Xikang: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox former subdivision |
{{Infobox former subdivision |
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|native_name = 西康省 |
|native_name = {{nobold|西康省}} |
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|conventional_long_name = Xikang Province |
|conventional_long_name = Xikang Province |
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|common_name = Xikang |
|common_name = Xikang |
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|date_event1 = 27 March 1950 |
|date_event1 = 27 March 1950 |
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|era = 20th century |
|era = 20th century |
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|image_map = |
|image_map = ROC Div Xikang.svg |
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|image_map_caption = Xikang Province in the Republic of China |
|image_map_caption = Xikang Province in the Republic of China |
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|p1 = Chuanbian Special Region |
|p1 = Chuanbian Special Region |
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|flag_p1 = Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg |
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg |
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{{Infobox former subdivision |
{{Infobox former subdivision |
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|native_name = 西康省 |
|native_name = {{nobold|西康省}} |
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|conventional_long_name = Xikang Province |
|conventional_long_name = Xikang Province |
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|common_name = Xikang |
|common_name = Xikang |
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'''Xikang''' ( |
'''Xikang''' (formerly romanized as '''Sikang''' or '''Hsikang''', {{literal translation|[[Kham]]-in-the-West}} or 'Kham to the west [of [[Sichuan]]]') was a nominal province<ref> |
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{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=30}}: "Despite its almost entirely illusory nature, the so-called Xikang province was officially sketched out by Chinese map-makers, from whom it came to be known nation-wide. |
{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=30}}: "Despite its almost entirely illusory nature, the so-called Xikang province was officially sketched out by Chinese map-makers, from whom it came to be known nation-wide. |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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formed by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1939 on the initiative of prominent [[Sichuan]] warlord [[Liu Wenhui]]<ref>Yajun Mo, "''The New Frontier: Zhuang Xueben and Xikang Province''", in "''Chinese History in Geographical Perspective''", edited by Yongtao Du and Jeff Kyong-McClain, p. 124, Lexington Books, 2013</ref> and |
formed by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1939 on the initiative of prominent [[Sichuan]] warlord [[Liu Wenhui]]<ref>Yajun Mo, "''The New Frontier: Zhuang Xueben and Xikang Province''", in "''Chinese History in Geographical Perspective''", edited by Yongtao Du and Jeff Kyong-McClain, p. 124, Lexington Books, 2013</ref> and retained by the early [[China|People's Republic of China]]. The former territory of Xikang is now divided between the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and [[Sichuan|Sichuan province]]. |
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The idea behind Xikang province was to form a single unified province for the entire [[Kham]] region under direct Chinese administration, in effect annexing the [[Chamdo Region|western Kham region]] that was then under Tibetan control. Kham was entirely populated by [[Tibetan people]] called [[Khampa (people)|Khampas]]. The then-independent [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] controlled the portion of Kham west of the [[Yangtze|Upper Yangtze River]].<ref> |
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{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=29}}: "According to the Kuomintang, the boundary of this new Xikang province encompassed, not only part of the southwestern province of Sichuan that was then dominated by the Han Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui, but also a huge portion of the ethnographic Tibetan area west of the Upper Yangtze River that was then effectively administered by the autonomous Tibetan government." |
{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=29}}: "According to the Kuomintang, the boundary of this new Xikang province encompassed, not only part of the southwestern province of Sichuan that was then dominated by the Han Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui, but also a huge portion of the ethnographic Tibetan area west of the Upper Yangtze River that was then effectively administered by the autonomous Tibetan government." |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=29}}: "In addition, the newly carved provincial boundary also extended deep into the Tibetan-Assam tribal territory, including areas south of the theoretically existing McMahon Line that had been signed away to British India by Lhasa in 1914." |
{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=29}}: "In addition, the newly carved provincial boundary also extended deep into the Tibetan-Assam tribal territory, including areas south of the theoretically existing McMahon Line that had been signed away to British India by Lhasa in 1914." |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as [[Han Chinese]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Qiang people]] and Tibetan, then known as ''Chuanbian'' ({{lang|zh|川邊}}), a [[Special administrative regions of China#Defunct SARs|special administrative region]] of the Republic of China. In 1939, it became the new Xikang province with the additional territories belonging to Tibetan and British control added in. After the People's Republic of China invaded and occupied Tibet, the earlier nationalist imagination of Xikang came to fruition. |
The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as [[Han Chinese]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Qiang people]] and Tibetan, then known as ''Chuanbian'' ({{lang|zh|川邊}}), a [[Special administrative regions of China#Defunct SARs|special administrative region]] of the Republic of China. In 1939, it became the new Xikang province with the additional territories belonging to Tibetan and British control added in. After the People's Republic of China [[Invasion of Tibet (1950-1951)|invaded and occupied Tibet]], the earlier nationalist imagination of Xikang came to fruition. |
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⚫ | The provincial capital of Xikang was [[Kangding]] from 1939 to 1951 and [[Ya'an]] from 1951 to 1955. The province had a population of 3.4 million in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |title=第一次全国人口普查公报 |access-date=November 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref> |
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== Overview == |
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⚫ | The provincial capital of Xikang was [[Kangding]] from 1939 to 1951 and [[Ya'an]] from 1951 to 1955. The province had a population of 3.4 million in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |title=第一次全国人口普查公报 |access-date=November 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref> |
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The idea of "Xikang" was to construct an independent province of China for the entire [[Kham]] region, which would be separate from [[Tibet]] as well as [[Sichuan]]. Even though it was defined in regulations and sketched out on maps, only the eastern Kham region was ever under the control of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Simla Convention and ROC control in Kham.jpg|thumb|left|280px|ROC's control in Kham: Light blue line on the west represents the boundary in 1912–1917, after which the ROC was pushed back to the brown line during 1918–1932. By 1945, it arrived at the dotted red line. The dark blue was the [[Simla Convention]] boundary that ROC turned down.]] |
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{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}} |
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[[File:Xikang province in 1950 CIA map of Tibet.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The Xikang province |
[[File:Xikang province in 1950 CIA map of Tibet.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The Xikang province shown with a dark green line boundary ([[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], 1950)]] |
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[[File:1945 Central and Eastern Tibet from Tibetan Precis by Richardson in Himalayan Triangle.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The Chinese control of the southeastern Tibet shown along with the proposed [[Simla Convention]] frontier of 1914.]] |
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Following the 1905 [[Batang uprising]], [[Qing China]] appointed [[Zhao Erfeng]] as the Imperial Commissioner for the Sichuan-Yunnan Frontier.{{sfnp|Wang, China's Last Imperial Frontier|2011}} Zhao reduced all the autonomous native states in both the western and eastern Kham by 1910 and converted them into Chinese districts governed by magistrates.{{sfnp|Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon|1997|p=27}} He signed an agreement with the Tibetan government setting the border between China and Tibet at [[Gyamda]].{{sfnp|McGranahan, From Simla to Rongbatsa|2003|p=43}} This paved the way for the formation of a Xikang province, proposed by Zhang's successor Fu Songmu.{{sfnp|Lawson, Xikang|2011|pp=2–3}} |
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In 1910, general Zhao Erfang occupied [[Kham]] region, destroyed a few monasteries and killed over 1000 lamas. Later on, he proclaimed this territory as a new Chinese province subsequently known as Xikang. |
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Following the [[Wuchang Uprising]] in October 1911 which led to the downfall of the [[Qing dynasty]], |
Following the [[Wuchang Uprising]] in October 1911, which led to the downfall of the [[Qing dynasty]], the region subdued by Frontier Commissioners was established as the '''Chuanbian Special Administrative District''' ({{lang|zh|川邊特別行政區}}) by the newly founded Republic of China. |
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In June 1930 |
In June 1930, eastern Kham (later Xikang) was invaded by the [[Tibetan Army|army of Tibet]], precipitating the [[Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932|Sino-Tibetan War]]. With the district locked in internal struggles, no reinforcements were sent to support the [[Sichuan]]ese troops stationed here. As a result, the Tibetan army captured [[Garzê County|Garzê]] and [[Xinlong County|Xinlong Counties]] without encountering much resistance. When a negotiated ceasefire failed, Tibetan forces expanded the war, attempting to capture parts of southern [[Qinghai]] province. In March 1932, their force invaded Qinghai but was defeated by the local [[Hui people|Hui]] warlord [[Ma Bufang]] in July, who routed the Tibetan army and drove it back to this district.{{which|date=January 2024}}{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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The Hui army captured counties that had fallen into the hands of the Tibetan army since 1919. Their victories threatened the supply lines |
The Hui army captured counties that had fallen into the hands of the Tibetan army since 1919. Their victories threatened the supply lines of the Tibetan forces in Garzê and Xinlong. As a result, part of the Tibetan army was forced to withdraw.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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In 1932 [[Liu Wenhui]] in cooperation with the Qinghai army, sent out a [[brigade]] to attack the Tibetan troops in |
In 1932 [[Liu Wenhui]] in cooperation with the Qinghai army, sent out a [[brigade]] to attack the Tibetan troops in Garzê and Xinlong, eventually occupying them, [[Dêgê County|Dêgê]] and other counties east of the Jinshajiang River. The [[1934 Khamba Rebellion]] led by the Pandatsang family broke out against the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Khampa revolutionary leader [[Pandatsang Rapga]] was involved.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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In January 1939, the ''Chuanbian Special Administrative District'' officially became a province of the Republic, the '''Hsikang Province'''. Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of |
In January 1939, the ''Chuanbian Special Administrative District'' officially became a province of the Republic, the '''Hsikang Province'''. Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of Xikang, where he formed a local government. He was sent there for the purpose of propagating the [[Three Principles of the People]] to the Khampa.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2011-12-27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95 |title=Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|edition=illustrated|volume=67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia|page=27|quote=area and spreading Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principle among the Tibetan and Khampa minorities, Kesang Tsering set up a field headquarters in Batang (Pa'an). There he appointed his own Xikang provincial government staff and issued an|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3}}</ref> |
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In 1950, following the defeat of the [[Kuomintang]] by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]], Xikang was split along the [[Yangtze]] into Sikang to the east and a separate [[Chamdo]] Territory ({{lang|zh|昌都地区}}) to the west. Chamdo was merged into [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in 1965. The rest of |
In 1950, following the defeat of the [[Kuomintang]] by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]], Xikang was split along the [[Yangtze]] into Sikang to the east and a separate [[Chamdo]] Territory ({{lang|zh|昌都地区}}) to the west. Chamdo was merged into [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in 1965. The rest of Xikang was merged into [[Sichuan]] in 1955.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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==Administrative divisions== |
==Administrative divisions== |
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|-- bgcolor=#EEEEEE |
|-- bgcolor=#EEEEEE |
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! style="background:{{party color|Kuomintang}}; color:white;" rowspan=2| 2 |
! style="background:{{party color|Kuomintang}}; color:white;" rowspan=2| 2 |
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| rowspan=2 align=center|[[Image:He Guoguang.jpg|80px]] |
| rowspan=2 align=center|[[Image:He Guoguang (cropped).jpg|80px]] |
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| rowspan=2 align=center| '''Ho Kuo-kuang'''<br><span style="font-size:125%;">賀國光</span><br><small>''Hè Guóguāng''<br>(1885–1969)</small> |
| rowspan=2 align=center| '''Ho Kuo-kuang'''<br><span style="font-size:125%;">賀國光</span><br><small>''Hè Guóguāng''<br>(1885–1969)</small> |
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| 25 December 1949 || March 1950 |
| 25 December 1949 || March 1950 |
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! style="background:{{party color|Chinese Communist Party}}; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 |
! style="background:{{party color|Chinese Communist Party}}; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 |
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| rowspan=2 align=center| |
| rowspan=2 align=center| |
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| rowspan=2 align=center| '''Liao Zhigao'''<br><span style="font-size:125%;">廖志高</span><br><small>''Liào Zhìgāo''<br>(1913–2000)</small> |
| rowspan=2 align=center| '''[[Liao Zhigao]]'''<br><span style="font-size:125%;">廖志高</span><br><small>''Liào Zhìgāo''<br>(1913–2000)</small> |
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| 1950 || 1955 |
| 1950 || 1955 |
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| [[Chinese Communist Party]] |
| [[Chinese Communist Party]] |
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=== |
===People's Government Chairperson/Governor=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|-- |
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! style="background:{{party color|Chinese Communist Party}}; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 |
! style="background:{{party color|Chinese Communist Party}}; color:white;" rowspan=2| 1 |
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| rowspan=2 align=center| |
| rowspan=2 align=center| |
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| rowspan=2 align=center| '''Liao Zhigao'''<br><span style="font-size:125%;">廖志高</span><br><small>''Liào Zhìgāo''<br>(1913–2000)</small> |
| rowspan=2 align=center| '''[[Liao Zhigao]]'''<br><span style="font-size:125%;">廖志高</span><br><small>''Liào Zhìgāo''<br>(1913–2000)</small> |
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| 26 April 1950 || September 1955 |
| 26 April 1950 || September 1955 |
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| [[Chinese Communist Party]] |
| [[Chinese Communist Party]] |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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* {{citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |title=The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LI-tIwxk4RAC |year=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21951-9 |ref={{sfnref|Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon|1997}}}} |
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* {{citation |first=Joe |last=Lawson |title=Xikang: Han Chinese in Sichuan's Western Frontier, 1905-1949 |publisher=Victoria University of Wellington |year=2011 |url=https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/4449/thesis.pdf?sequence=1 |ref={{sfnref|Lawson, Xikang|2011}}}} |
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* {{citation|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting |last=Lin |first=Hsiao-ting |title=Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=32 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1080/0308653042000279650 |s2cid=159560382 |ref={{sfnref|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004}}}} |
* {{citation|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting |last=Lin |first=Hsiao-ting |title=Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=32 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1080/0308653042000279650 |s2cid=159560382 |ref={{sfnref|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004}}}} |
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* {{cite book |first=Hsiao-ting |last=Lin |title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A journey to the west |year=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-58264-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95 |ref={{sfnref|Lin, Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers|2010}}}} |
* {{cite book |first=Hsiao-ting |last=Lin |title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A journey to the west |year=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-58264-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95 |ref={{sfnref|Lin, Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers|2010}}}} |
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* {{citation |last=McGranahan |first=Carole |title=From Simla to Rongbatsa: The British and the "Modern" Boundaries of Tibet |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=28 |number=4 |date=Winter 2003 |pages=39–60 |jstor=43302541 |ref={{sfnref|McGranahan, From Simla to Rongbatsa|2003}}}} |
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* {{citation |last=Wang |first=Xiuyu |title=China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHOt--rbgJoC |year=2011 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-6809-7 |ref={{sfnref|Wang, China's Last Imperial Frontier|2011}}}} |
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{{Defunct Chinese provinces}} |
{{Defunct Chinese provinces}} |
Latest revision as of 13:11, 11 September 2024
Xikang Province 西康省 | |||||||||||
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Province of the Republic of China (1939–1950) | |||||||||||
1939–1950 | |||||||||||
Xikang Province in the Republic of China | |||||||||||
Capital | Kangding (1912–1931) Ba'an (1931–1935) Ya'an (1935–1936) Kangding (1935–1949) Xichang (1949–1950) | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Estimate | 451,521 km2 (174,333 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• Estimate | 1,748,458 | ||||||||||
Historical era | 20th century | ||||||||||
• Established | 1939 | ||||||||||
• Fall of Xichang | 27 March 1950 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1950 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | China India |
Xikang Province 西康省 | |||||||||||
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Province of the People's Republic of China (1950–1955) | |||||||||||
1950–1955 | |||||||||||
Xikang Province (orange) in the People's Republic of China | |||||||||||
Capital | Kangding (1950–1951) Ya'an (1951–1955) | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• 1953 | 451,521 km2 (174,333 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1953 | 3,381,064 | ||||||||||
Historical era | 20th century | ||||||||||
• Established | 1950 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1955 | ||||||||||
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Today part of | China India |
Xikang (formerly romanized as Sikang or Hsikang, lit. 'Kham-in-the-West' or 'Kham to the west [of Sichuan]') was a nominal province[1] formed by the Republic of China in 1939 on the initiative of prominent Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui[2] and retained by the early People's Republic of China. The former territory of Xikang is now divided between the Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan province.
The idea behind Xikang province was to form a single unified province for the entire Kham region under direct Chinese administration, in effect annexing the western Kham region that was then under Tibetan control. Kham was entirely populated by Tibetan people called Khampas. The then-independent Tibet controlled the portion of Kham west of the Upper Yangtze River.[3] The nominal Xikang province also included in the south the Assam Himalayan region (Arunachal Pradesh) that Tibet had recognised as a part of British India by the 1914 McMahon Line agreement.[4] The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as Han Chinese, Yi, Qiang people and Tibetan, then known as Chuanbian (川邊), a special administrative region of the Republic of China. In 1939, it became the new Xikang province with the additional territories belonging to Tibetan and British control added in. After the People's Republic of China invaded and occupied Tibet, the earlier nationalist imagination of Xikang came to fruition.
The provincial capital of Xikang was Kangding from 1939 to 1951 and Ya'an from 1951 to 1955. The province had a population of 3.4 million in 1954.[5]
Overview
[edit]The idea of "Xikang" was to construct an independent province of China for the entire Kham region, which would be separate from Tibet as well as Sichuan. Even though it was defined in regulations and sketched out on maps, only the eastern Kham region was ever under the control of the Republic of China.[citation needed]
History
[edit]Following the 1905 Batang uprising, Qing China appointed Zhao Erfeng as the Imperial Commissioner for the Sichuan-Yunnan Frontier.[6] Zhao reduced all the autonomous native states in both the western and eastern Kham by 1910 and converted them into Chinese districts governed by magistrates.[7] He signed an agreement with the Tibetan government setting the border between China and Tibet at Gyamda.[8] This paved the way for the formation of a Xikang province, proposed by Zhang's successor Fu Songmu.[9]
Following the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, which led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty, the region subdued by Frontier Commissioners was established as the Chuanbian Special Administrative District (川邊特別行政區) by the newly founded Republic of China.
In June 1930, eastern Kham (later Xikang) was invaded by the army of Tibet, precipitating the Sino-Tibetan War. With the district locked in internal struggles, no reinforcements were sent to support the Sichuanese troops stationed here. As a result, the Tibetan army captured Garzê and Xinlong Counties without encountering much resistance. When a negotiated ceasefire failed, Tibetan forces expanded the war, attempting to capture parts of southern Qinghai province. In March 1932, their force invaded Qinghai but was defeated by the local Hui warlord Ma Bufang in July, who routed the Tibetan army and drove it back to this district.[which?][citation needed]
The Hui army captured counties that had fallen into the hands of the Tibetan army since 1919. Their victories threatened the supply lines of the Tibetan forces in Garzê and Xinlong. As a result, part of the Tibetan army was forced to withdraw.[citation needed]
In 1932 Liu Wenhui in cooperation with the Qinghai army, sent out a brigade to attack the Tibetan troops in Garzê and Xinlong, eventually occupying them, Dêgê and other counties east of the Jinshajiang River. The 1934 Khamba Rebellion led by the Pandatsang family broke out against the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Khampa revolutionary leader Pandatsang Rapga was involved.[citation needed]
In January 1939, the Chuanbian Special Administrative District officially became a province of the Republic, the Hsikang Province. Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of Xikang, where he formed a local government. He was sent there for the purpose of propagating the Three Principles of the People to the Khampa.[10]
In 1950, following the defeat of the Kuomintang by the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, Xikang was split along the Yangtze into Sikang to the east and a separate Chamdo Territory (昌都地区) to the west. Chamdo was merged into Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965. The rest of Xikang was merged into Sichuan in 1955.[citation needed]
Administrative divisions
[edit]1939–1950
[edit]Name | Administrative Seat | Traditional Chinese | Subdivisions | Comments |
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First Administrative Circuit | Kangding County | 第一行政督察區 | 4 counties, 1 bureau | Later the Xikang Province Tibetan Autonomous Region |
Second Administrative Circuit | Yingjing County | 第二行政督察區 | 7 counties | Later the Ya'an Division |
Third Administrative Circuit | Xichang County | 第三行政督察區 | 9 counties, 3 bureaus | Later the XIchang Division |
Fourth Administrative Circuit | Garzê County | 第四行政督察區 | 15 counties | Later the Xikang Province Tibetan Autonomous Region |
Fifth Administrative Circuit | — | 第五行政督察區 | 13 counties | Chamdo Region; de facto controlled by Tibet |
1950–1955
[edit]Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Subdivisions |
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Ya'an (1951–1955) | 雅安市 | Yǎ'ān shì | 1 city Ya'an |
Ya'an Division | 雅安专区 | Yǎ'ān Zhuānqū | 8 counties Ya'an (1950–1951), Baoxing, Lushan, Tianquan, Yingjing, Hanyuan, Mingshan (1951–1955), Shimian (1951–1955) |
Xichang Division | 西昌专区 | Xīchāng Zhuānqū | 13 counties Xichang, Yanyuan, Yanbian, Huili, Ningnan, Dechang, Zhaojue (1950–1952), Yuexi, Mianning, Jinkang (1952–1955), Muli (1952–1955), Miyi (1952–1955), Huidong 3 bureaus Puge (1950–1952), Ningdong (1950–1952), Luoning (1950–1952) |
Xikang Province Tibetan Autonomous Region | 西康省藏族自治区 | Xīkāng Shěng Zàngzú Zìzhìqū | 20 counties direct controlled Kangding, Danba, Qianning, Yajiang, Luding, Jiulong 1 bureau Jintang Ganzi Regional Office (1951–1955) Litang Regional Office (1951–1955) |
Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region (1952–1955) | 凉山彝族自治区 | Liángshān Yízú Zìzhìqū | 8 counties Zhaojue, Puge, Ningdong, Xide, Butuo, Jinyang, Meigu, Puxiong |
List of governors
[edit]Kuomintang (Nationalist) Chinese Communist Party
Chairperson of the Provincial Government
[edit]No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Liu Wenhui 劉文輝 Liú Wénhuī (1895–1976) |
1 January 1939 | 9 December 1949 | Kuomintang | |
Defected to the Communists. | |||||
2 | Ho Kuo-kuang 賀國光 Hè Guóguāng (1885–1969) |
25 December 1949 | March 1950 | Kuomintang | |
Fled to Taiwan via Haikou after fall of Xichang. |
Xikang CPC Party Committee Secretary
[edit]No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Liao Zhigao 廖志高 Liào Zhìgāo (1913–2000) |
1950 | 1955 | Chinese Communist Party | |
Province abolished. |
People's Government Chairperson/Governor
[edit]No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Liao Zhigao 廖志高 Liào Zhìgāo (1913–2000) |
26 April 1950 | September 1955 | Chinese Communist Party | |
Province abolished. |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination (2004), p. 30: "Despite its almost entirely illusory nature, the so-called Xikang province was officially sketched out by Chinese map-makers, from whom it came to be known nation-wide.
- ^ Yajun Mo, "The New Frontier: Zhuang Xueben and Xikang Province", in "Chinese History in Geographical Perspective", edited by Yongtao Du and Jeff Kyong-McClain, p. 124, Lexington Books, 2013
- ^ Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination (2004), p. 29: "According to the Kuomintang, the boundary of this new Xikang province encompassed, not only part of the southwestern province of Sichuan that was then dominated by the Han Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui, but also a huge portion of the ethnographic Tibetan area west of the Upper Yangtze River that was then effectively administered by the autonomous Tibetan government."
- ^ Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination (2004), p. 29: "In addition, the newly carved provincial boundary also extended deep into the Tibetan-Assam tribal territory, including areas south of the theoretically existing McMahon Line that had been signed away to British India by Lhasa in 1914."
- ^ "第一次全国人口普查公报". Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
- ^ Wang, China's Last Imperial Frontier (2011).
- ^ Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997), p. 27.
- ^ McGranahan, From Simla to Rongbatsa (2003), p. 43.
- ^ Lawson, Xikang (2011), pp. 2–3.
- ^ Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
area and spreading Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principle among the Tibetan and Khampa minorities, Kesang Tsering set up a field headquarters in Batang (Pa'an). There he appointed his own Xikang provincial government staff and issued an
Bibliography
[edit]- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9
- Lawson, Joe (2011), Xikang: Han Chinese in Sichuan's Western Frontier, 1905-1949 (PDF), Victoria University of Wellington
- Lin, Hsiao-ting (2004), "Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47", The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 32 (3): 25–47, doi:10.1080/0308653042000279650, S2CID 159560382
- Lin, Hsiao-ting (2010). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A journey to the west. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3.
- McGranahan, Carole (Winter 2003), "From Simla to Rongbatsa: The British and the "Modern" Boundaries of Tibet", The Tibet Journal, 28 (4): 39–60, JSTOR 43302541
- Wang, Xiuyu (2011), China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands, Lexington Books, ISBN 978-0-7391-6809-7
- States and territories established in 1939
- States and territories disestablished in 1950
- States and territories established in 1950
- States and territories disestablished in 1955
- 1939 establishments in Tibet
- Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
- Former provinces of China
- Tibet
- 1950 disestablishments in China