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{{Short description|Durrani Pashtun tribe}}
{{Short description|Pashtun tribe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

⚫
The '''Mohmand''' ({{lang-ps|مومند}}) or '''Mohmand''' is a prominent tribe of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes.shtml|archive-date=25 February 2010|website=Khyber.org website|title=Mohmand tribe|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225144259/http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes.shtml|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> They are based primarily in the Mohmand territory, which is located in [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Mohmand District|Mohmand Agency]], [[Pakistan]].

{{Ethnic group
{{Ethnic group
| group = Mohmand tribe
| group = Mohmand tribe
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| religions = [[Sunni Islam]]
| religions = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
}}
⚫
The '''Mohmand''' ({{langx|ps|مومند}}) or '''Momand''' is a prominent tribe of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes.shtml|archive-date=25 February 2010|website=Khyber.org website|title=Mohmand tribe|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225144259/http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes.shtml|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>


==Distribution==
Most people of the Mohmand tribe speak the [[Northern Pashto|northern dialect]] of [[Pashto]]. [[Rahman Baba]] and [[Abdul Hamid Baba]] are amongst the most popular [[Pashto literature and poetry|Pashto poets]] from the Mohmand tribe. [[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]], the first [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] astronaut, belonged to this tribe, making Pashto the 4th language to be spoken in [[outer space]] in 1988. He was selected from more than 400 candidates to join the Soviet space programme (Soyuz - Mir crew) in 1988.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26648270 |title=Afghanistan's first spaceman returns home (as part of Soviet space program - Soyuz Mir crew) |author=Jenny Norton|website=BBC News website|date=23 March 2014|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=He went to space twice and also made Afghan tea. Know who was the first Pathan who spoke Pashto language in space? – Daily Usaf LNU News |url=https://latestnewsandupdates.com/he-went-to-space-twice-and-also-made-afghan-tea-know-who-was-the-first-pathan-who-spoke-pashto-language-in-space-daily-usaf-lnu-news/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
They are based primarily in the Mohmand territory, which is located in [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Mohmand District|Mohmand Agency]], [[Pakistan]]. In Afghanistan, their areas of presence include [[Nangarhar]], [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], [[Kandahar]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Logar Province|Logar]] and [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]]. In [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] they predominantly reside in the Mohmand Agency (formerly part of the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Tribal Areas]]), with others later settling in [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]] and [[Peshawar District]].<ref>Nisar, S., & Raza S. S. (2022). ''Borders Divide: Fencing the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border and the Question of Political Identity of Mohmand tribe.'' Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII (II), 25-30 [[University of Peshawar]]</ref><ref>The Program for Culture & Conflict Studies ''[https://nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/Mohmand+UPDATED.pdf/e4f3215a-1cc7-4a30-9aa3-57cdacfdcc03#:~:text=The%20Mohmand%20Tribe%20resides%20in,the%20Kunar%20and%20Kabul%20Rivers. Mohmand tribe]'' Naval Postgraduate School</ref><ref>Peter Bergen, Katherine Tiedemann (2012) ''Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion'' Oxford University Press</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The Mohmands [[Ghoryakhel]] originally lived in the present-day Mohmand region, [[Kandahar]], [[Ghazni]], [[Ghor]], and between the basins of the [[Tarnak River|Tarnak]], [[Amu Darya|Oxus]] and [[Indus]] rivers, along the present Afghanistan-Pakistan border.
The Mohmand [[Ghoryakhel]] originally lived in the present-day Mohmand region, as well as in areas of [[Kandahar]], [[Ghazni]], [[Ghor]], and between the basins of the [[Tarnak River|Tarnak]], [[Amu Darya|Oxus]] and [[Indus]] rivers, along the present Afghanistan-Pakistan border.

The Mohmand are historically known for resisting outside forces. From 1672 to 1676, the Mohmand, under the leadership of Aimal Khan Mohmand, rebelled and fought deadly wars against the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Momand |first=Ahmad Gul |title=The Bare Language of Khoshal's Poetry |url=http://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT_195709.doc |location=Nangarhar University |page=13}}</ref>
When [[Peshawar]] was annexed formally by the British, the area that comprises the present Mohmand Agency was ruled out by the local tribesmen under the influence of the Khan of Lalpura. The present Khan of Lalpura is "Tahir Zaman Khan Momand". The Safis were under the control of the Khans of [[Bajaur]] and the Utmankhels were independent of any Khanate.

The Mohmands fought many times against British India, Soviet Union, Nato, Pakistan Security Forces and other foreign invaders. The area of the Mohmands may be roughly defined as being bounded on the east by Charsadda, Peshawar District (in present-day Pakistan), north by Bajour Agency, west by [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] (Afghanistan) and south by the Khyber Agency. The area of Mohmand is about {{convert|1200|mi2|km2}}. The [[Durand line]] boundary line now runs through the Mohmand area. The Emir of Afghanistan in 1893 gave assurances to the Burhan Khel, Dawezai, Halimzai, Isa Khel, Tarangzai and Utmanzai sections of the Mohmands that they would not suffer from the severance of their ancient connection with Afghanistan; these are known as the Assured Clans. Mohmands live in Afghanistan, primarily in [[Nangarhar]], [[Ghazni]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Logar Province|Logar]] and [[Kunduz]], and in Pakistan as well. Many of them live in the Mohmands village of Pul-e-Jogi, in Braki Brak District. Pul-e-Jogi is a 10-minute drive from Wardak Province. Likewise, Mohmands live in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan, especially in Mohmand Agency. Many people of Mohmand migrated to India. Among them were 12 brothers who formed a tribe known as [[Barabasti]]. The people of Barah Basti are known to Mohmands and their sub clan Daud Zai.<ref>[http://www.barahbasti.org/Shajrah_BarahBasti_Afghanan.pdf Shajrah BarahBasti Afghanan]</ref>

⚫
In May 2018, Mohmand tribal elders condemned the merger of the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] with [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and were supporters of a separate province [[Qabailistan]].<ref name="merger">{{cite news|title=Aftermath: Mohmand tribe opposes Fata, K-P merger|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1721305/1-aftermath-mohmand-tribe-opposes-fata-k-p-merger/|newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=2018-05-29|access-date=2022-12-19|last=Mohmand|first=Mureeb}}</ref>

== Mohmand Clans ==
The major tribes in Mohmand agency are:
* Baizai
* Khwezai
* Tarakzai
* Haleemzai

Lal Pur was a famous trade route. The Khan would collect taxes from the traders. Lal Pur was considered a kingdom. The Khans fought frequently with the British during the Afghan wars. Saadat Khan of Lal Pur was the father-in-law of Amir of Afghanistan and was the grandfather of the famous Amir Ayub Khan of Afghanistan, also known as "The Victor of Maiwand" or "The Afghan Prince Charlie".

The Marchakhel was the chief of Mohmands and had influence over all Momand tribes except the Safi Mohmand which were under the influence of khan of Bajawar. Marchakhels ruled over all Mohmands. Marchakhels rule was from Lal Pur, Afghanistan to Peshawar, Pakistan.
The Marchakhel family, a sub-tribe of the Tarak Zai Mohmands (Dado khel), is a well-known family from Lal Pur. "Khan kor" ( Royal Family of khan), a sub-tribe of the Marchakhel Mohmands, are among the most powerful Mohmands. The Khan was regarded as the king of Mohmands by many famous Afghans such as Amir Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan. Khan had Khani over all the Mohmands and continues to have influence over Lal Pur. Most Murchakhel now live in Pakistan.Most influential members of the Royal family of Lalpura are now the major landowners in Mohmand District of Pakistan, descended from Muhammad Ali Khan son of Nauroz Khan. Other members of the family are '''Khan Tahir Zaman Mohmand ''', '''Khan Asad Zaman Mohmand''', '''Dost Muhammad Khan''','''Gohar Zaman Mohmand '''and '''Latif Jan''' In Michanai area Sardar Khan family residing in riverbank of Kabul, Mughal Khan family residing in Union Council Jogani, presently leading Morcha Khel family in Jogani and Michanai areas '''Nayyer Aman Khan, Inayat Khan Morcha Khel, Nazar Muhammad, Samb Ali Khan, Qaiser Khan etc

===Peshawar===

[[Mohmands]] live in different villages in the south of Peshawar. Their leaders are called by Malik or Arbab, who were under the influence of Khan of Lalpura. [[Arbab]] residing in Landi Arbab Peshawar are known as the Mohmand tribe and in their villages from Badaber, Kagawala, Masrezai, Surizai, Sulimankhel, Bazidkhel, Mashokhel, Masho gagar, Sheikhan, Matani, Adezai, Pasani, Hazaar Khwanay, Bahadur Kalay, etc. and the surrounding area; the last village is Landi Arbab. There are five main sub-divisions of the Momand tribe living above the villages of Peshawar. Rahman BaBa Shrine is in Bahadar Kalay Peshawar, he was Momand Ghoryakhel and that village is a Momand tribe. {{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

* Morcha Khel
* Wand Khel
* Bhai Khel
* Surizai
* Yara Khel
* Isa Khel

=== Rivers ===
The Kabul River and Swat River are the two rivers that pass through the area of the Lower Mohmand. The Kabul River forms the boundary between the Khyber and Mohmand agencies after entry into Pakistan territory. The flow of the water is from the west towards the east. On entry into Pakistan territory, the course of the Kabul River is through high mountains gorges until after it passes through the Warsak Dam, where after it starts running through the Peshawar valley area. The Swat river flows from the north towards south after entering the agency limits from the Malakand and passes through the area of Prang Ghar/Pindiali Tehsil. The course of this river is also through mountainous territory until it reaches the Munda Headworks wherefrom it starts running through the plains. {{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== Climate ===
The climate in Mohmand agency is hot in summer season while cool in winter. The summer season commences from May and continues for 4 months until 31 August. The winter season starts from November and continue until February. The rainfall is scanty. Most of the rainfall is during winter season.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== Occupations ===
The sources of income are very limited in general except agriculture and some trade/business. Most of the locals are earning their livelihood in the Gulf States.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}


Ghoryakhel consists of tribes led by the son of Kand, son of [[Kharshbun]], son of [[Sarbans|Sarban]], and son of [[Qais Abdur Rashid]], who lived in Ghwara Marghay [[Arghistan]] [[Qandahar]], mostly in [[Ghazni]], [[Nangarhar]], [[Logar Province|Logar]], [[Ghor]], [[Kabul]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Paktia]], [[Kunduz]], [[Zabul]] and [[Herat]]. Ghoryakhel had four sons, Chamkani, Daulatyar, Khalil and Zirani. Daulatyar had two sons Mohmands and Daudzai
=== Places of interest ===
Warsak Hydel Power station is situated on the river Kabul about 32.2&nbsp;km from Peshawar. The construction of the project was started in 1955 and the power station was commissioned in 1960. Before commissioning of Mangla Power station, it was one of the major sources of power.


The Mohmand are historically known for resisting outside forces. From [[Mughal–Afghan Wars|1672 to 1676]], under the leadership of [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]], they rebelled and fought deadly wars against the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Momand |first=Ahmad Gul |title=The Bare Language of Khoshal's Poetry |url=http://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT_195709.doc |location=Nangarhar University |page=13 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They also battled the British Empire in multiple wars, including taking part in the [[Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898|1897 Frontier Revolt]], alongside other rebellions across [[Pashtunistan]], for Afghan Independence in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|1919 Anglo-Afghan War]] and they also fought independently in the [[Mohmand campaign of 1935|1935 Mohmand Campaign]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=395–397, 461 |language=English}}</ref> Additionally, the Mohmand people resisted other invaders of Afghanistan, such as during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] as well as the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|American War in Afghanistan]] including against Pakistan Security Forces.<ref>[[Amnesty International]] (2010) ''[https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa330042010en.pdf ‘As if Hell fell on me’]'' Crisis in North West Pakistan</ref>
Mohmand dam is being constructed on Swat River to the east of the agency which is an ideal site for a hydro power station. The Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] initiated the project in May 2019.


⚫
In May 2018, Mohmand tribal elders condemned the merger of the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] with [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and expressed support for the creation of a separate province, [[Qabailistan]].<ref name="merger">{{cite news|title=Aftermath: Mohmand tribe opposes Fata, K-P merger|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1721305/1-aftermath-mohmand-tribe-opposes-fata-k-p-merger/|newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=2018-05-29|access-date=2022-12-19|last=Mohmand|first=Mureeb}}</ref>
==== Gandab valley ====
This historic valley is situated in the Mohmand agency and shoots forth in the north- west direction from Pir Killa, a village on the main Michni Shabqadar road, and 32&nbsp;km to the north of Peshawar. It runs parallel to a dry bed of a nullah; it is inhabited by the Halim zai section of the Mohmand tribe.


== Notable Mohmands ==
== Notables==
* [[Rahman Baba]] Abdur Rahmān Mohmand (1632–1706) (Pashto: عبدالرحمان بابا), or Rahmān Bābā (Pashto: رحمان بابا), was a renowned Pashtun Sufi Dervish and poet
* [[Rahman Baba]] Abdur Rahmān Mohmand (1632–1706) (Pashto: عبدالرحمان بابا), or Rahmān Bābā (Pashto: رحمان بابا), was a renowned Pashtun Sufi Dervish and poet
* [[Abdul Hamid Baba]] Abdul Hamid Mohmand ( –1732) (Pashto: عبدالحميد ماشو گگر), or Abdul Hamid (Pashto: عبدالحميد ), was a Pashtun poet and a Sufi figure
* [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]], Afghan warrior who fought in the Afghan-Mughal Wars of the 17th Century against [[Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]], Afghan warrior ruler who fought in the Afghan-Mughal Wars of the 17th Century against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Ashfaq Ahmed]], writer
⚫
* [[Qalandar Momand]], Pashto scholar, poet, critic, short story writer, journalist, linguist, lexicographer and academic.
⚫
* [[Mohammad Gul Khan Momand]], Afghan Army Officer during the [[third Anglo-Afghan War|1919 Anglo-Afghan War]]
* [[Abdul Ahad Momand]], the first Afghan and the fourth Muslim to reach outer space.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26648270 |title=Afghanistan's first spaceman returns home (as part of Soviet space program - Soyuz Mir crew) |author=Jenny Norton|website=BBC News website|date=23 March 2014|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Rustam Shah Mohmand]], Chief Secretary of [[North-West Frontier Province|N.W.F.P]], Diplomat, commissioner for [[Afghan refugees|Afghan Refugees]] and [[Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul|ambassador]] of [[Pakistan]] to [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Jamshaid Khan Mohmand]], [[Member of the Provincial Assembly|Member of Provincial Assembly]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[Imran Khan Mohmand]], former [[Awami National Party|ANP]] and later independent candidate in the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provincial Assembly]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], martyred in a suicide blast in [[Shergarh, Mardan|Shergarh]]
* [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]] (Mohmand), made Governor (Subahdar) of Sirhind province, India by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (Abdali). Died in the [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]].
* [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]] (Mohmand), made Governor (Subahdar) of Sirhind province, India by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (Abdali). Died in the [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]].
* [[Hanif Atmar]] Foreign Minister of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
* [[Ashfaq Ahmed]], writer
⚫
* [[Mohammad Gul Khan Momand]] was in Afghans Army Officer in 1919
* [[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]], the first Afghan and the fourth Muslim to reach outer space.
⚫
* [[Qalandar Momand]], Pashto scholar, poet, critic, short story writer, journalist, linguist, lexicographer and academician.
* [[Rustam Shah Mohmand]], Chief Secretary, N.W.F.P. province of Pakistan


== References ==
== References ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409215347/http://www.khyber.org/places/2005/MohmandAgency.shtml Mohmand Agency]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080409215347/http://www.khyber.org/places/2005/MohmandAgency.shtml Mohmand Agency]}}


{{Pashtun tribes}}
{{Pashtun tribes}}
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[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]
[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]
[[Category:Sarbani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Sarbani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tribes of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Tribes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nangarhar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nangarhar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kunar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kabul Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ghazni Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Logar Province]]

Latest revision as of 18:09, 30 November 2024

Mohmand tribe
مومند‎
Languages
Pashto
Religion
Sunni Islam

The Mohmand (Pashto: مومند) or Momand is a prominent tribe of Pashtun people.[1]

Distribution

[edit]

They are based primarily in the Mohmand territory, which is located in Nangarhar, Afghanistan and Mohmand Agency, Pakistan. In Afghanistan, their areas of presence include Nangarhar, Ghazni, Kandahar, Kunar, Logar and Kunduz. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa they predominantly reside in the Mohmand Agency (formerly part of the Tribal Areas), with others later settling in Charsadda, Mardan and Peshawar District.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]

The Mohmand Ghoryakhel originally lived in the present-day Mohmand region, as well as in areas of Kandahar, Ghazni, Ghor, and between the basins of the Tarnak, Oxus and Indus rivers, along the present Afghanistan-Pakistan border.

Ghoryakhel consists of tribes led by the son of Kand, son of Kharshbun, son of Sarban, and son of Qais Abdur Rashid, who lived in Ghwara Marghay Arghistan Qandahar, mostly in Ghazni, Nangarhar, Logar, Ghor, Kabul, Kunar, Paktia, Kunduz, Zabul and Herat. Ghoryakhel had four sons, Chamkani, Daulatyar, Khalil and Zirani. Daulatyar had two sons Mohmands and Daudzai

The Mohmand are historically known for resisting outside forces. From 1672 to 1676, under the leadership of Aimal Khan Mohmand, they rebelled and fought deadly wars against the Mughal Army.[5] They also battled the British Empire in multiple wars, including taking part in the 1897 Frontier Revolt, alongside other rebellions across Pashtunistan, for Afghan Independence in the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War and they also fought independently in the 1935 Mohmand Campaign.[6] Additionally, the Mohmand people resisted other invaders of Afghanistan, such as during the Soviet–Afghan War as well as the American War in Afghanistan including against Pakistan Security Forces.[7]

In May 2018, Mohmand tribal elders condemned the merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and expressed support for the creation of a separate province, Qabailistan.[8]

Notables

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mohmand tribe". Khyber.org website. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  2. ^ Nisar, S., & Raza S. S. (2022). Borders Divide: Fencing the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border and the Question of Political Identity of Mohmand tribe. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII (II), 25-30 University of Peshawar
  3. ^ The Program for Culture & Conflict Studies Mohmand tribe Naval Postgraduate School
  4. ^ Peter Bergen, Katherine Tiedemann (2012) Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion Oxford University Press
  5. ^ Momand, Ahmad Gul. The Bare Language of Khoshal's Poetry. Nangarhar University. p. 13.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. pp. 395–397, 461. ISBN 9781789140101.
  7. ^ Amnesty International (2010) ‘As if Hell fell on me’ Crisis in North West Pakistan
  8. ^ Mohmand, Mureeb (29 May 2018). "Aftermath: Mohmand tribe opposes Fata, K-P merger". The Express Tribune (newspaper). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  9. ^ Jenny Norton (23 March 2014). "Afghanistan's first spaceman returns home (as part of Soviet space program - Soyuz Mir crew)". BBC News website. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
[edit]
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