|Coptic Christians]].<ref>{{cite news|title=#Egypt: #ISIS 'Misr' released video "And fight the polytheists collectively.." focusing primarily on Egypt's #Coptic Christians|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/menastream/status/833461983991255042?lang=he|date=19 February 2017|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>


In 2020, IS in Egypt occupied villages in [[Bir al-Abd]] town in North Sinai.
As of 2022, the group continues to attack local infrastructure, but has diminished due to persistent counterterrorism efforts by the Egyptian government and armed forces, who operate with the assistance of local tribesmen.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Egypt army makes gains against Islamic State in western Sinai |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/08/egypt-army-makes-gains-against-islamic-state-western-sinai |date=2022-08-22 |work=[[Al-Monitor]]}}</ref>

As of 2022, the group continues to attack local infrastructure, but has diminished due to persistent counterterrorism efforts by the Egyptian government and armed forces, who operate with the assistance of local tribesmen.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Egypt army makes gains against Islamic State in western Sinai |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/08/egypt-army-makes-gains-against-islamic-state-western-sinai |date=22 August 2022 |work=[[Al-Monitor]]}}</ref>


=== Saudi Arabia ===
=== Saudi Arabia ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Saudi Arabia Province}}
Al-Baghdadi announced a Wilayah in Saudi Arabia in November 2014, calling for the overthrow of the [[Saudi Royal Family]] and criticizing the Kingdom's participation in the US-led coalition against IS.<ref name="Reuters"/> The group has carried out attacks in the country under the names of ''Najd Province'' and ''Hejaz Province''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=al-Shihri|first1=Abdullah|title=Saudi Arabia mosque bombing that killed 15 claimed by 'new' Islamic State group|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/suicide-bombing-on-saudi-arabia-mosque-kills-15-20150806-giti8p.html|access-date=7 August 2015|newspaper=The Age|date=7 August 2015}}</ref>
Al-Baghdadi announced a Wilayah in Saudi Arabia in November 2014, calling for the overthrow of the [[Saudi Royal Family]] and criticizing the Kingdom's participation in the US-led coalition against IS.<ref name="Reuters"/> The group has carried out attacks in the country under the names of ''Najd Province'' and ''Hejaz Province''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=al-Shihri|first1=Abdullah|title=Saudi Arabia mosque bombing that killed 15 claimed by 'new' Islamic State group|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/suicide-bombing-on-saudi-arabia-mosque-kills-15-20150806-giti8p.html|access-date=7 August 2015|newspaper=The Age|date=7 August 2015}}</ref>


=== Yemen ===
=== Yemen ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Yemen Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – Yemen Province}}
{{See|Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)}}
{{Further|Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)}}
IS established a [[Islamic State – Yemen Province|Yemeni Wilayah]] in November 2014.<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name=bbc30jan15/> The branch's first attack occurred in March 2015, when it carried out [[March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings|suicide bombings on two Shia Mosques]] in the Yemeni capital.<ref name=bbc20mar15>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-31989844|title=Yemen crisis: Islamic State claims Sanaa mosque attacks|publisher=BBC News|date=20 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> At least eight ISIL Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, have claimed responsibility for attacks, including ''[[Aden|'Adan Abyan]] Province'', ''[[Al Bayda, Yemen|Al-Bayda]] Province'', ''[[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadramawt]] Province'', ''[[Shabwah Governorate|Shabwah]] Province'' and ''[[Sana'a Governorate|Sana'a]] Province''.<ref name="iswMay15"/> Following the outbreak of the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]] in 2015, IS struggled to establish much of a presence in the country in the face of competition from the larger and more established [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP) militant group. Many of IS's regional cells in Yemen have not been visibly active since their establishment and the group has not been able to seize control of territory the way they have done in Iraq and Syria.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/isis-fails-to-gain-much-traction-in-yemen-1459203675|title=ISIS Fails to Gain Much Traction in Yemen|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=28 March 2016|access-date=16 April 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The group has also experienced leadership turmoil and defections from its rank and file.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/12/more-islamic-state-members-reject-governor-of-yemen-province.php|title=More Islamic State members reject governor of Yemen Province|work=Long War Journal|date=28 December 2015|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>
IS established a [[Islamic State – Yemen Province|Yemeni Wilayah]] in November 2014.<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name=bbc30jan15/> The branch's first attack occurred in March 2015, when it carried out [[March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings|suicide bombings on two Shia Mosques]] in the Yemeni capital.<ref name=bbc20mar15>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-31989844|title=Yemen crisis: Islamic State claims Sanaa mosque attacks|publisher=BBC News|date=20 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> At least eight IS Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, have claimed responsibility for attacks, including ''[[Aden|'Adan Abyan]] Province'', ''[[Al Bayda, Yemen|Al-Bayda]] Province'', ''[[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadramawt]] Province'', ''[[Shabwah Governorate|Shabwah]] Province'' and ''[[Sana'a Governorate|Sana'a]] Province''.<ref name="iswMay15"/> Following the outbreak of the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]] in 2015, IS struggled to establish much of a presence in the country in the face of competition from the larger and more established [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP) militant group. Many of IS's regional cells in Yemen have not been visibly active since their establishment and the group has not been able to seize control of territory the way they have done in Iraq and Syria.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/isis-fails-to-gain-much-traction-in-yemen-1459203675|title=ISIS Fails to Gain Much Traction in Yemen|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=28 March 2016|access-date=16 April 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The group has also experienced leadership turmoil and defections from its rank and file.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/12/more-islamic-state-members-reject-governor-of-yemen-province.php|title=More Islamic State members reject governor of Yemen Province|work=Long War Journal|date=28 December 2015|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>


As of 2022, the group, which continues to be weakened, serves a key financial intermediary between Somalia and Khorasan provinces.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
As of 2022, the group serves a key financial intermediary between Somalia and Khorasan provinces.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>


=== Algeria ===
=== Algeria ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Algeria Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – Algeria Province}}
{{See|Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)}}
{{Further|Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)}}
Members of a militant group named Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to IS in September 2014.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last=Fadel|first=Leila|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire|title=With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire|date=18 November 2014|publisher=NPR}}</ref> IS in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Hervé Gourdel in September 2014.<ref name=bbc30jan15/> On 13 November 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced that the group had changed its name to "Wilayah al-Jazair" in accordance to the structure of the rest of groups aligned with IS.<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name="Reuters"/> Algerian security forces killed the group's leader, Khalid Abu-Sulayman, in December 2014, and five of its six commanders in a May 2015 raid. Since then, the group has not claimed any significant attacks and has largely been silent.<ref name="jamestown">{{cite web|title=If at First You Don't Succeed, Try Deception: The Islamic State's Expansion Efforts in Algeria|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44595&cHash=26ec1c1001c9fbadaee35008b6f2c174#.VmT_-3YrLIU|access-date=7 December 2015|work=Jamestown Foundation|date=13 November 2015}}</ref>
Members of a militant group named Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to IS in September 2014.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last=Fadel|first=Leila|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire|title=With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire|date=18 November 2014|publisher=NPR}}</ref> IS in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Hervé Gourdel in September 2014.<ref name=bbc30jan15/> On 13 November 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced that the group had changed its name to "Wilayah al-Jazair" in accordance to the structure of the rest of groups aligned with IS.<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name="Reuters"/> Algerian security forces killed the group's leader, Khalid Abu-Sulayman, in December 2014, and five of its six commanders in a May 2015 raid. Since then, the group has not claimed any significant attacks and has largely been silent.<ref name="jamestown">{{cite news|title=If at First You Don't Succeed, Try Deception: The Islamic State's Expansion Efforts in Algeria|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44595&cHash=26ec1c1001c9fbadaee35008b6f2c174#.VmT_-3YrLIU|access-date=7 December 2015|work=Jamestown Foundation|date=13 November 2015}}</ref>


=== Nigeria and West Africa ===
=== Nigeria and West Africa ===
{{Main|Islamic State – West Africa Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – West Africa Province}}
{{See|Boko Haram insurgency|Boko Haram}}
{{Further|Boko Haram insurgency|Boko Haram}}
[[File:BokoHaraminsurgency.png|thumb|Territorial control in Northeastern Nigeria in 2022]]
[[File:BokoHaraminsurgency.png|thumb|Territorial control in Northeastern Nigeria in 2022]]
On 7 March 2015, [[Boko Haram|Boko Haram's]] leader [[Abubakar Shekau]] pledged allegiance to IS via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-31784538|title = Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State|publisher = BBC News|date = 7 March 2015 |access-date = 7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/boko-haram-pledges-allegiance-islamic-state/387235/ |title=The Islamic State of Boko Haram? :The terrorist group has pledged its allegiance to ISIS. But what does that really mean? |author=Adam Chandler |date=9 March 2015|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> [[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]] welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to [[West Africa]].<ref name="BokoHaramIS">{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/accepts-allegiance-nigeria-jihadists-boko-haram-201513146.html | title=IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape | publisher=AFP | date=12 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> IS publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of ''Wilayat Gharb Ifriqiyyah'' ([[Islamic State's West Africa Province]]).<ref name="iswMay15">{{cite web|title=ISIS Global Intelligence Summary March 1 – May 7, 2015|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS%20INTSUM_Final.pdf|publisher=Institute for the Study of War|date=10 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Boko Haram suffered significant reversals in the year following the pledge of allegiance, with an offensive by the Nigerian military, assisted by neighboring powers, driving them from much of the territory they had seized in North East Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/20/boko-harams-buyers-remorse/|title=Boko Haram's Buyer's Remorse|work=Foreign Policy Magazine|date=20 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Boko Haram suffered a split in 2016, with IS appointing 'Abu Musab al-Barnawi' as the group's new leader, due to disagreements with Abubakar Shekau's leadership. This was rejected by Shekau and his supporters, who continued to operate independently.<ref name="Barnawi">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36963711|title=Boko Haram in Nigeria: Abu Musab al-Barnawi named as new leader|date=3 August 2016|publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-boko-haram-s-split-a-leader-too-radical-for-islamic-state-1473931827|access-date=2 October 2016|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=15 September 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
On 7 March 2015, [[Boko Haram|Boko Haram's]] leader [[Abubakar Shekau]] pledged allegiance to IS via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-31784538|title = Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State|publisher = BBC News|date = 7 March 2015 |access-date = 7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/boko-haram-pledges-allegiance-islamic-state/387235/ |title=The Islamic State of Boko Haram? :The terrorist group has pledged its allegiance to ISIS. But what does that really mean? |author=Adam Chandler |date=9 March 2015|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> [[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]] welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to [[West Africa]].<ref name="BokoHaramIS">{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/accepts-allegiance-nigeria-jihadists-boko-haram-201513146.html | title=IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape | publisher=AFP | date=12 March 2015 | access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> IS publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of ''Wilayat Gharb Ifriqiyyah'' ([[Islamic State – West Africa Province|Islamic State's West Africa Province]]).<ref name="iswMay15">{{cite web|title=ISIS Global Intelligence Summary March 1 – May 7, 2015|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS%20INTSUM_Final.pdf|publisher=Institute for the Study of War|date=10 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Boko Haram suffered significant reversals in the year following the pledge of allegiance, with an offensive by the Nigerian military, assisted by neighboring powers, driving them from much of the territory they had seized in North East Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/20/boko-harams-buyers-remorse/|title=Boko Haram's Buyer's Remorse|work=Foreign Policy Magazine|date=20 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Boko Haram suffered a split in 2016, with IS appointing 'Abu Musab al-Barnawi' as the group's new leader, due to disagreements with Abubakar Shekau's leadership. This was rejected by Shekau and his supporters, who continued to operate independently.<ref name="Barnawi">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36963711|title=Boko Haram in Nigeria: Abu Musab al-Barnawi named as new leader|date=3 August 2016|publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-boko-haram-s-split-a-leader-too-radical-for-islamic-state-1473931827|access-date=2 October 2016|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=15 September 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref>


On 24 January 2022, the small town of [[Guzamala|Gudumbali]] was captured and declared as the province's capital. However, it was recaptured by Nigerian troops on 26 January.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Troops battle ISWAP in Borno, dislodge caliphate HQ, recover Gudumbali|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/01/26/troops-battle-iswap-in-borno-dislodge-caliphate-hq-recover-gudumbali/|last=Maina|first=Maina|date=2022-01-26|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref>
On 24 January 2022, the small town of [[Guzamala|Gudumbali]] was captured and declared as the province's capital. However, it was recaptured by Nigerian troops on 26 January.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Troops battle ISWAP in Borno, dislodge caliphate HQ, recover Gudumbali|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/01/26/troops-battle-iswap-in-borno-dislodge-caliphate-hq-recover-gudumbali/|last=Maina|first=Maina|date=26 January 2022|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref>


In the summer of 2022, ISWAP made several territorial gains in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://humanglemedia.com/iswap-still-controls-vast-areas-of-guzamala-in-northeast/ | title=ISWAP Still Controls Vast Areas of Guzamala in Northeast | date=30 June 2022 }}</ref>
In the summer of 2022, ISWAP made several territorial gains in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://humanglemedia.com/iswap-still-controls-vast-areas-of-guzamala-in-northeast/ | title=ISWAP Still Controls Vast Areas of Guzamala in Northeast | date=30 June 2022 }}</ref>


As of September 2022, the group continues to maintain its stronghold in northeastern Nigeria, and has again integrated or eclipsed its former competitor Boko Haram, as several fighters have rejoined the group. The group also orchestrated a prison break in July, near [[Abuja]].<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
As of September 2022, the group continues to maintain its stronghold in northeastern Nigeria, and has again integrated or eclipsed its former competitor Boko Haram, as several fighters have rejoined the group. The group also orchestrated a prison break in July, near [[Abuja]].<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>

In October 2022, the town of [[Ansongo]] was captured by IS's Sahel province.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/islamist-militants-mali-kill-hundreds-displace-thousands-eastern-advance-2022-10-14/ | title=Islamist militants in Mali kill hundreds, displace thousands in eastern advance | newspaper=Reuters | date=14 October 2022 | last1=Diallo | first1=Tiemoko }}</ref>


=== North Caucasus ===
=== North Caucasus ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Caucasus Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – Caucasus Province}}
{{See also|Insurgency in the North Caucasus}}
{{See also|Insurgency in the North Caucasus|Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus}}
IS militants in Syria issued a threat to Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2014: "we will liberate Chechnya and the entire Caucasus, God willing. Your throne has already teetered, it is under threat and will fall when we come to you because Allah is truly on our side."<ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/09/06/islamic-state-militants-want-to-fight-putin-2/|title=Islamic State militants want to fight Putin |date=6 September 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In early 2015, commanders of the militant [[Caucasus Emirate]] group in [[Chechnya]] and [[Dagestan]] announced their defection and pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.<ref name=demise>{{cite web| url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44051&cHash=973198e3db1a533a0115a648cad28b2a#.VYNxKfmqqko| title=What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate?| date=18 June 2015| publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name=refrl13Feb15>{{cite web |title=Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43542&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=817653426dd1c50e08a874b89567939a#.VOKW5vmUe4Y|date=13 February 2014 |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref> In a June 2015 audio statement posted online, IS spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and appointed Abu Muhammad al-Qadari ([[Rustam Asildarov]]) as Governor of a new [[Caucasus Province (Militant Group)|Caucasus Province]]. He called on other militants in the region to join with and follow al-Qadari.<ref name=caucasus>{{cite web|url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region|title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref name="caucasus1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44086&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=a29e6568ca638e2c94b89a2be9cd6d18#.VZCIX_mqqkp|title=Two North Caucasus Rebel Leaders Face Off in Islamic State–Caucasus Emirate Dispute
IS militants in Syria issued a threat to Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2014: "we will liberate Chechnya and the entire Caucasus, God willing. Your throne has already teetered, it is under threat and will fall when we come to you because Allah is truly on our side."<ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/09/06/islamic-state-militants-want-to-fight-putin-2/|title=Islamic State militants want to fight Putin |date=6 September 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In early 2015, commanders of the militant [[Caucasus Emirate]] group in [[Chechnya]] and [[Dagestan]] announced their defection and pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.<ref name=demise>{{cite news| url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44051&cHash=973198e3db1a533a0115a648cad28b2a#.VYNxKfmqqko| title=What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate?| newspaper=Jamestown| date=18 June 2015| publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name=refrl13Feb15>{{cite news |title=Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus| newspaper=Jamestown |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43542&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=817653426dd1c50e08a874b89567939a#.VOKW5vmUe4Y|date=13 February 2014 |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref> In a June 2015 audio statement posted online, IS spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and appointed Abu Muhammad al-Qadari ([[Rustam Asildarov]]) as Governor of a new [[Caucasus Province (Militant Group)|Caucasus Province]]. He called on other militants in the region to join with and follow al-Qadari.<ref name=caucasus>{{cite web|url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region|title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref name="caucasus1">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44086&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=a29e6568ca638e2c94b89a2be9cd6d18#.VZCIX_mqqkp|title=Two North Caucasus Rebel Leaders Face Off in Islamic State–Caucasus Emirate Dispute
|newspaper=Jamestown
|date=26 June 2015 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> The group has carried out occasional, low-level attacks since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic-state-north-caucasus-affiliate-call-for-recruits-daghestan/27285024.html|title=IS's North Caucasus Affiliate Calls For Recruits To Join It in Daghestan|date=3 October 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Russian security services killed Rustam Asildarov in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-security-says-killed-north-caucasus-islamic-state-004759157.html|title=Russian security service says killed North Caucasus Islamic State 'emir'|date=4 December 2016|publisher=AFP|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|date=26 June 2015 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> The group has carried out occasional, low-level attacks since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic-state-north-caucasus-affiliate-call-for-recruits-daghestan/27285024.html|title=IS's North Caucasus Affiliate Calls For Recruits To Join It in Daghestan|date=3 October 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Russian security services killed Rustam Asildarov in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-security-says-killed-north-caucasus-islamic-state-004759157.html|title=Russian security service says killed North Caucasus Islamic State 'emir'|date=4 December 2016|publisher=AFP|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417002314/https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-security-says-killed-north-caucasus-islamic-state-004759157.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Gaza ===
=== Gaza ===
{{Main|Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade}}
{{Main|Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade}}
In February 2014, the [[Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem]] declared its support for ISIL.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |first=Asmaa |last=al-Ghoul |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2014/02/isis-gaza-salafist-jihadist-qaeda-hamas.html |title=Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS |work=Al-Monitor |location=Gaza City, Gaza Strip |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> On 2{{nbs}}April 2015, elements of this group, along with members of the [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]] and the Gaza faction of [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/egyptian-group-claims-killed-3-israeli-teens/ |title=Egyptian group claims it killed the Three Israeli Teens |last=Levy |first=Rachael |date=1 July 2014 |work=Vocative |access-date =2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=BBC Monitoring |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25882504 |title=Egypt attack: Profile of Sinai Province militant group |date=30 January 2015 |publisher=BBC News |access-date =2 June 2015}}</ref> formed the [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade]], also known as Islamic State in Gaza,<ref name="Levy 9 June 2014">{{Cite news |url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/isis-operating-gaza/ |title=ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza |last=Levy |first=Rachael |date=9 June 2014 |work=Vocative |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> as it predominantly operates in the [[Gaza Strip]].
In February 2014, the [[Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem]] declared its support for IS.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |first=Asmaa |last=al-Ghoul |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2014/02/isis-gaza-salafist-jihadist-qaeda-hamas.html |title=Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS |work=Al-Monitor |location=Gaza City, Gaza Strip |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> On 2{{spaces}}April 2015, elements of this group, along with members of the [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]] and the Gaza faction of [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/egyptian-group-claims-killed-3-israeli-teens/ |title=Egyptian group claims it killed the Three Israeli Teens |last=Levy |first=Rachael |date=1 July 2014 |work=Vocative |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212232619/https://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/egyptian-group-claims-killed-3-israeli-teens/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=BBC Monitoring |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25882504 |title=Egypt attack: Profile of Sinai Province militant group |date=30 January 2015 |publisher=BBC News |access-date =2 June 2015}}</ref> formed the [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade]], also known as Islamic State in Gaza,<ref name="Levy 9 June 2014">{{Cite news |url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/isis-operating-gaza/ |title=ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza |last=Levy |first=Rachael |date=9 June 2014 |work=Vocative |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061921/https://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/isis-operating-gaza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as it predominantly operates in the [[Gaza Strip]].


=== Somalia ===
=== Somalia ===
{{Main|Islamic State in Somalia}}
{{Main|Islamic State in Somalia}}
The [[Islamic State in Somalia]] (ISS) is active since 2015, and though it remains a small militia of around 300 fighters, it has been considered possible by experts that ISS controls a number of villages in [[Puntland]]'s hinterland.<ref name="somalia">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-officials-condemn-attacks-vow-revenge-/3894423.html|title=Somali Officials Condemn Attacks, Vow Revenge |author=Harun Maruf|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|date=9 June 2017|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, the group managed to [[Qandala campaign|capture and hold]] the town of [[Qandala]] for over a month in late 2016. At first, ISS did not receive official recognition by the Islamic State,{{sfnp|Warner|2017|p=30}} however, this was subsequently granted by December 2017.<ref name="holidays"/>
The [[Islamic State in Somalia]] (ISS) has been active since 2015, and though it remains a small militia of around 300 fighters, it has been considered possible by experts that ISS controls a number of villages in [[Puntland]]'s hinterland.<ref name="somalia">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-officials-condemn-attacks-vow-revenge-/3894423.html|title=Somali Officials Condemn Attacks, Vow Revenge |author=Harun Maruf|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|date=9 June 2017|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, the group managed to [[Qandala campaign|capture and hold]] the town of [[Qandala]] for over a month in late 2016. At first, ISS did not receive official recognition by the Islamic State,{{sfnp|Warner|2017|p=30}} however, this was subsequently granted by December 2017.<ref name="holidays"/>


As of 2022, the group serves as an intermediary for IS provinces in Africa and the leadership based in Syria and Iraq. It also finances ISKP via Yemen.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
As of 2022, the group serves as an intermediary for IS provinces in Africa and the leadership based in Syria and Iraq. It also finances ISKP via Yemen.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
=== Sahel region ===
{{main|Islamic State – Sahel Province}}
{{further|Islamist insurgency in the Sahel|Mali War}}
[[File:The activity area of the ISGS.png|thumb|ISGS territorial control in the Sahel]]
The [[Islamic State – Sahel Province]] was formed on 15 May 2015 as the result of a split within the militant group [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|Al-Mourabitoun]]. The rift was a reaction to the adherence of one of its leaders, [[Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahraoui]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/rewards-for-isis-gs-leader-adnan-abu-walid/5117310.html|title=Rewards for ISIS-GS Leader Adnan Abu Walid|date=10 October 2019|work=[[VOA]]|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105013309/https://editorials.voa.gov/a/rewards-for-isis-gs-leader-adnan-abu-walid/5117310.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to the [[Islamic State]]. From March 2019 to 2022, IS-GS was formally part of the [[Islamic State – West Africa Province]] (ISWAP);{{sfnp|Zenn|2020|p=6}} when it was also called "ISWAP-Greater Sahara".{{sfnp|Bacon|Warner|2021|p=80}} In March 2022, IS declared the province autonomous, separating it from its West Africa Province<ref name="Chesnutt 2022">{{Cite news |title=The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/the-state-of-al-qaeda-and-isis-around-the-world |last1=Chesnutt |first1=Kate |date=2022-09-08 |work=Critical Threats |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Katherine}}</ref> and naming it Islamic State – Sahel Province (ISSP) the group would go on to takeover large swathes of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. Between 2022 and 2023, the group [[Ménaka offensive|saw major gains]] in the [[Mali War]], occupying large swarths of territory in southeastern Mali. [[Tidermène]] was captured by the group on 12 April 2023.<ref name=bbc_africatoday>{{citation | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0fgbb9g | publisher=BBC | year=2023 | language=English | title=BBC Africa Today: Islamic State Sahel Province fighters seize commune in Mali}}</ref>


=== East Asia ===
=== East Asia ===
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Abu Sayyaf is IS's most powerful affiliate in the Philippines; another IS-affiliated group is the [[Maute group]]. Both groups worked together with other IS affiliates to seize parts of Marawi City on 23 May 2017, starting the [[Battle of Marawi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villamor |first1=Felipe |last2=Emont |first2=Jon |title=ISIS' Core Helps Fund Militants in Philippines, Report Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/world/asia/philippines-isis-marawi-duterte.html |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
Abu Sayyaf is IS's most powerful affiliate in the Philippines; another IS-affiliated group is the [[Maute group]]. Both groups worked together with other IS affiliates to seize parts of Marawi City on 23 May 2017, starting the [[Battle of Marawi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villamor |first1=Felipe |last2=Emont |first2=Jon |title=ISIS' Core Helps Fund Militants in Philippines, Report Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/world/asia/philippines-isis-marawi-duterte.html |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>


On 16 October, IS's ''Emir'' of Southeast Asia [[Isnilon Hapilon]], along with the Maute group's remaining leader [[Omar Maute]] was killed by the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]. Previously, the Maute group's co-leader and Omar's brother [[Abdullah Maute]], as well as their other five male siblings, have been neutralized by the ongoing counter-offensives. Two days after the leaders' death, the Armed Forces of the Philippines said Malaysian terrorist and senior commander [[Mahmud Ahmad]] is also presumed killed in another operation.
On 16 October, IS's ''Emir'' of Southeast Asia [[Isnilon Hapilon]], along with the Maute group's remaining leader [[Omar Maute]] was killed by the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]. Previously, the Maute group's co-leader and Omar's brother [[Abdullah Maute]], as well as their other five male siblings, had been neutralized by the ongoing counter-offensives. Two days after the leaders' death, the Armed Forces of the Philippines said Malaysian terrorist and senior commander [[Mahmud Ahmad]] is also presumed killed in another operation.


The Battle of Marawi was declared over by 23 October by the government, at which point all participating militants have been successfully neutralized, effectively blocking IS's Asian expansion. The government wiped out the [[Maute group]] after the battle.
The Battle of Marawi was declared over by 23 October by the government, at which point all participating militants have been successfully neutralized, effectively blocking IS's Asian expansion. The government wiped out the [[Maute group]] after the battle.
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As of 2022, only pockets in Indonesia and the Philippines remain, and major attacks have decreased as a result of successful counterterrorism efforts by the governments of both states.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
As of 2022, only pockets in Indonesia and the Philippines remain, and major attacks have decreased as a result of successful counterterrorism efforts by the governments of both states.<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>

During 2023, IS witnessed a major resurgence in the Philippines (especially from August), with the group claiming more attacks in the country than during the previous 2 years combined, including several significant attacks such as the [[Mindanao State University bombing]] in [[Marawi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-Threat-Statements/is-claims-bombing-at-catholic-mass-in-philippines.html|title=IS Claims Bombing at Catholic Mass in Philippines|website=SITE Intel Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/inSITE-on-Islamic-State/weekly-insite-on-the-islamic-state-for-august-23-29-2023.html|title=Weekly inSITE on the Islamic State for August 23-29, 2023|website=SITE Intel Group}}</ref>

On 22 March 2024, the Philippines announced that Abu Sayyaf had been "fully dismantled", bringing an end to the decades-long jihadist insurgency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Philippine General Says Abu Sayyaf Group is 'Dismantled' {{!}} Atlas News |url=https://theatlasnews.co/latest/2024/03/22/philippine-general-says-abu-sayyaf-group-is-dismantled/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the Islamic State Al-Naba newspaper, the group continued to conduct attacks on the Philippine Government and Army and the Moro militias until 11 April, which is yet to be confirmed by official Philippine Government sources.


=== Democratic Republic of the Congo ===
=== Democratic Republic of the Congo ===
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=== India ===
=== India ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Hind Province|Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir}}
It operates in India and the [[Kashmir]] region through its Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir (ISJK/ISISJK) branch, which had begun operating in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir – (Islamic State / ISJK / ISISJK) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-jammu-kashmir-islamic-state-isjk-isisjk |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium}}</ref> The Islamic State – Khorasan Province declared [[Wilayah]] [Wilayat] [[al-Hind]] (India Province) for IS on 11 May 2019 after clashes in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in which ISJK leader Ishfaq Ahmad Sofi had been killed.<ref>[https://arabic.euronews.com/2019/05/11/islamic-state-claims-province-in-india-for-first-time-after-clash-in-kashmir Islamic State claims province in India for first time after clash in Kashmir]. [[Euronews]].</ref>
{{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq#India}}
The Islamic State operated in India and the [[Kashmir]] region through its [[Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir|Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir]] (ISJK) branch, which had begun in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir – (Islamic State / ISJK / ISISJK) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-jammu-kashmir-islamic-state-isjk-isisjk |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium}}</ref> The Islamic State – Khorasan Province declared [[Islamic State – Hind Province|Wilayah [Wilayat] al-Hind]] (India Province) for IS on 11 May 2019 after [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|clashes]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in which ISJK leader Ishfaq Ahmad Sofi was killed.<ref>[https://arabic.euronews.com/2019/05/11/islamic-state-claims-province-in-india-for-first-time-after-clash-in-kashmir Islamic State claims province in India for first time after clash in Kashmir]. [[Euronews]].</ref>


[[Shafi Armar]], a former member of the [[Indian Mujahideen]], became the chief of operations for the IS in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/shafi-armar-26-years-old-sought-to-set-up-isis-module-in-every-indian-state-2002766.html|title=Shafi Armar: 26-year-old sought to set up ISIS module in every Indian state – Oneindia News|date=4 February 2016|website=oneindia.com}}</ref> He and his brother Sultan Armar founded the Indian ISIS affiliates Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind ({{Trans|Supporters of Monotheism in the Land of India}}) and Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind ({{Trans|Caliph's Army of India}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind / Army of Caliph of India (Islamic State India/ ISI / ISISI) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/janood-ul-khalifa-e-hind-army-caliph-india/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind (AuT) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/ansar-ut-tawhid-fi-bilad-al-hind-aut/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref> Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind has published the pro-IS propaganda magazine ''Sawt al-Hind'' ({{trans|Voice of India}}) since February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taneja |first1=Kabir |title=Islamic State propaganda in India |url=https://orfonline.org/research/islamic-state-propaganda-india-64715/ |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]] |date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
[[Shafi Armar]], a former member of the [[Indian Mujahideen]], was formerly the chief of operations for the IS in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2016 |title=Shafi Armar: 26-year-old sought to set up ISIS module in every Indian state – Oneindia News |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/shafi-armar-26-years-old-sought-to-set-up-isis-module-in-every-indian-state-2002766.html |website=oneindia.com}}</ref> He and his brother Sultan Armar founded the Indian IS affiliates Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind ({{Trans|Supporters of Monotheism in the Land of India}}) and Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind ({{Trans|Caliph's Army of India}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind / Army of Caliph of India (Islamic State India/ ISI / ISISI) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/janood-ul-khalifa-e-hind-army-caliph-india/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind (AuT) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/ansar-ut-tawhid-fi-bilad-al-hind-aut/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref> Both he and his brother were killed in action during [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2015, which was only confirmed in 2019 because his online account was controlled by other militants in the group which added to the confusion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhatkal's Armar brothers who ran the Indian Islamic State confirmed dead |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/bhatkals-armar-brothers-who-ran-the-indian-islamic-state-confirmed-dead-2869576.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind has published the pro-IS propaganda magazine ''Sawt al-Hind'' ({{trans|Voice of India}}) since February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taneja |first1=Kabir |date=16 April 2020 |title=Islamic State propaganda in India |url=https://orfonline.org/research/islamic-state-propaganda-india-64715/ |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref>

On 20 March 2024, the [[Special forces of India|special forces]] arrested the IS India chief, Haris Farooqi and one of his associates while they were trying to cross to India from neighbouring Bangladesh. Police explained that the suspects had planned many sabotage activities and IED attacks inside India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ISIS India Head, Key Aide Arrested In Major Op In Assam's Dhubri |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isis-india-head-key-aide-arrested-in-major-op-in-assams-dhubri-5277463 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>


=== Bangladesh ===
=== Bangladesh ===
{{Main|Islamic State – Bengal Province}}
{{Main|Islamic State – Bengal Province}}
Islamic State – Bengal Province (Wilayat al-[[Bengal]]) is the province of IS in Bangladesh, it operates through the group Islamic State Bangladesh (ISB/ISISB) and has claimed attacks in the country since October 2015. Neo-Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, an offshoot of [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]], also operates as its branch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Bangladesh (ISB, ISISB) -- Abu Jandal al-Bangali |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-bangladesh-isb-isisb-abu-jandal-al-bangali/ |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium}}</ref><ref name="new emir">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-names-new-emir-in-bengal-issues-threat-to-carry-out-attacks-in-india-and-bangladesh/articleshow/69122283.cms IS names new emir in Bengal issues threat to carry out attacks in India and Bangladesh]. [[Times of India]].</ref>
Islamic State – Bengal Province (Wilayat al-[[Bengal]]) is the province of IS in Bangladesh, it operates through the group Islamic State Bangladesh (ISB) and has claimed attacks in the country since October 2015. Neo-Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, an offshoot of [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]], also operates as its branch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Bangladesh (ISB, ISISB) -- Abu Jandal al-Bangali |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-bangladesh-isb-isisb-abu-jandal-al-bangali/ |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium}}</ref><ref name="new emir">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-names-new-emir-in-bengal-issues-threat-to-carry-out-attacks-in-india-and-bangladesh/articleshow/69122283.cms IS names new emir in Bengal issues threat to carry out attacks in India and Bangladesh]. [[Times of India]].</ref>


The first emir of Wilayat al-Bengal, Abu Ibrahim al-Hanif, is believed to be {{ill|Mohammad Saifullah Ozaki|ja|モハメド・サイフラ・オザキ}} (born as Sajit Chandra Debnath, 1982)
The first emir of Wilayat al-Bengal, Abu Ibrahim al-Hanif, is believed to be [[Mohammad Saifullah Ozaki]] (born as Sajit Chandra Debnath, 1982)
a [[Bangladeshis in Japan|Bangladeshi Japanese]] economist who went to Syria in 2015 and joined IS. A Hindu convert to Islam, he reportedly lead the [[2016 Dhaka attack]]. He was detained in Iraq in 2019 and Abu Muhammed al-Bengali was announced as the new emir of the province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Ritsumeikan professor held in Iraq for terrorist recruitment |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13063898 |website=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="new emir"/>
a [[Bangladeshis in Japan|Bangladeshi Japanese]] economist who went to Syria in 2015 and joined IS. A Hindu convert to Islam, he reportedly lead the [[2016 Dhaka attack]]. He was detained in Iraq in 2019 and Abu Muhammed al-Bengali was announced as the new emir of the province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Ritsumeikan professor held in Iraq for terrorist recruitment |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13063898 |website=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="new emir"/>


=== Azerbaijan ===
=== Azerbaijan ===
On 2 July 2019, as part of a series of videos showing supporters and fighters of IS around the world renewing their pledge of allegiance to IS, a video was published from [[Azerbaijan]] featuring three fighters armed with Kalashnikov style rifles pledging their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The video was formally released by IS declaring it the Azerbaijan Wilayat.<ref name="azerbaijan1">{{Cite web|url=https://jihadology.net/2019/07/02/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-and-the-best-outcome-is-for-the-righteous-azerbaijan/|title = New video message from the Islamic State: "And the &#91;Best&#93; Outcome is for the Righteous – Azerbaijan"}}</ref>
On 2 July 2019, as part of a series of videos showing supporters and fighters of IS around the world renewing their pledge of allegiance to IS, a video was published from [[Azerbaijan]] featuring three fighters armed with Kalashnikov style rifles pledging their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The video was formally released by IS.<ref name="azerbaijan1">{{Cite web|url=https://jihadology.net/2019/07/02/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-and-the-best-outcome-is-for-the-righteous-azerbaijan/|title = New video message from the Islamic State: "And the &#91;Best&#93; Outcome is for the Righteous – Azerbaijan"}}</ref>

4 months later, after al-Baghdadi's [[Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi|death]] on 27 October 2019, [[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]] received pledges of allegiance (''bayah'') from various provinces and regions, with photos of fighters from Azerbaijan pledging allegiance to him, on 29 November.<ref name="AbuIbrahimGlobalBayahCampaign">{{Cite web|url=https://jihadology.net/2019/11/03/the-islamic-states-bayat-campaign/|title=The Islamic State's Bayat Campaign|website=jihadology.net|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213303/https://jihadology.net/2019/11/03/the-islamic-states-bayat-campaign/|archive-date=21 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 September, 2024, the Islamic State claimed its first-ever attack in Azerbaijan, via its weekly Al-Naba newsletter, claiming to have killed 7 Azeri security personnel and wounded 1 in a clash in Qusar district, northern Azerbaijan, five days prior.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=In First Recorded Fighting Activity in Azerbaijan, IS Reports Clash in Qusar District Inflicting 8 Casualties |url=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-Threat-Statements/in-first-recorded-fighting-activity-in-azerbaijan-is-reports-clash-in-qusar-district-inflicting-8-casualties.html |work=SITE}}</ref>


=== Turkey ===
=== Turkey ===
{{Main|Islamic State - Turkey Province}}
''Wilayat Turkey'' was formally declared in July 2019 when a video was published by IS featuring Turkish jihadists giving their [[bay'ah]] to the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Reference was also made to the Wilayat prior to its formal introduction, in April 2019 in a video featuring the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in his second ever video appearance, and first appearance in five years, he was seen holding dossiers from various Wilayats the group claims one of which was labeled as Wilayat Turkey, which was the first known such usage as a reference to the Turkish Wilayat.<ref name="turkey1">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/baghdadi-is-backand-vows-that-isis-will-be-too|title=Baghdadi is Back—and Vows the Islamic State Will be, Too|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="turkey2">[https://thedefensepost.com/2019/07/11/islamic-state-turkey-province-bayah-video/ Islamic State Turkey province video claims new wilayah in old turf], [[Defense Post]]</ref><ref name="turkey3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/decentralizing-provinces-bid-return|title=IS Decentralizing into 'Provinces' in Bid to Return {{pipe}} Voice of America – English}}</ref>
''Wilayat Turkiya'' was formally declared in July 2019 when a video was published by IS featuring Turkish jihadists giving their [[bay'ah]] to the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Reference was also made to the Wilayat prior to its formal introduction, in April 2019 in a video featuring the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in his second ever video appearance, and first appearance in five years, he was seen holding dossiers from various Wilayats the group claims one of which was labeled as Wilayat Turkey, which was the first known such usage as a reference to the Turkish Wilayat.<ref name="turkey1">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/baghdadi-is-backand-vows-that-isis-will-be-too|title=Baghdadi is Back—and Vows the Islamic State Will be, Too|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="turkey2">[https://thedefensepost.com/2019/07/11/islamic-state-turkey-province-bayah-video/ Islamic State Turkey province video claims new wilayah in old turf], [[Defense Post]]</ref><ref name="turkey3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_decentralizing-provinces-bid-return/6172319.html|title=IS Decentralizing Into 'Provinces' in Bid to Return|website=VOA|date=21 July 2019 |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>


== Administrative organization ==
== Administrative organization ==
=== Provinces ===
=== Provinces ===
The Islamic State's main base of operations was in their territory of [[Ar-Raqqah]] in [[Syria]], until 2017, where it was [[Battle of Raqqa (2017)|recaptured]] by the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]]. From there, orders were given to affiliate groups, called ''[[wilayat]]'', spread across the [[Levant]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Few of these ''wilayat'' have declared their capital cities, with the exception of ''[[#Iraq and Syria|al-Sham]]'' with [[Raqqa#Control by the Islamic State (January 2014–October 2017)|Ar-Raqqah]],{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}} ''[[#Iraq and Syria|al-Iraq]]'' with [[Mosul#Government by the Islamic State|Mosul]], and ''[[Islamic State's Central Africa Province|Central Africa]]'' with [[Mocímboa da Praia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/islamic-state-attacks-surging-africa/2020/10/18/2e16140e-1079-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html|title=ISIS attacks surge in Africa even as Trump boasts of a '100-percent' defeated caliphate|date=2020-10-18|newspaper= [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> It also had claims on the entirety of the [[Muslim world]], including [[Central Asia]], the former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Balkans]], [[South East Asia]], and the northern part of [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=ISIS map of areas it wants to take over by 2020 includes India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/india-in-2020-if-isis-plans-succeed-287500-2015-08-10|work=[[India Today]]|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1116799| title = What ISIS and the 'caliphate' mean for Pakistan – DAWN.COM| date = 3 July 2014}}</ref> Other times, however, it expressed also a desire for [[world domination]], with undefined ''wilayat'' in the entirety of the [[old world]] as well as the [[new world]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|publisher=[[Al Furqan Media Foundation]]|year=2014|title=[[Peter Kassig#Kidnapping and death|Although The Disbelievers Dislike It]]}}</ref>
The Islamic State's main base of operations was in their territory of [[Ar-Raqqah]] in [[Syria]], until 2017, where it was [[Battle of Raqqa (2017)|recaptured]] by the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]]. From there, orders were given to affiliate groups, called ''[[wilayat]]'', spread across the [[Levant]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Few of these ''wilayat'' have declared their capital cities, with the exception of ''[[#Iraq and Syria|al-Sham]]'' with [[Raqqa#Control by the Islamic State (January 2014–October 2017)|Ar-Raqqah]],{{sfnp|Rasheed|2015|p=3}} ''[[#Iraq and Syria|al-Iraq]]'' with [[Mosul#Government by the Islamic State|Mosul]], and ''[[Islamic State's Central Africa Province|Central Africa]]'' with [[Mocímboa da Praia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/islamic-state-attacks-surging-africa/2020/10/18/2e16140e-1079-11eb-8a35-237ef1eb2ef7_story.html|title=ISIS attacks surge in Africa even as Trump boasts of a '100-percent' defeated caliphate|date=18 October 2020|newspaper= [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> It also had claims on the entirety of the [[Muslim world]], including [[Central Asia]], the former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Balkans]], [[South East Asia]], and the northern part of [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=ISIS map of areas it wants to take over by 2020 includes India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/india-in-2020-if-isis-plans-succeed-287500-2015-08-10|work=[[India Today]]|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1116799| title = What ISIS and the 'caliphate' mean for Pakistan – DAWN.COM| date = 3 July 2014}}</ref> Other times, however, it expressed also a desire for [[world domination]], with labels on certain areas of the [[old world]] as well as the [[new world]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|publisher=[[Al Furqan Media Foundation]]|year=2014|title=[[Peter Kassig#Kidnapping and death|Although The Disbelievers Dislike It]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/11/17/although-the-disbelievers-dislike-it-the-hidden-message/ | title=Although the Disbelievers Dislike It - the Hidden Message | date=17 November 2014 }}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Wilayah<br /><small>(Province)</small>
!Wilayah<br /><small>(Province)</small>
!Part of
!Part of
!Subdivisions /<br />Former Wilayat
!Established<br /><small>(as a ''wilayah'')</small>
!Established<br /><small>(as a ''wilayah'')</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Algeria Province|Algeria<br /><small>(''al-Jazâ’ir'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Algeria Province|Algeria<br /><small>(''al-Jazāʾir'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{N/A}}
|13 November 2014<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name="Reuters"/>
|13 November 2014<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name="Reuters"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan<br /><small>(''Aḏarbayjān'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />''{{flag|Artsakh}}''
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{N/A}}
|2 July 2019<ref name="azerbaijan1"/>
|2 July 2019<ref name="azerbaijan1"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Bahrain]]{{efn|name=fyi|Some provinces existed only ''de facto'' as the Islamic State did not exercise control over these territories}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Bengal Province|Bengal<br /><small>(''al-Banġāl'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}{{efn|Including [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]] in addition to the [[Bahrain|eponymous archipelago]] across from the city of [[Khobar|al-Khubar]]<ref name="sa1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interactive/isis-affiliates/|title=Where the Black Flag of ISIS Flies|date=2016-05-13|publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref name="jt1"/>}}
|{{N/A}}
|November 2014<ref name="pellegrino"/><ref name="jt1"/>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Bengal Province|Bengal]]<br /><small>(''al-Bengal'')</small>
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{N/A}}
|September 2016
|September 2016
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Caucasus Province|Caucasus<br /><small>(''al-Qawqâz'')</small>]]{{efn|Includes the [[Russia]]n [[North Caucasus]] (mainly Islamic areas such as [[Dagestan]] or [[Chechnya]]), as well as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]].<ref name=contextual/>}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Caucasus Province|Caucasus<br /><small>(''al-Qawqāz'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}{{efn|Includes the [[Russia]]n [[North Caucasus]] (mainly Islamic areas such as [[Dagestan]] or [[Chechnya]]), as well as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]].<ref name ="contextual">{{Cite book|title=Contextualizing Radicalization Across the World|publisher=The Centre for Security Studies|year=2020|url=https://jgu.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/JSIA/Contextualizing+Radicalization+across+the+world+-+dialogue+session.pdf}}</ref>}}
|{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />''{{flag|Artsakh}}''<br />{{flag|Georgia}}<br />''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''<br />''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''
|{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />{{flag|Georgia}}''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''<br />''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''
|[[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]<ref name ="contextual">{{Cite book|title=Contextualizing Radicalization Across the World|publisher=The Centre for Security Studies|year=2020|url=https://jgu.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/JSIA/Contextualizing+Radicalization+across+the+world+-+dialogue+session.pdf}}</ref>
|23 June 2015<ref name=contextual/><ref name="caucasus1"/>
|23 June 2015<ref name=contextual/><ref name="caucasus1"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State's Central Africa Province|Central Africa<br /><small>(''Wasat Ifrîqiyâ'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State's Central Africa Province|Central Africa<br /><small>(''Wasaṭ Ifrīqiyah'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|DRC}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]<br />{{flag|Kenya}}<br />{{flag|Tanzania}}{{efn|A faction known as the "Islamic State in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" was set up in April 2016, but was only active in Somalia as well as Kenya for a short time.}}{{sfnp|Warner|Hulme|2018|p=25}}
|{{flagdeco|DRC}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]<br />{{flag|Mozambique}} (formerly)<br />{{flag|Tanzania}}{{efn|A faction known as the "Islamic State in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" was set up in April 2016, but was only active in Somalia as well as Kenya for a short time.}}{{sfnp|Warner|Hulme|2018|p=25}}<br />{{flag|Uganda}}
|{{N/A}}
|Before August 2018<ref name="deepening">{{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/04/30/islamic-state-new-central-africa-province/ |title=Islamic State recognizes new Central Africa Province, deepening ties with DR Congo militants |author=Robert Postings |work=Defense Post |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>
|Before August 2018<ref name="deepening">{{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/04/30/islamic-state-new-central-africa-province/ |title=Islamic State recognizes new Central Africa Province, deepening ties with DR Congo militants |author=Robert Postings |work=Defense Post |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Abu Sayyaf|East Asia]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Abu Sayyaf|East Asia<br /><small>(''Šārq Āsiyā'')</small>]]
|{{flag|Brunei}}<br>{{flag|Indonesia}}<br>{{flag|Malaysia}}<br>{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{flag|Brunei}}<br />{{flag|Indonesia}}<br />{{flag|Malaysia}}<br />{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{N/A}}
|2014<ref name="azerbaijan1"/><ref name="IBT-9-2014">{{cite news|last=FlorCruz|first=Michelle|title=Philippine Terror Group Abu Sayyaf May Be Using ISIS Link For Own Agenda|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/philippine-terror-group-abu-sayyaf-may-be-using-isis-link-own-agenda-1695156|access-date=16 May 2015|work=International Business Times|date=25 September 2014}}</ref>
|2014<ref name="azerbaijan1"/><ref name="IBT-9-2014">{{cite news|last=FlorCruz|first=Michelle|title=Philippine Terror Group Abu Sayyaf May Be Using ISIS Link For Own Agenda|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/philippine-terror-group-abu-sayyaf-may-be-using-isis-link-own-agenda-1695156|access-date=16 May 2015|work=International Business Times|date=25 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#East Asia|Philippines<br /><small>(''al-Filibbīn'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade|Gaza]]{{efn|The group operates in the [[Gaza Strip]]. It does not embrace [[Palestinian nationalism]], however, but [[Pan-Islamism]], and supports the idea of a ''wilayat'' encompassing the entirety of the [[Syria (region)|Levant]].<ref name=contextual/>}}
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[#East Asia|Philippines]]
|{{flag|Palestine}}<br />{{flag|Israel}}
|7 September 2016 <small>(from [[#East Asia|East Asia]])</small>
|{{N/A}}
|2014<ref name="Levy 9 June 2014"/><ref name="azerbaijan1"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara|Greater Sahara<br /><small>(''Sahil'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara|Sahel<br /><small>(''as-Sāḥil'')</small>]]
|{{flag|Mali}}<br />{{flag|Niger}}<br />{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{flag|Mali}}<br />{{flag|Niger}} (partial)<br />{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|15 May 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151206-mali-sahel-lutte-positionnement-groupes-jihadistes-belmokhtar-aqmi-al-mourabitoune-?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2015-12-06&dlvrit=1448817 |title=Mali-Sahel: lutte de positionnement des groupes jihadistes |work=[[Radio France Internationale]] |date=6 December 2015 |access-date=28 November 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160007/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151206-mali-sahel-lutte-positionnement-groupes-jihadistes-belmokhtar-aqmi-al-mourabitoune-?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2015-12-06&dlvrit=1448817 |url-status=live }}</ref> <small>(from [[#Niger and West Africa|West Africa]])</small>
|{{N/A}}
|15 May 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151206-mali-sahel-lutte-positionnement-groupes-jihadistes-belmokhtar-aqmi-al-mourabitoune-?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2015-12-06&dlvrit=1448817 |title=Mali-Sahel: lutte de positionnement des groupes jihadistes |work=[[Radio France Internationale]] |date=6 December 2015 |access-date=28 November 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160007/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151206-mali-sahel-lutte-positionnement-groupes-jihadistes-belmokhtar-aqmi-al-mourabitoune-?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2015-12-06&dlvrit=1448817 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Hijaz<br /><small>(''al-Ḥijāz'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi|Some provinces existed only ''de jure'' as the Islamic State did not exercise control over these territories}}
|rowspan=4 |{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Haramayn]]{{efn|name=fyi}}{{efn|Translated as the ''Province of the [[Holiest sites in Islam#Hejaz|Two Holy Cities]]''<ref name="pellegrino">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/brief-history-isis-provinces|title=A Brief History of ISIS "Provinces"|date=2015-12-23|last=Pellegrino|first=Chiara}}</ref> or the ''Province of the Two Holy Sanctuaries''}}
|rowspan=4 |{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref name="sa1"/><ref name="jt1">{{Cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/wilayat-haramayn-confronting-islamic-state-saudi-arabia/|title='Wilayat Haramayn': Confronting Islamic State in Saudi Arabia|date=2017-04-07|website=The Jamestown Foundation|last=McBurney|first=Niamh}}</ref>
|-
|[[#Saudi Arabia|Bahrain]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|rowspan=3 |13 November 2014<ref name="pellegrino"/><ref name="jt1"/>
|-
|[[#Saudi Arabia|Hejaz]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|-
|[[#Saudi Arabia|Najd]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Hejaz]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|November 2014<ref name="pellegrino">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/brief-history-isis-provinces|title=A Brief History of ISIS "Provinces"|date=23 December 2015|last=Pellegrino|first=Chiara}}</ref><ref name="jt1">{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/wilayat-haramayn-confronting-islamic-state-saudi-arabia/|title='Wilayat Haramayn': Confronting Islamic State in Saudi Arabia|date=7 April 2017|newspaper=Jamestown|last=McBurney|first=Niamh}}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|November 2014<ref name="pellegrino"/><ref name="jt1"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#India|India<br /><small>(''al-Hind'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Hind Province|India<br /><small>(''al-Hind'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />{{flag|India}}<br />{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{flag|India}}
|11 May 2019<ref name="azerbaijan1"/> <small>(from [[#Afghanistan and Pakistan|Khorasan]])</small>
|[[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] (partial)
|11 May 2019<ref name="azerbaijan1"/>
|-
|-
|rowspan=16 |{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq<br /><small>(''al-Iraq'')</small>]]{{efn|name=mid2018|Since mid-2018, IS has referred to its territory in the [[Levant]] simply as '''Wilayat al-Sham''' and has done the same with [[Iraq]] calling it '''Wilayat al-Iraq''', but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories. This has also been done with its claims in Libya and Yemen.<ref name="mid2018"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/04/the-sri-lanka-bombings-were-a-preview-of-isiss-future/588175/|title=ISIS Relaunches as a Global Platform|first=Charlie Winter, Aymenn|last=al-Tamimi|date=27 April 2019|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State of Iraq|Iraq<br /><small>(''al-ʿIrāq'')</small>]]{{efn|name=mid2018|Since mid-2018, IS has referred to its territory in the [[Levant]] simply as '''Wilayat al-Sham''' and has done the same with [[Iraq]] calling it '''Wilayat al-Iraq''', but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories. This has also been done with its claims in Libya and Yemen.<ref name="mid2018"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/04/the-sri-lanka-bombings-were-a-preview-of-isiss-future/588175/|title=ISIS Relaunches as a Global Platform|first=Charlie Winter, Aymenn|last=al-Tamimi|date=27 April 2019|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>}}
|rowspan=16 |{{flag|Iraq}}<br />{{flag|Syria}} (partial)
|{{flag|Iraq}}<br />{{flag|Syria}} (partial)
| 2018 <small>(from [[#Iraq and Syria|Al Anbar]], [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Badia]], [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Jazirah]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Dijlah]], [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Janub]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Baghdad]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Diyala]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Fallujah]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Kirkuk]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Ninawa]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Saladin]] and [[#Iraq and Syria|Shamal Baghdad]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|Khorasan<br /><small>(''Ḵurāsān'')</small>]]
|al-Janub{{efn|name=fyi}}{{efn|Formed from [[Karbala Governorate]], [[Babil Governorate]], [[Najaf Governorate]], [[Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate]], [[Maysan Governorate]], [[Muthanna Governorate]], [[Dhi Qar Governorate]] and [[Basra Governorate]].}}
|{{flag|Afghanistan|Taliban}}<br />{{flag|India}} (formerly)<br />{{flag|Iran}}<br />{{flag|Pakistan}} (partial)<br />{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|rowspan=16 |[[Timeline of ISIL-related events (2014)#June 2014|29 June 2014]]<ref name="newname1">{{cite web|title=Isis rebels declare 'Islamic state' in Iraq and Syria|date=30 June 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28082962|publisher=BBC News|access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>
|26 January 2015<ref name ="khr1"/><ref name="khr2"/><ref name="khr3"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State in Libya|Libya<br /><small>(''Lībiyā'')</small>]]{{efn|name=mid2018}}
|al-Anbar
|{{flag|Libya}}
|2018 <small>(from [[#Libya|Cyrenaica]], [[#Libya|Fezzan]], and [[#Libya|Tripolitania]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Egypt|Egypt<br /><small>(''Miṣr'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|al-Badia
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|February 2017
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Mozambique|Mozambique<br /><small>(''Mūzambīq'')</small>]]
|Baghdad{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|May 2022<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/> <small>(from [[#Democratic Republic of the Congo|Central Africa]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Najd<br /><small>(''Najd'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|Dijlah
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />{{flagdeco|Kuwait}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Kuwait]]
|November 2014<ref name="pellegrino"/><ref name="jt1"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Afghanistan and Pakistan|Pakistan<br /><small>(''Bākistān'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|Dayala{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|15 May 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/05/15/islamic-state-pakistan-province-al-hind/|title=ISIS announces new India and Pakistan provinces, casually breaking up Khorasan|date=15 May 2019|website=The Defense Post|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610230850/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/05/15/islamic-state-pakistan-province-al-hind/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IS Delineates "Khorasan Province" from "Pakistan Province" in Attack Claims, One Involving Targeted Killing in Rawalpindi |website=Jihadist Threat |publisher=SITE Intelligence Group |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Statements/is-delineates-khorasan-province-from-pakistan-province-in-attack-claims-one-involving-targeted-killing-in-rawalpindi.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118194348/https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Statements/is-delineates-khorasan-province-from-pakistan-province-in-attack-claims-one-involving-targeted-killing-in-rawalpindi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <small>(from [[#Afghanistan and Pakistan|Khorasan]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Sinai Province|Sinai<br /><small>(''Sīnāʼ'')</small>]]
|Fallujah{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|13 November 2014<ref name=nytimes14feb15/><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=16 February 2015 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/egypt-strikes-back-at-islamic-state-militants-after-beheading-video-killing-dozens-20150216-13ghv2.html |title=Egypt strikes back at Islamic State militants after beheading video, killing dozens |first1=Omar |last1=Fahmy |first2=Yara |last2=Bayoumy |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="bbcsinai">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25882504 |title=Sinai Province: Egypt's most dangerous group|date=24 January 2014 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State in Somalia|Somalia<br /><small>(aṣ-Ṣūmāl)</small>]]{{efn|A Propaganda video under the name "Hunt Them Down, O Monotheists", used the name ''Wilayat al-Somal'' (Somalia Province).<ref name="holidays">{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/12/islamic-state-video-promotes-somali-arm-incites-attacks-during-holidays.php |title=Islamic State video promotes Somali arm, incites attacks during holidays |author1=Thomas Joscelyn |author2=Caleb Weiss |work=[[Long War Journal]]|date=27 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> Since then, however, the new name has not been consistently applied to the group by pro-IS media.{{sfnp|Anzalone|2018|p=16}}}}
|Karkuk
|{{flag|Somalia}}<br />''{{flag|Somaliland}}''
|December 2017 <small>(Recognition)</small><ref name="holidays"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria<br /><small>(''aš-Šām'')</small>]]{{efn|name=mid2018}}{{efn|The Islamic State controlled some territory outside of its ''wilayat'' under the [[Khalid ibn al-Walid Army]] until 2018, which administered its territory from [[Al-Shajara, Syria|Al-Shajara]].}}
|Ninawa
|{{flag|Syria}}<br />{{Flag|Iraq}} (partial)<br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Lebanon}}<br />{{flag|Palestine}}
| 2018 <small>(from [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Barakah]], [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Furat]], [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Khair]], [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Raqqah]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Halab]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Homs]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Dimashq]], [[#Iraq and Syria|Hamah]] and [[#Iraq and Syria|Hawran]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Turkey|Turkey<br /><small>(''Turkiyā'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|Salahuddin
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|July 2019<ref name="turkey1"/><ref name="turkey2"/><ref name="turkey3"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia|Tunisia<br /><small>(''Tūnis'')</small>]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|Shamal Baghdad{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|2015
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State's West Africa Province|West Africa<br /><small>(''Ġarb Ifrīqiyah'')</small>]]
|al-Furat
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<br />{{flag|Cameroon}}<br />{{flag|Chad}}<br />{{flag|Niger}} (partial)<br />{{flag|Mali}} (formerly)<br />{{flag|Burkina Faso}} (formerly)

|2015<ref name="BokoHaramIS"/><ref name="iswMay15"/><br />2016 <small>(after split with [[Boko Haram]])</small><ref name="Barnawi"/><br />March 2022 <small>(autonomy granted)</small><ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Yemen Province|Yemen<br /><small>(al-Yaman)</small>]]{{efn|name=mid2018}}
|al-Jazirah
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|2018 <small>(from [[#Yemen|Aden-Abyan]], [[#Yemen|Al Bayda]], [[#Yemen|Ataq]], [[#Yemen|Green Brigade]], [[#Yemen|Hadramaut]], [[#Yemen|Lahij]], [[#Yemen|Sanaa]], and [[#Yemen|Shabwah]])</small>
|-
|-
!Former Wilayah<br /><small>(Province)</small>
|[[Al-Barakah (ISIL administrative district)|al-Barakah]] (partial)
!Part of
!Established/Disestablished<br /><small>(as a ''wilayah'')</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Aden-Abyan<br /><small>(''ʿAdan Abyan'')</small>]]
|al-Khayr (partial)
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
| rowspan=8 |13 November 2014 – 2018 <small>(merged into [[#Yemen|Yemen Province]])</small>
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|Khorasan<br /><small>(''Khurâsân'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Al Bayda<br /><small>(''al-Bayḍāʾ'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|rowspan=3|{{flag|Afghanistan|Taliban}}<br />{{flag|India}}<br />{{flag|Iran}}<br />{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Ataq<br /><small>(''ʿAtaq'')</small>]]
|[[#India|India]]
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|rowspan=2|26 January 2015<ref name ="khr1"/><ref name="khr2"/><ref name="khr3"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Green Brigade<br /><small>(''al-Liwāʼ al-Aḵḍar'')</small>]]
|[[#Afghanistan-Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=4 |{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State in Libya|Libya]]{{efn|name=mid2018}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Hadramaut<br /><small>(''Ḥaḍramawt'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|rowspan=4 |{{flag|Libya}}
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Lahij<br /><small>(''Laḥij'')</small>]]
|Cyrenaica (''Barqa'')
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|rowspan=3 |13 November 2014<ref name=nytimes14feb15/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Sanaa<br /><small>(''Ṣanʿāʾ'')</small>]]
|Fezzan (''Fazzân'')
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Yemen|Shabwah<br /><small>(''Shabwah'')</small>]]
|Tripolitania (''Tarâbulus'')
|{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[#Yemen|Yemen]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Egypt|Egypt<br /><small>(''Misr'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Libya|Cyrenaica<br /><small>(''Barqah'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Libya}} [[#Libya|Libya]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| rowspan=3 |13 November 2014 – 2018 <small>(merged into [[#Libya|Libya Province]])</small>
|{{N/A}}
|February 2017
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Mozambique|Mozambique]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Libya|Fezzan<br /><small>(''Fizān'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Libya}} [[#Libya|Libya]]
|{{flag|Mozambique}}<br>{{flag|Tanzania}}
|{{N/A}}
|May 2022<ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Najd]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Libya|Tripolitania<br /><small>(''Ṭarābulus'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Libya}} [[#Libya|Libya]]
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{N/A}}
|November 2014<ref name="pellegrino"/><ref name="jt1"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Afghanistan-Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Al Anbar<br /><small>(''al-Anbār'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
| 2013-2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq Province]])</small>
|{{N/A}}
|15 May 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/05/15/islamic-state-pakistan-province-al-hind/|title=ISIS announces new India and Pakistan provinces, casually breaking up Khorasan|date=15 May 2019|website=The Defense Post|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610230850/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/05/15/islamic-state-pakistan-province-al-hind/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IS Delineates "Khorasan Province" from "Pakistan Province" in Attack Claims, One Involving Targeted Killing in Rawalpindi |website=Jihadist Threat |publisher=SITE Intelligence Group |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Statements/is-delineates-khorasan-province-from-pakistan-province-in-attack-claims-one-involving-targeted-killing-in-rawalpindi.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Sinai Province|Sinai<br /><small>(''Sînâ''')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Badia<br /><small>(''al-Bādiyah'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]<br />{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]] (partial)
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| 2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq Province]])</small>
|{{N/A}}
|13 November 2014<ref name=nytimes14feb15/><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=16 February 2015 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/egypt-strikes-back-at-islamic-state-militants-after-beheading-video-killing-dozens-20150216-13ghv2.html |title=Egypt strikes back at Islamic State militants after beheading video, killing dozens |first1=Omar |last1=Fahmy |first2=Yara |last2=Bayoumy |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="bbcsinai">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25882504 |title=Sinai Province: Egypt's most dangerous group|date=24 January 2014 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Jazirah<br /><small>(''al-Jazīrah'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State in Somalia|Somalia<br /><small>(al-Somal)</small>]]{{efn|A Propaganda video under the name "Hunt Them Down, O Monotheists", used the name ''Wilayat al-Somal'' (Somalia Province).<ref name="holidays">{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/12/islamic-state-video-promotes-somali-arm-incites-attacks-during-holidays.php |title=Islamic State video promotes Somali arm, incites attacks during holidays |author1=Thomas Joscelyn |author2=Caleb Weiss |work=[[Long War Journal]]|date=27 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> Since then, however, the new name has not been consistently applied to the group by pro-IS media.{{sfnp|Anzalone|2018|p=16}}}}
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|{{flag|Somalia}}<br />''{{flag|Somaliland}}''
| rowspan=2 |2015-2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq Province]])</small>
|{{N/A}}
|December 2017 <small>(Recognition)</small><ref name="holidays"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Dijlah<br /><small>(''Dijlah'')</small>]]
|rowspan=13 |{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria<br /><small>(''al-Sham'')</small>]]{{efn|The name ''Syria'' does not involve the country but the region of the [[Levant]] ([[Arabic]]: ''al-Sham''), including the countries within this region where insurgencies have been present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2015-013285_EN.html|title=Presence of ISIS in occupied Cyprus|date=2015-09-30|access-date=2021-09-12|website=[[European Parliament]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/is-it-isis-or-isil|title=Is It ISIS or ISIL?|website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|last=Hogeback|first=Jonathan}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=mid2018}}{{efn|The Islamic State controlled some territory outside of its ''wilayat'' under the [[Khalid ibn al-Walid Army]] until 2018, which administered its territory from [[Al-Shajara, Syria|Al-Shajara]].}}
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|rowspan=13 |{{flag|Syria}}<br />{{Flag|Iraq}} (partial)<br />{{flagicon|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri & Dhekelia]]<br />{{flag|Cyprus}}<br />''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''<br />{{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Lebanon}}<br />{{flag|Palestine}}<br />{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Hatay Province|Turkey]] (partial)
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Janub<br /><small>(''al-Janūb'')</small>]]
|Ar-Raqqah
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|rowspan=12 |[[Timeline of ISIL-related events (2014)#June 2014|29 June 2014]]<ref name="newname1"/>
| rowspan=8 |2014-2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq Province]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Baghdad<br /><small>(''Baġdād'')</small>]]
|Dimashq
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Diyala<br /><small>(''Diyālā'')</small>]]
|Idlib{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Fallujah<br /><small>(''al-Fallūjah'')</small>]]
|Halab
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Kirkuk<br /><small>(''Karkūk'')</small>]]
|Hama
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Ninawa<br /><small>(''Nīnawā'')</small>]]
|[[Khalid ibn al-Walid Army|Hawran / Horan]]
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Saladin<br /><small>(''Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn'')</small>]]
|Hims
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Shamal Baghdad<br /><small>(''Šamāl Baġdād'')</small>]]
|[[Al-Barakah (ISIL administrative district)|al-Barakah]]
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Barakah<br /><small>(''al-Barakah'')</small>]]
|al-Khayr
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]<br />{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]] (partial)
| rowspan=6 |2014-2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Sham Province]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Furat<br /><small>(''al-Furāt'')</small>]]
|al-Badia (partial)
|{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]]<br />{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]] (partial)
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Khair<br /><small>(''al-Ḵayr'')</small>]]
|al-Furat (partial)
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]<br />{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Iraq]] (partial)
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Raqqah<br /><small>(''ar-Raqqah'')</small>]]
|al-Jazirah (partial)
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Turkey|Turkey]]{{efn|name=fyi}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Halab<br /><small>(''Ḥalab'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{N/A}}
|July 2019<ref name="turkey1"/><ref name="turkey2"/><ref name="turkey3"/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia|Tunisia<br /><small>(''Tunis'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Homs<br /><small>(''Ḥimṣ'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{N/A}}
|2015
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State's West Africa Province|West Africa<br /><small>(''Garb Ifrīqīyā'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|al-Sahel<br /><small>(''as-Sāḥil'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<br />{{flag|Cameroon}}<br />{{flag|Chad}}<br />{{flag|Niger}}
| 2016-???
|Greater Sahara
|2015<ref name="BokoHaramIS"/><ref name="iswMay15"/><br />2016 <small>(after split with [[Boko Haram]])</small><ref name="Barnawi"/><br>March 2022 <small>(autonomy granted)</small><ref name="Chesnutt 2022"/>
|-
|-
|rowspan=10 |{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Yemen Province|Yemen<br /><small>(al-Yaman)</small>]]{{efn|name=mid2018}}
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Dimashq<br /><small>(''Dimašq'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
|rowspan=10 |{{flag|Yemen}}
| rowspan=2 |2015-2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Sham Province]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Hamah<br /><small>(''Ḥamāh'')</small>]]
|Sana'a
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
|rowspan=9 |13 November 2014<ref name="wapo28jan"/><ref name=bbc30jan15/>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Hawran<br /><small>(''Ḥawrān'')</small>]]
|'Adan Abyan
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
| 2018 <small>(merged into [[#Iraq and Syria|Sham Province]])</small>
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Idlib<br /><small>(''Idlib'')</small>]]
|Hadramawt
|{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[#Iraq and Syria|Syria]]
| 2013-???
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Haramayn<br /><small>(''al-Ḥaramayn'')</small>]]
|al-Bayda
|{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
|-
| 13 November 2014-??? <small>(most likely split into [[#Saudi Arabia|Hijaz Province]], [[#Saudi Arabia|Najd Province]], and [[#Saudi Arabia|Bahrain Province]])</small>
|Lahij
|-
|Ma'rib
|-
|Shabwah
|-
|Ataq
|-
|Green Brigade<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criticalthreats.org/yemen/koontz-desknote-growing-threat-isis-in-yemen-may-6-2015|title=Desknote: The Growing Threat of ISIS in Yemen|author=Joshua Koontz|date=6 May 2015|publisher=American Enterprise Institute|website=criticalthreats.org|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>{{efn|Alternatively, '''Luaa Akhdar/Ibb'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxan.com/media/1289/oa-anticipating-islamic-state-group.pdf|title=Anticipating Islamic State group's next move|publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]]}}</ref> or '''Luaa al-Akhdar'''<ref name="sa1"/>}}
|-
|-
|{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Bahrain<br /><small>(''al-Baḥrayn'')</small>]]
|{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] (partial)<br />{{flagdeco|Bahrain}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Bahrain]]<br />{{flagdeco|Qatar}} [[#Saudi Arabia|Qatar]]
| October 2015-??? <small>(most likely merged into [[#Saudi Arabia|Najd Province]])</small>
|}
|}
=== Ministries ===


In addition to its territorial administration, the group also established ''[[Divan|dāwāwīn]]'' (ministries) for the political administration of the quasi-state under al-Baghdadi's administration,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2020.1759694|title=Education in conflict: how Islamic State established its curriculum|last1=Arvisais|first1=Olivier|last2=Guidère|first2=Mathieu|year=2020|journal=Journal of Curriculum Studies|volume=52|issue=4 |pages=498–515 |doi=10.1080/00220272.2020.1759694 |s2cid=218925756 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297420|title=The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence|last=al-Tamimi|first= Aymenn|journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |year=2015|publisher=Terrorism Research Initiative|volume=9|issue=4 |pages=117–129 |jstor=26297420 }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://archive.org/details/the-structure-of-the-khilafah |title=The Structure of the Caliphate |date=6 July 2016 |publisher=[[Al-Furqan Media Foundation]]}}</ref> modelled after [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]'s infrastructure for the [[Islamic State of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iemed.org/publication/isis-administrative-and-territorial-organization/ |title= ISIS Administrative and Territorial Organization |last=Jefferis |first=Jennifer |publisher=Near East and South Asia Centre for Strategic Studies |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
=== Ministries ===
In addition to its territorial administration, the group also established ''[[Divan|dāwāwīn]]'' (ministries) for the political administration of the quasi-state under al-Baghdadi's administration,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2020.1759694|title=Education in conflict: how Islamic State established its curriculum|last1=Arvisais|first1=Olivier|last2=Guidère|first2=Mathieu|year=2020|journal=Journal of Curriculum Studies|volume=52|issue=4 |pages=498–515 |doi=10.1080/00220272.2020.1759694 |s2cid=218925756 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297420|title=The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence|last=al-Tamimi|first= Aymenn|journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |year=2015|publisher=Terrorism Research Initiative|volume=9|issue=4 |pages=117–129 |jstor=26297420 }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://archive.org/details/the-structure-of-the-khilafah |title=The Structure of the Caliphate |date=2016-07-06 |publisher=[[Al-Furqan Media Foundation]]}}</ref> modelled after [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]'s infrastructure for the [[Islamic State of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iemed.org/publication/isis-administrative-and-territorial-organization/ |title= ISIS Administrative and Territorial Organization |last=Jefferis |first=Jennifer |publisher=Near East and South Asia Centre for Strategic Studies |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>


{| class="sortable wikitable"
{| class="sortable wikitable"
Line 485: Line 510:
!Function
!Function
|-
|-
|Education and Teaching{{efn|Also known as the '''Diwan of Education''' or the '''Diwan of Education and Teaching of Islamic State'''.}}<br>''<small>Diwan al-Tarbiyya wa al-Ta’lim</small>'' || July 2014 || Responsible for education in a regular and extremist context.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://docs.campaignforeducation.org/reports/ISIS%20in%20Iraq_2015%20-%202016%20Education%20in%20Mosul_English_FINAL.pdf|title=Education in Mosul under the Islamic State (ISIS): 2015–2016|publisher=Iraqi Institution for Development|location=Mosul}}</ref> Its first minister was [[Reda Seyam]].
|Education and Teaching{{efn|Also known as the '''Diwan of Education''' or the '''Diwan of Education and Teaching of Islamic State'''.}}<br />''<small>Diwan al-Tarbiyya wa al-Ta’lim</small>'' || July 2014 || Responsible for education in a regular and extremist context.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://docs.campaignforeducation.org/reports/ISIS%20in%20Iraq_2015%20-%202016%20Education%20in%20Mosul_English_FINAL.pdf|title=Education in Mosul under the Islamic State (ISIS): 2015–2016|publisher=Iraqi Institution for Development|location=Mosul}}</ref> Its first minister was [[Reda Seyam]].
|-
|-
|Services<br>''<small>Diwan al-Khidamat</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for the administration of public spaces, such as parks and roads. One example of the latter was the construction of "Caliphate Way", a highway built in the industrial area of Mosul, which reduced congestion in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/04/world/middleeast/isis-documents-mosul-iraq.html |title=The ISIS Files: When Terrorists Run City Hall |date=2018-04-04 |last1=Callimachi |first1=Rukmini |last2=Prickett |first2=Ivor |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref>
|Services<br />''<small>Diwan al-Khidamat</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for the administration of public spaces, such as parks and roads. One example of the latter was the construction of "Caliphate Way", a highway built in the industrial area of Mosul, which reduced congestion in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/04/world/middleeast/isis-documents-mosul-iraq.html |title=The ISIS Files: When Terrorists Run City Hall |date=4 April 2018 |last1=Callimachi |first1=Rukmini |last2=Prickett |first2=Ivor |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref>
|-
|-
|Rikaz{{efn|Another official name is the '''Diwan of Resources''', and it is also known as the '''Diwan of Natural Resources''' or the '''Diwan of Precious Resources.}}<br>''<small>Diwan al-Rikaz</small>'' || ? || Responsible for handling and exploitation of profitable resources. Its two known divisions handle fossil fuels (e.g. [[petroleum]]) and antiquities.
|Rikaz{{efn|Another official name is the '''Diwan of Resources''', and it is also known as the '''Diwan of Natural Resources''' or the '''Diwan of Precious Resources.}}<br />''<small>Diwan al-Rikaz</small>'' || ? || Responsible for handling and exploitation of profitable resources. Its two known divisions handle fossil fuels (e.g. [[petroleum]]) and antiquities.
|-
|-
|Da'wah and Masajid (and [[Awqaf]])<br>''<small>Diwan al-Da’wah wa al-Masajid (wa al-Awqaf)</small>'' || ? || Responsible for ''[[Dawah]]'' and mosque and religious staff administration.
|Da'wah and Masajid (and [[Awqaf]])<br />''<small>Diwan al-Da’wah wa al-Masajid (wa al-Awqaf)</small>'' || ? || Responsible for ''[[Dawah]]'' and mosque and religious staff administration.
|-
|-
|Health<br>''<small>Diwan al-Sihha</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for health services and hospitals. An "[[Islamic State Health Service]]" was established in 2015, featuring a logo modelled after the one used by the British [[National Health Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32456789 |title= Islamic State NHS-style hospital video posted |date=2015-04-24 |publisher= [[BBC]]}}</ref> All [[medical school]]s served under this ministry rather than the Ministry of Education.
|Health<br />''<small>Diwan al-Sihha</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for health services and hospitals. An "[[Islamic State Health Service]]" was established in 2015, featuring a logo modelled after the one used by the British [[National Health Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32456789 |title= Islamic State NHS-style hospital video posted |date=24 April 2015 |publisher= [[BBC]]}}</ref> All [[medical school]]s served under this ministry rather than the Ministry of Education.
|-
|-
|Tribal Relations<br>''<small>Diwan al-Asha'ir</small>'' || ? || Responsible for dealing with nomadic tribes in the core region of IS. While the group committed atrocities against tribes such as [[Al-Shaitat]] and documents obtained after the group's loss of territory reflect a harsh tone against the nomadic groups, other documents show organized deliveries of supplies to the same groups. This ''dīwān'' was also known as an Office.
|Tribal Relations<br />''<small>Diwan al-Asha'ir</small>'' || ? || Responsible for dealing with nomadic tribes in the core region of IS. While the group committed atrocities against tribes such as [[Al-Shaitat]] and documents obtained after the group's loss of territory reflect a harsh tone against the nomadic groups, other documents show organized deliveries of supplies to the same groups. This ''dīwān'' was also known as an Office.
|-
|-
|Public Security<br>''<small>Diwan al-Amn (al-Aam)</small>'' || ? || Responsible for public security and anti-espionage operations.
|[[Diwan al-Amn (Islamic State Intelligence)]] || ? || Responsible for public security and anti-espionage operations.
|-
|-
|Zakah <br>''<small>Diwan al-Zakah</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for the collection and distribution of the ''[[Zakah]]''.
|Zakah <br />''<small>Diwan al-Zakah</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for the collection and distribution of the ''[[Zakah]]''.
|-
|-
|Treasury<br>''<small>Diwan [[Bayt al-mal]]</small>'' || ? || Responsible for the [[Finances of the Islamic State|finances of the group]] and the [[Islamic State dinar|dinar]]. Its ''Diwan al-Musadara'' is responsible for expropriations and is based on medieval Islam.<ref name=dict>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYYyDwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |date=2017-09-20 |last=Guidère |first=Mathieu |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538106709 }}</ref>
|Treasury<br />''<small>Diwan [[Bayt al-mal]]</small>'' || ? || Responsible for the [[Finances of the Islamic State|finances of the group]] and the [[Islamic State dinar|dinar]]. Its ''Diwan al-Musadara'' is responsible for expropriations and is based on medieval Islam.<ref name=dict>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYYyDwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |date=20 September 2017 |last=Guidère |first=Mathieu |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538106709 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Hisbah]]<br>''<small>Diwan al-Hisbah</small>'' || ? || The ''Hisbah'' (religious police) served this ministry, being in charge of enforcing the group's version of Islamic jurisprudence ([[sharia law]]) in public.
|[[Hisbah]]<br />''<small>Diwan al-Hisbah</small>'' || ? || The ''Hisbah'' (religious police) served this ministry, being in charge of enforcing the group's version of Islamic jurisprudence ([[sharia law]]) in public.
|-
|-
|Judgement and Grievances<br>''<small>Diwan al-Qada wa [[Mazalim|al-Mazalim]]</small>'' || ? || Responsible for enforcing and clarifying judicial matters (e.g. [[Sharia#Court procedures|Islamic court]]) and family and marriage-related issues. Also based in medieval Islam.{{Clarify|reason=How is something "based in?”|date=September 2022}}
|Judgement and Grievances<br />''<small>Diwan al-Qada wa [[Mazalim|al-Mazalim]]</small>'' || ? || Responsible for enforcing and clarifying judicial matters (e.g. [[Sharia#Court procedures|Islamic court]]) and family and marriage-related issues. Also based in medieval Islam.{{Clarify|reason=How is something "based in?”|date=September 2022}}
|-
|-
|Public Relations<br>''<small>Diwan al-Alaqat al-Amma</small>'' || ? || [[Public relations]] (PR) department.
|Public Relations<br />''<small>Diwan al-Alaqat al-Amma</small>'' || ? || [[Public relations]] (PR) department.
|-
|-
|Agriculture<br>''<small>Diwan al-Zira'a</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for the regulation of agriculture and livestock. A [[RAND Corporation|RAND]] study revealed that harvests in IS territory were relatively normal, with commercial vehicle traffic increasing under the new administration. Only with the loss of territory and access to resources such as electricity did harvests begin to decay around 2016.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjwDEAAAQBAJ |title=ISIS: A History |date=2021-11-02 |last=Gerges |first=Fawaz A. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691211923 |author-link=Fawaz Gerges}}</ref>
|Agriculture<br />''<small>Diwan al-Zira'a</small>'' || June 2014 || Responsible for the regulation of agriculture and livestock. A [[RAND Corporation|RAND]] study revealed that harvests in IS territory were relatively normal, with commercial vehicle traffic increasing under the new administration. Only with the loss of territory and access to resources such as electricity did harvests begin to decay around 2016.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjwDEAAAQBAJ |title=ISIS: A History |date=2 November 2021 |last=Gerges |first=Fawaz A. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691211923 |author-link=Fawaz Gerges}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Fatwa and Investigation<br>''<small>Diwan al-Ifta' wa al-Buhuth</small>'' || ? || Responsible for issuing and clarifying [[fatwa]]s. It also wrote and published text media used in training camps through its publishing body ''Maktabat al-Himma''.
|Fatwa and Investigation<br />''<small>Diwan al-Ifta' wa al-Buhuth</small>'' || ? || Responsible for issuing and clarifying [[fatwa]]s. It also wrote and published text media used in training camps through its publishing body ''Maktabat al-Himma''.
|-
|-
|Soldiery<br>''<small>Diwan al-Jund</small>'' || ? || Responsible for the [[Military activity of the Islamic State|Army of the Islamic State]] and its management, training and distribution. It is sometimes referred to as the "Soldiers Department".<ref name=dict/>
|Soldiery<br />''<small>Diwan al-Jund</small>'' || ? || Responsible for the [[Military activity of the Islamic State|Army of the Islamic State]] and its management, training and distribution. It is sometimes referred to as the "Soldiers Department".<ref name=dict/>
|-
|-
|Media{{efn|Also known as the '''Diwan of Central Media''' or '''Ministry of Information''' ({{lang-ar|وزارة الإعلام}}).}}<br>''<small>Diwan al-I'lam al-Markazi</small>''<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2019/issue-1/bunzel.pdf |title=Ideological Infighting in the Islamic State |year=2019 |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |issn=2334-3745}}</ref> || ? || Responsible for the publishing bodies of the Islamic State, such as [[AlHayat Media Center]], al-Furqan Media Foundation, [[Al-Bayan (radio station)|Al-Bayan radio]], Ajnad Foundation, [[Al-Naba]], and Maktabat al-Himma. It is also in charge of the publication of magazines ''[[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq]]'', ''[[Dar al-Islam (magazine)|Dar al-Islam]]'', ''[[Konstantiniyye (magazine)|Konstantiniyye]]'', ''[[Istok (magazine)|Istok]]'', and later on ''[[Rumiyah (magazine)|Rumiyah]]''. Additionally, it's the ministry in charge of translations.
|Media{{efn|Also known as the '''Diwan of Central Media''' or '''Ministry of Information''' ({{langx|ar|وزارة الإعلام}}).}}<br />''<small>Diwan al-I'lam al-Markazi</small>''<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2019/issue-1/bunzel.pdf |title=Ideological Infighting in the Islamic State |year=2019 |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |issn=2334-3745}}</ref> || ? || Responsible for the publishing bodies of IS, such as [[AlHayat Media Center]], al-Furqan Media Foundation, [[Al-Bayan (radio station)|Al-Bayan radio]], Ajnad Foundation, [[Al-Naba]], and Maktabat al-Himma. It is also in charge of the publication of magazines ''[[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq]]'', ''[[Dar al-Islam (magazine)|Dar al-Islam]]'', ''[[Konstantiniyye (magazine)|Konstantiniyye]]'', ''[[Istok (magazine)|Istok]]'', and later on ''[[Rumiyah (magazine)|Rumiyah]]''. Additionally, it's the ministry in charge of translations.
|-
|-
| Fay' and Ghana'im{{efn|Literally the ''Diwan of [[Looting|Spoils and Plunder]]''.}}<br>''<small>Diwan al-Fay' wa al-Ghana'im</small>'' || ? || Responsible for administering and distributing war spoils that come from battles.
| Fay' and Ghana'im{{efn|Literally the ''Diwan of [[Looting|Spoils and Plunder]]''.}}<br />''<small>Diwan al-Fay' wa al-Ghana'im</small>'' || ? || Responsible for administering and distributing war spoils that come from battles.
|-
|-
|Real Estate<br>''<small>Diwan al-'Aqarat wa al-Kharaj</small>'' || ? || Responsible for [[real estate]] seized from non-Muslims or abandoned by its original owners in order to accommodate regular and new fighters or civilians.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-ubtr/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1599/file/Teiner_Masterarbeit_The_Islamic_State's_Rebel_Governance.pdf |title=The Islamic State's Rebel Governance: A Combined Approach of Conceptual Classification and Qualitative Analysis of Administrative Documents |year=2021 |last=Teiner |first=David |publisher=[[University of Trier]]}}</ref>
|Real Estate<br />''<small>Diwan al-'Aqarat wa al-Kharaj</small>'' || ? || Responsible for [[real estate]] seized from non-Muslims or abandoned by its original owners in order to accommodate regular and new fighters or civilians.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-ubtr/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1599/file/Teiner_Masterarbeit_The_Islamic_State's_Rebel_Governance.pdf |title=The Islamic State's Rebel Governance: A Combined Approach of Conceptual Classification and Qualitative Analysis of Administrative Documents |year=2021 |last=Teiner |first=David |publisher=[[University of Trier]]}}</ref>
|}
|}

=== Regional administrative offices ===
=== Regional administrative offices ===
{{MOSLOW|section}}
{{Unsorted list|section|date=March 2023}}
Islamic State had created various regional offices during the period (2017-2019) to organize & direct its human and other resources & reviving its external operational capability. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://kyleorton.substack.com/p/reduced-but-rebuilding-united-nations | title=Reduced, but Rebuilding: United Nations Reports on Islamic State and Al-Qaeda }}</ref>
Islamic State had created various regional offices during the period (2017–2019) to organize & direct its human and other resources & reviving its external operational capability.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://kyleorton.substack.com/p/reduced-but-rebuilding-united-nations | title=Reduced, but Rebuilding: United Nations Reports on Islamic State and Al-Qaeda }}</ref><ref name="ctc.westpoint.edu">{{cite web | url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-general-directorate-of-provinces-managing-the-islamic-states-global-network/ | title=The General Directorate of Provinces: Managing the Islamic State's Global Network | date=26 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="warontherocks.com">{{cite web | url=https://warontherocks.com/2024/07/a-globally-integrated-islamic-state/ | title=A Globally Integrated Islamic State | date=15 July 2024 }}</ref>


The “most vigorous and best-established” of IS’s offices set up at the Centre to oversee the wilayats are:
The “most vigorous and best-established” of IS's offices set up at the centre to oversee the wilayats are:


Al-Siddiq office in Afghanistan, which “covers South Asia and, according to some UN Member States, Central Asia”;
Al-Siddiq office in Afghanistan, which “covers South Asia and, according to some UN Member States, Central Asia”;
Line 534: Line 558:
Al-Furqan office in the Lake Chad basin, where the borders of Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria converge. The Furqan office covers these states in North Africa and the broader western Sahel, overseeing ISGS/ISSP.
Al-Furqan office in the Lake Chad basin, where the borders of Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria converge. The Furqan office covers these states in North Africa and the broader western Sahel, overseeing ISGS/ISSP.


IS’s other “three regional offices are low-functioning or moribund”, says the Monitoring Team, and these are:
IS's other “three regional offices are low-functioning or moribund”, says the Monitoring Team, and these are:


Al-Anfal office in Libya, which covered “parts of northern Africa and the Sahel”;
Al-Anfal office in Libya, which covered “parts of northern Africa and the Sahel”;
Line 540: Line 564:
The Umm al-Qura office “based in Yemen and … responsible for the Arabian Peninsula”; and
The Umm al-Qura office “based in Yemen and … responsible for the Arabian Peninsula”; and


The Zu al-Nurayn office in the Sinai Peninsula “responsible for Egypt and the Sudan”.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kyleorton.substack.com/p/reduced-but-rebuilding-united-nations | title=Reduced, but Rebuilding: United Nations Reports on Islamic State and Al-Qaeda }}</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/jseldin/status/1549397636268056580 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2023}}</ref>
The Zu al-Nurayn office in the Sinai Peninsula “responsible for Egypt and the Sudan”.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite tweet|user=jseldin|number=1549397636268056580|title=The other #ISIS networks}}</ref><ref name="warontherocks.com"/><ref name="ctc.westpoint.edu"/>

== Society ==
{{See also|Killing of captives by the Islamic State|Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul}}
The territories in [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], which was occupied by the Islamic State and claimed as part of its self-dubbed "[[Caliphate]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/23/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-isis-caliphate |title=The Rise and Fall of the Isis 'Caliphate' |last=Chulov |first=Martin |date=March 24, 2019 |website=The Guardian |access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> saw the creation of one of the most criminally active, totalitarian corrupt and violent regimes in modern times, and it ruled that territory until its defeat in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/05/bringing-isis-justice-running-out-time |title=Bringing ISIS to Justice: Running Out of Time? |last=Houry |first=Nadim |date=February 5, 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> IS murdered tens of thousands of civilians,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nebehay|first=Stephanie|date=2014-10-02|title=Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-un-idUSKCN0HR0R120141002|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref>
kidnapped several thousand people, and forced hundreds of thousands of others to flee. It systematically committed torture, [[Mass sexual assault|mass rapes]], [[forced marriage]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/914-iraq-s-criminal-laws-preclude-justice-for-women-and-girls |title=Iraq's Criminal Laws Preclude Justice for Women and Girls |date=March 26, 2018 |website=Global Justice Center |access-date=April 2, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617180446/https://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/914-iraq-s-criminal-laws-preclude-justice-for-women-and-girls |url-status=dead }}</ref> extreme acts of [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[genocide]], [[robbery]], [[extortion]], [[smuggling]], [[slavery]], [[kidnapping]]s, and the use of [[child soldiers]]; in its implementation of strict interpretations of [[Sharia]] law which were based on ancient eighth-century methods, they carried out public "punishments"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Speckhard|first=Anne|title=The Punishments of the Islamic State – ICSVE|date=24 January 2019 |url=https://www.icsve.org/the-punishments-of-the-islamic-state/|access-date=2020-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref> such as [[Decapitation|beheadings]], [[crucifixion]]s, beatings, [[mutilation]] and [[dismemberment]], the [[stoning]] of both children and adults, and the live burning of people. IS members committed rape against tens of thousands of girls and women (mainly members of non-[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] minority groups and families).

On 29 May, IS raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/14/syria-isis-summarily-killed-civilians |title=Syria: ISIS Summarily Killed Civilians |date=14 June 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814033537/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/14/syria-isis-summarily-killed-civilians |archive-date=14 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27726035?print=true |title=Syria conflict: Amnesty says ISIS killed seven children in north |date=6 June 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818023151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27726035?print=true |archive-date=18 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]] reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in [[Hama Governorate|Hama]] province.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/06/01/NGO-ISIS-kills-102-year-old-man-family-in-Syria-.html |title=NGO: ISIS kills 102-year-old man, family in Syria |publisher=Al Arabiya English |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=1 June 2014 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702172050/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/06/01/NGO-ISIS-kills-102-year-old-man-family-in-Syria-.html |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Reuters]], 1,878 people were killed in Syria by IS during the last six months of 2014, most of them civilians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-casualties-idUSKBN0K60EK20141228 |title=Islamic State executed nearly 2,000 people in six months: monitor |work=Reuters |first=Oliver |last=Holmes |date=28 December 2014 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128033609/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/28/us-mideast-crisis-casualties-idUSKBN0K60EK20141228 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During its [[Islamic State occupation of Mosul|occupation of Mosul]], IS implemented a [[sharia]] school curriculum which banned the teaching of [[art]], [[music]], [[national history]], [[literature]] and [[Christianity]]. Although [[Charles Darwin's theory of evolution]] has never been taught in Iraqi schools, that subject was also banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs were declared blasphemous, and orders were given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.<ref name="MedievalCurriculum">{{cite news |last1=Bacchi |first1=Umberto |title=ISIS Medieval School Curriculum: No Music, Art and Literature for Mosul Kids |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-medieval-school-curriculum-no-music-art-literature-mosul-kids-1465590 |work=International Business Times |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724184601/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-medieval-school-curriculum-no-music-art-literature-mosul-kids-1465590 |archive-date=2019-07-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Spencer |first=Richard |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11099882/Islamic-State-issues-new-school-curriculum-in-Iraq.html |title=Islamic State issues new school curriculum in Iraq |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=16 September 2014 |location=London |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111113449/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11099882/Islamic-State-issues-new-school-curriculum-in-Iraq.html |archive-date=11 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-eradicates-art-history-and-music-from-curriculum-in-iraq/ |title=ISIS eradicates art, history and music from curriculum in Iraq |date=15 September 2014 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927030736/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-eradicates-art-history-and-music-from-curriculum-in-iraq/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-16/mosul-schools-go-back-in-time-as-militants-impose-new-curriculum.html |title=Mosul Schools Go Back in Time With Islamic State Curriculum |date=17 September 2014 |first1=Zaid |last1=Sabah |first2=Khalid |last2=Al-Ansary |newspaper=Bloomberg News |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127133459/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-16/mosul-schools-go-back-in-time-as-militants-impose-new-curriculum.html |archive-date=27 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iraqi parents largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum was introduced.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article4208724.ece |title=Parents boycott militants' curriculum |date=17 September 2014 |first=Catherine |last=Philp |newspaper=The Times |location=London |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506064239/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article4208724.ece |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After capturing cities in Iraq, IS issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. IS warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.<ref name="Irish">{{cite news |title=Islamic State says women in Mosul must wear full veil or be punished |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/islamic-state-says-women-in-mosul-must-wear-full-veil-or-be-punished-1.1878642 |date=26 July 2014 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819204104/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/islamic-state-says-women-in-mosul-must-wear-full-veil-or-be-punished-1.1878642 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that IS gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. IS ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked mannequins.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic State tells Mosul shopkeepers to cover up naked mannequins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10985288/Islamic-State-tells-Mosul-shopkeepers-to-cover-up-naked-mannequins.html |work=The Telegraph |location=London |first=Damien |last=McElroy |date=23 July 2014 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121035133/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10985288/Islamic-State-tells-Mosul-shopkeepers-to-cover-up-naked-mannequins.html |archive-date=21 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Raqqa the group used its two battalions of female fighters in the city to enforce compliance by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.<ref name="recruitingfemailfighters">{{cite news |title=ISIS Is Actively Recruiting Female Fighters To Brutalize Other Women |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-has-female-battalions-too-2014-10 |work=Business Insider |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023125302/https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-has-female-battalions-too-2014-10 |archive-date=2019-10-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

IS released 16 notes labelled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in [[Nineveh]]. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.<ref name="Atlantic consumer">{{cite magazine |last=Zelin |first=Aaron Y. |date=13 June 2014 |title=The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-isis-guide-to-building-an-islamic-state/372769/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912062703/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-isis-guide-to-building-an-islamic-state/372769/ |archive-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Adam |title=The rules in ISIS' new state: Amputations for stealing and women to stay indoors. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/12/the-rules-in-isis-new-state-amputations-for-stealing-and-women-to-stay-indoors/ |date=12 June 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205013716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/12/the-rules-in-isis-new-state-amputations-for-stealing-and-women-to-stay-indoors |archive-date=5 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to banning the sale and use of alcohol, IS banned the sale and use of cigarettes and [[hookah]] pipes. It also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".<ref name="al-monitor-banned">{{cite news |title=ISIS bans music, imposes veil in Raqqa |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/01/isis-raqq-ban-music-smoking-impose-veil.html##ixzz3DAwTxPf5 |work=Al-Monitor |date=20 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913104620/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/01/isis-raqq-ban-music-smoking-impose-veil.html |archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Economist]]'', the group also adopted certain practices seen in Saudi Arabia, including the establishment of [[Islamic religious police|religious police]] to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at [[salat|daily prayers]], the widespread use of [[capital punishment]], and the destruction of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques or their conversion to other uses.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: The other beheaders |magazine=The Economist |date=20 September 2014 |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21618918-possible-reasons-mysterious-surge-executions-other-beheaders |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029145157/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21618918-possible-reasons-mysterious-surge-executions-other-beheaders |archive-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

IS carried out executions on both men and women who were accused of various acts and found guilty of crimes against Islam such as [[sodomy law|sodomy]],<ref name=independent-execution>{{Cite news |title=Isis executes more than 4,000 people in less than two years |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-has-executed-more-than-4000-people-in-under-two-years-of-the-islamic-state-in-syria-a7007876.html |work=Independent |date=30 April 2016 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901223253/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-has-executed-more-than-4000-people-in-under-two-years-of-the-islamic-state-in-syria-a7007876.html |archive-date=1 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[adultery]], usage and possession of [[contraband]], [[rape]], [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]], [[witchcraft]],<ref>"[https://news.yahoo.com/first-beheads-two-women-syria-monitor-073538672.html IS beheads two civilian women in Syria: monitor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704173057/https://news.yahoo.com/first-beheads-two-women-syria-monitor-073538672.html |date=4 July 2015}}". Yahoo News. 30 June 2015.</ref> [[Apostasy in Islam|renouncing Islam]] and [[murder]]. Before the accused were executed, their charges were read to them and the spectators. Executions take various forms, including [[stoning]] to death, [[crucifixion]]s, beheadings, burning people alive, and throwing people from tall buildings.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saul |first=Heather |date=22 January 2015 |title=Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments – and vows to vigilantly enforce it |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-publishes-penal-code-listing-amputation-crucifixion-and-stoning-as-punishments--and-vows-to-vigilantly-enforce-it-9994878.html |website=Independent |location=London |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-publishes-penal-code-listing-amputation-crucifixion-and-stoning-as-punishments--and-vows-to-vigilantly-enforce-it-9994878.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Withnall |first=Adam |date=18 January 2015 |title=Isis throws 'gay' men off tower, stones woman accused of adultery and crucifies 17 young men in 'retaliatory' wave of executions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-throws-gay-men-off-tower-stones-woman-accused-of-adultery-and-crucifies-17-young-men-in-retaliatory-wave-of-executions-9986410.html |website=Independent |location=London |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193552/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-throws-gay-men-off-tower-stones-woman-accused-of-adultery-and-crucifies-17-young-men-in-retaliatory-wave-of-executions-9986410.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rush |first=James |date=3 February 2015 |title=Images emerge of 'gay' man 'thrown from building by Isis militants before he is stoned to death after surviving fall' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/images-emerge-of-gay-man-thrown-from-building-by-isis-militants-before-he-is-stoned-to-death-after-surviving-fall-10019743.html |work=Independent |location=London |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193323/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/images-emerge-of-gay-man-thrown-from-building-by-isis-militants-before-he-is-stoned-to-death-after-surviving-fall-10019743.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |date=25 February 2015 |title=Isis brutality in Iraq reawakens Sunni resistance |url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/43594cf2-bce5-11e4-9902-00144feab7de.html |website=Financial Times |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120050221/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/43594cf2-bce5-11e4-9902-00144feab7de.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Islamic State in Iraq frequently carried out mass executions [[mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul|in Mosul]] and [[Hawija]].

== Terror ==
{{Main|Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory}}
The condition of [[human rights]] in the territory controlled by the [[Islamic State]] is considered to be among the worst in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html |title=ISIS Fast Facts |date=September 6, 2020 |website=CNN |access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FN: IS har begått ohyggliga brott mot mänskligheten|url=https://omni.se/fn-is-har-begatt-ohyggliga-brott-mot-manskligheten/a/9affcec6-29dd-402c-b3f8-6fc66b4e5c1a|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Omni|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eclj.org/geopolitics/pace/crimes-de-daech--justice-doit-tre-rendue- |title=ISIS Crimes: Justice Must Be Done! |last=Puppincck |first=Gregor |date=October 2017 |website=European Centre for Law & Justice |access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/03/four-years-evidence-isis-crimes-lost-time |title=Four Years on, Evidence of ISIS Crimes Lost to Time |last=Wille |first=Belkis |date=August 3, 2018 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref> In the areas they controlled the [[Islamic State]] would commit several [[Genocide|genocides]] against local ethnic groups between 2014 and 2017.<ref name="US recognition">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html |title=John Kerry: ISIS responsible for genocide |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016 |first1=Elise |last1=Labott |first2=Tal |last2=Kopan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317121954/http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BBCRussian>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/rolling_news/2015/03/150319_rn_yazidis_un_is_genocide |language=ru |title=UN accuses the "Islamic State" in the genocide of the Yazidis |date=19 March 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Russian Service]]/[[BBC]] |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308182712/https://www.bbc.com/russian/rolling_news/2015/03/150319_rn_yazidis_un_is_genocide |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html |title=The UN has blamed 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis |newspaper=Радио Свобода |date=19 March 2015 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232852/http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html |archive-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Yazidi genocide]] was characterized by massacres, [[genocidal rape]], and forced conversions to [[Islam]]. The [[Yazidis]] are a [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]-speaking people<ref name="iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1|title=Yazidis i: General|last=Allison|first=Christine|date=20 February 2004|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|access-date=20 August 2010}}</ref> who are indigenous to [[Kurdistan]] who practice [[Yazidism]], a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[Iranian religions|Iranian ethnoreligion]] derived from the [[Indo-Iranian religion|Indo-Iranian tradition]].<ref name="21yyte">{{Cite web |first=İlhan Yılmaz |last=Cömert |date=12 July 2017 |title=IŞİD'ın Irak'ta Türkmen Coğrafyasındaki Katliamları |language=tr |trans-title=ISIS Massacres in Turkmen Region in Iraq |url=https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/bolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri/orta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi/isidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=21yyte.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017114333/https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/bolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri/orta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi/isidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari |archive-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> the [[Iraqi Turkmen genocide]] began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen lands in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in [[Iraq]]. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ar:البرلمان العراقي يعتبر جرائم "داعش" بحق التركمان إبادة جماعية |title=albarlaman aleiraqiu yuetabar jarayim "daeish" bihaqi alturkuman 'iibadat jamaeiatan |language=ar |trans-title=The Iraqi Parliament considers ISIS crimes against the Turkmen to be genocide |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/865821 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=www.aa.com.tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133221/https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/865821 |archive-date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraqi parliament recognizes ISIS persecution of Turkmen as genocide |date=20 July 2017 |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/200720174-amp |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Rudaw Media Network]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214220438/https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/200720174-amp |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="New Lines">{{Cite web |last=McKay |first=Hollie |date=5 March 2021 |title=The ISIS War Crime Iraqi Turkmen Won't Talk About |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=[[New Lines Magazine]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133553/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about/ |archive-date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Goran |last=Baban |date=4 February 2021 |title=Turkmen women call to uncover fate of 1300 missing Turkmen abducted by ISIS |url=https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/64788 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Kirkuknow |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116212611/https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/64788 |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

The Islamic State would [[Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State|persecute Christians in its territory]] in ways which involves the systematic mass murder<ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{cite news|last=Rodriguez|first=Meredith|date=August 8, 2014|title=Chicago-area Assyrians march against ISIL, others protest airstrikes|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-chicagoarea-assyrians-march-against-isis-others-protest-airstrikes-20140808-story.html |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003132/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-chicagoarea-assyrians-march-against-isis-others-protest-airstrikes-20140808-story.html|archive-date=August 9, 2014 |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |last2=Jones |first2=Sam|date=August 8, 2014|title=Isis persecution of Iraqi Christians has become genocide, says religious leaders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003137/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum|archive-date=August 9, 2014 |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-1">{{cite news|last=McQuade|first=Romsin|date=July 30, 2014|title=Iraq's persecuted Assyrian Christians are in limbo|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html |archive-date=August 9, 2014 |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref> Persecution of Christian minorities climaxed following the Syrian civil war and later by its [[Spillover of the Syrian civil war|spillover]] but has since intensified further.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-19|title=Syria: Opposition Abuses During Ground Offensive|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/syria-opposition-abuses-during-ground-offensive|access-date=2022-01-22|publisher=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=2015-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926011937/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/syria-opposition-abuses-during-ground-offensive|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Levs|first=Josh|date=August 7, 2014|title=Will anyone stop ISIS?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/meast/stopping-isis |publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807191105/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/meast/stopping-isis |archive-date=August 7, 2014 |access-date=August 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kino |first=Nuri |date=2024-01-30 |title=Don't Forget About the Persecuted Christians of Iraq and Syria |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dont-forget-about-persecuted-christians-iraq-syria-opinion-1864499 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref> Christians have been subjected to massacres, [[Forced conversion|forced conversions]], rape, sexual slavery, and the systematic destruction of their historical sites, churches and other places of worship.

The depopulation of Christians from the Middle East by the Islamic State as well as other organisations and governments has been formally recognised as an ongoing genocide by the [[United States]], [[European Union]], and [[United Kingdom]]. Christians remain the most persecuted religious group in the Middle East, and Christians in Iraq are “close to extinction”.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-03 |title=Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48146305 |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Worsening Conditions for Christians in the Middle East |url=https://www.persecution.org/2022/11/30/worsening-conditions-for-christians-in-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[International Christian Concern]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-23 |title=Iraq's Christians 'close to extinction' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48333923 |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> According to estimates by the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]], the number of [[Christianity in Iraq|Christians in Iraq]] has fallen from 1.2 million 2011 to 120,000 in 2024, and the number [[Christianity in Syria|in Syria]] from 1.5 million to 300,000, falls driven by persecution by Islamic terrorists.<ref name=":0" />

[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] were also persecuted, since 2014. Persecutions have taken place in [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], and other parts of the world.

[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] have been killed and otherwise persecuted by IS. On 12 June 2014, the Islamic State killed 1,700 unarmed Shia [[Iraqi Ground Forces|Iraqi Army]] cadet recruits in the [[Camp Speicher massacre]].<ref name="shiaairforce">{{cite news |title=Terrifying execution images in Iraq; U.S. Embassy in Baghdad relocates some staff |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/15/world/meast/iraq-photos-isis/ |publisher=CNN|access-date=2015-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/19749-iraqi-court-sentences-24-to-death-over-speicher-massacre|title=Iraqi court sentences 24 to death over Speicher massacre|work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802184916/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/19749-iraqi-court-sentences-24-to-death-over-speicher-massacre|archive-date=2 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rudaw">{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/011120148|title=احصائية رسمية: 1997 العدد الكلي لمفقودي مجزرتي سبايكر وبادوش|agency=Rudaw|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> IS has also targeted Shia prisoners.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Isis accused of ethnic cleansing as story of Shia prison massacre emerges|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/25/isis-ethnic-cleansing-shia-prisoners-iraq-mosul|newspaper=the Guardian|access-date=2015-12-22|first1=Luke|last1=Harding|first2=Fazel Hawramy in|last2=Irbil|date=25 August 2014}}</ref> According to witnesses, after the militant group took the city of [[Mosul]], they divided the Sunni prisoners from the Shia prisoners.<ref name=":1" /> Up to 670<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-idUKKBN0GP0L220140825|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203431/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-idUKKBN0GP0L220140825|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2016|title=U.N. accuses Islamic State of mass killings|work=Reuters|date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> Shia prisoners were then taken to another location and executed.<ref name=":1" /> Kurdish officials in [[Erbil]] reported on the incident of Sunni and Shia prisoners being separated and Shia prisoners being killed after the Mosul prison fell to IS.<ref name=":1" />

In a special report released on 2 September 2014, [[Amnesty International]] described how IS had "systematically targeted non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, of individuals and forcing more than tens of thousands of Shias, Sunnis, along with other minorities to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". The most targeted Shia groups in [[Nineveh Governorate]] were Shia [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmens]] and [[Shabaks]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29026491 |date=2 September 2014 |title=Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing |publisher=BBC News |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>
=== Destruction of Cultural Heritage ===
{{main|Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State}}
[[File:Cemetery destroyed by ISIS, Qayyarah town The Mosul Distric, Northern Iraq, Western Asia. 10 November, 2016.jpg|thumb|Cemetery in [[Qayyarah]], [[Iraq]], destroyed by the [[Islamic State]] (November 2016)]]
Since 2014, the Islamic State has destroyed [[cultural heritage]] on an unprecedented scale, primarily in Iraq and Syria, but also in Libya. These attacks and demolitions targeted a variety of ancient and medieval artifacts, museums, libraries, and places of worship, among other sites of importance to human history. Between [[Fall of Mosul|June 2014]] and February 2015, the Islamic State's [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi jihadists]] plundered and destroyed at least 28 historic religious buildings in [[Mosul]] alone, with the most notable event being the 2014 [[Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts|destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts]].<ref name="al-shorfa">{{cite web |url=http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |title=Iraq churches, mosques under ISIS attack |author=Khalid al-Taie |publisher=mawtani.al-shorfa.com |date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Many of the valuables that were looted during these demolitions were used to bolster the [[Finances of the Islamic State|economy of the Islamic State]].<ref name="al-shorfa"/>

Along with [[History of Mesopotamia|antique Mesopotamian sites of significance]], the Islamic State inflicted particularly cataclysmic levels of damage upon [[Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State|Iraqi Christian heritage]]. It also destroyed [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islamic sites]] that it declared to be in contradiction of that which is permissible in the [[Ideology of the Islamic State|Islamic State ideology]], thus culminating in the destruction of [[Holiest sites in Shia Islam|Shia Islamic sites]] and non-compliant [[Holiest sites in Sunni Islam|Sunni Islamic sites]].

==See also==
* [[Early Muslim conquests]]
* [[Boko Haram]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Yemen]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Kunar]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Rafah]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan]]
* [[Caucasus Emirate]]
* [[Syrian Salvation Government]]
* [[Divisions of the world in Islam]]
*[[First Islamic State]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
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=== Works cited ===
=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |url = https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/03/CTC-Sentinel-Vol11Iss3.pdf |title = Black Banners in Somalia: The State of al-Shabaab's Territorial Insurgency and the Specter of the Islamic State |last = Anzalone |first = Christopher |date = 2018 |journal = CTC Sentinel |publisher = [[Combating Terrorism Center]] |issue = 3 |volume = 11 |location = [[West Point, New York]] |pages = 12–20 |access-date = 14 June 2018 |archive-date = 8 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190808191457/https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2018/03/CTC-Sentinel-Vol11Iss3.pdf |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Rasheed
|last = Rasheed
Line 560: Line 637:
|isbn= 978-93-84464-77-6
|isbn= 978-93-84464-77-6
}}
}}
* {{Cite report |url = https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ICSR-Report-Islamic-State-in-Libya-From-Force-to-Farce.pdf |title = Islamic State in Libya: From Force to Farce? |last1 = Trauthig |first1 = Inga Kristina |date = 2020 |publisher = ICSR |location = London }}
* {{cite journal
* {{cite journal
|url = https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CTC-Sentinel_Vol9Iss1119.pdf
|url = https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CTC-Sentinel_Vol9Iss1119.pdf
Line 570: Line 648:
|volume = 10
|volume = 10
|pages = 28–32
|pages = 28–32
|access-date = 2017-02-11
|access-date = 11 February 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170430031255/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CTC-Sentinel_Vol9Iss1119.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170430031255/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CTC-Sentinel_Vol9Iss1119.pdf
|archive-date = 2017-04-30
|archive-date = 30 April 2017
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
}}
}}
* {{Cite journal |url = https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2019/01/CTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf |title = The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent |last1 = Warner |first1 = Jason |last2 = Hulme |first2 = Charlotte |date = 2018 |journal = CTC Sentinel |publisher = [[Combating Terrorism Center]] |issue = 7 |volume = 11 |location = [[West Point, New York]] |pages = 21–28 |access-date = 16 August 2019 |archive-date = 8 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190808191724/https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2019/01/CTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal
* {{cite journal
|url = https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/2238?disposition=attachment
|url = https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/2238?disposition=attachment
Line 585: Line 664:
|issue = 29
|issue = 29
}}
}}
* {{Cite report |url = https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ICSR-Report-Islamic-State-in-Libya-From-Force-to-Farce.pdf |title = Islamic State in Libya: From Force to Farce? |last1 = Trauthig |first1 = Inga Kristina |date = 2020 |publisher = ICSR |location = London }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf], BBC
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf], BBC


{{Portal bar|Iraq|Asia|War}}
{{Portal bar|Iraq|Asia}}
{{Militant Islamism in the Middle East}}
{{Militant Islamism in the Middle East}}
{{Syrian Civil War}}
{{Syrian Civil War}}
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[[Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
[[Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes|Islamic State]]
[[Category:Separatism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Separatism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Former countries in West Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries]]

Latest revision as of 21:38, 13 December 2024

Islamic State
الدولة الإسلامية
ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah
Emblem of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Emblem
Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله
"Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh"
"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God"[1]
دولة الإسلام باقية وتتمدد
Dawlat al Islam Baqiyah wa Tatamaddad
"The Islamic State remains and expands"[1]
خلافة على منهاج النبوة
Khilafah ala Minhaj an-Nubuwwah
"Caliphate Upon the Prophetic Methodology"[2][3]
Anthem: 
Seal:[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Greatest extension of the Islamic State. May 2015.
Greatest extension of the Islamic State. May 2015.
StatusUnrecognized proto-state
Designated as a terrorist organization
CapitalRaqqa (2013–2017)[1]
Mayadin (2017)[11]
Hajin (2017–18)[12] Unknown (2018–present)
Official languagesArabic
Religion
Sunni Islam (Salafism)
GovernmentUnitary Islamic theocratic self-proclaimed caliphate under a totalitarian dictatorship
• Caliph
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
• Head of the Shura Council
Abu Arkan al-Ameri
LegislatureShura
EstablishmentWar on Terror
• Established under the name of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
1999
• Joined al-Qaeda
October 2004
• Declaration of an Islamic State in Iraq
13 October 2006
• Claim of territory in the Levant
8 April 2013
• Separated from al-Qaeda
3 February 2014
• Declaration of caliphate
29 June 2014
10 July 2017
19 March 2019
27 October 2019
3 February 2022
Population
• 2015 estimate
(near max extent): 8–12 million[13][14]
Currency

The Islamic State (IS) had its core in Iraq and Syria from 2013 to 2017 and 2019 respectively, where the proto-state controlled significant swathes of urban, rural, and desert territory, mainly in the Mesopotamian region.[14] Today the group controls scattered pockets of land in the area, as well as territory or insurgent cells[14][16] in other areas, notably Afghanistan, West Africa, the Sahara, Somalia, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[17] As of 2023, large swathes of Mali have fallen under IS control.[18]

In early 2017, IS controlled approximately 45,377 square kilometers (17,520 square miles) of territory in Iraq and Syria and 7,323 km2 of territory elsewhere, for a total of 52,700 square kilometres (20,300 sq mi).[14] This represents a substantial decline from the group's territorial peak in late 2014, when it controlled between 100,000 and 110,000 square kilometres (39,000 and 42,000 sq mi)[14][19] of territory in total.[14][20] IS territory has declined substantially in almost every country since 2014, a result of the group's unpopularity and the military action taken against it.[14] By late March 2019, IS territory in Syria was reduced to only the besieged 4,000 km2 (1,550 sq mi) Syrian Desert pocket.[21] The enclave was surrounded by Syrian government forces and its allies.[22][23][21] The Syrian military conducted combing operations and airstrikes against the pocket, but with limited success.[24][25] IS propaganda claims a peak territorial extent of 282,485 km2.[26]

The majority of the Islamic State's territory, population, revenue, and prestige came from the territory it once held in Iraq and Syria.[14] In Afghanistan, IS mostly controls territory near the Pakistan border and has lost 87% of its territory since spring 2015.[14] In Lebanon, IS also controlled some areas on its border at the height of the Syrian war. In Libya, the group operates mostly as a moving insurgent force, occupying places before abandoning them again.[27] In Egypt, the group controls 910 km2 of land centered on the small city of Sheikh Zuweid, which represents less than 1% of Egypt's territory.[14] In Nigeria, Boko Haram (at the time an IS affiliate) controlled 6,041 km2 of territory at its maximum extent in 2014, though most of this area was lost amid military reversals and a split within Boko Haram between pro- and anti-IS factions.[14] By late 2019, however, IS's African forces had once again seized large areas in Nigeria;[28] as of 2021, IS's African forces still run their own administrations in territories they control.[29][30] As of 2022, most of IS's territory is confined to northeastern Nigeria and northern Mozambique, alongside large swathes of eastern Mali.[18]

Background

[edit]

The fifth edition of the Islamic State's Dabiq magazine explained the group's process for establishing new provinces. Jihadist groups in a given area must consolidate into a unified body and publicly declare their allegiance to the caliph. The group must nominate a Wāli (Governor), a Shura Council (religious leadership), and formulate a military strategy to consolidate territorial control and implement Sharia law. Once formally accepted, IS considers the group to be one of its provinces and gives it support.[31] Dabiq has acknowledged support in regions including East Turkestan, Indonesia and the Philippines, and claimed that IS would eventually establish wilayat in these areas after forming direct relationships with its supporters there.[31]

Overview

[edit]

IS spokesman Abu Muhammad al-Adnani said "the legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."[32] IS thus rejects the political divisions established by Western powers during World War I in the Sykes–Picot Agreement as it absorbs territory in Syria and Iraq.[33][34][35] The Long War Journal writes that the logical implication is that the group will consider preexisting militant groups like Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) illegitimate if they do not nullify themselves and submit to IS's authority.[36]

While branches in Libya and Egypt have been very active and attempted to exercise territorial control, branches in other countries like Algeria and Saudi Arabia have been less active and do not seem to have a strong presence.[37][38]

Since 2022, there have been no further provinces officially announced by IS. This is despite the group receiving public pledges of allegiance from militants in countries like Somalia, Bangladesh and the Philippines, and subsequently releasing statements and videos from those regions through its official media channels.[39][40][41] Analyst Charlie Winter speculates that this is due to the lackluster performance of many of IS's existing provinces, and that IS's leadership seems to be identifying new affiliates as simply "soldiers of the caliphate."[42]

Loss of "caliphate" territory led IS to conduct more terrorist attacks abroad.[43]

Specific territorial claims

[edit]

The Islamic State primarily claimed territory in Syria and Iraq, subdividing each country into multiple wilayah (provinces), largely based on preexisting governance boundaries.[44][45] The first territorial claims by the group outside of Syria and Iraq were announced by its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, on 13 November 2014, when he announced new wilayats, or provinces, in Libya (Wilayah Barqah, Wilayah Tarabulus, and Wilayah Fazan), Algeria (Wilayah al-Jazair), Sinai, Egypt (Wilayah Sinai), Yemen (Wilayah al-Yaman), and Saudi Arabia (Wilayah al-Haramayn).[46][47] In 2015, new provinces were also announced in the AfghanistanPakistan border (Wilayah Khurasan),[37] Northern Nigeria (Wilayah Gharb Ifriqiyyah),[48] the North Caucasus (Wilayah al-Qawqaz),[49] and the Sahel (Sahil).[50]

Kurdistan

[edit]

In November 2014, the Islamic State released a video in which two of its militants stated that IS will make a province for Kurdistan if they capture it.[51]

Iraq and Syria

[edit]
Maximum extent of IS territorial control in Syria and Iraq in 2015.[52]

When the Iraq-based insurgent group Mujahideen Shura Council announced it was establishing an Islamic State of Iraq in October 2006, it claimed authority over seven Iraqi provinces: Baghdad, Al Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Saladin, Nineveh, and parts of Babil.[53]

When the group changed its name to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and expanded into Syria in April 2013, it claimed nine Syrian provinces, covering most of the country and lying largely along existing provincial boundaries: Al Barakah (al-Hasakah Governorate), Al Khayr (Deir ez-Zor Governorate), Raqqa, Homs, Halab, Idlib, Hamah, Damascus, and Latakia.[54] It later subdivided the territory under its control to create the new provinces of al-Furat,[45][55][56] Fallujah, Dijlah, and al-Jazirah.[57][58] On 9 December 2017 Iraqi military forces announced the war against IS in Iraq had been won and that they no longer controlled territory in Iraq. In June 2017 IS affiliate Khalid ibn al-Walid Army started referring to themselves as "Wilayat Hawran", one month later IS media started referring to all its claims in Syria as "Wilayat al-Sham".[59]

Since mid-2018, IS has referred to its territory in the Levant simply as Wilayat al-Sham and has done the same with Iraq calling it Wilayat al-Iraq, but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories, this has also been done with its claims in Yemen and Libya.[60]

As of 2022, the group seems to have increased its efforts in Syria compared to Iraq,[61] and has been reduced to several pockets in the Syrian desert, with local tribesmen acting as informants for the U.S. and other coalition forces. Despite this, the group managed to orchestrate a major prison break in January 2022.[17][62]

Afghanistan and Pakistan

[edit]
Territory of the Islamic State in Afghanistan at its peak

On 29 January 2015, Hafiz Saeed Khan, Abdul Rauf and other militants in the region swore an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Khan was subsequently named as the Wāli (Governor) of a new branch in Afghanistan and Pakistan called Khurasan Province, named after the historical Khorasan region.[63][64][65]

IS attempted to establish themselves in Southern Afghanistan, especially in Kandahar and Helmand provinces, but were resisted by Taliban forces.[66][67][68] They were able to establish a foothold in parts of Nangarhar, and recruited disaffected members of the Taliban.[69] In August 2015, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan leader, Usman Ghazi, swore allegiance to IS and announced that the group should be considered part of Wilayah Khorasan.[70]

The group suffered reversals in 2016, losing control of some territory in the wake of attacks from US Forces, the Afghan Government[71] and the Taliban.[72] Hafiz Saeed Khan was reportedly killed in a US drone strike in eastern Afghanistan on 25 July 2016.[73]

In 2019, the group announced a new Pakistan province (Wilayah Pakistan).[74] Despite this, as of 2022, the Khorasan province continues to operate in the country, also operating against neighboring Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where some members have suggested that a Movarounnahr (or Transoxiana) province is established.[75] In July 2022, a Tajik-language magazine called Al-Azaim Tajiki was endorsed by the group, named after Yusuf al-Tajiki, a propagandist for the group killed by the Taliban.[76]

Since the Taliban's 2021 offensive, which ended with the takeover of Kabul and the end of the 20-year war in the country, IS-K have become a new focus for the group, with its funding and numbers increasing as a result of prison breaks of IS fighters during the offensive and subsequent recruiting.[17] Efforts have also increased to recruit fighters from neighboring Uzbekistan.[77]

Libya

[edit]
Territory controlled by IS in Libya in early 2016

IS divides Libya into three historical provinces, claiming authority over Cyrenaica in the east, Fezzan in the desert south, and Tripolitania in the west, around the capital of Tripoli.[78][79]

In 2014, a number of leading IS commanders arrived in the city of Derna, which had been a major source of fighters in the Syrian civil war and Iraqi insurgency. Over a number of months, they united many local militant factions under their leadership and declared war on anyone who opposed them, killing judges, civic leaders, local militants who rejected their authority, and other opponents. On 5 October 2014, the militants, who by then controlled part of the city, gathered to pledge allegiance to the Caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[80][81] In February 2015, IS forces took over parts of the Libyan city of Sirte. In the following months, they used it as a base to capture neighbouring towns including Harawa,[82] and Nofaliya.[83] IS began governing Sirte and treating it as the capital of their territory.[84]

IS suffered reversals from mid-2015 when they were expelled from much of Derna following clashes with rival militants,[85] following months of intermittent fighting, IS eventually redeployed to other parts of Libya.[86] Its emir Abu Nabil al-Anbari was killed in a U.S. air strike in November 2015.[87] Libya's Interim Government launched a major offensive against IS territory around Sirte in May 2016,[88][89] capturing the city by December 2016.[90]

The group's current emir is Abu Bara al Sahrawi, who replaced Adnan Abu Walid al Sahrawi after his death in August 2021.[17]

Egypt

[edit]
Map that shows areas in Egypt with strong IS presence or control in some parts.

The Egyptian militant group Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis swore allegiance to IS in November 2014. After al-Baghdadi's speech on 13 November, the group changed its name to Sinai Province on the Twitter feed claiming to represent the group.[47] The group has carried out attacks in Sinai.

On 1 July 2015, Wilayat Sinai launched a large-scale invasion on the Egyptian city of Sheikh Zuweid with more than 300 IS fighters and attacked more than 15 army and police positions using mortars, RPG's, light and heavy weapons in an attempt to capture the city.

On 29 February 2017, the group announced a new "Misr" province in Egypt in a propaganda video against Coptic Christians.[91]

In 2020, IS in Egypt occupied villages in Bir al-Abd town in North Sinai.

As of 2022, the group continues to attack local infrastructure, but has diminished due to persistent counterterrorism efforts by the Egyptian government and armed forces, who operate with the assistance of local tribesmen.[17][92]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Al-Baghdadi announced a Wilayah in Saudi Arabia in November 2014, calling for the overthrow of the Saudi Royal Family and criticizing the Kingdom's participation in the US-led coalition against IS.[47] The group has carried out attacks in the country under the names of Najd Province and Hejaz Province.[93]

Yemen

[edit]

IS established a Yemeni Wilayah in November 2014.[46][37] The branch's first attack occurred in March 2015, when it carried out suicide bombings on two Shia Mosques in the Yemeni capital.[94] At least eight IS Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, have claimed responsibility for attacks, including 'Adan Abyan Province, Al-Bayda Province, Hadramawt Province, Shabwah Province and Sana'a Province.[48] Following the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War in 2015, IS struggled to establish much of a presence in the country in the face of competition from the larger and more established Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) militant group. Many of IS's regional cells in Yemen have not been visibly active since their establishment and the group has not been able to seize control of territory the way they have done in Iraq and Syria.[95] The group has also experienced leadership turmoil and defections from its rank and file.[96]

As of 2022, the group serves a key financial intermediary between Somalia and Khorasan provinces.[17]

Algeria

[edit]

Members of a militant group named Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to IS in September 2014.[97] IS in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Hervé Gourdel in September 2014.[37] On 13 November 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced that the group had changed its name to "Wilayah al-Jazair" in accordance to the structure of the rest of groups aligned with IS.[46][47] Algerian security forces killed the group's leader, Khalid Abu-Sulayman, in December 2014, and five of its six commanders in a May 2015 raid. Since then, the group has not claimed any significant attacks and has largely been silent.[98]

Nigeria and West Africa

[edit]
Territorial control in Northeastern Nigeria in 2022

On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to IS via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.[99][100] Abu Mohammad al-Adnani welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to West Africa.[101] IS publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of Wilayat Gharb Ifriqiyyah (Islamic State's West Africa Province).[48] Boko Haram suffered significant reversals in the year following the pledge of allegiance, with an offensive by the Nigerian military, assisted by neighboring powers, driving them from much of the territory they had seized in North East Nigeria.[102] Boko Haram suffered a split in 2016, with IS appointing 'Abu Musab al-Barnawi' as the group's new leader, due to disagreements with Abubakar Shekau's leadership. This was rejected by Shekau and his supporters, who continued to operate independently.[103][104]

On 24 January 2022, the small town of Gudumbali was captured and declared as the province's capital. However, it was recaptured by Nigerian troops on 26 January.[105]

In the summer of 2022, ISWAP made several territorial gains in Nigeria.[106]

As of September 2022, the group continues to maintain its stronghold in northeastern Nigeria, and has again integrated or eclipsed its former competitor Boko Haram, as several fighters have rejoined the group. The group also orchestrated a prison break in July, near Abuja.[17]

In October 2022, the town of Ansongo was captured by IS's Sahel province.[107]

North Caucasus

[edit]

IS militants in Syria issued a threat to Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2014: "we will liberate Chechnya and the entire Caucasus, God willing. Your throne has already teetered, it is under threat and will fall when we come to you because Allah is truly on our side."[108] In early 2015, commanders of the militant Caucasus Emirate group in Chechnya and Dagestan announced their defection and pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[109][110] In a June 2015 audio statement posted online, IS spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and appointed Abu Muhammad al-Qadari (Rustam Asildarov) as Governor of a new Caucasus Province. He called on other militants in the region to join with and follow al-Qadari.[49][111] The group has carried out occasional, low-level attacks since then.[112] Russian security services killed Rustam Asildarov in December 2016.[113]

Gaza

[edit]

In February 2014, the Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem declared its support for IS.[114] On 2 April 2015, elements of this group, along with members of the Army of Islam and the Gaza faction of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis,[115][116] formed the Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade, also known as Islamic State in Gaza,[117] as it predominantly operates in the Gaza Strip.

Somalia

[edit]

The Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) has been active since 2015, and though it remains a small militia of around 300 fighters, it has been considered possible by experts that ISS controls a number of villages in Puntland's hinterland.[118] Furthermore, the group managed to capture and hold the town of Qandala for over a month in late 2016. At first, ISS did not receive official recognition by the Islamic State,[119] however, this was subsequently granted by December 2017.[120]

As of 2022, the group serves as an intermediary for IS provinces in Africa and the leadership based in Syria and Iraq. It also finances ISKP via Yemen.[17]

Sahel region

[edit]
ISGS territorial control in the Sahel

The Islamic State – Sahel Province was formed on 15 May 2015 as the result of a split within the militant group Al-Mourabitoun. The rift was a reaction to the adherence of one of its leaders, Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahraoui,[121] to the Islamic State. From March 2019 to 2022, IS-GS was formally part of the Islamic State – West Africa Province (ISWAP);[122] when it was also called "ISWAP-Greater Sahara".[123] In March 2022, IS declared the province autonomous, separating it from its West Africa Province[17] and naming it Islamic State – Sahel Province (ISSP) the group would go on to takeover large swathes of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. Between 2022 and 2023, the group saw major gains in the Mali War, occupying large swarths of territory in southeastern Mali. Tidermène was captured by the group on 12 April 2023.[124]

East Asia

[edit]
A building in Marawi set ablaze after President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the Philippine Air Force to conduct airstrikes against IS insurgents in the city during the Battle of Marawi

Abu Sayyaf is IS's most powerful affiliate in the Philippines; another IS-affiliated group is the Maute group. Both groups worked together with other IS affiliates to seize parts of Marawi City on 23 May 2017, starting the Battle of Marawi.[125]

On 16 October, IS's Emir of Southeast Asia Isnilon Hapilon, along with the Maute group's remaining leader Omar Maute was killed by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Previously, the Maute group's co-leader and Omar's brother Abdullah Maute, as well as their other five male siblings, had been neutralized by the ongoing counter-offensives. Two days after the leaders' death, the Armed Forces of the Philippines said Malaysian terrorist and senior commander Mahmud Ahmad is also presumed killed in another operation.

The Battle of Marawi was declared over by 23 October by the government, at which point all participating militants have been successfully neutralized, effectively blocking IS's Asian expansion. The government wiped out the Maute group after the battle.

In December 2017, remnants of the Maute group started recruiting new members to form a new group called "Turaifie Group" whose leader, Abu Turaifie, claimed himself to be a successor of former leader Abu Sayyaf Isnilon Hapilon.[126]

As of 2022, only pockets in Indonesia and the Philippines remain, and major attacks have decreased as a result of successful counterterrorism efforts by the governments of both states.[17]

During 2023, IS witnessed a major resurgence in the Philippines (especially from August), with the group claiming more attacks in the country than during the previous 2 years combined, including several significant attacks such as the Mindanao State University bombing in Marawi.[127][128]

On 22 March 2024, the Philippines announced that Abu Sayyaf had been "fully dismantled", bringing an end to the decades-long jihadist insurgency.[129]

According to the Islamic State Al-Naba newspaper, the group continued to conduct attacks on the Philippine Government and Army and the Moro militias until 11 April, which is yet to be confirmed by official Philippine Government sources.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

[edit]

In October 2017, a video emerged on pro-IS channels that showed a small number of militants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo who declared to be part of the "City of Monotheism and Monotheists" (MTM) group. The leader of the group went on to say that "this is Dar al-Islam of the Islamic State in Central Africa" and called upon other like-minded individuals to travel to MTM territory in order to join the war against the government. The Long War Journal noted that though this pro-IS group in Congo appeared to be very small, its emergence had gained a notable amount of attention from IS sympathizers.[130] On 24 July 2019, a video was released referring to IS's presence in the country as the Central African Wilayat showing fighters pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[131]

As of 2022, the group has doubled its territory and increased its numbers as a result of orchestrated prison breaks, with 2,000 prisoners freed since 2020.[17]

Mozambique

[edit]

After taking control of the Mozambican town of Mocímboa da Praia during an offensive in August 2020, local IS insurgents declared it the capital of their province. The militants consequently expanded further by capturing several islands in the Indian Ocean, with Vamizi Island being the most prominent.[132]

In May 2022, the province was separated from Central Africa Province and became known as the Mozambique Province (ISM).[17]

India

[edit]

The Islamic State operated in India and the Kashmir region through its Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir (ISJK) branch, which had begun in February 2016.[133] The Islamic State – Khorasan Province declared Wilayah [Wilayat] al-Hind (India Province) for IS on 11 May 2019 after clashes in Jammu and Kashmir in which ISJK leader Ishfaq Ahmad Sofi was killed.[134]

Shafi Armar, a former member of the Indian Mujahideen, was formerly the chief of operations for the IS in India.[135] He and his brother Sultan Armar founded the Indian IS affiliates Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind (transl. Supporters of Monotheism in the Land of India) and Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind (transl. Caliph's Army of India).[136][137] Both he and his brother were killed in action during Syrian Civil War in 2015, which was only confirmed in 2019 because his online account was controlled by other militants in the group which added to the confusion.[138] Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind has published the pro-IS propaganda magazine Sawt al-Hind (transl. Voice of India) since February 2020.[139]

On 20 March 2024, the special forces arrested the IS India chief, Haris Farooqi and one of his associates while they were trying to cross to India from neighbouring Bangladesh. Police explained that the suspects had planned many sabotage activities and IED attacks inside India.[140]

Bangladesh

[edit]

Islamic State – Bengal Province (Wilayat al-Bengal) is the province of IS in Bangladesh, it operates through the group Islamic State Bangladesh (ISB) and has claimed attacks in the country since October 2015. Neo-Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, an offshoot of Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, also operates as its branch.[141][142]

The first emir of Wilayat al-Bengal, Abu Ibrahim al-Hanif, is believed to be Mohammad Saifullah Ozaki (born as Sajit Chandra Debnath, 1982) a Bangladeshi Japanese economist who went to Syria in 2015 and joined IS. A Hindu convert to Islam, he reportedly lead the 2016 Dhaka attack. He was detained in Iraq in 2019 and Abu Muhammed al-Bengali was announced as the new emir of the province.[143][142]

Azerbaijan

[edit]

On 2 July 2019, as part of a series of videos showing supporters and fighters of IS around the world renewing their pledge of allegiance to IS, a video was published from Azerbaijan featuring three fighters armed with Kalashnikov style rifles pledging their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The video was formally released by IS.[144]

4 months later, after al-Baghdadi's death on 27 October 2019, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi received pledges of allegiance (bayah) from various provinces and regions, with photos of fighters from Azerbaijan pledging allegiance to him, on 29 November.[145]

On 19 September, 2024, the Islamic State claimed its first-ever attack in Azerbaijan, via its weekly Al-Naba newsletter, claiming to have killed 7 Azeri security personnel and wounded 1 in a clash in Qusar district, northern Azerbaijan, five days prior.[146]

Turkey

[edit]

Wilayat Turkiya was formally declared in July 2019 when a video was published by IS featuring Turkish jihadists giving their bay'ah to the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Reference was also made to the Wilayat prior to its formal introduction, in April 2019 in a video featuring the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in his second ever video appearance, and first appearance in five years, he was seen holding dossiers from various Wilayats the group claims one of which was labeled as Wilayat Turkey, which was the first known such usage as a reference to the Turkish Wilayat.[147][148][149]

Administrative organization

[edit]

Provinces

[edit]

The Islamic State's main base of operations was in their territory of Ar-Raqqah in Syria, until 2017, where it was recaptured by the Syrian Democratic Forces. From there, orders were given to affiliate groups, called wilayat, spread across the Levant, Asia and Africa. Few of these wilayat have declared their capital cities, with the exception of al-Sham with Ar-Raqqah,[1] al-Iraq with Mosul, and Central Africa with Mocímboa da Praia.[150] It also had claims on the entirety of the Muslim world, including Central Asia, the former Ottoman Balkans, South East Asia, and the northern part of Africa.[151][152] Other times, however, it expressed also a desire for world domination, with labels on certain areas of the old world as well as the new world.[153][154]

Wilayah
(Province)
Part of Established
(as a wilayah)
Algeria
(al-Jazāʾir)
[b]
 Algeria 13 November 2014[46][47]
Azerbaijan
(Aḏarbayjān)
[b]
 Azerbaijan 2 July 2019[144]
Bengal
(al-Banġāl)
[b]
 Bangladesh September 2016
Caucasus
(al-Qawqāz)
[b][c]
 Russia
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Georgia Abkhazia
 South Ossetia
23 June 2015[155][111]
Central Africa
(Wasaṭ Ifrīqiyah)
Congo
 Mozambique (formerly)
 Tanzania[d][156]
 Uganda
Before August 2018[157]
East Asia
(Šārq Āsiyā)
 Brunei
 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 Philippines
2014[144][158]
Philippines
(al-Filibbīn)
[b]
Philippines 7 September 2016 (from East Asia)
Sahel
(as-Sāḥil)
 Mali
 Niger (partial)
 Burkina Faso
15 May 2015[159] (from West Africa)
Hijaz
(al-Ḥijāz)
[b]
 Saudi Arabia November 2014[160][161]
India
(al-Hind)
[b]
 India 11 May 2019[144] (from Khorasan)
Iraq
(al-ʿIrāq)
[e]
 Iraq
 Syria (partial)
2018 (from Al Anbar, al-Badia, al-Jazirah, Dijlah, al-Janub, Baghdad, Diyala, Fallujah, Kirkuk, Ninawa, Saladin and Shamal Baghdad)
Khorasan
(Ḵurāsān)
 Afghanistan
 India (formerly)
 Iran
 Pakistan (partial)
 Tajikistan
26 January 2015[63][64][65]
Libya
(Lībiyā)
[e]
 Libya 2018 (from Cyrenaica, Fezzan, and Tripolitania)
Egypt
(Miṣr)
[b]
 Egypt February 2017
Mozambique
(Mūzambīq)
 Mozambique May 2022[17] (from Central Africa)
Najd
(Najd)
[b]
 Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
November 2014[160][161]
Pakistan
(Bākistān)
[b]
 Pakistan 15 May 2019[163][164] (from Khorasan)
Sinai
(Sīnāʼ)
 Egypt 13 November 2014[78][165][166]
Somalia
(aṣ-Ṣūmāl)
[f]
 Somalia
 Somaliland
December 2017 (Recognition)[120]
Syria
(aš-Šām)
[e][g]
 Syria
 Iraq (partial)
 Jordan
 Lebanon
 Palestine
2018 (from al-Barakah, al-Furat, al-Khair, al-Raqqah, Halab, Homs, Dimashq, Hamah and Hawran)
Turkey
(Turkiyā)
[b]
 Turkey July 2019[147][148][149]
Tunisia
(Tūnis)
[b]
 Tunisia 2015
West Africa
(Ġarb Ifrīqiyah)
 Nigeria
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Niger (partial)
 Mali (formerly)
 Burkina Faso (formerly)
2015[101][48]
2016 (after split with Boko Haram)[103]
March 2022 (autonomy granted)[17]
Yemen
(al-Yaman)
[e]
 Yemen 2018 (from Aden-Abyan, Al Bayda, Ataq, Green Brigade, Hadramaut, Lahij, Sanaa, and Shabwah)
Former Wilayah
(Province)
Part of Established/Disestablished
(as a wilayah)
Aden-Abyan
(ʿAdan Abyan)
Yemen 13 November 2014 – 2018 (merged into Yemen Province)
Al Bayda
(al-Bayḍāʾ)
Yemen
Ataq
(ʿAtaq)
Yemen
Green Brigade
(al-Liwāʼ al-Aḵḍar)
Yemen
Hadramaut
(Ḥaḍramawt)
Yemen
Lahij
(Laḥij)
Yemen
Sanaa
(Ṣanʿāʾ)
Yemen
Shabwah
(Shabwah)
Yemen
Cyrenaica
(Barqah)
Libya 13 November 2014 – 2018 (merged into Libya Province)
Fezzan
(Fizān)
Libya
Tripolitania
(Ṭarābulus)
Libya
Al Anbar
(al-Anbār)
Iraq 2013-2018 (merged into Iraq Province)
al-Badia
(al-Bādiyah)
Iraq
Syria (partial)
2018 (merged into Iraq Province)
al-Jazirah
(al-Jazīrah)
Iraq 2015-2018 (merged into Iraq Province)
Dijlah
(Dijlah)
Iraq
al-Janub
(al-Janūb)
Iraq 2014-2018 (merged into Iraq Province)
Baghdad
(Baġdād)
Iraq
Diyala
(Diyālā)
Iraq
Fallujah
(al-Fallūjah)
Iraq
Kirkuk
(Karkūk)
Iraq
Ninawa
(Nīnawā)
Iraq
Saladin
(Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn)
Iraq
Shamal Baghdad
(Šamāl Baġdād)
Iraq
al-Barakah
(al-Barakah)
Syria
Iraq (partial)
2014-2018 (merged into Sham Province)
al-Furat
(al-Furāt)
Iraq
Syria (partial)
al-Khair
(al-Ḵayr)
Syria
Iraq (partial)
al-Raqqah
(ar-Raqqah)
Syria
Halab
(Ḥalab)
Syria
Homs
(Ḥimṣ)
Syria
al-Sahel
(as-Sāḥil)
Syria 2016-???
Dimashq
(Dimašq)
Syria 2015-2018 (merged into Sham Province)
Hamah
(Ḥamāh)
Syria
Hawran
(Ḥawrān)
Syria 2018 (merged into Sham Province)
Idlib
(Idlib)
Syria 2013-???
Haramayn
(al-Ḥaramayn)
Saudi Arabia 13 November 2014-??? (most likely split into Hijaz Province, Najd Province, and Bahrain Province)
Bahrain
(al-Baḥrayn)
Saudi Arabia (partial)
Bahrain
Qatar
October 2015-??? (most likely merged into Najd Province)

Ministries

[edit]

In addition to its territorial administration, the group also established dāwāwīn (ministries) for the political administration of the quasi-state under al-Baghdadi's administration,[168][169][170] modelled after Abu Ayyub al-Masri's infrastructure for the Islamic State of Iraq.[171]

Dīwān / Ministry Date of creation Function
Education and Teaching[h]
Diwan al-Tarbiyya wa al-Ta’lim
July 2014 Responsible for education in a regular and extremist context.[172] Its first minister was Reda Seyam.
Services
Diwan al-Khidamat
June 2014 Responsible for the administration of public spaces, such as parks and roads. One example of the latter was the construction of "Caliphate Way", a highway built in the industrial area of Mosul, which reduced congestion in the area.[173]
Rikaz[i]
Diwan al-Rikaz
? Responsible for handling and exploitation of profitable resources. Its two known divisions handle fossil fuels (e.g. petroleum) and antiquities.
Da'wah and Masajid (and Awqaf)
Diwan al-Da’wah wa al-Masajid (wa al-Awqaf)
? Responsible for Dawah and mosque and religious staff administration.
Health
Diwan al-Sihha
June 2014 Responsible for health services and hospitals. An "Islamic State Health Service" was established in 2015, featuring a logo modelled after the one used by the British National Health Service.[174] All medical schools served under this ministry rather than the Ministry of Education.
Tribal Relations
Diwan al-Asha'ir
? Responsible for dealing with nomadic tribes in the core region of IS. While the group committed atrocities against tribes such as Al-Shaitat and documents obtained after the group's loss of territory reflect a harsh tone against the nomadic groups, other documents show organized deliveries of supplies to the same groups. This dīwān was also known as an Office.
Diwan al-Amn (Islamic State Intelligence) ? Responsible for public security and anti-espionage operations.
Zakah
Diwan al-Zakah
June 2014 Responsible for the collection and distribution of the Zakah.
Treasury
Diwan Bayt al-mal
? Responsible for the finances of the group and the dinar. Its Diwan al-Musadara is responsible for expropriations and is based on medieval Islam.[175]
Hisbah
Diwan al-Hisbah
? The Hisbah (religious police) served this ministry, being in charge of enforcing the group's version of Islamic jurisprudence (sharia law) in public.
Judgement and Grievances
Diwan al-Qada wa al-Mazalim
? Responsible for enforcing and clarifying judicial matters (e.g. Islamic court) and family and marriage-related issues. Also based in medieval Islam.[clarification needed]
Public Relations
Diwan al-Alaqat al-Amma
? Public relations (PR) department.
Agriculture
Diwan al-Zira'a
June 2014 Responsible for the regulation of agriculture and livestock. A RAND study revealed that harvests in IS territory were relatively normal, with commercial vehicle traffic increasing under the new administration. Only with the loss of territory and access to resources such as electricity did harvests begin to decay around 2016.[176]
Fatwa and Investigation
Diwan al-Ifta' wa al-Buhuth
? Responsible for issuing and clarifying fatwas. It also wrote and published text media used in training camps through its publishing body Maktabat al-Himma.
Soldiery
Diwan al-Jund
? Responsible for the Army of the Islamic State and its management, training and distribution. It is sometimes referred to as the "Soldiers Department".[175]
Media[j]
Diwan al-I'lam al-Markazi[177]
? Responsible for the publishing bodies of IS, such as AlHayat Media Center, al-Furqan Media Foundation, Al-Bayan radio, Ajnad Foundation, Al-Naba, and Maktabat al-Himma. It is also in charge of the publication of magazines Dabiq, Dar al-Islam, Konstantiniyye, Istok, and later on Rumiyah. Additionally, it's the ministry in charge of translations.
Fay' and Ghana'im[k]
Diwan al-Fay' wa al-Ghana'im
? Responsible for administering and distributing war spoils that come from battles.
Real Estate
Diwan al-'Aqarat wa al-Kharaj
? Responsible for real estate seized from non-Muslims or abandoned by its original owners in order to accommodate regular and new fighters or civilians.[178]

Regional administrative offices

[edit]

Islamic State had created various regional offices during the period (2017–2019) to organize & direct its human and other resources & reviving its external operational capability.[179][180][181]

The “most vigorous and best-established” of IS's offices set up at the centre to oversee the wilayats are:

Al-Siddiq office in Afghanistan, which “covers South Asia and, according to some UN Member States, Central Asia”;

Al-Karrar office in Somalia, which also covers Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); and

Al-Furqan office in the Lake Chad basin, where the borders of Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria converge. The Furqan office covers these states in North Africa and the broader western Sahel, overseeing ISGS/ISSP.

IS's other “three regional offices are low-functioning or moribund”, says the Monitoring Team, and these are:

Al-Anfal office in Libya, which covered “parts of northern Africa and the Sahel”;

The Umm al-Qura office “based in Yemen and … responsible for the Arabian Peninsula”; and

The Zu al-Nurayn office in the Sinai Peninsula “responsible for Egypt and the Sudan”.[179][182][181][180]

Society

[edit]

The territories in Iraq and Syria, which was occupied by the Islamic State and claimed as part of its self-dubbed "Caliphate"[183] saw the creation of one of the most criminally active, totalitarian corrupt and violent regimes in modern times, and it ruled that territory until its defeat in 2019.[184] IS murdered tens of thousands of civilians,[185] kidnapped several thousand people, and forced hundreds of thousands of others to flee. It systematically committed torture, mass rapes, forced marriages,[186] extreme acts of ethnic cleansing, mass murder, genocide, robbery, extortion, smuggling, slavery, kidnappings, and the use of child soldiers; in its implementation of strict interpretations of Sharia law which were based on ancient eighth-century methods, they carried out public "punishments"[187] such as beheadings, crucifixions, beatings, mutilation and dismemberment, the stoning of both children and adults, and the live burning of people. IS members committed rape against tens of thousands of girls and women (mainly members of non-Sunni minority groups and families).

On 29 May, IS raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.[188] A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.[189] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in Hama province.[190] According to Reuters, 1,878 people were killed in Syria by IS during the last six months of 2014, most of them civilians.[191]

During its occupation of Mosul, IS implemented a sharia school curriculum which banned the teaching of art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, that subject was also banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs were declared blasphemous, and orders were given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.[192][193][194][195] Iraqi parents largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum was introduced.[196]

After capturing cities in Iraq, IS issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. IS warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.[197] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that IS gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. IS ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked mannequins.[198] In Raqqa the group used its two battalions of female fighters in the city to enforce compliance by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.[199]

IS released 16 notes labelled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.[200][201] In addition to banning the sale and use of alcohol, IS banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".[202]

According to The Economist, the group also adopted certain practices seen in Saudi Arabia, including the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at daily prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques or their conversion to other uses.[203]

IS carried out executions on both men and women who were accused of various acts and found guilty of crimes against Islam such as sodomy,[204] adultery, usage and possession of contraband, rape, blasphemy, witchcraft,[205] renouncing Islam and murder. Before the accused were executed, their charges were read to them and the spectators. Executions take various forms, including stoning to death, crucifixions, beheadings, burning people alive, and throwing people from tall buildings.[206][207][208][209] The Islamic State in Iraq frequently carried out mass executions in Mosul and Hawija.

Terror

[edit]

The condition of human rights in the territory controlled by the Islamic State is considered to be among the worst in the world.[210][211][212][213] In the areas they controlled the Islamic State would commit several genocides against local ethnic groups between 2014 and 2017.[214][215][216] The Yazidi genocide was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. The Yazidis are a Kurdish-speaking people[217] who are indigenous to Kurdistan who practice Yazidism, a monotheistic Iranian ethnoreligion derived from the Indo-Iranian tradition.[218] the Iraqi Turkmen genocide began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen lands in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in Iraq. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,[219][220] and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the United Nations.[221][222]

The Islamic State would persecute Christians in its territory in ways which involves the systematic mass murder[223][224][225] Persecution of Christian minorities climaxed following the Syrian civil war and later by its spillover but has since intensified further.[226][227][18] Christians have been subjected to massacres, forced conversions, rape, sexual slavery, and the systematic destruction of their historical sites, churches and other places of worship.

The depopulation of Christians from the Middle East by the Islamic State as well as other organisations and governments has been formally recognised as an ongoing genocide by the United States, European Union, and United Kingdom. Christians remain the most persecuted religious group in the Middle East, and Christians in Iraq are “close to extinction”.[228][229][230] According to estimates by the US State Department, the number of Christians in Iraq has fallen from 1.2 million 2011 to 120,000 in 2024, and the number in Syria from 1.5 million to 300,000, falls driven by persecution by Islamic terrorists.[18]

Shia Muslims were also persecuted, since 2014. Persecutions have taken place in Iraq, Syria, and other parts of the world.

Shia Muslims have been killed and otherwise persecuted by IS. On 12 June 2014, the Islamic State killed 1,700 unarmed Shia Iraqi Army cadet recruits in the Camp Speicher massacre.[231][232][233] IS has also targeted Shia prisoners.[234] According to witnesses, after the militant group took the city of Mosul, they divided the Sunni prisoners from the Shia prisoners.[234] Up to 670[235] Shia prisoners were then taken to another location and executed.[234] Kurdish officials in Erbil reported on the incident of Sunni and Shia prisoners being separated and Shia prisoners being killed after the Mosul prison fell to IS.[234]

In a special report released on 2 September 2014, Amnesty International described how IS had "systematically targeted non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, of individuals and forcing more than tens of thousands of Shias, Sunnis, along with other minorities to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". The most targeted Shia groups in Nineveh Governorate were Shia Turkmens and Shabaks.[114]

Destruction of Cultural Heritage

[edit]
Cemetery in Qayyarah, Iraq, destroyed by the Islamic State (November 2016)

Since 2014, the Islamic State has destroyed cultural heritage on an unprecedented scale, primarily in Iraq and Syria, but also in Libya. These attacks and demolitions targeted a variety of ancient and medieval artifacts, museums, libraries, and places of worship, among other sites of importance to human history. Between June 2014 and February 2015, the Islamic State's Salafi jihadists plundered and destroyed at least 28 historic religious buildings in Mosul alone, with the most notable event being the 2014 destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts.[236] Many of the valuables that were looted during these demolitions were used to bolster the economy of the Islamic State.[236]

Along with antique Mesopotamian sites of significance, the Islamic State inflicted particularly cataclysmic levels of damage upon Iraqi Christian heritage. It also destroyed Islamic sites that it declared to be in contradiction of that which is permissible in the Islamic State ideology, thus culminating in the destruction of Shia Islamic sites and non-compliant Sunni Islamic sites.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In October 2015, a film was released showing how the Gold Dinar would be introduced as the sole official currency of the proto-state. De facto, however, it saw limited circulation. In the areas where it saw circulation, it was forbidden to use other currencies with the exception of the dollar. Other areas saw the use of different types of currencies such as the Syrian pound and the Iraqi dinar.[15]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Some provinces existed only de jure as the Islamic State did not exercise control over these territories
  3. ^ Includes the Russian North Caucasus (mainly Islamic areas such as Dagestan or Chechnya), as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.[155]
  4. ^ A faction known as the "Islamic State in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" was set up in April 2016, but was only active in Somalia as well as Kenya for a short time.
  5. ^ a b c d Since mid-2018, IS has referred to its territory in the Levant simply as Wilayat al-Sham and has done the same with Iraq calling it Wilayat al-Iraq, but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories. This has also been done with its claims in Libya and Yemen.[60][162]
  6. ^ A Propaganda video under the name "Hunt Them Down, O Monotheists", used the name Wilayat al-Somal (Somalia Province).[120] Since then, however, the new name has not been consistently applied to the group by pro-IS media.[167]
  7. ^ The Islamic State controlled some territory outside of its wilayat under the Khalid ibn al-Walid Army until 2018, which administered its territory from Al-Shajara.
  8. ^ Also known as the Diwan of Education or the Diwan of Education and Teaching of Islamic State.
  9. ^ Another official name is the Diwan of Resources, and it is also known as the Diwan of Natural Resources or the Diwan of Precious Resources.
  10. ^ Also known as the Diwan of Central Media or Ministry of Information (Arabic: وزارة الإعلام).
  11. ^ Literally the Diwan of Spoils and Plunder.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Rasheed (2015), p. 3.
  2. ^ Zelin (2016), p. 4.
  3. ^ Nico Prucha (1 August 2017). "Part 2: "Upon the prophetic methodology" and the media universe". Online Jihad: Monitoring Jihadist Online Communities. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  4. ^ Marshall, Alex (9 November 2014). "How Isis got its anthem". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  5. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (28 August 2017). "Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents (cont.- IV)". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  6. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (17 September 2016). "Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents (continued...again)". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  7. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (11 January 2016). "Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents (cont.)". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  8. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (27 January 2015). "Archive of Islamic State Administrative Documents". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  9. ^ Rukmini Callimachi, Ivor Prickett (4 April 2018). "The ISIS Files". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  10. ^ Rukmini Callimachi, Andrew Rossback (4 April 2018). "The ISIS Files: Extreme Brutality and Detailed Record-Keeping". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  11. ^ Tomlinson, Lucas (21 April 2017). "ISIS moves its capital in Syria". Fox News. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  12. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (3 December 2018). "Breaking: US-backed forces allegedly enter Daesh's new capital". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  13. ^ Shinkman, Paul D. (27 December 2017). "ISIS By the Numbers in 2017". U.S. News & World Report.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jones, Seth G.; Dobbins, James; Byman, Daniel; et al. (2017). "Rolling Back the Islamic State". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  15. ^ "ISIS introduces 'Golden Dinar' currency, Hopes it will collapse U.S. dollar". The Foreign Desk. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  16. ^ Shelly Kittleson (31 December 2017). "Iraqi forces hunt down IS remnants in Hamrin Mountains". al-Monitor. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Chesnutt, Kate; Zimmerman, Katherine (8 September 2022). "The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World". Critical Threats. Cite error: The named reference "Chesnutt 2022" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b c d "UN experts say Islamic State group almost doubled the territory they control in Mali in under a year". AP News. 26 August 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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Works cited

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