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{{Short description|Genus of orchids}}
{{Redirect|Phal|the curry dish|Phall}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Phalaenopsis philippinensis NationalOrchidGarden-Singapore.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]''
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Phalaenopsis
| authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]<ref name="WCSP">{{WCSP |151129 |''Phalaenopsis''}}</ref>
| type_species = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] (1825)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = About 70; see [[List of Phalaenopsis species|List of ''Phalaenopsis'' species]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP"/>
| synonyms = * ''Polychilos'' <small>[[Jacob Gijsbert Samuel van Breda|Breda]]</small>
* ''Doritis'' <small>[[Lindl.]]</small>
* ''Synadena'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>
* ''Stauroglottis'' <small>[[Johannes Conrad Schauer|Schauer]]</small>
* ''Polystylus'' <small>[[Johan Conrad van Hasselt|Hasselt]] ex [[Hassk.]]</small>
* ''Stauritis'' <small>[[Rchb.f.]]</small>
* ''Ornithochilus'' <small>(Lindl.) [[Wall.]] ex [[Benth.]]</small>
* ''Hygrochilus'' <small>[[Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer|Pfitzer]]</small>
* ''Kingiella'' <small>Rolfe [[Nomen illegitimum|nom. illeg.]]</small>
* ''Grafia'' <small>[[A.D.Hawkes]] nom. illeg.</small>
* ''Kingidium'' <small>[[Peter Francis Hunt|P.F.Hunt]]</small>
* ''Sedirea'' <small>[[Leslie Andrew Garay|Garay]] & [[Herman Royden Sweet|H.R.Sweet]]</small>
* ''Lesliea'' <small>[[Seidenf.]]</small>
* ''Nothodoritis'' <small>[[Zhan Huo Tsi|Z.H.Tsi]]</small>
* ''Grussia'' <small>[[Manfred Wolff|M.Wolff]]</small>
}}


'''''Phalaenopsis''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɒ|p|s|ɪ|s|}}), also known as '''moth orchids''',<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=978-1877069123|page=440}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of about seventy species of plants in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Orchidaceae]]. Orchids in this genus are [[monopodial]] [[epiphyte]]s or [[lithophyte]]s with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to Asia, [[New Guinea]], and Australia, but mostly occur in [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].
== Summary ==


==Description==
[[File:Ornithochilus difformis toapel.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis difformis'' of ''Phalaenopsis'' subg. ''Ornithochilus'']]
[[File:Phalaenopsis japonica '-2003' (Rchb.f.) Kocyan & Schuit., Phytotaxa 161 67 (2014) (49842657636).jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis japonica'' of ''Phalaenopsis'' subg. ''Hygrochilus'']]
[[File:Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica toapel.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica]]'' of ''Phalaenopsis'' sect. ''Polychilos'']]
[[File:Kingidium taenialis 1 toapel.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis taenialis'' of ''Phalaenopsis'' sect. ''Aphyllae'']]
[[File:Phalaenopsis lobbii (Rchb.f.) H.R.Sweet, Gen. Phalaenopsis 53 (1980) (39946000844).jpg|thumb|right|Phalaenopsis lobbii of ''Phalaenopsis'' sect. ''Parishianae'']]
[[File:Pneumatodes on Phalaenopsis philippinensis root.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pneumatode]]s in roots of ''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'']]
Orchids in the genus ''Phalaenopsis'' are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] with long, coarse roots with [[pneumatode]]s (which allow for gaseous exchange of the [[photosynthetic]] roots),<ref>李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/nph.13106 | title=The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the ''Cenozoic'' | year=2015 | last1=Chomicki | first1=Guillaume | last2=Bidel | first2=Luc P. R. | last3=Ming | first3=Feng | last4=Coiro | first4=Mario | last5=Zhang | first5=Xuan | last6=Wang | first6=Yaofeng | last7=Baissac | first7=Yves | last8=Jay-Allemand | first8=Christian | last9=Renner | first9=Susanne S. | journal=New Phytologist | volume=205 | issue=3 | pages=1330–1341 | pmid=25345817 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging [[raceme]]s or [[panicle]]s. The [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] sepals are usually larger than the [[wikt:dorsal|dorsal]] sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is joined stiffly to the [[Column (botany)|column]] and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="China">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Wood |first2=Jeffrey James |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124878 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="RFKOrchids">{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Phalaenopsis.htm |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="ONG">{{cite web |title=Genus ''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-information/genus/genuscode/40 |publisher=Orchids of New Guinea |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>


=== Reproduction ===
Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the [[ovule]]s is triggered by [[pollination]]. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female [[gamete]]s exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, [[fertilisation]] occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the [[Stigma (botany)|stigmatic cavity]] is often closed through swelling of the [[Column (botany)|column]]. As a result, the [[Pollinium|pollinia]] are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In ''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'', pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the [[Placentation|placental]] cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jhun-Chen |last2=Fang |first2=Su-Chiung |year=2016 |title=The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids |journal=Plant Reproduction |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=179–188 |doi=10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z |pmc=4909812 |pmid=27016359}}</ref>


''Phalaenopsis'' are unique in that in some species of the subgenus ''Polychilos'', the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo [[senescence]] (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many ''Phalaenopsis'' species, such as ''P. violacea'', the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping [[programmed cell death]]. In producing [[chloroplast]]s, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.<ref name="plant programmed cell death">{{cite journal |author=Wouter G. van Doorn |date=October 2005 |title=Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=478–483 |doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003 |pmid=16153879}}</ref>


=== Phytochemistry ===
Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of ''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the [[terpenoid]] class. It was most intense in the morning.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mus |first1=Ahmad Asnawi |last2=Gansau |first2=Jualang Azlan |last3=Kumar |first3=Vijay Subbiah |last4=Rusdi |first4=Nor Azizun |title=The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.650439779307698 |journal=Plant Omics |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=78–85}}</ref>


In ''Phalaenopsis'', [[phenylpropanoid]] enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant [[acclimatisation]] at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad Babar |last2=Khatun |first2=Serida |last3=Hahn |first3=Eun-Joo |last4=Paek |first4=Kee-Yoeup |year=2006 |title=Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux |journal=Plant Growth Regulation |volume=49 |issue=2–3 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z |s2cid=26821483}}</ref>
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Phalaenopsis''
| image = Phalaenopsiscloseup500x363.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Closeup of a ''Phalaenopsis'' flower
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Vandeae]]
| subtribus = [[Aeridinae]]
| alliance = ''Phalaenopsis''
| alliance_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
| genus = '''''Phalaenopsis'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] 1825
| type_species = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]], (1825)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}


==Taxonomy==
'''''Phalaenopsis''''' ([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] 1825) is a [[genus]] of approximately 60 species of [[Orchidaceae|orchids]] (family Orchidaceae). The abbreviation in the horticultural trade is '''Phal.'''
The genus ''Phalaenopsis'' was first formally described in 1825 by [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] and the description was published in {{Lang|nl|Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië}}.<ref name="WCSP" /><ref name="Blume">{{cite book |last1=Blume |first1=Carl Ludwig |title=Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7) |date=1825 |location=Batavia |page=294 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9224#page/11/mode/1up |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> The name ''Phalaenopsis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|φαλαινα}} ({{transliteration|grc|phalaina|}}) meaning 'a kind of moth'<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|535}} with the [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] ''-opsis'' meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.<ref name="RWB" />{{rp|483}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 }} p. 140</ref>


The genus name is abbreviated ''Phal.'' horticulturally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf|title=Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society}}</ref>
== Description ==


===Infrageneric structure===
The generic name originates from the Greek ''phalaina'', "moth" and ''opsis'', "like", descriptive of the inflorescences of some species, which resemble [[moth]]s in flight. For this reason, the species are sometimes called '''Moth orchids'''.
The large monophyletic genus ''Phalaenopsis'' is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.<br />
The subgenus ''Polychilos'' is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus ''Phalaenopsis'' is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera ''Aphyllae'' and ''Parishianae'', as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus ''Proboscidioides'', which only consists of ''[[Phalaenopsis lowii]]'', suggests a close relationship with the subgenus ''Aphyllae''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1 | title=Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA | year=2010 | last1=Tsai | first1=C. C. | last2=Chiang | first2=Y. C. | last3=Huang | first3=S. C. | last4=Chen | first4=C. H. | last5=Chou | first5=C. H. | journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume=288 | issue=1–2 | pages=77–98 | bibcode=2010PSyEv.288...77T | s2cid=29984034 }}</ref>


The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3 | title=A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis | year=2015 | last1=Deng | first1=HUA | last2=Zhang | first2=GUO-Qiang | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | last4=Wang | first4=YAN | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=238 | issue=3 | page=243 }}</ref><ref name="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsi">{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6 | title=Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence | year=2016 | last1=Li | first1=Ming-HE | last2=Gruss | first2=Olaf | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=275 | page=55 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=C. C. |last2=Chou |first2=C. H. |year=2007 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review |journal=Orchid Science and Biotechnology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=44–50}}</ref><ref>Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.</ref>
They are native throughout southeast [[Asia]] from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountains to the islands of [[Polillo]] and [[Palawan]] of the [[Philippines]] and northern [[Australia]]. [[Orchid Island]] off [[Taiwan]] is named after this orchid. Little is known about their habitat and their ecology in nature since little field research has been done in the last decades.
{{clade
|label1=''Phalaenopsis''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subgen. ''Phalaenopsis''
|1={{clade
|1=''Polychilos'' |bar1=green
|2=''Phalaenopsis'' |bar2=green
}}
|label2=subgen. ''Parishianae''
|2={{clade
|1=''Aphyllae'' |bar1=red
|2=''Parishianae'' |bar2=red
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Phalaenopsis subg. Hygrochilus|subg. ''Hygrochilus'']] |bar1=red
|2=[[Phalaenopsis subg. Ornithochilus|subg. ''Ornithochilus'']] |bar2=red
}}
}}
}}
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |width=10em;
|label1=2 pollinia clade |top1=10% |color1=green
|label2=4 pollinia clade |top2=60% |color2=red
}}
}}


===''Ornithochilus''===
[[Image:Phalaenopsis.web.jpg|thumb|left|''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' (Moon Orchid)]]
{{main|Phalaenopsis subg. Ornithochilus}}
Most are [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] shade plants; a few are [[lithophyte]]s. In the wild they are typically found below the canopies of moist and humid lowland forests, protected against direct sunlight, but equally in seasonally dry or cool environments. The species have adapted individually to these three habitats.
The former genus ''Ornithochilus'' was merged with ''Phalaenopsis'' and is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base. ''Ornithochilus'' formerly had three known species, native to [[China]], the [[Himalayas]] and [[Southeast Asia]]:<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=144172 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=123197 Flora of China v 25 p 448, 羽唇兰属 yu chun lan shu, ''Ornithochilus'' (Wallich ex Lindley) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 478, 581. 1883.]</ref>


*''[[Ornithochilus cacharensis]]'' <small>Barbhuiya, B.K.Dutta & Schuit.</small> - Assam
''Phalaenopsis'' shows a [[monopodial]] growth habit. An erect growing [[rhizome]] produces from the top one or two alternate, thick and fleshy, elleptical [[leaf|leaves]] a year. The older, basal leaves drop off at the same rate. The plant retains in this way four to five leaves. If very healthy, they can have up to ten or more leaves. They have no [[pseudobulb]]s. The [[raceme]] appears from the [[Plant stem|stem]] between the leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, they usually last two to three months, which is considered quite a long time.
*''[[Ornithochilus difformis]]'' <small>(Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr.</small> - Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Assam, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
*''[[Ornithochilus yingjiangensis]]'' <small>Z.H.Tsi</small> - Yunnan


===''Hygrochilus''===
== Classification ==
{{Main|Phalaenopsis subg. Hygrochilus}}
The species can be classified into two groups :
The former genera ''Sedirea'' and ''Hygrochilus'' were incorporated into ''Phalaenopsis'' subgen. ''Hygrochilus''. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus ''Hygrochilus'' are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is ''[[Phalaenopsis hygrochila]]''.<ref name="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsi"/> The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.
*A group with a long, branched inflorescence (up to 1 m long) and large, almost round flowers with rose or white tints.
*A group with short stems and less rounded, waxy flowers with more pronounced colors.
In terms of particular lifeform terminology, one can also characterize these plants as hemicryptophyte or chamerophyte :
* [[hemicryptophyte]] (abbr.: hemicr.) : biennial or perennial plants with herbaceous stems. These stems die off after the growing season, while the shoots survive at soil level. The resting buds are just above or below soil level.
* [[chamaephyte]] (abbr. cham.) : low-growing plants with herbaceous and/or woody stems, that persist for several years. Their buds are on soil level or just above; but never above 50 cm.


===Species list===
The genera ''Doritis'' Lindl. and ''Kingidium'' P.F.Hunt are now included in ''Phalaneopsis'', based on DNA-evidence (according to the World Checklist of Monocotyledons, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew) (See also ref 1). However this is not implicitly accepted by every specialist in this field.
See [[List of Phalaenopsis species|List of ''Phalaenopsis'' species]]


===Intergeneric hybrids===
Intensive cross-fertilization has produced a great number of [[hybrid]]s in all colors and variations. These are usually more adaptable to artificial conditions than their botanical ancestors. Most are hybrids of ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' with ''Phalaenopsis schilleriana'' or ''Phalaenopsis stuartiana''.
See [[List of Phalaenopsis species|List of ''Phalaenopsis'' species]]


== Species ==
== Distribution ==
Species of ''Phalaenopsis'' are found from India to [[southern China]], [[Indochina]], [[Malaysia]] and from [[Indonesia]] to the [[Philippines]] and [[New Guinea]]. There is a single species, ''Phalaenopsis rosenstromii,'' [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Queensland]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - ''Phalaenopsis rosenstromii'' |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/Phalaenopsis_rosenstromii.htm |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=www.anbg.gov.au}}</ref> ''Phalaenopsis stuartiana'' has become naturalised in Costa Rica, Panama, and Suriname.<ref name = "Belfort-Oconitrillo et al., 2024">Belfort-Oconitrillo, N., Salguero, G., Oses, L., Gil-Amaya, K., Rojas-Alvarado, G., Chinchilla, I. F., ... & Karremans, A. P. (2024). [https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3600555/component/file_3600556/content New species and records of Orchidaceae from Costa Rica.] IV. Lankesteriana, 24(2), 141-192.</ref>
[[Image:Phalaenopsis Barbara Moler x Johanna 52-24x.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis'' 'Barbara Moler' x 'Johanna' (a hybrid cultivar)]]
*''[[Phalaenopsis amabilis]]'' ('''Moon Orchid'''; East Malaysia to Papuasia)
**''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' subsp. ''amabilis'' (East Malaysia to Papuasia).
**''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' subsp. ''moluccana'' (Northeastern Borneo to the Moluccas).
**''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' subsp. ''rosenstromii'' (New Guinea to Queensland).
*''[[Phalaenopsis amboinensis]]'' (Sulawesi to the Moluccas).
**''Phalaenopsis amboinensis'' var. ''amboinensis'' (the Moluccas).
**''Phalaenopsis amboinensis'' var. ''flavida'' (Sulawesi)
*''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'' (Southeastern Taiwan to the Philippines).
**''Phalaenopsis aphrodite'' subsp. ''aphrodite'' (the Philippines).
**''Phalaenopsis aphrodite'' subsp. ''formosana'' (Southeastern Taiwan).
*''[[Phalaenopsis appendiculata]]'' (Malaya to northeastern Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis bastianii]]'' (Philippines - Sulu Archipelago).
*''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis borneensis]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis braceana]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan).
*''[[Phalaenopsis buyssoniana]]'' (Indochina).
*''[[Phalaenopsis celebensis]]'' (Sulawesi).
*''[[Phalaenopsis chibae]]'' (Vietnam).
*''[[Phalaenopsis cochlearis]]'' (Malaya to Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis corningiana]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi]]'' (Indochina to southern Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis deliciosa]]'' (Indian subcontinent to Malesia).
**''Phalaenopsis deliciosa'' subsp. ''deliciosa'' (Indian subcontinent to Malesia
**''Phalaenopsis deliciosa'' subsp. ''hookeriana'' (Eastern Himalayas to southwestern China).
*''[[Phalaenopsis doweryënsis]]'' (Northeastern Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]'' (Taiwan - Hsiao Lan Yü to the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis fasciata]]'' (the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis fimbriata]]'' (Sumatra, Java and Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis floresensis]]'' (Lesser Sunda Islands).
*''[[Phalaenopsis fuscata]]'' (Borneo)
*''[[Phalaenopsis gibbosa]]'' (Vietnam).
*''[[Phalaenopsis gigantea]]'' (Borneo to Java).
*''[[Phalaenopsis hainanensis]]'' (China - Hainan and Yunnan).
*''[[Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica]]'' (the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis honghenensis]]'' (China - Yunnan).
*''[[Phalaenopsis inscriptiosinensis]]'' (Central Sumatra
*''[[Phalaenopsis javanica]]'' (Western Java).
*''[[Phalaenopsis kunstleri]]'' (Myanmar to Malaya).
*''[[Phalaenopsis lamelligera]]'' (Northeastern Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' (the Philippines - Luzon).
*''[[Phalaenopsis lobbii]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar).
*''[[Phalaenopsis lowii]]'' (Southern Myanmar to western Thailand).
*''[[Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana]]'' (the Philippines).
[[Image:Phalaenopsis-Mambo.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis'' 'Mambo' (a hybrid cultivar)]]
*''[[Phalaenopsis luteola]]'' (Northwestern Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis maculata]]'' (Malaya to Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis malipoensis]]'' Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (China - Yunnan)
*''[[Phalaenopsis mannii]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan).
*''[[Phalaenopsis mariae]]'' (Northeastern Borneo to the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' (the Philippines - Mindanao).
*''[[Phalaenopsis modesta]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis mysorensis]]'' (Indian subcontinent).
*''[[Phalaenopsis pallens]]'' (the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis pantherina]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis parishii]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar).
*''[[Phalaenopsis petelotii]]'' (Vietnam)
*''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'' (the Philippines - Luzon).
*''[[Phalaenopsis pulcherrima]]'' (Indochina to Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis pulchra]]'' (the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis regnieriana]]'' (Indochina).
*''[[Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana]]'' (the Philippines).
[[Image:Phalaenopsis-Nivacolor.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis'' 'Nivacolor' (a hybrid cultivar)]]
*''[[Phalaenopsis robinsonii]]'' (the Moluccas).
*''[[Phalaenopsis sanderiana]]'' (the Philippines - Mindanao).
*''[[Phalaenopsis schilleriana]]'' (the Philippines).
*''[[Phalaenopsis speciosa]]'' (Andaman and Nicobar Islands).
*''[[Phalaenopsis stobartiana]]'' (China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi)
*''[[Phalaenopsis stuartiana]]'' (the Philippines - Mindanao).
*''[[Phalaenopsis sumatrana]]'' (Indochina to Borneo).
*''[[Phalaenopsis taenialis]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan)
*''[[Phalaenopsis tetraspsis]]'' (Andaman and Nicobar Islands to northwestern Sumatra).
*''[[Phalaenopsis venosa]]'' (Sulawesi).
*''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' (Malaya to Sumatra).).
*''[[Phalaenopsis viridis]]'' (Sumatra).
*''[[Phalaenopsis wilsonii]]'' (China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi).
*''[[Phalaenopsis zebrina]]'' (Borneo).


== Natural hybrids ==
== Ecology ==
Pollination of ''Phalaenopsis pulcherrima'' through bees, specifically ''Amegilla nigritar'', has been recorded in China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pramanik |first1=Dewi |last2=Dorst |first2=Nemi |last3=Meesters |first3=Niels |last4=Spaans |first4=Marlies |last5=Smets |first5=Erik |last6=Welten |first6=Monique |last7=Gravendeel |first7=Barbara |year=2020 |title=Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species |journal=Evodevo |volume=11 |page=16 |doi=10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z |pmc=7418404 |pmid=32793330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. ''[[Amegilla]]'' is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xiaohua |first1=Jin |last2=Dezhu |first2=Li |last3=Zongxin |first3=Ren |last4=Xiaoguo |first4=Xiang |year=2012 |title=A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria |journal=BMC Plant Biology |volume=12 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-12-67 |pmc=3388949 |pmid=22571550 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[Image:Phal_hybrid1.jpg|thumb|right|A ''Phalaenopsis'' hybrid]]
*''Phalaenopsis × amphitrita'' (''P. sanderiana'' × ''P. stuartiana''; Philippines).
*''Phalaenopsis × gersenii'' (''P. sumatrana'' × ''P. violacea''; Borneo, Sumatra).
*''Phalaenopsis × intermedia'' (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. equestris''; '''Star of Leyte'''; Philippines) (First recognized Phalaenopsis hybrid)
*''Phalaenopsis × leucorrhoda'' (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Philippines).
*''Phalaenopsis × singuliflora'' (''P. bellina'' × ''P. sumatrana''; Borneo).
*''Phalaenopsis × veitchiana'' (''P. equestris'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Philippines).


== Intergeneric hybrids ==
== Conservation ==
Many species are highly threatened. For instance ''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' is categorized as endangered,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46371/11046572 |title=''Phalaenopsis lindenii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' is categorized as vulnerable<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44393331/44529144 |title=''Phalaenopsis violacea'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' is categorized as critically endangered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46372/11046733 |title=''Phalaenopsis micholitzii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> Some species, like ''[[Phalaenopsis javanica|P. javanica]],'' are believed to be extinct in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garvita |first1=R. V. |last2=Handini |first2=E. |year=2011 |title=Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis |journal=Buletin Kebun Raya |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=9–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.13057/biodiv/d170217 | title=Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem | year=1970 | last1=Adie | first1=M. Muchlish | last2=Krisnawati | first2=Ayda | journal=Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity | volume=17 | issue=2 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* x''Aeridopsis'' (''Aerangis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Arachnopsis'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Asconopsis'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Beardara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Bogardara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Bokchoonara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Cleisonopsis'' (''Cleisocentron'' x Phalaenopsis)
* x''Devereuxara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Diplonopsis'' (''Diploprora'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Doriellaopsis'' (''Doritis'' x ''Kingiella'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Doritaenopsis'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Dresslerara'' (''Ascoglossum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' )
* x''Edeara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Ernestara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Eurynopsis'' (''Eurychone'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Hagerara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Hausermannara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Himoriara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis '' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Isaoara'' (''Aerangis'' x ''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Laycockara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Lichtara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Gastrochilus'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Luinopsis'' (''Luisia'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Lutherara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Rhynchostylis'' )
* x''Macekara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vanda'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Meechaiara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Moirara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Nakagawaara'' (''Aerangis'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Owensara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' )
* x''Parnataara'' (''Aerangis'' x ''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Paulara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Pepeara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' )
* x''Phalaerianda'' (''Aerangis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Phalandopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Phalanetia'' (''Neofinetia'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Phaliella'' (''Kingiella'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Pooleara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Ascoglossum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' )
* x''Renanthopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' )
* x''Rhynchonopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'')
* x''Rhyndoropsis'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'')
* x''Richardmizutaara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Roseara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Kingiella'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' )
* x''Sappanara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'')
* x''Sarconopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Sarcochilus'')
* x''Sidranara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'')
* x''Sladeara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Sarcochilus'')
* x''Stamariaara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Sutingara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'' x ''Vandopsis'')
* x''Trautara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Luisia'' x ''Phalaenopsis'')
* x''Trevorara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Trichonopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Trichoglottis'')
* x''Uptonara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis '' x ''Sarcochilus'')
* x''Vandaenopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Vandewegheara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Yapara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis '' x ''Vanda'')
* x''Yeepengara'' (''Aerides'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'' x ''Vanda'')
There is no true intergeneric hybrid between ''Phalaenopsis'' and the closely related ''[[Paraphalaenopsis]]''. However, according to the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]], there is a grex (i.e. all orchids derived from crossing the same two or more parent species; the name also covers all offspring from that particular cross). ''Phalphalaenopsis'' Doris Thornton is currently the one and only registered (1977) grex that represents a cross between a ''Paraphalaenopsis'' (x thorntonii) and a ''Phalaenopsis'' (Doris). Therefore, strictly speaking, the genetic barrier between these two closely related genera has not been crossed. But, since there are only very few true ''Phalaenopsis'' species in cultivation (most are hybrids), the possibility of a true intergeneric hybrid is not to be excluded.


==Use in horticulture==
== Post-pollination changes in ''Phalaenopsis'' orchids==
[[File:violacea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' exhibiting typical post-pollination changes of the subgenus ''Polychilos'', in which petals and sepals become photosynthetic]]
''Phalaenopsis'' are not only outstanding in their beauty, but also unique in their photosynthetic mechanism. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals will usually undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them.


''Phalaenopsis'', abbreviated '''Phal''' in the [[horticultural]] trade,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.orchidsplus.com/phalaenopsis-orchid-care/ | title=Complete Care Guide to Phalaenopsis Orchid Care | first=Josh | last=Stockton | date=20 January 2013 | publisher=Orchids Plus | access-date=19 September 2020 }}</ref> are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] collections. Since the advent of the [[Polyploidy|tetraploid]] hybrid ''Phalaenopsis'' Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.
In many ''Phalaenopsis'' species such as ''P.violacea'', the petals and sepals found new uses following pollination. They turn green, become fleshy and apparently photosynthesize.


If very healthy, a ''Phalaenopsis'' plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a ''Phalaenopsis'' orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Care for Orchids: A Comprehensive Organic Guide|url=https://earthwormtechnologies.com/organic-gardening-blog/orchid-care/how-to-care-for-orchids-organic-guide/}}</ref>
== Growing Phalaenopsis ==
[[Image:violacea.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''Phalaenopsis violacea var Borneo'']]
''Phalaenopsis'' are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] collections. Since the advent of the tetrapoloid hybrid ''Phalaenopsis'' Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their production has become a commercial industry.


In nature, they are typically fond of warm temperatures (20 to 35 °[[Celsius|C]]), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C); at temperatures below 18 °C watering should be reduced to avoid the risk of root rot. ''Phalaenopsis'' requires high humidity (60-70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. Flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over 2 to 4 consecutive weeks, usually in the fall.
In nature, ''Phalaenopsis'' species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 [[Celsius|°C]] (68–95&nbsp;°F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30&nbsp;°C or 59–86&nbsp;°F); at temperatures below 18&nbsp;°C (64.4&nbsp;°F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60&nbsp;°F for extended periods. ''Phalaenopsis'' prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.<ref>[http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114073443/http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid |date=2013-01-14 }}</ref>


The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.
Phalaenopsis prefer to be potted in fir bark, which is more free-draining than the sphagnum moss. Keep them in pots with a lot of drainage. One of the most numerous blunders that new growers make is to rot the roots. Overwatering and poor drainage cause the roots to deteriorate, therefore killing the plant. Being careful to water when you feel the soil is dry through and through is the safest thing to do.


It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below {{convert|29|°C|0}}. Using two ''Phalaenopsis'' clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below {{convert|27|°C|0}}, with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding {{convert|29|°C|0}}. The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in ''Phalaenopsis'' was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.<ref name="Phalaenopsis">{{cite journal |author1=Blanchard, Matthew G |author2=Runkle, Erik S | title=Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids| journal=Journal of Experimental Botany| year=2006| volume=57| issue=15| pages=4043–4050 | doi=10.1093/jxb/erl176 | pmid=17075080| doi-access=free}}</ref>
Light is quite vital to the well-being of the phalaenopsis orchid. Keep it in indirect light near a southern window. Be sure the sun does not directly reach the leaves, which will cause burning and ugly brown marks. If the leaf feels hot to the touch, move it away immediately! On the other hand, phalaenopsis grown in poor dark areas tend to grow floppy dark green leaves and rarely flower.


{{gallery|mode=packed
Phalaenopsis roots are quite thick, and the green point at the ends signifies that the root is actively growing. It is okay for them to climb out of the pots. Keep the plant fertilized with a 1/4 diluted strength balanced fertilizer three times out of four waterings.
|Phalaenopsis Moth Pink Orchids.jpg|Pink cultivar
|Yellow orchids and buds.jpg|Greenish-yellow cultivar
|蝴蝶蘭-Phalaenopsis 20220215205224 03.jpg|Unknown "big lip" cultivar
}}


===Award of Garden Merit===
The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the leaf tissue. In about three months, the spike enlongates until it begins to swell fat buds. The buds will thus bloom. Usually you can tell what color the phalaenopsis is by looking at the bud color. After
the flowers fade, some people prefer to cut the spike above the highest node (section). This may produce another flower spike or more rarely a [[keiki]] (a baby orchid plant that can be planted).


In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:

*Brother Pico Sweetheart gx.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/168538/Phalaenopsis-Brother-Pico-Sweetheart-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Brother Pico Sweetheart gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
== External links ==
*''[[Phalaenopsis amabilis]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/119644/Phalaenopsis-amabilis/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
{{Commons|Phalaenopsis|Phalaenopsis}}
*Yellow Lightning gx.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/332968/Phalaenopsis-Yellow-Lightning-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Yellow Lightning gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
* [http://www.phals.net/index_e.html ''Phalaenopsis'' orchids : species and primary hybrids]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal | author = Seon Kim, Clifford W. Morden, Yoneo Sagawa, and Jae -Young Kim | title = The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species | journal = Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan |year = 2003}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Seon Kim |author2=Clifford W. Morden |author3=Yoneo Sagawa |author4=Jae -Young Kim |name-list-style=amp | title = The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species | journal = Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan |year = 2003}}
* Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer, ISBN 3-8001-6551-1 (in German)
* Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ; ISBN 0-88192-494-6
* Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer, {{ISBN|3-8001-6551-1}} (in German)
* Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. ''Orchids Magazine'' 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004.
* Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ; {{ISBN|0-88192-494-6}}
* Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. ''Orchids Magazine'' 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004
* Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
* Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
* Schoser, Gustav. 1993. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
* Schoser, Gustav. 1993. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
* White, Judy. 1996. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin.
* White, Judy. 1996. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, {{ISBN|0395677262}}


==External links==
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
*{{Commons-inline|Phalaenopsis|''Phalaenopsis''}}
* [http://www.phals.net/index_e.html ''Phalaenopsis'' orchids : species and primary hybrids]
* [http://www.orchid-care-tips.com/phalaenopsis-orchid-care.html ''Phalaenopsis'' orchid care instructions]


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[[de:Phalaenopsis]]
[[Category:Phalaenopsis| ]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[es:Phalaenopsis]]
[[Category:Lithophytic orchids]]
[[fr:Phalaenopsis]]
[[Category:Vandeae genera]]
[[it:Phalaenopsis]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume]]
[[lt:Falenopsis]]
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[[zh:蝴蝶蘭屬]]

Latest revision as of 22:54, 1 December 2024

"Phal" redirects here. For the curry dish, see Phall.

Phalaenopsis
Phalaenopsis philippinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Vandeae
Subtribe: Aeridinae
Genus: Phalaenopsis
Blume[1]
Type species
Phalaenopsis amabilis
Blume (1825)
Species

About 70; see List of Phalaenopsis species

Synonyms[1]

Phalaenopsis (/ˌfælɪˈnɒpsɪs/), also known as moth orchids,[2] is a genus of about seventy species of plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are monopodial epiphytes or lithophytes with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to Asia, New Guinea, and Australia, but mostly occur in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Description

[edit]
Phalaenopsis difformis of Phalaenopsis subg. Ornithochilus
Phalaenopsis japonica of Phalaenopsis subg. Hygrochilus
Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica of Phalaenopsis sect. Polychilos
Phalaenopsis taenialis of Phalaenopsis sect. Aphyllae
Phalaenopsis lobbii of Phalaenopsis sect. Parishianae
Pneumatodes in roots of Phalaenopsis philippinensis

Orchids in the genus Phalaenopsis are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic herbs with long, coarse roots with pneumatodes (which allow for gaseous exchange of the photosynthetic roots),[3][4] and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging racemes or panicles. The sepals and petals are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The lateral sepals are usually larger than the dorsal sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The labellum is joined stiffly to the column and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.[2][5][6][7]

Reproduction

[edit]

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the ovules is triggered by pollination. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female gametes exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling of the column. As a result, the pollinia are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In Phalaenopsis aphrodite, pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the placental cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.[8]

Phalaenopsis are unique in that in some species of the subgenus Polychilos, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many Phalaenopsis species, such as P. violacea, the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping programmed cell death. In producing chloroplasts, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.[9]

Phytochemistry

[edit]

Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of Phalaenopsis bellina has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the terpenoid class. It was most intense in the morning.[10]

In Phalaenopsis, phenylpropanoid enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux.[11]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus Phalaenopsis was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume and the description was published in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.[1][12] The name Phalaenopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek word φαλαινα (phalaina) meaning 'a kind of moth'[13]: 535  with the suffix -opsis meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.[13]: 483 [14]

The genus name is abbreviated Phal. horticulturally.[15]

Infrageneric structure

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The large monophyletic genus Phalaenopsis is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.
The subgenus Polychilos is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus Phalaenopsis is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera Aphyllae and Parishianae, as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus Proboscidioides, which only consists of Phalaenopsis lowii, suggests a close relationship with the subgenus Aphyllae.[16]

The following phylogenetic tree is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.[17][18][19][20]

Phalaenopsis
subgen. Phalaenopsis

Polychilos

Phalaenopsis

subgen. Parishianae

Aphyllae

Parishianae

2 pollinia clade
4 pollinia clade

Ornithochilus

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Main article: Phalaenopsis subg. Ornithochilus

The former genus Ornithochilus was merged with Phalaenopsis and is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base. Ornithochilus formerly had three known species, native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia:[21][22]

Hygrochilus

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Main article: Phalaenopsis subg. Hygrochilus

The former genera Sedirea and Hygrochilus were incorporated into Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus Hygrochilus are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is Phalaenopsis hygrochila.[18] The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

Species list

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See List of Phalaenopsis species

Intergeneric hybrids

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See List of Phalaenopsis species

Distribution

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Species of Phalaenopsis are found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, Phalaenopsis rosenstromii, endemic to Queensland, Australia.[23] Phalaenopsis stuartiana has become naturalised in Costa Rica, Panama, and Suriname.[24]

Ecology

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Pollination of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima through bees, specifically Amegilla nigritar, has been recorded in China.[25] This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. Amegilla is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.[26]

Conservation

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Many species are highly threatened. For instance Phalaenopsis lindenii is categorized as endangered,[27] Phalaenopsis violacea is categorized as vulnerable[28] and Phalaenopsis micholitzii is categorized as critically endangered.[29] Some species, like P. javanica, are believed to be extinct in the wild.[30][31]

Use in horticulture

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Phalaenopsis bellina exhibiting typical post-pollination changes of the subgenus Polychilos, in which petals and sepals become photosynthetic

Phalaenopsis, abbreviated Phal in the horticultural trade,[32] are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian collections. Since the advent of the tetraploid hybrid Phalaenopsis Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.

If very healthy, a Phalaenopsis plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a Phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.[33]

In nature, Phalaenopsis species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 °C (68–95 °F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C or 59–86 °F); at temperatures below 18 °C (64.4 °F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60 °F for extended periods. Phalaenopsis prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.[34]

The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.

It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below 29 °C (84 °F). Using two Phalaenopsis clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below 27 °C (81 °F), with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding 29 °C (84 °F). The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in Phalaenopsis was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.[35]

  • Pink cultivar
    Pink cultivar
  • Greenish-yellow cultivar
    Greenish-yellow cultivar
  • Unknown "big lip" cultivar
    Unknown "big lip" cultivar

Award of Garden Merit

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In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Phalaenopsis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ^ a b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 440. ISBN 978-1877069123.
  3. ^ 李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.
  4. ^ Chomicki, Guillaume; Bidel, Luc P. R.; Ming, Feng; Coiro, Mario; Zhang, Xuan; Wang, Yaofeng; Baissac, Yves; Jay-Allemand, Christian; Renner, Susanne S. (2015). "The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1330–1341. doi:10.1111/nph.13106. PMID 25345817.
  5. ^ Chen, Xinqi; Wood, Jeffrey James. "Phalaenopsis". Flora of China. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  6. ^ Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Phalaenopsis". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Genus Phalaenopsis". Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  8. ^ Chen, Jhun-Chen; Fang, Su-Chiung (2016). "The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids". Plant Reproduction. 29 (1–2): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z. PMC 4909812. PMID 27016359.
  9. ^ Wouter G. van Doorn (October 2005). "Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return". Trends in Plant Science. 10 (10): 478–483. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003. PMID 16153879.
  10. ^ Mus, Ahmad Asnawi; Gansau, Jualang Azlan; Kumar, Vijay Subbiah; Rusdi, Nor Azizun. "The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages". Plant Omics. 13 (2): 78–85.
  11. ^ Ali, Mohammad Babar; Khatun, Serida; Hahn, Eun-Joo; Paek, Kee-Yoeup (2006). "Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux". Plant Growth Regulation. 49 (2–3): 137–146. doi:10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z. S2CID 26821483.
  12. ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1825). Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7). Batavia. p. 294. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  13. ^ a b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  14. ^ Coombes, Allen J. (1994). Dictionary of Plant Names. London: Hamlyn Books. ISBN 978-0-600-58187-1. p. 140
  15. ^ "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
  16. ^ Tsai, C. C.; Chiang, Y. C.; Huang, S. C.; Chen, C. H.; Chou, C. H. (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 288 (1–2): 77–98. Bibcode:2010PSyEv.288...77T. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1. S2CID 29984034.
  17. ^ Deng, HUA; Zhang, GUO-Qiang; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Wang, YAN (2015). "A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis". Phytotaxa. 238 (3): 243. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3.
  18. ^ a b Li, Ming-HE; Gruss, Olaf; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2016). "Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence". Phytotaxa. 275: 55. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6.
  19. ^ Tsai, C. C.; Chou, C. H. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review". Orchid Science and Biotechnology. 1 (2): 44–50.
  20. ^ Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.
  21. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  22. ^ Flora of China v 25 p 448, 羽唇兰属 yu chun lan shu, Ornithochilus (Wallich ex Lindley) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 478, 581. 1883.
  23. ^ "Factsheet - Phalaenopsis rosenstromii". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  24. ^ Belfort-Oconitrillo, N., Salguero, G., Oses, L., Gil-Amaya, K., Rojas-Alvarado, G., Chinchilla, I. F., ... & Karremans, A. P. (2024). New species and records of Orchidaceae from Costa Rica. IV. Lankesteriana, 24(2), 141-192.
  25. ^ Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; Spaans, Marlies; Smets, Erik; Welten, Monique; Gravendeel, Barbara (2020). "Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species". Evodevo. 11: 16. doi:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z. PMC 7418404. PMID 32793330.
  26. ^ Xiaohua, Jin; Dezhu, Li; Zongxin, Ren; Xiaoguo, Xiang (2012). "A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria". BMC Plant Biology. 12: 67. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-67. PMC 3388949. PMID 22571550.
  27. ^ "Phalaenopsis lindenii". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  28. ^ "Phalaenopsis violacea". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  29. ^ "Phalaenopsis micholitzii". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  30. ^ Garvita, R. V.; Handini, E. (2011). "Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis". Buletin Kebun Raya. 14 (2): 9–18.
  31. ^ Adie, M. Muchlish; Krisnawati, Ayda (1970). "Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 17 (2). doi:10.13057/biodiv/d170217.
  32. ^ Stockton, Josh (20 January 2013). "Complete Care Guide to Phalaenopsis Orchid Care". Orchids Plus. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  33. ^ "How to Care for Orchids: A Comprehensive Organic Guide".
  34. ^ Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012 Archived 2013-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Blanchard, Matthew G; Runkle, Erik S (2006). "Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids". Journal of Experimental Botany. 57 (15): 4043–4050. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl176. PMID 17075080.
  36. ^ "Phalaenopsis Brother Pico Sweetheart gx". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  37. ^ "Phalaenopsis amabilis". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Phalaenopsis Yellow Lightning gx". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  • Seon Kim; Clifford W. Morden; Yoneo Sagawa & Jae -Young Kim (2003). "The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species". Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan.
  • Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer, ISBN 3-8001-6551-1 (in German)
  • Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ; ISBN 0-88192-494-6
  • Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. Orchids Magazine 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004
  • Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
  • Schoser, Gustav. 1993. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
  • White, Judy. 1996. Taylor’s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, ISBN 0395677262
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