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| name = Pierre-Étienne de Perier
| name = Pierre-Étienne de Perier
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Antoine Pierre Étienne de Perier (1893-1968) portrait.png
| image = Arrivée du général Blaizot à Saigon.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| alt =
⚫
| caption = Arrival of [[Roger Blaizot|General Blaizot]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] in 1948: from left to right, General de Perier, [[Raoul Salan|General Salan]], General Blaizot and Admiral Battet.
| caption = Pierre-Étienne de Perier in colonel's uniform, 1941
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
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| nickname = General de Perier
| nickname = General de Perier
| birth_date = October 31, 1893
| birth_date = October 31, 1893
| birth_place = [[Laghouat]]
| birth_place = [[Laghouat]], [[French Algeria]]
| death_date = June 22, 1968
| death_date = June 22, 1968
| death_place = [[Paris]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| placeofburial = [[Allier]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}-->
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}-->
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| branch = [[French Army]]
| branch = [[French Army]]
| branch_label = <!--"Branch" or "Service"-->
| branch_label = <!--"Branch" or "Service"-->
| serviceyears = 1912-1950
| serviceyears = 1912–1950
| serviceyears_label =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[Divisional general]]
| rank = [[Divisional general]]
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| battles_label =
| battles_label =
| awards =
| awards =
*[[File:Croix de Guerre des Theatres d'Operations Exterieurs ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures|Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opération extérieurs]]
*[[File:Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre 1914-1918]]
*[[File:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945|Croix de guerre 1939-1945]]
*[[File:Medaille des Evades ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Escapees' Medal]] (1945)
*[[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] (1950)
*[[File:Croix de la Valeur Militaire ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Cross for Military Valour]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative du Maroc ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Morocco commemorative medal (1909)|Morocco commemorative medal]]
*[[File:World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Victory Medal 1914-1918]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|50px]] [[1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France)|1914–1918 Commemorative war medal]]
*[[File:Croix du Combattant (1930 France) ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Combatant's Cross]]
*[[File:Medaille commemorative des Operations du Moyen-Orient ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Orient campaign medal]]
*[[File:Medaille_(Insigne)_des_Blesses_Militaires_ribbon.svg|50px]][[Medal for the War Wounded]]
* Moroccan Peace Medal
* [[File:Commemorative Cross for the Great War , 1920 rib.png|50px]] Commemorative Cross for the 1914-1918 Liberation War and the Union
* [[File:MAR Order of the Ouissam Alaouite - Officer (1913-1956) BAR.png|50px]] [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]]
| memorials =
| memorials =
| alma_mater = [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]]
| alma_mater = [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]]
| spouse = Alix de Place-Bisseret
| spouse =
| children =
| children =
| relations = [[Maxime Weygand]]
| relations = [[Maxime Weygand]]
| laterwork =
| laterwork =
| signature = Signature du général Pierre-Etienne de Perier (1893-1968).png
| signature =
| signature_size = 100px
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| signature_alt =
| website = <!--{{URL|example.com}}-->
| website = <!--{{URL|example.com}}-->
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}}
}}


'''Pierre-Étienne de Perier''' (31 October 1893 – 22 June 1968) was a French [[divisional general]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Etienne |first=Delphine |url=https://francearchives.fr/fr/file/ad46ac22be9df6a4d1dae40326de46d8a5cbd19d/FRSHD_PUB_00000355.pdf |title=SOUS-SÉRIE GR Y D OFFICIERS GÉNÉRAUX DE L'ARMÉE DE TERRE ET DES SERVICES (ANCIEN RÉGIME-2010) |pages=192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyhcAAAAMAAJ&q=Estivareilles+%22de+Perier%22 |title=L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, Volume 4, Numéros 34 à 45 |year=1954 |pages=471}}</ref>, Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], and magazine editor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=François de Lannoy and Max Schiavon |title=Dictionnaire des officiers généraux de la Seconde guerre mondiale |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ammentorp |first=Steen |title=Antoine Pierre-Etienne de Perier |url=https://generals.dk/general/P%C3%A9rier/Antoine-Pierre-Etienne_de/France.html}}</ref>
'''Pierre-Étienne de Perier''' (31 October 1893 – 22 June 1968) was a French [[divisional general]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Etienne |first=Delphine |url=https://francearchives.fr/fr/file/ad46ac22be9df6a4d1dae40326de46d8a5cbd19d/FRSHD_PUB_00000355.pdf |title=SOUS-SÉRIE GR Y D OFFICIERS GÉNÉRAUX DE L'ARMÉE DE TERRE ET DES SERVICES (ANCIEN RÉGIME-2010) |pages=192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyhcAAAAMAAJ&q=Estivareilles+%22de+Perier%22 |title=L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, Volume 4, Numéros 34 à 45 |year=1954 |pages=471}}</ref> Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], and magazine editor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=François de Lannoy and Max Schiavon |title=Dictionnaire des officiers généraux de la Seconde guerre mondiale |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ammentorp |first=Steen |title=Antoine Pierre-Etienne de Perier |url=https://generals.dk/general/P%C3%A9rier/Antoine-Pierre-Etienne_de/France.html}}</ref>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==


=== Origins ===
=== Origins ===
[[File:Antoine-Léonor de Perier (1842-1908) portrait.png|thumb|192x192px|Antoine Léonor de Perier (1842-1908), commander of the 2nd [[Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa|BILA]]|left]]
⚫
Antoine Pierre-Étienne de Perier came from a family from Normandy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clément |first=Arnaud |title=La noblesse française |publisher=Académia.edu |pages=313 |language=Fr}}</ref> Its [[coat of arms]] bear "Silver, a fess of vert accompanied by four cinquefoils of the same laid one to each canton of the shield".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Busquet de Caumont |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea6-f9CQz8oC&q=de+perier+saint+cyr |title=Busquet de Caumont: Histoire culturelle, sociologique et patrimoniale d'une ancienne famille |publisher=Publibook |year=2012|isbn=9782748397840 }}</ref>


⚫
Antoine Pierre-Étienne de Perier was a member of the [[de Perier family]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clément |first=Arnaud |title=La noblesse française |publisher=Académia.edu |pages=313 |language=Fr}}</ref> Its [[coat of arms]] bears "Silver, a fess of vert accompanied by four cinquefoils of the same laid one to each canton of the shield".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Busquet de Caumont |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea6-f9CQz8oC&q=de+perier+saint+cyr |title=Busquet de Caumont: Histoire culturelle, sociologique et patrimoniale d'une ancienne famille |publisher=Publibook |year=2012|isbn=9782748397840 }}</ref>
⚫
He was born on 31 October [[1893]] in [[Laghouat]], [[French Algeria]], to Antoine Léonor de Perier (1842-1908), commander of the 2nd [[Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa|Battalion of African Light Infantry]] and Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Base Léonore |title=Dossier individuel de Antoine Léonor de Perier |url=https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/291041}}</ref> and Louise Loubère (1862-1939), daughter of [[colonel]] [[Jean-Louis Loubère]], [[governor]] of [[French Guiana]].


⚫
He was born on 31 October 1893 in [[Laghouat]], [[French Algeria]], to Antoine Léonor de Perier (1842–1908), commander of the 2nd [[Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa|Battalion of African Light Infantry]] and Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Base Léonore |title=Dossier individuel de Antoine Léonor de Perier |url=https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/291041}}</ref> and Louise Loubère (1862–1939), daughter of [[colonel]] [[Jean-Louis Loubère]], [[governor]] of [[French Guiana]].
Antoine Léonor de Perier, born in [[Pressagny-l'Orgueilleux]] where his father Antoine René de Perier (1800-1880), the [[mayor]] of the village, owned the [[château]] of la Madeleine, enlisted as a private in 1859 before becoming an officer in 1867. General de Perier's great-grandfather, [[colonel]] Antoine Daniel de Perier d'Oudalle (1751-1844), commanded the first [[brigade]] of the [[National Guard (France)|sedentary National Guard]] of [[Rouen]].


=== Education ===
=== Education ===
De Perier entered the [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]], class of Montmirail (1912-1914),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boÿ |first=Jean |url=https://www.saint-cyr.org/medias/editor/files/1912-1914-97e-promotion-de-montmirail.pdf |title=Historique de la 97 promotion (1912-14), promotion de Montmirail}}</ref> and enlisted the same year, quickly being promoted to [[corporal]].
De Perier entered the [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]], class of Montmirail (1912–1914),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boÿ |first=Jean |url=https://www.saint-cyr.org/medias/editor/files/1912-1914-97e-promotion-de-montmirail.pdf |title=Historique de la 97 promotion (1912-14), promotion de Montmirail}}</ref> and enlisted the same year, quickly being promoted to [[corporal]].


== Service during World War I ==
== Service during World War I ==
{{Further|World War I}}
{{Further|World War I}}
On 28 August 1914, in the battle of [[La Besace]] ([[Ardennes]]), he was seriously wounded in the jaw by a bullet while charging the [[Germans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plat |first=Armand |title=Deux Français libres sur les traces de Paul Déroulède |publisher=Nouvelles éditions latines |year=1960 |pages=121}}</ref> This action earned him a mention in the army order: "Well behaved in combat on 28 August 1914, brilliantly charged with the [[bayonet]] at the head of his section, was seriously wounded ".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ordre N° 54 du 63ème Régiment d'Infanterie du 17 février 1915.}}</ref> In 1916, he was posted to the [[Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)|Armée d'Orient]], and became a captain in the [[Zouave|Zouaves]] in 1917.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Service historique de l'Armée de terre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhYsAAAAMAAJ&q=de+p%C3%A9rier |title=La Guerre d'Indochine, 1945-1954: textes et documents, Volume 2 |year=1984 |pages=154|isbn = 9782863230480}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Notice biographique de Pierre-Etienne de Perier, sur Base Léonore |url=https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/291042}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Société de géographie commerciale de Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSYpAQAAIAAJ&q=De+P%C3%A9rier+est+gri%C3%A8vement+bless%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+face+d%C3%A8s+le+28+juin |title=Revue économique française, Volume 90 |year=1968 |pages=71}}</ref>
On 28 August 1914, in the battle of [[La Besace]] ([[Ardennes]]), he was seriously wounded in the jaw by a bullet while charging the [[Germans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plat |first=Armand |title=Deux Français libres sur les traces de Paul Déroulède |publisher=Nouvelles éditions latines |year=1960 |pages=121}}</ref> This action earned him a mention in the army order: "Well behaved in combat on 28 August 1914, brilliantly charged with the [[bayonet]] at the head of his section, was seriously wounded".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ordre N° 54 du 63ème Régiment d'Infanterie du 17 février 1915.}}</ref> In 1916, he was posted to the [[Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)|Armée d'Orient]], and became a captain in the [[Zouave]]s in 1917.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Service historique de l'Armée de terre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhYsAAAAMAAJ&q=de+p%C3%A9rier |title=La Guerre d'Indochine, 1945-1954: textes et documents, Volume 2 |year=1984 |pages=154|isbn = 9782863230480}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Notice biographique de Pierre-Etienne de Perier, sur Base Léonore |url=https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/291042}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Société de géographie commerciale de Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSYpAQAAIAAJ&q=De+P%C3%A9rier+est+gri%C3%A8vement+bless%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+face+d%C3%A8s+le+28+juin |title=Revue économique française, Volume 90 |year=1968 |pages=71}}</ref>


== Inter-war period ==
== Inter-war period ==
Regional topographer in [[Morocco]] from 1919 to 1921, he joined the [[Colonial troops|colonial infantry]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=M. de Perier ( A.-P.-E. ), capitaine au 21° régiment . res indigènes du Maroc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYd3MzYeDVkC&q=%22de+p%C3%A9rier%22+maroc |journal=Journal officiel de la République franc̜aise, Numéros 79 à 102 |year = 1928|pages=1928}}</ref> He was sent to [[Germany]], in the [[Occupation of the Rhineland|French army of the Rhineland]], from 1921 to 1925.
A regional topographer in [[Morocco]] from 1919 to 1921, he joined the [[Colonial troops|colonial infantry]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=M. de Perier ( A.-P.-E. ), capitaine au 21° régiment . res indigènes du Maroc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYd3MzYeDVkC&q=%22de+p%C3%A9rier%22+maroc |journal=Journal officiel de la République franc̜aise, Numéros 79 à 102 |year = 1928|pages=1928}}</ref> He was sent to [[Weimar Republic|Germany]], in the [[Occupation of the Rhineland|French army of the Rhineland]], from 1921 to 1925.


Then a commander, he was [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey|General Franchet d'Esperey]] from 1932 to 1934.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institut archéologique liégeois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMPNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22franchet%20d%27esperey%22%20perier |title=Bulletin de L'Institut Archéologique Liégeois |year=1931 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Azan |first=Paul |title=Franchet d'Espérey |publisher=Flammarion |year=1949 |pages=269}}</ref>
Then a commander, he was [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey|General Franchet d'Esperey]] from 1932 to 1934.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institut archéologique liégeois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMPNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22franchet%20d%27esperey%22%20perier |title=Bulletin de L'Institut Archéologique Liégeois |year=1931 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Azan |first=Paul |title=Franchet d'Espérey |publisher=Flammarion |year=1949 |pages=269}}</ref>
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== Service during World War II ==
== Service during World War II ==
{{Further|World War II}}
{{Further|World War II}}
In June 1940, the [[3rd Army (France)|Third Army]], of which he was sub-chief of staff, was surrounded in [[Lorraine]] by [[Heinz Guderian|Guderian]], who led Operation Tiger.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> De Perier was captured by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] but managed to escape : "was particularly noted for his initiative, energy and courage during the period from 1 June to 22 June 1940. Taken prisoner after the encirclement of his army, he escaped and managed to elude the horsemen in pursuit and reached the unoccupied zone of French territory after having circulated for eight days in the German lines".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prételat |first=André Gaston |title=Le destin tragique de la ligne Maginot |publisher=Berger-Levrault |year=1950 |pages=241 and following}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Escapees' Medal|Escapees' medal]] by [[decree]] in [[1945]].<ref>Décret du 21 mai 1945. Médaille des évadés. « de PERIER (Antoine-Pierre-Étienne) : ''Général de Brigade, Inspecteur des troupes coloniales, ministère de la guerre. Déjà cité pour le même motif par ordre général n*153c en date du 20 août 1940 du général commandant en chef ministre secrétaire d'État à la défense nationale : après avoir rempli avec autorité, depuis le début de la campagne les fonctions de sous-chef de l'État-major de la <abbr>3e</abbr> armée, s'est particulièrement signalé par son initiative, son énergie et son courage pendant la période du <abbr>1er</abbr> juin au 22 juin 1940. Fait prisonnier après l'encerclement de son armée, s'est évadé et a réussi à échapper aux cavaliers lancés à sa poursuite et a rejoint la zone non occupée du territoire français après avoir circulé huit jours dans les lignes allemandes.»''</ref>
In June 1940, the [[3rd Army (France)|Third Army]], of which he was sub-chief of staff, was surrounded in [[Lorraine]] by [[Heinz Guderian|Guderian]], who led Operation Tiger.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> De Perier was captured by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] but managed to escape: "was particularly noted for his initiative, energy and courage during the period from 1 June to 22 June 1940. Taken prisoner after the encirclement of his army, he escaped and managed to elude the horsemen in pursuit and reached the unoccupied zone of French territory after having circulated for eight days in the German lines".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prételat |first=André Gaston |title=Le destin tragique de la ligne Maginot |publisher=Berger-Levrault |year=1950 |pages=241 and following}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Escapees' Medal|Escapees' medal]] by [[decree]] in 1945.<ref>Décret du 21 mai 1945. Médaille des évadés. « de PERIER (Antoine-Pierre-Étienne) : ''Général de Brigade, Inspecteur des troupes coloniales, ministère de la guerre. Déjà cité pour le même motif par ordre général n*153c en date du 20 août 1940 du général commandant en chef ministre secrétaire d'État à la défense nationale : après avoir rempli avec autorité, depuis le début de la campagne les fonctions de sous-chef de l'État-major de la <abbr>3e</abbr> armée, s'est particulièrement signalé par son initiative, son énergie et son courage pendant la période du <abbr>1er</abbr> juin au 22 juin 1940. Fait prisonnier après l'encerclement de son armée, s'est évadé et a réussi à échapper aux cavaliers lancés à sa poursuite et a rejoint la zone non occupée du territoire français après avoir circulé huit jours dans les lignes allemandes.»''</ref>


From September 1940 to May 1942, promoted to [[colonel]], he became [[Chief of Staff of the French Army|chief of staff]] to General [[Maxime Weygand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Barnett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VZeIHEv3FkC |title=Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars |year=2008 |pages=128 and 180|isbn=9780786435715 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Maxime Weygand]] |title=Mémoires : rappelé au service |year=1950 |pages=362, 399 and 407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cantier |first=Jacques |title=L'Algérie sous le régime de Vichy |publisher=Odile Jacob |year=2002 |pages=102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faure |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTgv8CHlbRYC&q=aux+services+de+la+R%C3%A9publique |title=Aux services de la République : du BCRA à la DGSE |year=2004 |pages=Chapitre 6 : renseignement et résistance en Afrique du Nord|isbn=9782213660394 }}</ref>
From September 1940 to May 1942, promoted to [[colonel]], he became [[Chief of Staff of the French Army|chief of staff]] to General [[Maxime Weygand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Barnett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VZeIHEv3FkC |title=Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars |year=2008 |pages=128 and 180|isbn=9780786435715 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Maxime Weygand]] |title=Mémoires : rappelé au service |year=1950 |pages=362, 399 and 407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cantier |first=Jacques |title=L'Algérie sous le régime de Vichy |publisher=Odile Jacob |year=2002 |pages=102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faure |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTgv8CHlbRYC&q=aux+services+de+la+R%C3%A9publique |title=Aux services de la République : du BCRA à la DGSE |year=2004 |pages=Chapitre 6 : renseignement et résistance en Afrique du Nord|isbn=9782213660394 }}</ref>
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== Service during First Indochina War ==
== Service during First Indochina War ==
{{Further|First Indochina War}}
{{Further|First Indochina War}}
⚫
[[File:Arrivée du général Blaizot à Saigon.jpg|thumb|Arrival of [[Roger Blaizot|general Blaizot]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] in [[1948]]: from left to right, general de Perier, [[Raoul Salan|general Salan]], general Blaizot and admiral Battet.]]
Inspector general of [[Colonial troops]] in October 1944, he was assistant to generals [[Jean Étienne Valluy|Valluy]] and [[Raoul Salan|Salan]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. He was cited in the army order in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Raoul Salan|author1-link=Raoul Salan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4ArAAAAIAAJ |title=Le Viêt-minh mon adversaire |publisher=Presses de la Cité |year=1971 |pages=128}}</ref>
Inspector general of [[Colonial troops]] in October 1944, he was assistant to generals [[Jean Étienne Valluy|Valluy]] and [[Raoul Salan|Salan]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. He was cited in the army order in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Raoul Salan|author1-link=Raoul Salan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4ArAAAAIAAJ |title=Le Viêt-minh mon adversaire |publisher=Presses de la Cité |year=1971 |pages=128}}</ref>


== End of his career ==
== End of career ==
In 1948, de Perier was heard at Weygand's trial before the [[High Court (France)|High Court]]. He gave a long deposition in which he defended the accused.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmitt |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuNXDwAAQBAJ |title=Le Double Jeu du Maréchal : légende ou réalité |publisher=Presses de la Cité |year=1995|isbn=9782258128668 }}</ref>
In 1948, de Perier was heard at Weygand's trial before the [[High Court (France)|High Court]]. He gave a long deposition in which he defended the accused.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmitt |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuNXDwAAQBAJ |title=Le Double Jeu du Maréchal : légende ou réalité |publisher=Presses de la Cité |year=1995|isbn=9782258128668 }}</ref>


He chaired the Revue économique française when it was reissued in 1952 under the Société de Géographie commerciale. This journal dealt with economic issues and overseas territories<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chabot |first=Georges |date=1953 |title=Revue économique française |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ingeo_0020-0093_1953_num_17_2_1258_t1_0078_0000_4 |journal=Bulletin trimestriel de la Société de Géographie |pages=78}}</ref>
He chaired the ''Revue Économique Française'' when it was reissued in 1952 under the Société de Géographie Commerciale. This journal dealt with economic issues and overseas territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chabot |first=Georges |date=1953 |title=Revue économique française |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ingeo_0020-0093_1953_num_17_2_1258_t1_0078_0000_4 |journal=Bulletin trimestriel de la Société de Géographie |pages=78}}</ref>


After his retirement in 1950, general de Perier died on 22 June 1968 in [[Paris]] and was buried in [[Allier]].
General de Perier died on 22 June 1968 in [[Paris]].


== Military ranks ==
== Military ranks ==
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{{World War I}}
{{World War I}}
{{World War II}}
{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perier, Pierre-Étienne de}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perier, Pierre-Étienne de}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures]]
[[Category:19th-century French military personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century French military personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour]]
[[Category:People from Laghouat]]
[[Category:People from Laghouat]]

Latest revision as of 11:52, 8 December 2024

Pierre-Étienne de Perier
Arrival of General Blaizot in Saigon in 1948: from left to right, General de Perier, General Salan, General Blaizot and Admiral Battet.
Birth nameAntoine Pierre-Étienne de Perier
Nickname(s)General de Perier
BornOctober 31, 1893
Laghouat, French Algeria
DiedJune 22, 1968
Paris, France
AllegianceFrance
Service / branchFrench Army
Years of service1912–1950
RankDivisional general
UnitTroupes de marine
Battles / wars
Alma materÉcole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
RelationsMaxime Weygand

Pierre-Étienne de Perier (31 October 1893 – 22 June 1968) was a French divisional general,[1][2] Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and magazine editor.[3][4]

Early life

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Origins

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Antoine Pierre-Étienne de Perier was a member of the de Perier family.[5] Its coat of arms bears "Silver, a fess of vert accompanied by four cinquefoils of the same laid one to each canton of the shield".[6]

He was born on 31 October 1893 in Laghouat, French Algeria, to Antoine Léonor de Perier (1842–1908), commander of the 2nd Battalion of African Light Infantry and Officer of the Legion of Honour,[7] and Louise Loubère (1862–1939), daughter of colonel Jean-Louis Loubère, governor of French Guiana.

Education

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De Perier entered the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, class of Montmirail (1912–1914),[8] and enlisted the same year, quickly being promoted to corporal.

Service during World War I

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Further information: World War I

On 28 August 1914, in the battle of La Besace (Ardennes), he was seriously wounded in the jaw by a bullet while charging the Germans.[9] This action earned him a mention in the army order: "Well behaved in combat on 28 August 1914, brilliantly charged with the bayonet at the head of his section, was seriously wounded".[10] In 1916, he was posted to the Armée d'Orient, and became a captain in the Zouaves in 1917.[11][12][13]

Inter-war period

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A regional topographer in Morocco from 1919 to 1921, he joined the colonial infantry.[14] He was sent to Germany, in the French army of the Rhineland, from 1921 to 1925.

Then a commander, he was aide-de-camp to General Franchet d'Esperey from 1932 to 1934.[15][16]

Service during World War II

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Further information: World War II

In June 1940, the Third Army, of which he was sub-chief of staff, was surrounded in Lorraine by Guderian, who led Operation Tiger.[12][13] De Perier was captured by the Nazis but managed to escape: "was particularly noted for his initiative, energy and courage during the period from 1 June to 22 June 1940. Taken prisoner after the encirclement of his army, he escaped and managed to elude the horsemen in pursuit and reached the unoccupied zone of French territory after having circulated for eight days in the German lines".[17] He was awarded the Escapees' medal by decree in 1945.[18]

From September 1940 to May 1942, promoted to colonel, he became chief of staff to General Maxime Weygand.[19][20][21][22]

In 1941, the African Army had to be put in a position to enter the campaign. To this end, it was necessary to complete its units, create security formations to replace the garrisons and reconstitute their maintenance services. These objectives could only be achieved by mobilization, which colonel de Perier decided to do.

From 1942, he took part in the Tunisian campaign.

Service during First Indochina War

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Further information: First Indochina War

Inspector general of Colonial troops in October 1944, he was assistant to generals Valluy and Salan during the First Indochina War. He was cited in the army order in 1947.[23]

End of career

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In 1948, de Perier was heard at Weygand's trial before the High Court. He gave a long deposition in which he defended the accused.[24]

He chaired the Revue Économique Française when it was reissued in 1952 under the Société de Géographie Commerciale. This journal dealt with economic issues and overseas territories.[25]

General de Perier died on 22 June 1968 in Paris.

Military ranks

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Decorations

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French, French Colonial or Inter-Allied decorations

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Foreign decorations

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Works

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  • Study on the landings by sea in the French Military Review

References

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  1. ^ Etienne, Delphine. SOUS-SÉRIE GR Y D OFFICIERS GÉNÉRAUX DE L'ARMÉE DE TERRE ET DES SERVICES (ANCIEN RÉGIME-2010) (PDF). p. 192.
  2. ^ L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, Volume 4, Numéros 34 à 45. 1954. p. 471.
  3. ^ François de Lannoy and Max Schiavon (2023). Dictionnaire des officiers généraux de la Seconde guerre mondiale.
  4. ^ Ammentorp, Steen. "Antoine Pierre-Etienne de Perier".
  5. ^ Clément, Arnaud. La noblesse française (in French). Académia.edu. p. 313.
  6. ^ Busquet de Caumont, Robert (2012). Busquet de Caumont: Histoire culturelle, sociologique et patrimoniale d'une ancienne famille. Publibook. ISBN 9782748397840.
  7. ^ Base Léonore. "Dossier individuel de Antoine Léonor de Perier".
  8. ^ Boÿ, Jean. Historique de la 97 promotion (1912-14), promotion de Montmirail (PDF).
  9. ^ Plat, Armand (1960). Deux Français libres sur les traces de Paul Déroulède. Nouvelles éditions latines. p. 121.
  10. ^ Ordre N° 54 du 63ème Régiment d'Infanterie du 17 février 1915.
  11. ^ Service historique de l'Armée de terre (1984). La Guerre d'Indochine, 1945-1954: textes et documents, Volume 2. p. 154. ISBN 9782863230480.
  12. ^ a b "Notice biographique de Pierre-Etienne de Perier, sur Base Léonore".
  13. ^ a b Société de géographie commerciale de Paris (1968). Revue économique française, Volume 90. p. 71.
  14. ^ "M. de Perier ( A.-P.-E. ), capitaine au 21° régiment . res indigènes du Maroc". Journal officiel de la République franc̜aise, Numéros 79 à 102: 1928. 1928.
  15. ^ Institut archéologique liégeois (1931). Bulletin de L'Institut Archéologique Liégeois. p. 16.
  16. ^ Azan, Paul (1949). Franchet d'Espérey. Flammarion. p. 269.
  17. ^ Prételat, André Gaston (1950). Le destin tragique de la ligne Maginot. Berger-Levrault. pp. 241 and following.
  18. ^ Décret du 21 mai 1945. Médaille des évadés. « de PERIER (Antoine-Pierre-Étienne) : Général de Brigade, Inspecteur des troupes coloniales, ministère de la guerre. Déjà cité pour le même motif par ordre général n*153c en date du 20 août 1940 du général commandant en chef ministre secrétaire d'État à la défense nationale : après avoir rempli avec autorité, depuis le début de la campagne les fonctions de sous-chef de l'État-major de la 3e armée, s'est particulièrement signalé par son initiative, son énergie et son courage pendant la période du 1er juin au 22 juin 1940. Fait prisonnier après l'encerclement de son armée, s'est évadé et a réussi à échapper aux cavaliers lancés à sa poursuite et a rejoint la zone non occupée du territoire français après avoir circulé huit jours dans les lignes allemandes.»
  19. ^ Singer, Barnett (2008). Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars. pp. 128 and 180. ISBN 9780786435715.
  20. ^ Maxime Weygand (1950). Mémoires : rappelé au service. pp. 362, 399 and 407.
  21. ^ Cantier, Jacques (2002). L'Algérie sous le régime de Vichy. Odile Jacob. p. 102.
  22. ^ Faure, Claude (2004). Aux services de la République : du BCRA à la DGSE. pp. Chapitre 6 : renseignement et résistance en Afrique du Nord. ISBN 9782213660394.
  23. ^ Raoul Salan (1971). Le Viêt-minh mon adversaire. Presses de la Cité. p. 128.
  24. ^ Schmitt, Maurice (1995). Le Double Jeu du Maréchal : légende ou réalité. Presses de la Cité. ISBN 9782258128668.
  25. ^ Chabot, Georges (1953). "Revue économique française". Bulletin trimestriel de la Société de Géographie: 78.

Archives

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Further reading

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