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The order is issued by the Greek head of state as well as the head of the Greek royal house, it is used by two different entities
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{{short description|Award}}
{{short description|Order of chivalry in Greece}}

==Royal Order of the Redeemer==
{{Infobox order
{{Infobox order
|title = Royal Order of the Redeemer<br>{{lang|el|Τάγμα του Σωτήρος}}
|title=Order of the Redeemer<br>{{lang|el|Τάγμα του Σωτήρος}}
|image = [[Image:Order of Redeemer,Grand Cross.jpg|200px]]
|image=[[Image:Order of Redeemer,Grand Cross.jpg|200px]]
|caption = Star of the Royal Order of the Redeemer
|caption=Star of the Order of the Redeemer
|awarded_by = <br>[[Greek royal family|Head of the Royal House of Glücksburg-Greece]]
|awarded_by=the [[President of Greece|President of the Hellenic Republic]]
|type = [[Order (decoration)|Dynastic Order]]
|type=[[Order (decoration)|Order]]
|motto = {{lang|el|Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ}} (Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power.)
|motto={{lang|el|Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ}} (Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power.)
|for = exceptional services to Greece
|for=Exceptional services to Greece
|status=Currently constituted
|head_title = Sovereign
|date=20 May 1833
|head = [[Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece|Crown Prince Pavlos]]
|grades=Grand Cross, Grand Commander, Commander, Gold Cross, Silver Cross
|head2_title = Grand Master
|higher=None
|head2 = [[Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece|Crown Princess Marie-Chantal]]
|lower=[[Order of George I]] (1915–1924)<br>[[Order of the Phoenix (Greece)|Order of the Phoenix]] (1926–1935)<br> [[Order of Saints George and Constantine]] (1936–1975)<br>[[Order of Honour (Greece)|Order of Honour]] (since 1975)
|status = Rarely constituted
|established = {{start date and age|20 May 1833}}
|date = 20 May 1833
|grades = Knight Grand Cross<br>Knight Grand Officer<br>Knight Commander<br>Knight Officer<br>Knight
|higher = None
|lower =[[Order of Saints George and Constantine]]<br>[[Order of Saints Olga and Sophia]]
|image2= [[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
|image2= [[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
|caption2= Ribbon bar
|caption2= Ribbon bar
}}
}}
The '''Order of the Redeemer''' ({{langx|el|Τάγμα του Σωτήρος|translit=Tágma tou Sotíros}}), also known as the '''Order of the Saviour''',<ref>{{cite news |title=Americans decorated |newspaper=New York Times |date=September 12, 1906 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/09/12/101831263.pdf |access-date=December 19, 2010}}</ref> is an [[order of merit]] of [[Greece]]. The Order of the Redeemer is the oldest and highest decoration awarded by the [[modern Greek state]].


== Establishment ==
The '''Royal Order of the Redeemer''' ({{lang-el|Τάγμα του Σωτήρος|translit=Tágma tou Sotíros}}), is an [[Order (decoration)|order of knighthood]] of the [[Greek Royal Family]] that was established in 1833 by [[Otto of Greece|King Otto I]].

It is conferred by the Head of the Royal House of Greece as a dynastic Decoration for themself, their spouse and their children as well as those who they deem worthy and also [[Greek people|Greek]] and [[Alien (law)|foreign]] individuals.

After the abolition of the [[Kingdom of Greece]] and its replacement by the [[Greece|Third Hellenic Republic]], all orders and decorations of knighthood were disbanded as state orders (although retained as dynastic [[house order]]s by the Greek Royal Family) and replaced by republican versions of the orders of knighthood, including this order which is currently awarded by the two entities but as separate orders with their own statutes.

===Establishment===
The establishment of the Order of the Redeemer was decided by the [[Fourth National Assembly at Argos]] in 1829, during the final year of the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref name="Presidency">{{cite web | url = http://www.presidency.gr/?page_id=4409&lang=en | title = Hellenic Orders and Decorations: Order of the Redeemer | publisher = Presidency of the Hellenic Republic | access-date = 3 April 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150627221037/http://www.presidency.gr/?page_id=4409&lang=en | archive-date = 27 June 2015 }}</ref> The decision was not immediately implemented, however, and the relevant decree was signed in [[Nafplio]] by the Regency Council ([[Josef Ludwig von Armansperg]], [[Karl von Abel]] and [[Georg Ludwig von Maurer]]) in the name of King [[Otto, King of Greece|Otto]] on May 20, 1833.<ref name="Establishment">{{cite book | script-title = el:ΕΦΕΤΗΡΙΣ (Almanach) του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος δια το έτος 1837 | author = A.I. Kladis | location = Athens | publisher = Βασιλική Τυπογραφία και Λιθογραφία | year = 1837 | script-chapter = el:Κεφάλαιον Όγδοον. Περί της συστάσεως Τάγματος Αριστείας δια το Βασίλειον της Ελλάδος. |trans-chapter=Chapter Eight. On the establishment of an Order of Merit for the Kingdom of Greece | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ9CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123 | pages = 123–136}}</ref><ref>
The establishment of the Order of the Redeemer was decided by the [[Fourth National Assembly at Argos]] in 1829, during the final year of the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref name="Presidency">{{cite web | url = http://www.presidency.gr/?page_id=4409&lang=en | title = Hellenic Orders and Decorations: Order of the Redeemer | publisher = Presidency of the Hellenic Republic | access-date = 3 April 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150627221037/http://www.presidency.gr/?page_id=4409&lang=en | archive-date = 27 June 2015 }}</ref> The decision was not immediately implemented, however, and the relevant decree was signed in [[Nafplio]] by the Regency Council ([[Josef Ludwig von Armansperg]], [[Karl von Abel]] and [[Georg Ludwig von Maurer]]) in the name of King [[Otto, King of Greece|Otto]] on May 20, 1833.<ref name="Establishment">{{cite book | script-title = el:ΕΦΕΤΗΡΙΣ (Almanach) του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος δια το έτος 1837 | author = A.I. Kladis | location = Athens | publisher = Βασιλική Τυπογραφία και Λιθογραφία | year = 1837 | script-chapter = el:Κεφάλαιον Όγδοον. Περί της συστάσεως Τάγματος Αριστείας δια το Βασίλειον της Ελλάδος. |trans-chapter=Chapter Eight. On the establishment of an Order of Merit for the Kingdom of Greece | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ9CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123 | pages = 123–136}}</ref><ref>
([http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wG-pNmgvR9663dtvSoClrL8rzyE3xwSGuPtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FISh15d_8wsXT0JgUBaj6O6NF0l0z0R1vQtq45sVgz0hU. Government Gazette 19, issue A, dated 20 Jan. 1833])</ref> According to the decree of establishment, the name of the Order "shall recall the, by divine assistance miraculously and fortuitously accomplished, salvation of Greece".<ref name="Establishment"/>
([http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wG-pNmgvR9663dtvSoClrL8rzyE3xwSGuPtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FISh15d_8wsXT0JgUBaj6O6NF0l0z0R1vQtq45sVgz0hU. Government Gazette 19, issue A, dated 20 Jan. 1833])</ref> According to the decree of establishment, the name of the Order "shall recall the, by divine assistance miraculously and fortuitously accomplished, salvation of Greece".<ref name="Establishment"/>


===Grades and award criteria===
== Grades and award criteria ==
Since its establishment in 1833, and in common with all Greek orders of merit, the Order of the Redeemer has five classes:<ref name="Establishment"/>
Since its establishment in 1833, and in common with all Greek orders of merit, the Order of the Redeemer has five classes:<ref name="Presidency"/><ref name="Establishment"/>
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|60px]] ''Knight Grand Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Μεγαλόσταυρος'}}) – wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order on the left chest;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|60px]] ''Grand Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Μεγαλόσταυρος'}}) – wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order on the left chest;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 2Class.svg|60px]] ''Knight Grand Officer'' ({{lang|el|'Ανώτερος Ταξιάρχης'}}) – wears the badge of the Order on a necklet (bow badge for women), and the star of the Order on the left chest;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 2Class.svg|60px]] ''Grand Commander'' ({{lang|el|'Ανώτερος Ταξιάρχης'}}) – wears the badge of the Order on a necklet, and the star of the Order on the right chest;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 3Class.svg|60px]] ''Knight Commander'' ({{lang|el|'Ταξιάρχης'}}) - wears the badge of the Order on a necklet (bow badge for women);
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 3Class.svg|60px]] ''Commander'' ({{lang|el|'Ταξιάρχης'}}) - wears the badge of the Order on a necklet;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 4Class.svg|60px]] ''Knight Officer'' ({{lang|el|'Χρυσούς Σταυρός'}}) – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest (bow badge for women);
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 4Class.svg|60px]] ''Gold Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Χρυσούς Σταυρός'}}) – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest;
*[[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|60px]] ''Knight'' ({{lang|el|'Αργυρούς Σταυρός'}}) – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest (bow badge for women).
*[[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|60px]] ''Silver Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Αργυρούς Σταυρός'}}) – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest.


According to the original decree, the Order was to be awarded to those Greek citizens who took part in the War of Independence, or "who should distinguish themselves henceforth in any branch of public service, in the army and navy, in the diplomatic and judicial corps, in public administration, in the arts, science, agriculture and industry, commerce, or should distinguish themselves in any other social field through outstanding civic virtue, and through illustrious services to the Throne, for the Glory of the Hellenic name and for the welfare of the fatherland", while foreigners were admitted either for past services to Greece, or due to their ability "to bring honour to the Order, through their outstanding personal virtues and excellence".<ref name="Establishment"/>
According to the original decree, the Order was to be awarded to those Greek citizens who took part in the War of Independence, or "who should distinguish themselves henceforth in any branch of public service, in the army and navy, in the diplomatic and judicial corps, in public administration, in the arts, science, agriculture and industry, commerce, or should distinguish themselves in any other social field through outstanding civic virtue, and through illustrious services to the Throne, for the Glory of the Hellenic name and for the welfare of the fatherland", while foreigners were admitted either for past services to Greece, or due to their ability "to bring honour to the Order, through their outstanding personal virtues and excellence".<ref name="Establishment"/>


The original decree set specific limits on the number of awards: while the grade of Knight could be awarded at will, Knight Officer was limited to 120, Knight Commanders to 30, Knight Grand Officers to 20, and Knight Grand Crosses to 12. Foreign recipients, the monarch, the consort and members of the [[Greek royal family]] did not count to these totals.<ref name="Establishment"/>
The original decree set specific limits on the number of awards: while the Silver Cross could be awarded at will, Gold Crosses were limited to 120, Commanders to 30, Grand Commanders to 20, and Grand Crosses to 12. Foreign recipients and princes of the [[Greek royal family]] did not count to these totals.<ref name="Establishment"/> In modern times, in practice the Grand Cross is awarded only to foreign heads of state.<ref name="Presidency"/>


The first person to be awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer was King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]], the father of King Otto I, in 1833.<ref name="Presidency"/> Other distinguished recipients included [[Andreas Miaoulis]] in 1835, Baron Guenther Heinrich von Berg on 21 February 1837 [[Petros Mavromichalis|Petrobey Mavromichalis]], [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]] and [[Lazaros Kountouriotis]] in 1836, [[Andreas Zaimis]], [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] and [[Georgios Kountouriotis]] in 1837, and [[Konstantinos Kanaris]] in 1864.
The first person to be awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer was King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]], the father of King Otto, in 1833.<ref name="Presidency"/> Other distinguished recipients included [[Andreas Miaoulis]] in 1835, Baron Guenther Heinrich von Berg on 21 February 1837 [[Petros Mavromichalis|Petrobey Mavromichalis]], [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]] and [[Lazaros Kountouriotis]] in 1836, [[Andreas Zaimis]], [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] and [[Georgios Kountouriotis]] in 1837, and [[Konstantinos Kanaris]] in 1864.


===Insignia===
==Insignia==
The form of the various insignias has been altered a number of times since the establishment of the order.
The form of the various insignias has been altered a number of times since the establishment of the order, the most obvious change being the removal of the crown during the periods of [[History of the Hellenic Republic|republican rule]]. The present form of insignias is regulated by Presidential Decree 849/1975 ({{lang|el|ΦΕΚ 273 Α΄/4-12-1975}}).


The original decree of 1833 described the ''badge'' of the Order as consisting of a white enamelled [[Maltese cross]] (silver for the Silver Cross, gold for the higher grades), surmounted by a crown, set on a green enamelled wreath, one half of which is an [[oak]] branch and the other half a [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] branch.<ref name="Establishment"/> The obverse featured a white cross on a blue background (the [[coat of arms of Greece]]) with Otto's [[Coat of arms of Bavaria|Bavarian arms]] in an [[inescutcheon]] in the centre, surrounded by this inscription on an outer ring: {{lang|el|Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ}} ("Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power", [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], 15:6).<ref name="Establishment"/> The reverse featured a portrait of Otto with the circular inscription: {{lang|el|ΟΘΩΝ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ}} ("Otto, King of Greece").<ref name="Establishment"/>
The original decree of 1833 described the ''badge'' of the Order as consisting of a white enamelled [[Maltese cross]] (silver for the Silver Cross, gold for the higher grades), surmounted by a crown, set on a green enamelled wreath, one half of which is an [[oak]] branch and the other half a [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] branch.<ref name="Establishment"/> The obverse featured a white cross on a blue background (the [[coat of arms of Greece]]) with Otto's [[Coat of arms of Bavaria|Bavarian arms]] in an [[inescutcheon]] in the centre, surrounded by this inscription on an outer ring: {{lang|el|Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ}} ("Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power", [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], 15:6).<ref name="Establishment"/> The reverse featured a portrait of Otto with the circular inscription: {{lang|el|ΟΘΩΝ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ}} ("Otto, King of Greece").<ref name="Establishment"/>
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The ''ribbon'' of the Order is light blue, edged with white, reflecting the [[national colours of Greece]].<ref name="Presidency"/>
The ''ribbon'' of the Order is light blue, edged with white, reflecting the [[national colours of Greece]].<ref name="Presidency"/>


===Recipients===
== Recipients ==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2023}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{div col}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=|gap=4em}}
* [[Prince Aage, Count of Rosenborg]]
* [[Prince Aage, Count of Rosenborg]]
* [[Abbas II of Egypt]]
* [[Prince Adalbert of Bavaria (1828–1875)]]
* [[Prince Adalbert of Bavaria (1828–1875)]]
* [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)]]
* [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)]]
* [[Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal]]
* [[Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal]]
* [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]]
* [[Akihito]]
* [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)]]
* [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)]]
* [[Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen]]
* [[Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen]]
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* [[Alexander of Greece]]
* [[Alexander of Greece]]
* [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]]
* [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]]
* [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia]]
* [[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo]]
* [[Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo]]
* [[Amha Selassie]]
* [[Gyula Andrássy]]
* [[Gyula Andrássy]]
* [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Queen Anne-Marie of Greece]]
* [[Antonios Michelidakis]]
* [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]
* [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]]
* [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]]
* [[Asa Jennings]]
* [[Asa Jennings]]
* [[Prince Axel of Denmark]]
* [[Prince Axel of Denmark]]
* [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]]
* [[Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
* [[Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
* [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld]]
* [[Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky]]<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&page=43&size=45|chapter=Hofstaat Seiner Kaiserlichen und Königlichen Apostolischen Majestät|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1916|location=Vienna|publisher=Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei|language=German|page=16|via=alex.onb.ac.at}}</ref>
* [[Prince Oscar Bernadotte]]
* [[Prince Oscar Bernadotte]]
* [[Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust]]
* [[Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust]]
* [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
* [[Herbert von Bismarck]]
* [[Herbert von Bismarck]]
* [[Otto von Bismarck]]
* [[Otto von Bismarck]]
* [[Walther Bronsart von Schellendorff]]
* [[Walther Bronsart von Schellendorff]]
* [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
* [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
* [[Carl XVI Gustaf]]
* [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]]
* [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]]
* [[Carol I of Romania]]
* [[Carol I of Romania]]
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* [[Edward VII|Edward VII of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Edward VII|Edward VII of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Alfred Mordaunt Egerton]]
* [[Alfred Mordaunt Egerton]]
* [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
* [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia]]
* [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia]]
* [[Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Archduke Ernest of Austria (1824–1899)|Archduke Ernest of Austria]]
* [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]]
* [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
* [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
* [[Gaston Errembault de Dudzeele (died 1929)|Gaston Errembault de Dudzeele]]
* [[Gaston Errembault de Dudzeele (died 1929)|Gaston Errembault de Dudzeele]]
* [[Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke]]
* [[Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke]]
* [[Theoklitos Farmakidis]]
* [[Theoklitos Farmakidis]]
* [[Farouk of Egypt]]
* [[Felipe VI]]
* [[Ferdinand I of Romania]]
* [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]]
* [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein]]
* [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein]]
* [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]]
* [[Frederik VIII of Denmark]]
* [[Frederick IX of Denmark]]
* [[Frederik IX of Denmark]]
* [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony]]
* [[Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse]]
* [[Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt]]
* [[Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt]]
* [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden]]
* [[Frederick III, German Emperor]]
* [[Frederick III, German Emperor]]
* [[Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]
* [[Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]
* [[Frederick William III, Landgrave of Hesse]]
* [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]]
* [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]]
* [[Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
* [[Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
* [[Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt]]
* [[Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]]
* [[Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein]]
* [[Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)|Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia]]
* [[Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia]]
* [[Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia]]
* [[Fuad I of Egypt]]
* [[Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony]]
* [[George I of Greece]]
* [[George I of Greece]]
* [[George II of Greece]]
* [[George II of Greece]]
Line 151: Line 168:
* [[Prince Gustav of Denmark]]
* [[Prince Gustav of Denmark]]
* [[Gustav, Prince of Vasa]]
* [[Gustav, Prince of Vasa]]
* [[Haakon VII of Norway]]
* [[Haile Selassie]]
* [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]]
* [[Harald V of Norway]]
* [[Prince Harald of Denmark]]
* [[Prince Harald of Denmark]]
* [[Hassan II of Morocco]]
* [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]
* [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)]]
* [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)]]
* [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
Line 157: Line 180:
* [[Miklós Horthy]]
* [[Miklós Horthy]]
* [[Dietrich von Hülsen-Haeseler]]
* [[Dietrich von Hülsen-Haeseler]]
* [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt]]
* [[Idris of Libya]]
* [[Sergěj Ingr]] (Grand Commander, 1932)
* [[Sergěj Ingr]] (Grand Commander, 1932)
* [[Isabella II of Spain]]
* [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt]]
* [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]
* [[Archduke John of Austria]]
* [[Archduke John of Austria]]
* [[Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]]
* [[Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]]
Line 163: Line 191:
* [[Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg]]
* [[Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg]]
* [[Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]]
* [[Juan Carlos I]]
* [[Juliana of the Netherlands]]
* [[Juliana of the Netherlands]]
* [[Theophilos Kairis]]
* [[Theophilos Kairis]]
Line 168: Line 198:
* [[Miltiadis Kanaris]]
* [[Miltiadis Kanaris]]
* [[Ilias Kanellopoulos]]
* [[Ilias Kanellopoulos]]
* [[Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
* [[Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern (died 1885)|Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
* [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]]
* [[Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria]]
* [[Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria]]
* [[Gustav von Kessel]]
* [[Gustav von Kessel]]
* [[Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia]]
* [[Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark]]
* [[Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark]]
* [[Empress Kōjun]]
* [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]]
* [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]]
* [[Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia]]
Line 191: Line 223:
* [[Luís I of Portugal]]
* [[Luís I of Portugal]]
* [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]]
* [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]]
* [[Emmanuel Macron]]
* [[Empress Masako]]
* [[Margrethe II of Denmark]]
* [[Sergio Mattarella]]
* [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]]
* [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]]
* [[Petrobey Mavromichalis]]
* [[Petrobey Mavromichalis]]
Line 198: Line 234:
* [[Ioannis Metaxas]]
* [[Ioannis Metaxas]]
* [[Andreas Miaoulis]]
* [[Andreas Miaoulis]]
* [[Michael I of Romania]]
* [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Michael I of Romania]]
* [[Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia]]
* [[Milan I of Serbia]]
* [[Milan I of Serbia]]
* [[Miloš Obrenović, Prince of Serbia]]
* [[Zygmunt Mineyko]]
* [[Zygmunt Mineyko]]
* [[Konstantinos Minas]]
* [[Konstantinos Minas]]
* [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
* [[Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[August Myhrberg]]
* [[August Myhrberg]]
* [[Napoleon III]]
* [[Napoleon III]]
* [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]
* [[Nicholas II of Russia]]
* [[Nicholas II of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)]]
* [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Olav V of Norway]]
* [[Olga Constantinovna of Russia]]
* [[Olga Constantinovna of Russia]]
* [[Oscar II]]
* [[Oscar II]]
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* [[Otto of Greece]]
* [[Otto of Greece]]
* [[Paul of Greece]]
* [[Paul of Greece]]
* [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia]]
* [[Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece]]
* [[Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece]]
* [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]]
* [[Philippe of Belgium]]
* [[Queen Mathilde of Belgium]]
* [[Pedro II of Brazil]]
* [[Pedro II of Brazil]]
* [[Georgios Pentzikis]]
* [[Georgios Pentzikis]]
* [[Duke Peter of Oldenburg]]
* [[Duke Peter of Oldenburg]]
* [[Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen]]
* [[Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen]]
* [[List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]
* [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]
* [[Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Hans von Plessen]]
* [[Hans von Plessen]]
* [[François Pouqueville]]
* [[François Pouqueville]]
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* [[Spyridon Samaras]]
* [[Spyridon Samaras]]
* [[Gustav von Senden-Bibran]]
* [[Gustav von Senden-Bibran]]
* [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II of Bulgaria]]
* [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]]
* [[Konstantinos Smolenskis]]
* [[Konstantinos Smolenskis]]
* [[Leonidas Smolents]]
* [[Leonidas Smolents]]
* [[Queen Sofía of Spain]]
* [[Dionysios Solomos]]
* [[Dionysios Solomos]]
* [[Queen Sonja of Norway]]
* [[Hermann von Spaun]]
* [[Hermann von Spaun]]
* [[Stepa Stepanović]]
* [[Stepa Stepanović]]
* [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]
* [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]
* [[Harold Stevens (broadcaster)]]
* [[Harold Stevens (broadcaster)]]
* [[Emperor Taishō]]
* [[Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen]]
* [[Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen]]
* [[Georgios Theocharis (diplomat)|Georgios Theocharis]]
* [[Georgios Theocharis (diplomat)|Georgios Theocharis]]
* [[Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem]]
* [[Alfred von Tirpitz]]
* [[Alfred von Tirpitz]]
* [[Umberto II of Italy]]
* [[Umberto II of Italy]]
Line 246: Line 299:
* [[Étienne de Villaret]]
* [[Étienne de Villaret]]
* [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]]
* [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]]
* [[Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[John Weston (pioneer aviator and motor caravanner)]]
* [[John Weston (pioneer aviator and motor caravanner)]]
* [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]]
* [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]]
* [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince]]
* [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince]]
* [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]]
* [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]]
* [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]]
* [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands]]
* [[William I, German Emperor]]
* [[William I, German Emperor]]
* [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
* [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
Line 256: Line 312:
* [[Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1846–1877)]]
* [[Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1846–1877)]]
* [[Basil Zaharoff]]
* [[Basil Zaharoff]]
* [[Todor Zhivkov]]
* [[Zog I of Albania]]
* [[August zu Eulenburg]]
* [[August zu Eulenburg]]
* [[Emmanouil Zymvrakakis (army general)|Emmanouil Zymvrakakis]]
* [[Emmanouil Zymvrakakis (army general)|Emmanouil Zymvrakakis]]
* [[Emir Abdelkader|Emir Abdelkader (1808-1883)]]
* [[Emir Abdelkader|Emir Abdelkader (1808-1883)]]
* [[Joice NanKivell Loch]]
* [[Joice NanKivell Loch]]
* [[George Vella]]
{{div col end}}
* [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]]

==Order of the Redeemer==
{{Infobox order
|title=Order of the Redeemer<br>{{lang|el|Τάγμα του Σωτήρος}}
|image=[[Image:Order of Redeemer,Grand Cross.jpg|200px]]
|caption=Star of the Order of the Redeemer
|awarded_by=the [[President of Greece|President of the Hellenic Republic]]
|type=[[Order (decoration)|Order]]
|motto={{lang|el|Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ}} (Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power.)
|for=exceptional services to Greece
|status=Currently constituted
|established = {{start date and age|1975}}
|grades=Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Gold Cross, Silver Cross
|higher=None
|lower=[[Order of the Phoenix (Greece)|Order of the Phoenix]] (1926–1935)<br>[[Order of Honour (Greece)|Order of Honour]] (since 1975)
|image2= [[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
|caption2= Ribbon bar
}}

The '''Order of the Redeemer''' ({{lang-el|Τάγμα του Σωτήρος|translit=Tágma tou Sotíros}}), also known as the '''Order of the Saviour''',<ref>{{cite news |title=Americans decorated |newspaper=New York Times |date=September 12, 1906 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/09/12/101831263.pdf |access-date=December 19, 2010}}</ref> is an [[order of merit]] of [[Greece]]. The Order of the Redeemer is the oldest and highest decoration awarded by the [[modern Greek state]].

===Establishment===
Established in 1975 by law no.849/1975, using the same name and same insignia as that of the order instituted in the previous governance of the Kingdom of Greece, although a separate order with different statutes.
The republican order was initially adopted from the royal order in 1926, during the [[Second Hellenic Republic]], however was never officially constituted by any laws or statutes, until the establishment of the current [[Third Hellenic Republic]] in 1975.<ref name="Establishment"/>

===Grades and award criteria===
In common with all Greek orders of merit, the Order of the Redeemer has five classes:<ref name="Presidency"/><ref name="Establishment"/>
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|60px]] ''Grand Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Μεγαλόσταυρος'}}) – wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order on the left chest;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 2Class.svg|60px]] ''Grand Officer'' ({{lang|el|'Ανώτερος Ταξιάρχης'}}) – wears the badge of the Order on a necklet, and the star of the Order on the right chest;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 3Class.svg|60px]] ''Commander'' ({{lang|el|'Ταξιάρχης'}}) - wears the badge of the Order on a necklet;
*[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 4Class.svg|60px]] ''Gold Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Χρυσούς Σταυρός'}}) – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest;
*[[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|60px]] ''Silver Cross'' ({{lang|el|'Αργυρούς Σταυρός'}}) – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest.

The Order is to be awarded to those Greek citizens "who should distinguish themselves henceforth in any branch of public service, in the army and navy, in the diplomatic and judicial corps, in public administration, in the arts, science, agriculture and industry, commerce, or should distinguish themselves in any other social field through outstanding civic virtue, and through illustrious services to the state, for the Glory of the Hellenic name and for the welfare of the fatherland", while foreigners were admitted either for past services to Greece, or due to their ability "to bring honour to the Order, through their outstanding personal virtues and excellence".<ref name="Establishment"/>

In modern times, in practice the Grand Cross is awarded only to foreign heads of state (and their consorts, if a monarchy).<ref name="Presidency"/>

===Insignia===
The form of insignia is based on the same instituted order from the timeline of the Kingdom of Greece, with minor differences, the most obvious being the removal of the crown during the periods of [[History of the Hellenic Republic|republican rule]]. The present form of insignias is regulated by Presidential Decree 849/1975 ({{lang|el|ΦΕΚ 273 Α΄/4-12-1975}}).

The badge of the Order consists of a white enamelled [[Maltese cross]] (silver for the Silver Cross, gold for the higher grades), set on a green enamelled wreath, one half of which is an [[oak]] branch and the other half a [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] branch.<ref name="Establishment"/> The obverse features a white cross on a blue background (the [[coat of arms of Greece]]) with an [[inescutcheon]] in the centre, surrounded by this inscription on an outer ring: {{lang|el|Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ}} ("Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power", [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], 15:6).<ref name="Establishment"/>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Obverse).png
| width1 = 120
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Reverse).png
| width2 = 120
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Badge of the Order since 1975, obverse on the left and reverse on the right. Under the [[Kingdom of Greece|monarchy]], a royal crown surmounted the cross.
}}
After the abolishment of the Kingdom of Greece, the Crown and royal coat of arms were removed with the latter being replaced by the coat of arms of the republic.<ref name="Presidency"/>

The ''star'' of the Order is an eight-pointed faceted silver star with the same central disc as on the badge of the Order. At first the stars were embroidered, but eventually, they were made of solid silver, a practice that continues to this day.<ref name="Presidency"/>

The ''ribbon'' of the Order is light blue, edged with white, reflecting the [[national colours of Greece]].<ref name="Presidency"/>

===Recipients===
{{Dynamic list}}
{{div col}}
* [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
* [[Carl XVI Gustaf]]
* [[Chiang Kai-shek]]
* [[Gerasimos Contomichalos]]
* [[Miklós Horthy]]
* [[Emmanuel Macron]]
* [[Sergio Mattarella]]
* [[Philippe of Belgium|King Philippe I of Belgium]]
* [[Queen Mathilde of Belgium]]
* [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Queen Margrethe II of Denmark]]
* [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]
* [[Harold Stevens (broadcaster)]]
* [[Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem]]
* [[John Weston (pioneer aviator and motor caravanner)]]
* [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]]
* [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands]]
* [[Arthur Winnington-Ingram]]
* [[Basil Zaharoff]]
* [[Todor Zhivkov]]
* [[Joice NanKivell Loch]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


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[[Category:Awards established in 1833]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1833]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members|Redeemer]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members|Redeemer]]
[[Category:Otto of Greece]]

Latest revision as of 16:58, 5 December 2024

Order of the Redeemer
Τάγμα του Σωτήρος
Star of the Order of the Redeemer
Awarded by the President of the Hellenic Republic
TypeOrder
MottoΗ ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ (Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power.)
Awarded forExceptional services to Greece
StatusCurrently constituted
GradesGrand Cross, Grand Commander, Commander, Gold Cross, Silver Cross
Precedence
Next (higher)None
Next (lower)Order of George I (1915–1924)
Order of the Phoenix (1926–1935)
Order of Saints George and Constantine (1936–1975)
Order of Honour (since 1975)

Ribbon bar

The Order of the Redeemer (Greek: Τάγμα του Σωτήρος, romanized: Tágma tou Sotíros), also known as the Order of the Saviour,[1] is an order of merit of Greece. The Order of the Redeemer is the oldest and highest decoration awarded by the modern Greek state.

Establishment

[edit]

The establishment of the Order of the Redeemer was decided by the Fourth National Assembly at Argos in 1829, during the final year of the Greek War of Independence.[2] The decision was not immediately implemented, however, and the relevant decree was signed in Nafplio by the Regency Council (Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Karl von Abel and Georg Ludwig von Maurer) in the name of King Otto on May 20, 1833.[3][4] According to the decree of establishment, the name of the Order "shall recall the, by divine assistance miraculously and fortuitously accomplished, salvation of Greece".[3]

Grades and award criteria

[edit]

Since its establishment in 1833, and in common with all Greek orders of merit, the Order of the Redeemer has five classes:[2][3]

  • Grand Cross ('Μεγαλόσταυρος') – wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order on the left chest;
  • Grand Commander ('Ανώτερος Ταξιάρχης') – wears the badge of the Order on a necklet, and the star of the Order on the right chest;
  • Commander ('Ταξιάρχης') - wears the badge of the Order on a necklet;
  • Gold Cross ('Χρυσούς Σταυρός') – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest;
  • Silver Cross ('Αργυρούς Σταυρός') – wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest.

According to the original decree, the Order was to be awarded to those Greek citizens who took part in the War of Independence, or "who should distinguish themselves henceforth in any branch of public service, in the army and navy, in the diplomatic and judicial corps, in public administration, in the arts, science, agriculture and industry, commerce, or should distinguish themselves in any other social field through outstanding civic virtue, and through illustrious services to the Throne, for the Glory of the Hellenic name and for the welfare of the fatherland", while foreigners were admitted either for past services to Greece, or due to their ability "to bring honour to the Order, through their outstanding personal virtues and excellence".[3]

The original decree set specific limits on the number of awards: while the Silver Cross could be awarded at will, Gold Crosses were limited to 120, Commanders to 30, Grand Commanders to 20, and Grand Crosses to 12. Foreign recipients and princes of the Greek royal family did not count to these totals.[3] In modern times, in practice the Grand Cross is awarded only to foreign heads of state.[2]

The first person to be awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer was King Ludwig I of Bavaria, the father of King Otto, in 1833.[2] Other distinguished recipients included Andreas Miaoulis in 1835, Baron Guenther Heinrich von Berg on 21 February 1837 Petrobey Mavromichalis, Alexandros Mavrokordatos and Lazaros Kountouriotis in 1836, Andreas Zaimis, Theodoros Kolokotronis and Georgios Kountouriotis in 1837, and Konstantinos Kanaris in 1864.

Insignia

[edit]

The form of the various insignias has been altered a number of times since the establishment of the order, the most obvious change being the removal of the crown during the periods of republican rule. The present form of insignias is regulated by Presidential Decree 849/1975 (ΦΕΚ 273 Α΄/4-12-1975).

The original decree of 1833 described the badge of the Order as consisting of a white enamelled Maltese cross (silver for the Silver Cross, gold for the higher grades), surmounted by a crown, set on a green enamelled wreath, one half of which is an oak branch and the other half a laurel branch.[3] The obverse featured a white cross on a blue background (the coat of arms of Greece) with Otto's Bavarian arms in an inescutcheon in the centre, surrounded by this inscription on an outer ring: Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ ("Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power", Exodus, 15:6).[3] The reverse featured a portrait of Otto with the circular inscription: ΟΘΩΝ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ ("Otto, King of Greece").[3]

Badge of the Order since 1863, obverse on the left and reverse on the right. Under the monarchy, a royal crown surmounted the cross.

After Otto's deposition in 1863, his portrait was removed and substituted by an icon of Jesus, the Redeemer of Orthodox Christian soteriology. This resulted in the wearing of this side as the obverse, with the national coat of arms (purged of the Bavarian escutcheon) relegated to the reverse, and the inscriptions correspondingly changed: the obverse's inscription remained in place, and the reverse came to feature a new inscription: Η ΕΝ ΑΡΓΕΙ Δ´ ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΥΝΕΛΕΥΣΙΣ - 1829 ("The IV National Assembly of the Hellenes at Argos – 1829").[2]

The star of the Order is an eight-pointed faceted silver star with the same central disc as on the badge of the Order. At first the stars were embroidered, but eventually, they were made of solid silver, a practice that continues to this day.[2]

The ribbon of the Order is light blue, edged with white, reflecting the national colours of Greece.[2]

Recipients

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Americans decorated" (PDF). New York Times. September 12, 1906. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Hellenic Orders and Decorations: Order of the Redeemer". Presidency of the Hellenic Republic. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h A.I. Kladis (1837). Κεφάλαιον Όγδοον. Περί της συστάσεως Τάγματος Αριστείας δια το Βασίλειον της Ελλάδος. [Chapter Eight. On the establishment of an Order of Merit for the Kingdom of Greece]. ΕΦΕΤΗΡΙΣ (Almanach) του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος δια το έτος 1837. Athens: Βασιλική Τυπογραφία και Λιθογραφία. pp. 123–136.
  4. ^ (Government Gazette 19, issue A, dated 20 Jan. 1833)
  5. ^ "Hofstaat Seiner Kaiserlichen und Königlichen Apostolischen Majestät", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (in German), Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1916, p. 16 – via alex.onb.ac.at

Further reading

[edit]
  • George J. Beldecos, "Hellenic Orders, Decorations and Medals", pub. Hellenic War Museum, Athens 1991, ISBN 960-85054-0-2.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order of the Redeemer.
Greek orders timeline
Orders by precedence 1832–1909 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970–present
Order of the Redeemer . Rep.
Order of Honour Rep.
Order of Saints George and Constantine . . . Dynastic
Order of Saints Olga and Sophia . . . Dynastic
Order of George I . . . . Dynastic
Order of the Phoenix . Rep.
Order of Beneficence . Rep.
Years
Regime Monarchy Republic Mon. Rep. Monarchy Rep.
1832–1909 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970–present
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