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{{Short description|Private women-focused university in Boston, Massachusetts}}
{{Short description|Private women's university in Boston, Massachusetts, US}}
{{About|the college in Massachusetts|other schools of the same name|List of colleges named Simmons}}
{{About|the college in Massachusetts|other schools of the same name|List of colleges named Simmons}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
{{Infobox university
| name = Simmons University
| name = Simmons University
| former_names = Simmons College (1899–2018)
| image = Simmons_University_Logo.png
| image = Simmons University Boston Word mark.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1899}}
| established = {{start date and age|1899}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| type = [[Private university]]
| endowment = $190.4 million (2020)<ref>As of June 30, 2020. {{cite report |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]] |date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>
| endowment = $225.6 million (2023)<ref>As of June 30, 2023. {{cite report |url=https://www.simmons.edu/financial-reporting#:~:text=The%20University%27s%20endowment%20was%20valued,million%20over%20the%20prior%20year. | title=Financial Reporting &#124; Simmons University }}</ref>
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| president = [[Dr. Lynn Perry Wooten]]
| president = [[Lynn Perry Wooten]]
| faculty = 224 full-time/648 part-time
| faculty = 224 full-time/648 part-time
| undergrad = 1,736
| students = 5,710<ref>{{cite web | title = College Navigator - Simmons University | language = en | access-date = 2024-07-22 | publisher = [[National Center for Education Statistics]] | url = https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=MA&id=167783}}</ref> <small>(fall 2022)</small>
| postgrad = 4,527
| undergrad = 1,736
| city = [[Boston]]
| postgrad = 4,527
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| city = [[Boston]]
| country = United States
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| nickname = [[Sharks]]
| country = United States
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| nickname = [[Sharks]]
| campus_size = {{convert|12|acre}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[Colleges of the Fenway]]
| campus_size = {{convert|12|acre}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.simmons.edu}}
| affiliations = [[Colleges of the Fenway]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.simmons.edu}}
}}
}}


'''Simmons University''' (previously '''Simmons College''') is a [[private university]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. It was established in 1899 by clothing manufacturer [[John Simmons (clothing manufacturer)|John Simmons]]. In 2018, it reorganized its structure and changed its name to a university. Its undergraduate program is [[Women's colleges in the United States|women-focused]] while its graduate programs are [[co-educational]].
'''Simmons University''' (previously '''Simmons College''') is a [[private university]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. It was established in 1899 by clothing manufacturer [[John Simmons (clothing manufacturer)|John Simmons]]. In 2018, it reorganized its structure and changed its name to a university. Its undergraduate program is [[Women's colleges in the United States|women-focused]] while its graduate programs are [[co-educational]].


Simmons is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref name=":0" /> Admission is considered moderately difficult;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Simmons University Overview {{!}} CollegeData|url=https://www.collegedata.com/college-search/simmons-college|access-date=2021-11-01|website=www.collegedata.com|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2020|lc=y}}, 83{{Nbsp}}percent of applicants to undergraduate programs were accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simmons University|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/simmons-university-2208|url-status=live|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref>
Simmons is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref name=":0" /> As of 2020, 83{{Nbsp}}percent of applicants to undergraduate programs were accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simmons University|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/simmons-university-2208|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> The university is divided into two campuses in the [[Fenway–Kenmore|Fenway-Kenmore]] neighborhood totaling {{Convert|12|acre}}, one of which has five academic buildings and the other of which has nine [[Georgian architecture|Georgian-style]] residential buildings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Simmons University Overview {{!}} CollegeData |url=https://www.collegedata.com/college-search/simmons-college |access-date=2021-11-01 |website=www.collegedata.com |language=en}}</ref>

The university is divided into two campuses in the [[Fenway–Kenmore|Fenway-Kenmore]] neighborhood totaling {{Convert|12|acre}}, one of which has five academic buildings and the other of which has nine [[Georgian architecture|Georgian-style]] residential buildings.<ref name=":1" />


The university enrolls approximately 1,736 undergraduates and 4,527 graduate students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmons University |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=simmons+university&s=all&id=167783 |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=US Department of Education |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> Its athletics teams compete in [[NCAA Division III]] as the Sharks.
The university enrolls approximately 1,736 undergraduates and 4,527 graduate students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmons University |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=simmons+university&s=all&id=167783 |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=US Department of Education |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> Its athletics teams compete in [[NCAA Division III]] as the Sharks.


==History==
==History==
Simmons was founded in 1899 with a bequest by [[John Simmons (clothing manufacturer)|John Simmons]], a wealthy clothing manufacturer in Boston. Simmons founded the college, called '''Simmons College''', based on the belief that women ought to live independently by offering a [[Liberal Arts|liberal arts]] education for undergraduate women to integrate into professional work experience.<ref name="History: About Simmons College">{{cite web | title = History: About Simmons College| work = Simmons College | url= http://www.simmons.edu/overview/about/today/history}}</ref> [[Sarah Louise Arnold]] was the school's first [[Dean (education)|dean]]<ref name="Simmons">{{cite web |title=Sarah Louise Arnold: The Suffragist Dean |url=https://beatleyweb.simmons.edu/suffrage/exhibits/show/simmons-university-and-the-suf/suffragist-deanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Louise_Arnold&action=edit# |publisher=Simmons University |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> (she also later served as national president of the [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scouts]]).<ref name="TheBirmingham-11oct1925">{{cite news |title=EDUCATION THEME OF SCOUT LEADER |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/572350773/?terms=Sarah%20Louise%20Arnold&match=1 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[The Birmingham News]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=11 October 1925 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref>


Simmons is a member of the [[Colleges of the Fenway]] consortium, which also includes [[Emmanuel College, Boston|Emmanuel College]], [[Wentworth Institute of Technology]], [[Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]], and [[Massachusetts College of Art and Design]]. Simmons absorbed [[Garland Junior College]] in 1976.<ref>{{citation |url=http://collegehistorygarden.blogspot.com/2014/12/massachusetts-colleges-that-have-closed.html|title=Massachusetts Colleges that have Closed, Merged, or Changed Names|date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Brown, Ray C.| access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> ([[Wheelock College]], a former member, merged with Boston University to become the Boston University Wheelock College of Education & Human Development.)
Simmons was founded in 1899 with a bequest by [[John Simmons (clothing manufacturer)|John Simmons]], a wealthy clothing manufacturer in Boston. Simmons founded the college based on the belief that women ought to live independently by offering a [[Liberal Arts|liberal arts]] education for undergraduate women to integrate into professional work experience.<ref name="History: About Simmons College">{{cite web | title = History: About Simmons College| work = Simmons College | url= http://www.simmons.edu/overview/about/today/history}}</ref> [[Sarah Louise Arnold]] was the school's first [[Dean (education)|dean]];<ref name="Simmons">{{cite web |title=Sarah Louise Arnold: The Suffragist Dean |url=https://beatleyweb.simmons.edu/suffrage/exhibits/show/simmons-university-and-the-suf/suffragist-deanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Louise_Arnold&action=edit# |publisher=Simmons University |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> she also served as national president of the [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scouts]].<ref name="TheBirmingham-11oct1925">{{cite news |title=EDUCATION THEME OF SCOUT LEADER |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/572350773/?terms=Sarah%20Louise%20Arnold&match=1 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[The Birmingham News]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=11 October 1925 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref>

Simmons is a member of the [[Colleges of the Fenway]] consortium, which also includes [[Emmanuel College, Boston|Emmanuel College]], [[Wentworth Institute of Technology]], [[Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]], and [[Massachusetts College of Art and Design]]. Simmons absorbed [[Garland Junior College]] in 1976.<ref>{{citation |url=http://collegehistorygarden.blogspot.com/2014/12/massachusetts-colleges-that-have-closed.html|title=Massachusetts Colleges that have Closed, Merged, or Changed Names|date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Brown, Ray C.| access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> Wheelock College, a former member, merged with Boston University to become the Boston University Wheelock College of Education & Human Development.


Simmons graduated its first [[African American]] student in 1914. Furthermore, Simmons was one of the few private colleges not to impose admission quotas on [[Jewish]] students for the first half of the 1900s.<ref name="History: About Simmons College"/>
Simmons graduated its first [[African American]] student in 1914. Furthermore, Simmons was one of the few private colleges not to impose admission quotas on [[Jewish]] students for the first half of the 1900s.<ref name="History: About Simmons College"/>
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In 2014, Simmons College teamed up with for-profit online program manager [[2U (company)|2U]], a deal that would generate hundreds of millions of dollars in revenues for the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Graduate programs have become a cash cow for struggling colleges. What does that mean for students? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/graduate-programs-become-cash-cow-struggling-colleges-mean-students |website=www.pbs.org |date=September 18, 2017 |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>
In 2014, Simmons College teamed up with for-profit online program manager [[2U (company)|2U]], a deal that would generate hundreds of millions of dollars in revenues for the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Graduate programs have become a cash cow for struggling colleges. What does that mean for students? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/graduate-programs-become-cash-cow-struggling-colleges-mean-students |website=www.pbs.org |date=September 18, 2017 |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>


In November 2014, the institution released an explicit policy on the acceptance of [[transgender]] students, claiming a strong tradition of empowering women and challenging traditional gender roles and a "rich history of inclusion." Its undergraduate program accepts applicants who are assigned female at birth as well as those who self-identify as women, making Simmons the third women-centered college in the [[United States]] to accept transgender women.<ref name="Simmons College Opens Its Doors to Trans Students">{{cite web | title = Simmons College Opens Its Doors to Trans Students| work = The Advocate | date = November 11, 2014 | url= http://www.advocate.com/education/2014/11/11/simmons-college-opens-its-doors-trans-students}}</ref> Government documentation of gender is not required. Graduate programs are co-educational, so gender identity is not of concern.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://simmons.edu/admission-and-financial-aid/undergraduate-admission/how-to-apply/admission-requirements-and-deadlines/admission-policy-for-transgender-students-faq|title=Admission Policy for Transgender Students FAQ|website=Simmons.edu|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>
In November 2014, the institution released an explicit policy on the acceptance of [[transgender]] students, claiming a strong tradition of empowering women and challenging traditional gender roles and a "rich history of inclusion." Its undergraduate program accepts applicants who are assigned female at birth as well as those who self-identify as women, making Simmons the third women-centered college in the [[United States]] to accept transgender women.<ref name="Simmons College Opens Its Doors to Trans Students">{{cite web | title = Simmons College Opens Its Doors to Trans Students| work = The Advocate | date = November 11, 2014 | url= http://www.advocate.com/education/2014/11/11/simmons-college-opens-its-doors-trans-students}}</ref> Government documentation of gender is not required. (Graduate programs are co-educational, so gender identity is not of concern.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://simmons.edu/admission-and-financial-aid/undergraduate-admission/how-to-apply/admission-requirements-and-deadlines/admission-policy-for-transgender-students-faq|title=Admission Policy for Transgender Students FAQ|website=Simmons.edu|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>


In 2016, the MBA program went online as MBA@Simmons, and began admitting men.<ref>Valentina, Zarya. "[https://fortune.com/2015/08/28/simmons-college-all-female-mba-closes/ The only all-female MBA program is closing—could it have been saved?]" ''Fortune,'' Aug. 28, 2015. Retrieved Aug. 23, 2022.</ref>
In 2016, the MBA program went online as MBA@Simmons, and began admitting men.<ref>Valentina, Zarya. "[https://fortune.com/2015/08/28/simmons-college-all-female-mba-closes/ The only all-female MBA program is closing—could it have been saved?]" ''Fortune,'' Aug. 28, 2015. Retrieved Aug. 23, 2022.</ref>


In 2018, Simmons College changed its name to Simmons University after reorganizing the structure of the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmons Announces University Designation |url=http://www.simmons.edu/news/messages-to-the-simmons-community/2018/may/simmons-announces-university-designation |website=www.simmons.edu |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
In 2018, Simmons College changed its name to '''Simmons University''' after reorganizing the structure of the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmons Announces University Designation |url=http://www.simmons.edu/news/messages-to-the-simmons-community/2018/may/simmons-announces-university-designation |website=www.simmons.edu |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

At the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Simmons extended its Spring 2020 break to March 23 and then resumed instruction on a remote online-only basis.{{Cn|date=June 2022}} The campus and residence halls were closed and all summer programs were cancelled. The 2020-2021 academic year featured online instruction for a majority of programs. For the Spring 2021 semester, the residence halls opened at 50% capacity.{{Cn|date=June 2022}}


==Campus==
==Campus==
Simmons University is divided into currently two campuses located in the [[Fenway–Kenmore|Fenway-Kenmore]] neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. One campus is home to five academic buildings referred to as the Academic Campus. The other campus, referred to as the Residential Campus, is home to nine residential buildings for undergraduate students. The original site of the Simmons College Graduate School of Social Work is featured on the [[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Back Bay East|url=http://bwht.org/back-bay-east/|website=Boston Women's Heritage Trail}}</ref>
Simmons University is currently divided into two campuses located in the [[Fenway–Kenmore|Fenway-Kenmore]] neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. One campus is home to five academic buildings referred to as the Academic Campus. The other campus, referred to as the Residential Campus, is home to nine residential buildings for undergraduate students. The original site of the Simmons College Graduate School of Social Work is featured on the [[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Back Bay East|url=http://bwht.org/back-bay-east/|website=Boston Women's Heritage Trail}}</ref>

In November 2020, a plan for a single campus was launched by the university called One Simmons. This plan aims to combine the two campuses into a single campus and create a 21-story "Living and Learning Center." This will include 1,100 dorm rooms, classrooms, and athletic facilities. Additionally, the plan outlines renovations to the Main College Building and Lefavour Hall. Lefavour Hall specifically will be outfitted with a new library and a new state of the art science center. Following the completion of these renovations in spring of 2022, the Park Science Center has been closed. It is going to be taken down to build the new Living and Learning Center. The project is scheduled to break ground in Fall 2022 and open in Fall 2026.<ref name=":2">Simmons University. “One Simmons.” Simmmons University. Simmons University, 2022. https://www.simmons.edu/about/our-future/campus-that-works .</ref>


In order to achieve such an endeavor, Simmons University entered into an agreement with [[Skanska]], a multinational construction and property development company. This partnership has two stated goals. First, Skanska will build the new Living and Learning Center building, and in exchange, Simmons University will give Skanska a 99-year lease for the grounds of the residential campus.<ref name=":2" /> Secondly, Skanska will plan and execute commercial development of the former residential campus after the construction of the Living and Learning Center is completed.<ref>Probert, Annie. “Developer Proposes Massive Lab and Housing Complex Where Simmons Dorms Now Stand.” ''Boston Globe''. January 7, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/01/07/business/developer-proposes-massive-lab-housing-complex-where-simmons-dorms-now-stand/ .</ref>[[Image:Simmons MCB.jpg|thumb|Simmons College Main College Building|279x279px]]
In November 2020, a plan for a single campus was launched by the university called One Simmons. This plan aims to combine the two campuses into a single campus and create a 21 story "Living and Learning Center." This will include 1,100 dorm rooms, classrooms, and athletic facilities. Additionally, the plan outlines renovations to the Main College Building and Lefavour Hall. Lefavour Hall specifically will be outfitted with a new library and a new state of the art science center. Following the completion of these renovations in spring of 2022, the Park Science Center has been closed. It is going to be taken down to build the new Living and Learning Center. The project is scheduled to break ground in Fall 2022 and open in 2025.<ref name=":2">Simmons University. “One Simmons.” Simmmons University. Simmons University, 2022. <nowiki>https://www.simmons.edu/about/our-future/campus-that-works</nowiki>.</ref>


In order to achieve such an endeavor, Simmons University entered into an agreement with [[Skanska]], a multinational construction and property development company. This partnership has two stated goals. First, Skanska will build the new Living and Learning Center building, and in exchange, Simmons University will give Skanska a 99 year lease for the grounds of the residential campus.<ref name=":2" /> Secondly, Skanska will plan and execute commercial development of the former residential campus after the construction of the Living and Learning Center is completed. <ref>Probert, Annie. “Developer Proposes Massive Lab and Housing Complex Where Simmons Dorms Now Stand.” ''Boston Globe''. January 7, 2022. <nowiki>https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/01/07/business/developer-proposes-massive-lab-housing-complex-where-simmons-dorms-now-stand/</nowiki>.</ref>[[Image:Simmons MCB.jpg|thumb|Simmons College Main College Building|279x279px]]
===Academic Campus===
===Academic Campus===
The Academic Campus is located at 300 [[The Fenway]] in the [[Longwood Medical Area]]. It is immediately adjacent to the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] and the [[Boston Latin School]]. This campus currently consists of five buildings:
The Academic Campus is located at 300 [[The Fenway]] in the [[Longwood Medical Area]]. It is immediately adjacent to the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] and the [[Boston Latin School]]. This campus currently consists of five buildings:
* One Palace Road (the 2nd through 4th floors are leased to [[Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]])
* One Palace Road
* Main College Building
* Main College Building
* Beatley Library/Lefavour Hall (recently renovated to also house the science facilities<ref name=":2" />)
* Beatley Library/Lefavour Hall (recently renovated to also house the science facilities<ref name=":2" />)
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[[File:Bartol Hall - Simmons College - DSC09849.JPG|thumb|Bartol Hall, one of the dining halls at Simmons]]
[[File:Bartol Hall - Simmons College - DSC09849.JPG|thumb|Bartol Hall, one of the dining halls at Simmons]]


===Residential Campus===
==Student body==
According to the College Scorecard, the racial and ethnic composition of the undergraduate population is 62% white, 11% Asian, 8% Hispanic, 6% black, and 5% non-resident alien. 30% of the undergraduate student body is Pell Grant eligible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmons University |url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?167783-Simmons-University |website=collegescorecard.ed.gov |publisher=US Department of Education |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>
The Residence Campus is located one block from the main campus. It is near the [[Landmark Center (Boston)|Landmark Center]] and the [[Fenway (MBTA station)|Fenway]] and [[Longwood (MBTA station)|Longwood]] [[MBTA]] stations. The residence campus consists of 13 buildings centered on a grassy quad:
* Simmons Hall
* Dix Hall
* Smith Hall
* Arnold Hall
* North Hall
* Health Center and Residence Life Offices
* Holmes Sports Center
* South Hall
* Alumnae Hall
* Bartol Dining Hall
* Evans Hall
* Mesick Hall
* Morse Hall


===Admissions===
Most of the buildings on the residence campus serve as dormitories, but the campus also includes a large dining hall, a health center, a large fitness center, a public safety office, an auditorium, and several other facilities.
Simmons received 2,905 first-year applications for admission in fall 2020. They admitted 2,398 applicants (82.5% acceptance rate) and enrolled 451. The average high school [[Grading in education#United States|GPA]] of first-year students enrolled in fall 2020 was 3.69; the middle 50% range of SAT composite scores was 1080-1250; and the middle 50% range of ACT composite scores was 24–29.<ref>{{cite web |title=Common Data Set Simmons University 2020-2021 |url=https://www.simmons.edu/why-simmons/common-data-set |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Simmons University |publisher=}}</ref>

The residence campus is separated from the main campus by [[Emmanuel College, Boston|Emmanuel College]] and [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] Research Laboratories Boston.

==Student body==
According to the College Scorecard, the racial and ethnic composition of the undergraduate population is 62 percent white, 11 percent Asian, 8 percent Hispanic, 6 percent black, and 5 percent non-resident alien. Thirty percent of the undergraduate student body is Pell Grant eligible (meant for low-income students).<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmons University |url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?167783-Simmons-University |website=collegescorecard.ed.gov |publisher=US Department of Education |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>


===Sustainability===
===Sustainability===
Simmons has made several significant sustainability efforts. Former President [[Susan C. Scrimshaw|Susan Scrimshaw]] signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) as a formal commitment to eliminate campus greenhouse gas emissions over time. Furthermore, the School of Management is addressing sustainability in its curriculum as well as in building and resource-management programs.
Former President [[Susan C. Scrimshaw|Susan Scrimshaw]] signed the [[American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment]] ([[ACUPCC]]) as a formal commitment to eliminate campus greenhouse gas emissions over time. Furthermore, the School of Management is addressing sustainability in its curriculum as well as in building and resource-management programs.<ref name="Environmental Commitments">
<ref name="Environmental Commitments">
{{cite web|title=Environmental Commitments|url=http://green.simmons.edu/commitments/|access-date=June 7, 2010|publisher=Simmons College}}
{{cite web|title=Environmental Commitments|url=http://green.simmons.edu/commitments/|access-date=June 7, 2010|publisher=Simmons College}}
</ref>
</ref>

Simmons' environmental efforts earned the school a "C" on the ''College Sustainability Report Card 2010'', published in Fall 2009 by the Sustainable Endowments Institute.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 30, 2008|title=Simmons College – Green Report Card 2010|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2010/schools/simmons-college|access-date=August 26, 2014|publisher=Greenreportcard.org}}</ref>


==Academics==
==Academics==
Simmons University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Massachusetts Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref> Its most popular undergradate majors, by number out of 412 graduates in 2022, were:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=simmons&s=all&id=167783#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Simmons University |access-date=February 28, 2023}}</ref>
Simmons University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Massachusetts Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref> Its most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 412 graduates in 2022, were:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=simmons&s=all&id=167783#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Simmons University |access-date=February 28, 2023}}</ref>
*Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (117)
*Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (117)
*Family Practice Nurse/Nursing (47)
*Family Practice Nurse/Nursing (47)
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*Psychology (22)
*Psychology (22)


Simmons University reorganized its academic structure in 2018 to foster interdisciplinary learning and cross-departmental collaboration among its constituent colleges:
Simmons University reorganized its academic structure in 2024 to foster interdisciplinary learning and cross-departmental collaboration among its constituent schools:


* College of Natural, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
* Gwen Ifill School of Media, Humanities, and Social Sciences
* School of Library and Information Science (SLIS), est. 1902<ref>{{citation |chapter=Library Schools and Short Courses: Simmons College School of Library Science |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433069135071?urlappend=%3Bseq=220 |title= American Library Annual 1917/1918 | pages=7 v |publisher= [[R.R. Bowker]] |location=New York |hdl = 2027/nyp.33433069135071?urlappend=%3Bseq=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal = Public Libraries |title=Views of Library School Directors: Simmons College |first=June Richardson |last=Donnelly |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hxdkbs?urlappend=%3Bseq=37 |via=[[HathiTrust]] |volume=23 |number=1 |publisher=Library Bureau |location= Chicago |year= 1918 |hdl=2027/hvd.hxdkbs?urlappend=%3Bseq=37 }}</ref>
**School of Nursing
* School of Management
* College of Organizational, Computational, and Information Sciences
* School of Nursing
**School of Library and Information Science (SLIS), est. 1902<ref>{{citation |chapter=Library Schools and Short Courses: Simmons College School of Library Science |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433069135071?urlappend=%3Bseq=220 |title= American Library Annual 1917/1918 | pages=7 v |publisher= [[R.R. Bowker]] |location=New York |hdl = 2027/nyp.33433069135071?urlappend=%3Bseq=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal = Public Libraries |title=Views of Library School Directors: Simmons College |first=June Richardson |last=Donnelly |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hxdkbs?urlappend=%3Bseq=37 |via=[[HathiTrust]] |volume=23 |number=1 |publisher=Library Bureau |location= Chicago |year= 1918 |hdl=2027/hvd.hxdkbs?urlappend=%3Bseq=37 }}</ref>
**School of Business
* School of Sciences and Health Professions
* College of Social Sciences, Policy, and Practice
* School of Social Work
**School of Social Work
* The Gwen Ifill College of Media, Arts, and Humanities

=== Reputation and rankings ===
{{Empty section|date=October 2021}}


==Athletics==
==Athletics==
Simmons University sponsors athletics teams in a variety of sports including crew, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, and volleyball. The mascot is the Sharks and the colors are blue and yellow. They compete as members of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] in the [[Great Northeast Athletic Conference]] (GNAC), the [[New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference]] (NEWMAC) and the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]] (ECAC). Simmons athletes won some of the early national [[NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championship#Singles and Doubles Championships (1922–1982)|intercollegiate women's tennis championships]] in singles (Marjorie Sachs, 1932) and doubles (Dorrance Chase, 1930 and 1932, with Sachs).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennisforum.com/threads/pre-ncaa-womens-collegiate-tennis.1378268/|title=Pre-NCAA women's collegiate tennis|website=Tennis Forum|access-date=25 May 2021|via=Newspapers.com}} (''Boston Globe'', 1929-1953. ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', 1954-1963.)</ref>
Simmons University sponsors athletics teams in a variety of sports including crew, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, and volleyball. The mascot is the Sharks and the colors are blue and yellow. They compete as members of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] in the [[Great Northeast Athletic Conference]] (GNAC), the [[New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference]] (NEWMAC) and the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]] (ECAC). Simmons athletes won some of the early national [[NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championship#Singles and Doubles Championships (1922–1982)|intercollegiate women's tennis championships]] in singles (Marjorie Sachs, 1932) and doubles (Dorrance Chase, 1930 and 1932, with Sachs).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennisforum.com/threads/pre-ncaa-womens-collegiate-tennis.1378268/|title=Pre-NCAA women's collegiate tennis|website=Tennis Forum|access-date=25 May 2021|via=Newspapers.com}} (''Boston Globe'', 1929-1953. ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', 1954-1963.)</ref>


==Notable alumni==
==Notable alumnae==
Simmons alumni include:
Simmons alumnae include:
* [[Emily Banks (actress)|Emily Banks]], class of 1959, actress [[Shore Leave (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Shore Leave]] and model [[Miss Rheingold]]
* [[Susan Porter Benson]] (1943–2005), historian
* [[Susan Porter Benson]] (1943–2005), historian
* [[Julie Berry (author)]], children's author
* [[Julie Berry (author)]], children's author
Line 136: Line 110:
* [[Denise Di Novi]] (born 1956), film producer
* [[Denise Di Novi]] (born 1956), film producer
* [[Rehema Ellis]], NBC News correspondent
* [[Rehema Ellis]], NBC News correspondent
* [[Jessica Fay]], politician
* [[Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee]] (1898–1980), class of 1920, African-American physician and activist
* [[Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee]] (1898–1980), class of 1920, African-American physician and activist
* [[David Ferriero|David S. Ferriero]] (born 1949) 10th [[Archivist of the United States]]
* [[David Ferriero|David S. Ferriero]] (born 1949) 10th [[Archivist of the United States]]
Line 147: Line 122:
* [[Gwen Ifill]] (1955–2016), class of 1977, journalist, television newscaster and author
* [[Gwen Ifill]] (1955–2016), class of 1977, journalist, television newscaster and author
* [[Louise Andrews Kent]] (1886–1969), author
* [[Louise Andrews Kent]] (1886–1969), author
* [[Megan Dowd Lambert]], children's book author and academic, Master of Arts degree (2002)
* [[Mackenzi Lee]], author
* [[Mackenzi Lee]], author
* [[Gail Levin (art historian)|Gail Levin]], class of 1969, art historian
* [[Gail Levin (art historian)|Gail Levin]], class of 1969, art historian
Line 152: Line 128:
* [[Bertha Mahony]] (1882–1969), founder of ''[[The Horn Book Magazine]]''
* [[Bertha Mahony]] (1882–1969), founder of ''[[The Horn Book Magazine]]''
* [[Barbara Margolis]] (1929–2009), [[prisoners' rights]] advocate who served as the official greeter of [[New York City]]<ref>[[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/13/nyregion/13margolis.html "Barbara Margolis, Prisoners’ Advocate, Dies at 79"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 12, 2009. Accessed July 21, 2009.</ref>
* [[Barbara Margolis]] (1929–2009), [[prisoners' rights]] advocate who served as the official greeter of [[New York City]]<ref>[[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/13/nyregion/13margolis.html "Barbara Margolis, Prisoners’ Advocate, Dies at 79"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 12, 2009. Accessed July 21, 2009.</ref>
* [[Susan K. Martin]] (1965), librarian
* [[Hannah M. McCarthy]], college administrator and businessperson
* [[Hannah M. McCarthy]], college administrator and businessperson
* [[Cheyney McKnight]], historical interpreter
* [[Cheyney McKnight]], historical interpreter
Line 169: Line 146:
* [[Mary Elizabeth Wood]], 1861–1931, librarian and lay missionary who actively promoted Chinese early education and librarianship
* [[Mary Elizabeth Wood]], 1861–1931, librarian and lay missionary who actively promoted Chinese early education and librarianship
* [[Alex Wright (author)|Alex Wright]], American writer and [[information architect]]
* [[Alex Wright (author)|Alex Wright]], American writer and [[information architect]]
* [[Nancy Ip]], President of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
* [[Aline A. Yamashita]], Guamanian educator and politician<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kuam.com/story/18937681/aline-yamashita |title=Aline Yamashita |website=kuam.com |date=July 3, 2012 |accessdate=October 15, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Aline A. Yamashita]], Guamanian educator and politician<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kuam.com/story/18937681/aline-yamashita |title=Aline Yamashita |website=kuam.com |date=July 3, 2012 |accessdate=October 15, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jill Zarin]] (born 1963), reality television personality


==Notable faculty==
==Notable faculty==
Line 178: Line 157:
* [[Alicia Craig Faxon]], art historian.
* [[Alicia Craig Faxon]], art historian.
* [[Emily Hale]], speech and drama teacher, and muse of [[T.S. Eliot]]
* [[Emily Hale]], speech and drama teacher, and muse of [[T.S. Eliot]]
* [[Megan Dowd Lambert]], children's book author and academic; senior lecturer at Simmons
* [[Gregory Maguire]], author, professor and co-director at the [[Simmons College Center for the Study of Children's Literature]] from 1979–1985.
* [[Gregory Maguire]], author, professor and co-director at the [[Simmons College Center for the Study of Children's Literature]] from 1979 to 1985.
* [[Isadore Gilbert Mudge]], librarian, part-time lecturer
* [[Isadore Gilbert Mudge]], librarian, part-time lecturer
* [[Mary Schenck Woolman]], pioneer in vocational education
* [[Mary Schenck Woolman]], pioneer in vocational education

=== List of presidents ===

* [[Henry Lefavour]] (1901-1933)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction · Presidents@Simmons · Presidents@Simmons |url=https://beatleyweb.simmons.edu/presidents/exhibits/show/presidents/intro |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=beatleyweb.simmons.edu}}</ref>
* [[Bancroft Beatley]] (1933-1955)
* [[William Edgar Park]] (1955-1970)
* [[William J. Holmes]] (1970-1993)
* [[Jean Dowdall]] (1993-1995)
* [[Daniel S. Cheever Jr.]] (1995-2006)
* [[Susan C. Scrimshaw]] (2006-2008)
* [[Helen Drinan]] (2008-2020)
* [[Lynn Perry Wooten]] (2020-present)


==See also==
==See also==
Line 203: Line 195:
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Boston]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Boston]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1899]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1899]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts]]

Latest revision as of 22:18, 16 November 2024

This article is about the college in Massachusetts. For other schools of the same name, see List of colleges named Simmons.

Simmons University
Former names
Simmons College (1899–2018)
TypePrivate university
Established1899; 126 years ago (1899)
AccreditationNECHE
Endowment$225.6 million (2023)[1]
PresidentLynn Perry Wooten
Academic staff
224 full-time/648 part-time
Students5,710[2] (fall 2022)
Undergraduates1,736
Postgraduates4,527
Location
Boston
,
Massachusetts
,
United States
CampusUrban, 12 acres (4.9 ha)
NicknameSharks
AffiliationsColleges of the Fenway
Websitewww.simmons.edu

Simmons University (previously Simmons College) is a private university in Boston, Massachusetts. It was established in 1899 by clothing manufacturer John Simmons. In 2018, it reorganized its structure and changed its name to a university. Its undergraduate program is women-focused while its graduate programs are co-educational.

Simmons is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[3] As of 2020, 83 percent of applicants to undergraduate programs were accepted.[4] The university is divided into two campuses in the Fenway-Kenmore neighborhood totaling 12 acres (4.9 ha), one of which has five academic buildings and the other of which has nine Georgian-style residential buildings.[5]

The university enrolls approximately 1,736 undergraduates and 4,527 graduate students.[6] Its athletics teams compete in NCAA Division III as the Sharks.

History

[edit]

Simmons was founded in 1899 with a bequest by John Simmons, a wealthy clothing manufacturer in Boston. Simmons founded the college, called Simmons College, based on the belief that women ought to live independently by offering a liberal arts education for undergraduate women to integrate into professional work experience.[7] Sarah Louise Arnold was the school's first dean[8] (she also later served as national president of the Girl Scouts).[9]

Simmons is a member of the Colleges of the Fenway consortium, which also includes Emmanuel College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and Massachusetts College of Art and Design. Simmons absorbed Garland Junior College in 1976.[10] (Wheelock College, a former member, merged with Boston University to become the Boston University Wheelock College of Education & Human Development.)

Simmons graduated its first African American student in 1914. Furthermore, Simmons was one of the few private colleges not to impose admission quotas on Jewish students for the first half of the 1900s.[7]

The school's MBA program was the first in the world designed specifically for women.[11] Today, the undergraduate program is women-centered, while the graduate schools are coed.[12]

In 2014, Simmons College teamed up with for-profit online program manager 2U, a deal that would generate hundreds of millions of dollars in revenues for the school.[13]

In November 2014, the institution released an explicit policy on the acceptance of transgender students, claiming a strong tradition of empowering women and challenging traditional gender roles and a "rich history of inclusion." Its undergraduate program accepts applicants who are assigned female at birth as well as those who self-identify as women, making Simmons the third women-centered college in the United States to accept transgender women.[14] Government documentation of gender is not required. (Graduate programs are co-educational, so gender identity is not of concern.)[15]

In 2016, the MBA program went online as MBA@Simmons, and began admitting men.[16]

In 2018, Simmons College changed its name to Simmons University after reorganizing the structure of the school.[17]

Campus

[edit]

Simmons University is currently divided into two campuses located in the Fenway-Kenmore neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. One campus is home to five academic buildings referred to as the Academic Campus. The other campus, referred to as the Residential Campus, is home to nine residential buildings for undergraduate students. The original site of the Simmons College Graduate School of Social Work is featured on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[18]

In November 2020, a plan for a single campus was launched by the university called One Simmons. This plan aims to combine the two campuses into a single campus and create a 21-story "Living and Learning Center." This will include 1,100 dorm rooms, classrooms, and athletic facilities. Additionally, the plan outlines renovations to the Main College Building and Lefavour Hall. Lefavour Hall specifically will be outfitted with a new library and a new state of the art science center. Following the completion of these renovations in spring of 2022, the Park Science Center has been closed. It is going to be taken down to build the new Living and Learning Center. The project is scheduled to break ground in Fall 2022 and open in Fall 2026.[19]

In order to achieve such an endeavor, Simmons University entered into an agreement with Skanska, a multinational construction and property development company. This partnership has two stated goals. First, Skanska will build the new Living and Learning Center building, and in exchange, Simmons University will give Skanska a 99-year lease for the grounds of the residential campus.[19] Secondly, Skanska will plan and execute commercial development of the former residential campus after the construction of the Living and Learning Center is completed.[20]

Simmons College Main College Building

Academic Campus

[edit]

The Academic Campus is located at 300 The Fenway in the Longwood Medical Area. It is immediately adjacent to the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum and the Boston Latin School. This campus currently consists of five buildings:

  • One Palace Road (the 2nd through 4th floors are leased to Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences)
  • Main College Building
  • Beatley Library/Lefavour Hall (recently renovated to also house the science facilities[19])
  • Park Science Center (currently inaccessible due to impending demolition[19])
  • School of Management Building (a recent green construction[21])
Morse Hall, located on the residential campus
Bartol Hall, one of the dining halls at Simmons

Student body

[edit]

According to the College Scorecard, the racial and ethnic composition of the undergraduate population is 62% white, 11% Asian, 8% Hispanic, 6% black, and 5% non-resident alien. 30% of the undergraduate student body is Pell Grant eligible.[22]

Admissions

[edit]

Simmons received 2,905 first-year applications for admission in fall 2020. They admitted 2,398 applicants (82.5% acceptance rate) and enrolled 451. The average high school GPA of first-year students enrolled in fall 2020 was 3.69; the middle 50% range of SAT composite scores was 1080-1250; and the middle 50% range of ACT composite scores was 24–29.[23]

Sustainability

[edit]

Former President Susan Scrimshaw signed the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) as a formal commitment to eliminate campus greenhouse gas emissions over time. Furthermore, the School of Management is addressing sustainability in its curriculum as well as in building and resource-management programs.[24]

Academics

[edit]

Simmons University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[3] Its most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 412 graduates in 2022, were:[25]

  • Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (117)
  • Family Practice Nurse/Nursing (47)
  • Biopsychology (25)
  • Exercise Science and Kinesiology (23)
  • Psychology (22)

Simmons University reorganized its academic structure in 2024 to foster interdisciplinary learning and cross-departmental collaboration among its constituent schools:

  • Gwen Ifill School of Media, Humanities, and Social Sciences
  • School of Library and Information Science (SLIS), est. 1902[26][27]
  • School of Management
  • School of Nursing
  • School of Sciences and Health Professions
  • School of Social Work

Athletics

[edit]

Simmons University sponsors athletics teams in a variety of sports including crew, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, and volleyball. The mascot is the Sharks and the colors are blue and yellow. They compete as members of the NCAA Division III in the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC), the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Simmons athletes won some of the early national intercollegiate women's tennis championships in singles (Marjorie Sachs, 1932) and doubles (Dorrance Chase, 1930 and 1932, with Sachs).[28]

Notable alumnae

[edit]

Simmons alumnae include:

Notable faculty

[edit]

List of presidents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ As of June 30, 2023. Financial Reporting | Simmons University (Report).
  2. ^ "College Navigator - Simmons University". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Massachusetts Institutions – NECHE, New England Commission of Higher Education, retrieved May 26, 2021
  4. ^ "Simmons University". U.S. News & World Report.
  5. ^ "Simmons University Overview | CollegeData". www.collegedata.com. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  6. ^ "Simmons University". nces.ed.gov. US Department of Education. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  7. ^ a b "History: About Simmons College". Simmons College.
  8. ^ "Sarah Louise Arnold: The Suffragist Dean". Simmons University. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  9. ^ "EDUCATION THEME OF SCOUT LEADER". The Birmingham News. October 11, 1925. p. 79. Retrieved May 12, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Massachusetts Colleges that have Closed, Merged, or Changed Names, Brown, Ray C., December 2, 2014, retrieved January 8, 2015
  11. ^ "Online Master of Business Administration | Simmons College". Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  12. ^ "Our Mission and History," Simmons University, 2022. Retrieved Aug. 23, 2022.
  13. ^ "Graduate programs have become a cash cow for struggling colleges. What does that mean for students?". www.pbs.org. PBS. September 18, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  14. ^ "Simmons College Opens Its Doors to Trans Students". The Advocate. November 11, 2014.
  15. ^ "Admission Policy for Transgender Students FAQ". Simmons.edu. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  16. ^ Valentina, Zarya. "The only all-female MBA program is closing—could it have been saved?" Fortune, Aug. 28, 2015. Retrieved Aug. 23, 2022.
  17. ^ "Simmons Announces University Designation". www.simmons.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  18. ^ "Back Bay East". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
  19. ^ a b c d Simmons University. “One Simmons.” Simmmons University. Simmons University, 2022. https://www.simmons.edu/about/our-future/campus-that-works .
  20. ^ Probert, Annie. “Developer Proposes Massive Lab and Housing Complex Where Simmons Dorms Now Stand.” Boston Globe. January 7, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/01/07/business/developer-proposes-massive-lab-housing-complex-where-simmons-dorms-now-stand/ .
  21. ^ "Simmons College School of Management - LEED Gold". Lee Kennedy Co Inc. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  22. ^ "Simmons University". collegescorecard.ed.gov. US Department of Education. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  23. ^ "Common Data Set Simmons University 2020-2021". Simmons University. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  24. ^ "Environmental Commitments". Simmons College. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  25. ^ "Simmons University". nces.ed.gov. U.S. Dept of Education. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  26. ^ "Library Schools and Short Courses: Simmons College School of Library Science", American Library Annual 1917/1918, New York: R.R. Bowker, pp. 7 v, hdl:2027/nyp.33433069135071
  27. ^ Donnelly, June Richardson (1918). "Views of Library School Directors: Simmons College". Public Libraries. 23 (1). Chicago: Library Bureau. hdl:2027/hvd.hxdkbs – via HathiTrust.
  28. ^ "Pre-NCAA women's collegiate tennis". Tennis Forum. Retrieved May 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. (Boston Globe, 1929-1953. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1954-1963.)
  29. ^ Fox, Margalit. "Barbara Margolis, Prisoners’ Advocate, Dies at 79", The New York Times, July 12, 2009. Accessed July 21, 2009.
  30. ^ "In Memoriam: Catherine (Norris) Norton". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  31. ^ "College Corner", The Item of Millburn and Short Hills, September 1, 1966. Accessed May 6, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "Three Millburn High School alumnae have been named to the dean's list of scholars at Simmons College in Boston for the year..... Sondra A. Perl, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Herman Perl of South Orange Avenue, will be a sophomore in the department of education."
  32. ^ "Aline Yamashita". kuam.com. July 3, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  33. ^ "William Mark Bellamy". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  34. ^ "Introduction · Presidents@Simmons · Presidents@Simmons". beatleyweb.simmons.edu. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
[edit]

42°20′23″N 71°06′01″W / 42.339800°N 71.100200°W / 42.339800; -71.100200

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