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{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Short description|Pizza chain in the United States}}
{{Short description|Pizza chain in the United States}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
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| locations = 42 (2021)<ref name="bankruptcy"/>
| locations = 42 (2021)<ref name="bankruptcy"/>
| areas_served = {{Ubl
| areas_served = {{Ubl
| '''United States''': Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin<ref name="bankruptcy"/>
| '''United States''': Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Wisconsin<ref name="bankruptcy"/>
| '''Middle East''': Egypt<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05">{{Cite web |url=https://www.restaurantnews.com/happy-joes-pizza-celebrates-monumental-debut-in-egypt-100522/ |title=Happy Joe's Pizza Celebrates Monumental Debut in Egypt |date=October 5, 2022 |website=Restaurant News |access-date=November 28, 2022}}</ref>
| '''Middle East''': Egypt<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05">{{Cite web |url=https://www.restaurantnews.com/happy-joes-pizza-celebrates-monumental-debut-in-egypt-100522/ |title=Happy Joe's Pizza Celebrates Monumental Debut in Egypt |date=October 5, 2022 |website=Restaurant News |access-date=November 28, 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}
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| website = {{URL|happyjoes.com}}
| website = {{URL|happyjoes.com}}
}}
}}

'''Happy Joe's''' is an American [[pizza]] parlor chain based in [[Bettendorf, Iowa]]. The restaurant chain was founded in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty, a former [[Shakey's Pizza]] manager. Their United States locations are spread out across the Upper Midwest and Florida,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.qconline.com/business/joe-whitty-recalls-a-life-filled-with-happiness/article_35348d38-1280-5786-8390-a8350404e999.html|title=Joe Whitty recalls a life filled with happiness|last=Turner|first=Jonathan|work=Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> with a location in Egypt, which opened in October 2022.<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05"/> In 2022, Happy Joe's has declared an intent over 10 years to open at least 25 locations across the Middle East and North Africa, including in Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E.<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/local-news/happy-joes-to-expand-with-several-new-locations-in-middle-east-north-africa/|title=Happy Joe's to expand with several new locations in Middle East, North Africa|date=September 24, 2021}}</ref> The idea for Happy Joe's came from a combination of a pizza parlor and ice cream palace.
'''Happy Joe's''' is an American [[pizza]] parlor chain based in [[Bettendorf, Iowa]]. The restaurant chain was founded in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty, a former [[Shakey's Pizza]] manager. Their United States locations are spread out across the Upper Midwest and Florida,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.qconline.com/business/joe-whitty-recalls-a-life-filled-with-happiness/article_35348d38-1280-5786-8390-a8350404e999.html|title=Joe Whitty recalls a life filled with happiness|last=Turner|first=Jonathan|work=Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> with a location in Egypt, which opened in October 2022.<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05"/> In 2022, Happy Joe's has declared an intent over 10 years to open at least 25 locations across the Middle East and North Africa, including in Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E.<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/local-news/happy-joes-to-expand-with-several-new-locations-in-middle-east-north-africa/|title=Happy Joe's to expand with several new locations in Middle East, North Africa|date=September 24, 2021}}</ref> The idea for Happy Joe's came from a combination of a pizza parlor and ice cream palace.


On September 15, 2022, Happy Joe's filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]], and would close several corporate-owned stores, although franchise-owned restaurants are not affected by the bankruptcy.<ref name="bankruptcy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/financing/owner-happy-joes-pizza-ice-cream-declares-bankruptcy/|title=The owner of Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream declares bankruptcy |work=Restaurant Business Online |access-date=September 22, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
On September 15, 2022, Happy Joe's parent company, Dynamic Restaurant Holdings, filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] and closed several corporate-owned stores, although franchised restaurants are not affected by the bankruptcy.<ref name="bankruptcy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/financing/owner-happy-joes-pizza-ice-cream-declares-bankruptcy/|title=The owner of Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream declares bankruptcy |work=Restaurant Business Online |access-date=September 22, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

⚫
==History==
⚫
The chain was started in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty after he was disciplined for throwing a child a birthday party while working at Shakey's Pizza. Birthday parties became a centerpoint for the restaurant as did its signature taco pizza (claimed by the chain to be the first pizza place to offer such an item) and Joegurt (ice cream infused yogurt).

⚫
In the 1980s, the chain had operated a location in Cairo, Egypt that was shaped like a boat and was situated on the [[Nile River]].<ref name="auto"/>

⚫
The chain has also expanded into other Midwestern markets with locations in [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Missouri]], and [[Illinois]] along with their home-state of [[Iowa]].

⚫
The Happy Joe's location on Gilbert Street in [[Iowa City, Iowa]] was destroyed by a tornado on April 13, 2006, part of the [[Easter Week 2006 Tornado Outbreak Sequence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://qctimes.com/news/local/iowa-city-still-recovering-from-tornadoes/article_1cb47ece-ddce-5571-af7b-785341a3b892.html|title=Iowa City still recovering from tornadoes|last=Lemmon|first=Dustin|work=The Quad-City Times|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> A follow-up restaurant in [[Coralville, Iowa|Coralville]] was lost to [[Iowa flood of 2008|floods in 2008]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioiowa.com/2010/11/01/fire-destroys-anamosa-restaurant/|title=Fire destroys Anamosa restaurant|date=2010-11-01|website=Radio Iowa|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref> but it was rebuilt and continued to operate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corridorbusiness.com/news/coralville-council-approves-new-spot-for-asian-market/|title=Coralville council approves new spot for Asian market {{!}} Corridor Business Journal|website=www.corridorbusiness.com|date=29 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

⚫
In the mid-2010s, the chain debuted a new concept alongside the traditional restaurants called Happy Joe's Pizza Grille where you can get traditional American fare such as Rubens alongside their signature pizza and Joegurt. They also feature a small buffet featuring their pizzas as well.

⚫
The chain also had a presence in [[Arizona]] with two since closed stores, however, a return to Arizona is in the works with plans to open more restaurants in the state in the future.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/happy-joes-pizza-ice-cream-signs-28-agreements-2021 | title=Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream Signs 28 Agreements in 2021 }}</ref>

⚫
On October 29, 2019, Happy Joe Whitty died at the age of 82 at the Clarissa C. Cook Hospice Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qconline.com/news/happy-joe-whitty-died-tuesday-morning/article_e58901da-544e-5b7f-a684-a27552b4bac3.html|title='Happy Joe' Whitty, 82, died Tuesday morning|first=Linda|last=Cook|website=Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline|date=29 October 2019 }}</ref>

⚫
In 2022, the chain has plans to expand their operations to the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]. They have plans to open at least 25 new restaurants across Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. over the course of 10 years. The first locations the chain plans to openen in [[Cairo, Egypt]],<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05"/> where they had one previously.<ref name="auto"/>

⚫
In addition to the aforementioned stores, they also have two restaurants in [[Florida]], their first in the [[Southern United States]]. They also have stores planned for [[Branson, Missouri|Branson]] (their first store outside of the St. Louis Metro), an additional store in the St. Louis metro, and an as of yet determined location in the [[Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex]]. Cities floated for the proposed location include [[Grand Prairie, Texas|Grand Prairie]], [[Cedar Hill, Texas|Cedar Hill]], and [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]], with plans to open in one of those cities before the end of 2023. This represents a milestone for the company as it will be their first minority-owned franchise in addition to being the first one in Texas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/local-news/qc-native-plans-1st-happy-joes-in-texas/ | title=QC native plans 1st Happy Joe's in Texas | date=15 February 2023 }}</ref>


== Products ==
==Products==
===Taco pizza===
===Taco pizza===
Joseph Whitty's "Happy Joe's" claimed to be the first pizza restaurant to offer a [[taco pizza]] (a pizza with refried bean/tomato sauce, cheese, lettuce, tomato and taco chips).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/dining/2015/09/29/review-happy-joes-pizza-keeps-fun-wacky-pies/72363172/|title=Review: Happy Joe's Pizza keeps it fun with wacky pies|work=azcentral|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> After a franchisee suggested adding tacos to the menu, Whitty invented the restaurant's best-selling product, the Taco Pizza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitquadcities.com/news/made-in-the-quad-cities-96|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803231914/https://visitquadcities.com/news/made-in-the-quad-cities-96|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-03|title=Made in the Quad Cities|website=Visit Quad Cities}}</ref>
Joseph Whitty's "Happy Joe's" claimed to be the first pizza restaurant to offer a [[taco pizza]] (a pizza with refried bean/tomato sauce, cheese, lettuce, tomato and taco chips).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/dining/2015/09/29/review-happy-joes-pizza-keeps-fun-wacky-pies/72363172/|title=Review: Happy Joe's Pizza keeps it fun with wacky pies|work=azcentral|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> After a franchisee suggested adding tacos to the menu, Whitty invented the restaurant's best-selling product, the Taco Pizza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitquadcities.com/news/made-in-the-quad-cities-96|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803231914/https://visitquadcities.com/news/made-in-the-quad-cities-96|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-03|title=Made in the Quad Cities|website=Visit Quad Cities}}</ref>
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===Joegurt===
===Joegurt===
Joegurt is the chain's signature ice cream product that combines ice cream with yogurt. It is available at all the locations including the Pizza Grille locations. It is not currently sold in grocery stores.
Joegurt is the chain's signature ice cream product that combines ice cream with yogurt. It is available at all the locations including the Pizza Grille locations. It is not currently sold in grocery stores.

⚫
== History ==
⚫
The chain was started in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty after he was disciplined for throwing a child a birthday party while working at Shakey's Pizza. Birthday parties became a centerpoint for the restaurant as did its signature taco pizza (claimed by the chain to be the first pizza place to offer such an item) and Joegurt (ice cream infused yogurt).

⚫
In the 1980s, the chain had operated a location in Cairo, Egypt that was shaped like a boat and was situated on the [[Nile River]].<ref name="auto"/>

⚫
The chain has also expanded into other Midwestern markets with locations in [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Missouri]], and [[Illinois]] along with their home-state of [[Iowa]].

⚫
The Happy Joe's location on Gilbert Street in [[Iowa City, Iowa]] was destroyed by a tornado on April 13, 2006, part of the [[Easter Week 2006 Tornado Outbreak Sequence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://qctimes.com/news/local/iowa-city-still-recovering-from-tornadoes/article_1cb47ece-ddce-5571-af7b-785341a3b892.html|title=Iowa City still recovering from tornadoes|last=Lemmon|first=Dustin|work=The Quad-City Times|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> A follow-up restaurant in [[Coralville, Iowa|Coralville]] was lost to [[Iowa flood of 2008|floods in 2008]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioiowa.com/2010/11/01/fire-destroys-anamosa-restaurant/|title=Fire destroys Anamosa restaurant|date=2010-11-01|website=Radio Iowa|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref> but it was rebuilt and continued to operate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corridorbusiness.com/news/coralville-council-approves-new-spot-for-asian-market/|title=Coralville council approves new spot for Asian market {{!}} Corridor Business Journal|website=www.corridorbusiness.com|date=29 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

⚫
In the mid-2010s, the chain debuted a new concept alongside the traditional restaurants called Happy Joe's Pizza Grille where you can get traditional American fare such as Rubens alongside their signature pizza and Joegurt. They also feature a small buffet featuring their pizzas as well.

⚫
The chain also had a presence in [[Arizona]] with two since closed stores, however, a return to Arizona is in the works with plans to open more restaurants in the state in the future.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/happy-joes-pizza-ice-cream-signs-28-agreements-2021 | title=Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream Signs 28 Agreements in 2021 }}</ref>

⚫
On October 29, 2019, Happy Joe Whitty died at the age of 82 at the Clarissa C. Cook Hospice Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qconline.com/news/happy-joe-whitty-died-tuesday-morning/article_e58901da-544e-5b7f-a684-a27552b4bac3.html|title='Happy Joe' Whitty, 82, died Tuesday morning|first=Linda|last=Cook|website=Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline}}</ref>

⚫
In 2022, the chain has plans to expand their operations to the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]. They have plans to open at least 25 new restaurants across Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. over the course of 10 years. The first locations the chain plans to openen in [[Cairo, Egypt]],<ref name="rn.hj.egypt.2022.10.05"/> where they had one previously.<ref name="auto"/>

⚫
In addition to the aforementioned stores, they also have two restaurants in [[Florida]], their first in the [[Southern United States]]. They also have stores planned for [[Branson, Missouri|Branson]] (their first store outside of the St. Louis Metro), an additional store in the St. Louis metro, and an as of yet determined location in the [[Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex]]. Cities floated for the proposed location include [[Grand Prairie, Texas|Grand Prairie]], [[Cedar Hill, Texas|Cedar Hill]], and [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]], with plans to open in one of those cities before the end of 2023. This represents a milestone for the company as it will be their first minority-owned franchise in addition to being the first one in Texas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/local-news/qc-native-plans-1st-happy-joes-in-texas/ | title=QC native plans 1st Happy Joe's in Texas | date=15 February 2023 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:1972 establishments in Iowa]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Iowa]]
⚫
[[Category:American companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Bettendorf, Iowa]]
[[Category:Bettendorf, Iowa]]
[[Category:Buffet restaurants]]
[[Category:Buffet restaurants]]
⚫
[[Category:Companies based in the Quad Cities]]
[[Category:Companies based in Iowa]]
[[Category:Companies based in Iowa]]
⚫
[[Category:Companies based in the Quad Cities]]
⚫
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2022]]
[[Category:Economy of the Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:Economy of the Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:Ice cream parlors in the United States]]
[[Category:Ice cream parlors in the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:Iowa culture]]
[[Category:Pizza chains of the United States]]
[[Category:Pizza chains of the United States]]
[[Category:Regional restaurant chains in the United States]]
[[Category:Regional restaurant chains in the United States]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1972]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1972]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Iowa]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Iowa]]
⚫
[[Category:Iowa culture]]
⚫
[[Category:American companies established in 1972]]
⚫
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2022]]

Latest revision as of 19:08, 18 December 2024

Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream
Company typePrivate
IndustryRestaurant
Founded1972; 52 years ago (1972) in Bettendorf, Iowa
FounderLawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty
Headquarters
Bettendorf, Iowa
Number of locations
42 (2021)[1]
Areas served
  • United States: Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Wisconsin[1]
  • Middle East: Egypt[2]
Key people
Thomas Sacco (CEO & President, Dynamic)[1]
Products
  • Italian-American cuisine
OwnerDynamic Restaurant Holdings[1]
Websitehappyjoes.com

Happy Joe's is an American pizza parlor chain based in Bettendorf, Iowa. The restaurant chain was founded in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty, a former Shakey's Pizza manager. Their United States locations are spread out across the Upper Midwest and Florida,[3] with a location in Egypt, which opened in October 2022.[2] In 2022, Happy Joe's has declared an intent over 10 years to open at least 25 locations across the Middle East and North Africa, including in Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E.[2][4] The idea for Happy Joe's came from a combination of a pizza parlor and ice cream palace.

On September 15, 2022, Happy Joe's parent company, Dynamic Restaurant Holdings, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and closed several corporate-owned stores, although franchised restaurants are not affected by the bankruptcy.[1]

History

[edit]

The chain was started in 1972 by Lawrence Joseph "Happy Joe" Whitty after he was disciplined for throwing a child a birthday party while working at Shakey's Pizza. Birthday parties became a centerpoint for the restaurant as did its signature taco pizza (claimed by the chain to be the first pizza place to offer such an item) and Joegurt (ice cream infused yogurt).

In the 1980s, the chain had operated a location in Cairo, Egypt that was shaped like a boat and was situated on the Nile River.[4]

The chain has also expanded into other Midwestern markets with locations in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Missouri, and Illinois along with their home-state of Iowa.

The Happy Joe's location on Gilbert Street in Iowa City, Iowa was destroyed by a tornado on April 13, 2006, part of the Easter Week 2006 Tornado Outbreak Sequence.[5] A follow-up restaurant in Coralville was lost to floods in 2008,[6] but it was rebuilt and continued to operate.[7]

In the mid-2010s, the chain debuted a new concept alongside the traditional restaurants called Happy Joe's Pizza Grille where you can get traditional American fare such as Rubens alongside their signature pizza and Joegurt. They also feature a small buffet featuring their pizzas as well.

The chain also had a presence in Arizona with two since closed stores, however, a return to Arizona is in the works with plans to open more restaurants in the state in the future.[8]

On October 29, 2019, Happy Joe Whitty died at the age of 82 at the Clarissa C. Cook Hospice Center.[9]

In 2022, the chain has plans to expand their operations to the Middle East and North Africa. They have plans to open at least 25 new restaurants across Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. over the course of 10 years. The first locations the chain plans to openen in Cairo, Egypt,[2] where they had one previously.[4]

In addition to the aforementioned stores, they also have two restaurants in Florida, their first in the Southern United States. They also have stores planned for Branson (their first store outside of the St. Louis Metro), an additional store in the St. Louis metro, and an as of yet determined location in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Cities floated for the proposed location include Grand Prairie, Cedar Hill, and Arlington, with plans to open in one of those cities before the end of 2023. This represents a milestone for the company as it will be their first minority-owned franchise in addition to being the first one in Texas.[10]

Products

[edit]

Taco pizza

[edit]

Joseph Whitty's "Happy Joe's" claimed to be the first pizza restaurant to offer a taco pizza (a pizza with refried bean/tomato sauce, cheese, lettuce, tomato and taco chips).[11] After a franchisee suggested adding tacos to the menu, Whitty invented the restaurant's best-selling product, the Taco Pizza.[12]

Breakfast pizza

[edit]

In 2005, Happy Joe's started offering breakfast pizzas at select locations.[13]

Flatbread pizza

[edit]

In 2013, Happy Joe's started offering flatbread pizzas.[3]

Gluten-free crusts

[edit]

Happy Joe's also offers gluten-free crusts, designed for those with gluten allergies.

Birthday parties

[edit]

It also features outlandish birthday parties.[14] He was inspired to include birthday parties in his restaurant concept after he got disciplined after hosting one at the Shakey's Pizza he managed.

Joegurt

[edit]

Joegurt is the chain's signature ice cream product that combines ice cream with yogurt. It is available at all the locations including the Pizza Grille locations. It is not currently sold in grocery stores.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "The owner of Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream declares bankruptcy". Restaurant Business Online. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Happy Joe's Pizza Celebrates Monumental Debut in Egypt". Restaurant News. October 5, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Turner, Jonathan. "Joe Whitty recalls a life filled with happiness". Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  4. ^ a b c "Happy Joe's to expand with several new locations in Middle East, North Africa". September 24, 2021.
  5. ^ Lemmon, Dustin. "Iowa City still recovering from tornadoes". The Quad-City Times. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  6. ^ "Fire destroys Anamosa restaurant". Radio Iowa. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  7. ^ "Coralville council approves new spot for Asian market | Corridor Business Journal". www.corridorbusiness.com. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  8. ^ "Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream Signs 28 Agreements in 2021".
  9. ^ Cook, Linda (29 October 2019). "'Happy Joe' Whitty, 82, died Tuesday morning". Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline.
  10. ^ "QC native plans 1st Happy Joe's in Texas". 15 February 2023.
  11. ^ "Review: Happy Joe's Pizza keeps it fun with wacky pies". azcentral. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  12. ^ "Made in the Quad Cities". Visit Quad Cities. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03.
  13. ^ "Happy Joe's Pizza revamps with 'Cafez' concept". www.pizzamarketplace.com. 2005-08-21. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  14. ^ "Sum of Your Business: "Happy" Joe Whitty - I Love Inspire(d)". I Love Inspire(d). 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
[edit]
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