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[[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']] [[Sir]] '''Onn bin Dato' Jaafar''' ({{lang-ms|عون بن جعفر|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]|script=arab|italic=unset}}; 12 February 1895 – 19 January 1962) was a [[Malaysia|Malayan]] politician who served as the 7th [[Menteri Besar of Johor]] from 1947 to 1950, then [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]]). His organised opposition towards the creation of the [[Malayan Union]] (by the returning [[British Malaya|British colonial power]] after the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]]) led him to form the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) in 1946; he was UMNO's founder and its first President until his resignation in 1951. He was famously known as the pioneer of organised [[anti-imperialism]] and [[early Malay nationalism]] within the entire Malaya, which eventually culminated with the [[Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957|Malayan independence from Britain]]. He was also responsible for the social and economic welfare of the Malays by setting up the [[Rural Industrial Development Authority]] (RIDA).
[[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']] [[Sir]] '''Onn bin Dato' Jaafar''' ({{langx|ms-Arab|عون بن جعفر|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]}}; 12 February 1895 – 19 January 1962) was a [[Malaysia|Malayan]] politician who served as the 7th [[Menteri Besar of Johor]] from 1947 to 1950. His organised opposition towards the creation of the [[Malayan Union]] (by the returning [[British Malaya|British colonial power]] after the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]]) led him to form the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) in 1946; he was UMNO's founder and its first president until his resignation in 1951. He was famously known as the pioneer of organised [[anti-imperialism]] and [[early Malay nationalism]] within Malaya, which eventually culminated with the [[Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957|Malayan independence from Britain]]. He was also responsible for the social and economic welfare of the Malays by setting up the [[Rural Industrial Development Authority]] (RIDA).


His son is [[Hussein Onn]], the third and former [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], his grandson is the senior [[UMNO]] politician, [[Hishammuddin Hussein]], and his great-grandson is [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]], the current Member of the [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]] for [[Layang-Layang, Johor|Layang-Layang]] and 19th [[Menteri Besar of Johor]].
His son [[Hussein Onn]] was the third [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], his grandson, [[Hishammuddin Hussein]] is a senior [[UMNO]] politician, and his great-grandson [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] is the current Member of the [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]] for [[Layang-Layang, Johor|Layang-Layang]] and 19th [[Menteri Besar of Johor]].


== Early years ==
== Early years ==
Onn's father was [[Jaafar Muhammad]], the former Chief Minister of Johor. His mother was Roquaiya Hanim (also spelled Rogayah Hanim or Rukiye Hanım; 1864–1904), who came from the [[Caucasus]] region of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (there are different hypotheses regarding her ethnicity). She was likely presented as a concubine (see [[Circassian beauties]]) by the Ottoman court to the sultan of Johor.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Mehmet Ozay |author2=Ekrem Saltık |title=The Myth and Reality of Rukiye Hanim in the Context of Turkish Malay Relations (1864–1904) |journal=Insan & Toplum Journal of Humanity and Society |date=June 2015 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.12658/human.society.5.9.M0116|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2007%2f4%2f1%2flifefocus%2f17281586&sec=lifefocus|title=Taking root, branching out|work=The Star Online|date=1 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804020153/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f4%2f1%2flifefocus%2f17281586&sec=lifefocus |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> His mother was married three times and the last time was with his father. As Onn Jaafar's family had close relations with the Johor palace, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] treated him as an adopted son. He started his education in a Malay school in Johor Bahru. In 1904, he went to England to attend Aldeburgh Lodge School, a private school in [[Suffolk]], with the then Tunku Mahkota of Johor until 1910. He excelled in sports and captained the school's cricket and football teams.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind" />
Onn's father was [[Jaafar Muhammad]], the former Chief Minister of Johor. His mother was Roquaiya Hanim (also spelled Rogayah Hanim or Rukiye Hanım; 1864–1904), who came from the [[Caucasus]] region of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and was either of [[Circassians|Circassian]] or [[Georgians|Georgian]] origin. She was likely presented as a [[Circassian beauties|concubine]] by the Ottoman court to the Sultan of Johor.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Mehmet Ozay |author2=Ekrem Saltık |title=The Myth and Reality of Rukiye Hanim in the Context of Turkish Malay Relations (1864–1904) |journal= İnsan & Toplum Dergisi (The Journal of Human & Society)|date=June 2015 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.12658/human.society.5.9.M0116|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2007%2f4%2f1%2flifefocus%2f17281586&sec=lifefocus|title=Taking root, branching out|work=The Star Online|date=1 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804020153/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f4%2f1%2flifefocus%2f17281586&sec=lifefocus |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> His mother was married three times and the last time was with his father. As Onn Jaafar's family had close relations with the Johor palace, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] treated him as an adopted son. He started his education in a Malay school in Johor Bahru. In 1904, he went to England to attend Aldeburgh Lodge School, a private school in [[Suffolk]], with the then Tunku Mahkota of Johor until 1910. He excelled in sports and captained the school's cricket and football teams.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind" />


He returned to Malaya and was enrolled at the [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar]] (MCKK) where he studied there for two years from 1910 to 1911. According to biographer Ramlah Adam, one of the main reasons for him to enroll at MCKK was the need to improve his Malay language proficiency that had weakened considerably following his time in England.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind" />
He returned to Malaya and was enrolled at the [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar]] (MCKK) where he studied there for two years from 1910 to 1911. According to biographer Ramlah Adam, one of the main reasons for him to enroll at MCKK was the need to improve his Malay language proficiency that had weakened considerably following his time in England.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind" />


After graduating from MCKK, he worked as a trainee clerk at the Johor Government Secretary office and was made a permanent clerk a year later. He served in this capacity in several departments before joining the [[Royal Johor Military Force|Johor Military Forces]] in 1917 with the rank of lieutenant. Two years later, he rejoined the civil service. Soon later, he found himself in trouble with the Johor palace after expressing his unhappiness over the sale of his family's ancestral home. The royal palace did not take the issue kindly and terminated his service in June 1920. He rejoined the service again in 1921 as an Assistant Collector of Land Revenue.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind" />
After graduating from MCKK, he worked as a trainee clerk at the Johor Government Secretary office and was made a permanent clerk a year later. He served in this capacity in several departments before joining the [[Royal Johor Military Force|Johor Military Forces]] in 1917 with the rank of lieutenant. Two years later, he rejoined the civil service. Soon after, he found himself in trouble with the Johor palace after expressing his unhappiness over the sale of his family's ancestral home. The royal palace did not take the issue kindly and terminated his service in June 1920. He rejoined the service again in 1921 as an Assistant Collector of Land Revenue.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind" />


== Malay nationalism and politics ==
== Malay nationalism and politics ==
[[Early Malay nationalism]] took root in Johor during the 1920s, he became a journalist and wrote articles on the welfare of the [[Malay people|Malays]]. Some of Onn's articles were critical of [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]]'s policies, which led to strained personal relations with the Sultan. In particular, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] expelled Onn from Johor in 1927 after he published an article in the ''Sunday Mirror'', a Singapore-based English tabloid, which criticised the Sultan's poor treatment of the Johor Military Forces personnel and the welfare of the [[Orang Asli]]. He went into exile in Singapore and became the editor of a Malay paper, ''Warta Malaya'', in 1930. Over the next six years, he edited four other newspapers including ''Lembaga Malaya'', ''Warta Ahad'' and ''Lembaga''. Onn became very popular after he continued to cover issues on Malay grievances, and [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] invited Onn to return to Johor in 1936.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind">[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/18/focus/18037710&sec=focus Aristocrat who spoke his mind] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014858/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F6%2F18%2Ffocus%2F18037710&sec=focus |date=4 June 2011 }}. 18 June 2007. [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]].</ref>
[[Early Malay nationalism]] took root in Johor during the 1920s, he became a journalist and wrote articles on the welfare of the [[Malay people|Malays]]. Some of Onn's articles were critical of [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]]'s policies, which led to strained personal relations with the Sultan. In 1927, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] expelled Onn from Johor in after he published an article in the ''Sunday Mirror'', a Singapore-based English tabloid, which criticised the Sultan's poor treatment of the Johor Military Forces personnel and the welfare of the [[Orang Asli]]. He went into exile in Singapore and became the editor of a Malay paper, ''Warta Malaya'', in 1930. Over the next six years, he edited four other newspapers including the ''Lembaga Malaya'', ''Warta Ahad'' and ''Lembaga''. Onn became very popular after he continued to cover issues on Malay grievances, and [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] invited Onn to return to Johor in 1936.<ref name="Aristocrat who spoke his mind">[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/18/focus/18037710&sec=focus Aristocrat who spoke his mind] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014858/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F6%2F18%2Ffocus%2F18037710&sec=focus |date=4 June 2011 }}. 18 June 2007. [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]].</ref>


Following the Japanese occupation of Malaya in 1941, Onn was drafted into the administrative system and served as a food controller in Johor.
In 1941, following the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]], Onn was drafted into the administrative system and served as a food controller in Johor.


Along with his companions, [[Anwar Abdul Malik|Haji Anwar bin Abdul Malik]], Haji Syed Alwi bin Syed Sheikh al-Hadi and [[Mohamed Noah Omar]], they founded the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) as a means to rally the Malays against the [[Malayan Union]], which was perceived as threatening Malay privileges and the position of the Malay rulers. Onn took up the role of [[UMNO]]'s president on 1 May 1946.
Onn, along with his companions, [[Anwar Abdul Malik|Haji Anwar bin Abdul Malik]], Haji Syed Alwi bin Syed Sheikh al-Hadi and [[Mohamed Noah Omar]], founded the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) as a means to rally the Malays against the [[Malayan Union]], which was perceived as threatening Malay privileges and the position of the Malay rulers. Onn took up the role of [[UMNO]]'s president on 1 May 1946.


===Malayan Union===
===Malayan Union===
The [[Malayan Union]] proposal provided that United Kingdom had full administrative powers over the Malay states except in areas pertaining spiritual and [[moral authority]] of the Malay rulers, which the Malays held high esteem over it. Communal tensions between the Malays and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] were high, and the prospect of granting citizenship to non-Malays was deemed unacceptable to the Malays.<ref name="Bayly, Harper pg 133-4">Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 133-4</ref> In particular, politicians in Johor were extremely unhappy with the willingness of [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] to sign the treaties with [[Harold MacMichael]], and voiced out that the Sultan had violated the terms in the [[Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor|Johor state constitution]] which explicitly forbade any foreign powers to assume legitimate control over the state.
The [[Malayan Union]] proposal provided that United Kingdom had full administrative powers over the Malay states except in areas pertaining spiritual and [[moral authority]] of the Malay rulers, which the Malays held in high esteem. Communal tensions between the Malays and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] were high, and the prospect of granting citizenship to non-Malays was deemed unacceptable to the Malays.<ref name="Bayly, Harper pg 133-4">Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 133-4</ref> In particular, politicians in Johor were extremely unhappy with the willingness of [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] to sign the treaties with [[Harold MacMichael]], and voiced out that the Sultan had violated the terms in the [[Johor State Constitution]] which explicitly forbade any foreign powers to assume legitimate control over the state. Prior to February 1946, seven political dissidents led by Awang bin Hassan organised a rally to protest against the Sultan's decision to sign the treaties, and Onn Jaafar, who was then serving as a district officer in [[Batu Pahat]], was invited to attend the rally.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 211</ref> The rally was held on 1 February 1946 at the [[Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque]], and protesters shouted nationalistic slogans and called for the dethronement of Sultan Ibrahim and accused him for committing treason against the [[Malay race]] by signing the treaties.
In early February 1946, seven political dissidents led by Awang bin Hassan organised a rally to protest against the Sultan's decision for signing the treaties, and Onn Jaafar, who was then serving as a district officer in [[Batu Pahat]], was invited to attend the rally.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 211</ref> The rally was held on 1 February 1946 at the [[Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque]], and protesters shouted nationalistic slogans and called for the dethronement of [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]]. Malay nationalistic slogans were raised during the rally, many of whom were directed against the Sultan himself, whom they accused him for committing treason against the Malay race by signing the treaties.


News of the rally reached the [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] on 22 February, who was then residing at [[Grosvenor House]] in London. [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] approached the colonial office and expressed his withdrawal of support for the proposal scheme, but this did not appease the political dissidents and Onn continued to organise more rallies in the other Malay states to muster further support for his calls against the [[Malayan Union]], and formed [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) in May.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 211-2</ref>
News of the rally reached Sultan Ibrahim on 22 February, who was then residing at [[Grosvenor House Hotel]] in London. Sultan Ibrahim approached the colonial office and withdrew his support of the proposal, but this did not appease the political dissidents and Onn continued to organise more rallies in the other Malay states to muster further support for his calls against the [[Malayan Union]], and formed the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) in May.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 211-2</ref>


To appease the Malays and the UMNO leaders, including Onn himself, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] personally donated a lump sum of $5,000 to [[UMNO]] and Onn was appointed the Menteri Besar of Johor in 1946.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 361</ref>
To appease the Malays and the UMNO leaders, including Onn himself, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] personally donated a lump sum of $5,000 to [[UMNO]] and Onn was appointed the Menteri Besar of Johor in 1946.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 361</ref>


The establishment of the [[Federation of Malaya]] did not go down well with the ethnic Chinese, whereby favourable conditions for obtaining citizenship for the Chinese and other non-Malays were withdrawn. The [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA) was formed in 1949 under the leadership of a [[Straits Chinese]] businessman, [[Tan Cheng Lock]] who frequently raised grievances over the citizenship terms that were set when the Federation was established.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 502-3</ref> As a result, communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese surfaced, and Onn kept his distance from Tan. Tan encountered initial difficulties with meeting [[Sultan Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]], who was not accustomed to working with Chinese businessmen.
The establishment of the [[Federation of Malaya]] did not go down well with the ethnic Chinese, as favourable conditions for obtaining citizenship for the Chinese and other non-Malays were withdrawn. The [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA) was formed in 1949 under the leadership of a [[Straits Chinese]] businessman, [[Tan Cheng Lock]] who frequently raised grievances over the citizenship terms that were set when the Federation was established.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pg 502-3</ref> As a result, communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese surfaced, and Onn kept his distance from Tan. Tan encountered initial difficulties with meeting [[Sultan Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]], who was not accustomed to working with Chinese businessmen.


[[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] also became increasingly disappointed in Onn's work commitment, whom he saw as neglecting state affairs as a result of his commitments towards [[UMNO]]. In early 1950, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] approached Onn, who was asked to choose between committing his efforts for [[UMNO]] and the state. Onn chose to the former, and resigned as the Menteri Besar of Johor in May.<ref>Ong, ''One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar'', pg 184</ref>
[[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] also became increasingly disappointed in Onn's work commitment, whom he saw as neglecting state affairs as a result of his commitments towards [[UMNO]]. In early 1950, [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] approached Onn, who was asked to choose between committing his efforts for [[UMNO]] and the state. Onn chose to the former, and resigned as the Menteri Besar of Johor in May.<ref>Ong, ''One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar'', pg 184</ref>


===Leaving UMNO===
===Leaving UMNO===
Onn became increasingly disillusioned and disgusted with what he considered to be [[UMNO]]'s race-based [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalist]] policies, and called for party membership to be opened to all Malayans of all races, and for [[UMNO]] to be renamed as the United Malayans National Organisation. When his recommendations went unheeded, he left the party on 26 August 1951, to form the [[Independence of Malaya Party]] (IMP). However, the IMP failed to receive sufficient backing from Malayans, and eventually Onn left it to form the [[Parti Negara]], which placed membership restrictions on non-Malays in an attempt to woo the Malays. He finally won the [[Kuala Trengganu Selatan (federal constituency)|Kuala Terengganu Selatan]] seat in the Malayan parliament in the 1959 elections under his new party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/splits-in-umno-and-opposition-unity|title=Splits in Umno and Opposition unity|author=Wong Chin Huat|work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]]|date=17 August 2007|access-date=29 September 2021|via=[[Malaysian Bar]]}}</ref>
Onn became increasingly disillusioned and disgusted with what he considered to be [[UMNO]]'s race-based [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalist]] policies, and called for party membership to be opened to all Malayans of all races, and for [[UMNO]] to be renamed as the United Malayans National Organisation. He left the party on 26 August 1951 after his recommendations went unheeded, and formed the [[Independence of Malaya Party]] (IMP). However, the IMP failed to receive sufficient backing from Malayans, and eventually Onn left it to form the [[Parti Negara]], which placed membership restrictions on non-Malays in an attempt to appeal to Malays. He won the [[Kuala Trengganu Selatan|Kuala Terengganu Selatan]] seat in the Malayan parliament in the 1959 elections under his new party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/splits-in-umno-and-opposition-unity|title=Splits in Umno and Opposition unity|author=Wong Chin Huat|work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]]|date=17 August 2007|access-date=29 September 2021|via=[[Malaysian Bar]]}}</ref>


Neither party gained popular support against [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]'s new [[Barisan Nasional|Alliance]] coalition and he was eventually eclipsed in Malayan political life.
Neither party gained popular support against [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]'s new [[Barisan Nasional|Alliance]] coalition and he was eventually eclipsed in Malayan political life.


==Death==
==Death==
Dato' Onn died at the age of 66, on 19 January 1962 at the Officers' Ward, [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital|General Hospital]], [[Johor Bahru]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohamed Abid|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53896919|title=Reflections of pre-independence Malaya|publisher=Pelanduk Publications|year=2003|isbn=967-978-865-2|location=Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia|pages=42|oclc=53896919}}</ref> He was buried next to his father's grave, [[Jaafar Muhammad|Dato' Jaafar Haji Muhammad]] at the [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]] in [[Johor Bahru]].
Dato' Onn died at the age of 66, on 19 January 1962 at the Officers' Ward, [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital|General Hospital]], [[Johor Bahru]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohamed Abid|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53896919|title=Reflections of pre-independence Malaya|publisher=Pelanduk Publications|year=2003|isbn=967-978-865-2|location=Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia|pages=42|oclc=53896919}}</ref> He was buried next to his father [[Jaafar Muhammad]]'s grave, at the [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]] in [[Johor Bahru]].
[[File:Pusara Dato' Onn Jaafar.jpg|thumb|Dato' Onn's tomb at the [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]], [[Johor Bahru]].]]
[[File:Pusara Dato' Onn Jaafar.jpg|thumb|Dato' Onn's tomb at the [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]], [[Johor Bahru]].]]


==Awards and recognitions==
==Awards and recognitions==
===Places named after him===
===Places named after him===
Several places were named after him, including:
* [[Bandar Dato' Onn]], a suburb developed by the [[Johor Land Berhad]] in [[Johor Bahru]], Johor
* [[Bandar Dato' Onn]], a suburb developed by the [[Johor Land Berhad]] in [[Johor Bahru]], Johor
* Bulatan Dato Onn, a small roundabout located next to the [[Central Bank of Malaysia|Bank Negara Malaysia]] headquarters
* Bulatan Dato Onn, a small roundabout located next to the [[Central Bank of Malaysia|Bank Negara Malaysia]] headquarters
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* Kolej Dato' Onn Jaafar, a residential college at [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]], Skudai, Johor
* Kolej Dato' Onn Jaafar, a residential college at [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]], Skudai, Johor
* Kolej Dato' Onn, a residential college at [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]], Machang, Kelantan
* Kolej Dato' Onn, a residential college at [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]], Machang, Kelantan
**
**
* SK Dato' Onn Jaafar, One of the component schools within the Sekolah Wawasan in [[Subang Jaya]].
* SK Dato' Onn Jaafar, One of the component schools within the Sekolah Wawasan in [[Subang Jaya]].


==Honours==
==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{Flag|Johor}} :
* {{Flag|Johor}}
** [[File:Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor - ribbon bar.png|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]] (DPMJ) – '''Dato'''' (1940)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohamed Abid|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53896919|title=Reflections of pre-independence Malaya|publisher=Pelanduk Publications|year=2003|isbn=967-978-865-2|location=Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia|pages=12|oclc=53896919}}</ref>
** [[File:Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]] (DPMJ) – '''Dato'''' (1941)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohamed Abid|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53896919|title=Reflections of pre-independence Malaya|publisher=Pelanduk Publications|year=2003|isbn=967-978-865-2|location=Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia|pages=12|oclc=53896919}}</ref>
** [[File:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Second Class of the [[Royal Family Order of Johor]] (DK II) (1947)<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 September 1947|title=STATE HONOUR FOR LADY IBRAHIM|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19470917-1.2.106|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 February 2021|work=[[Singapore Free Press|The Singapore Free Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870691698|title=Pengemudi Bahtera Merdeka Johor|publisher=Yayasan Warisan Johor|others=Abu Bakar bin Abdul Hamid, Zam Ismail, 1943-, Kamdi Kamil, 1949-|year=2012|isbn=978-983-2440-46-8|edition=1st|location=Johor Bahru, Johor|publication-date=2012|pages=73|language=ms|oclc=870691698}}</ref>
** [[File:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Second Class of the [[Royal Family Order of Johor]] (DK II) (1947)<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 September 1947|title=STATE HONOUR FOR LADY IBRAHIM|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19470917-1.2.106|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 February 2021|work=[[Singapore Free Press|The Singapore Free Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870691698|title=Pengemudi Bahtera Merdeka Johor|publisher=Yayasan Warisan Johor|others=Abu Bakar bin Abdul Hamid, Zam Ismail, 1943-, Kamdi Kamil, 1949-|year=2012|isbn=978-983-2440-46-8|edition=1st|location=Johor Bahru, Johor|publication-date=2012|pages=73|language=ms|oclc=870691698}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Perak}} :
* {{Flag|Perak}}
** [[File:MY-PERA Order of Cura Si Manja Kini - Grand Knight - SPCM (new).svg|50px]] Grand Knight of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Perak|Order of Cura Si Manja Kini]] (SPCM) – '''Dato' Seri''' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/11/28/perak-honours-six-with-posthumous-awards |access-date=12 November 2019|date=28 November 2015|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |title=Perak honours six with posthumous awards}}</ref>
** [[File:MY-PERA Order of Cura Si Manja Kini - Grand Knight - SPCM (new).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Perak|Order of Cura Si Manja Kini]] (SPCM) – '''Dato' Seri''' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/11/28/perak-honours-six-with-posthumous-awards |access-date=12 November 2019|date=28 November 2015|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |title=Perak honours six with posthumous awards}}</ref>


===Foreign Honours===
===Foreign Honours===
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}} :
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
** [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png|50px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) – '''Sir''' (1953)<ref name="KBE">{{London Gazette|issue=39863|page=2973 |supp=y|date=26 May 1953}}</ref>
** [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png|50px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) – '''Sir''' (1953)<ref name="KBE">{{London Gazette|issue=39863|page=2973 |supp=y|date=26 May 1953}}</ref>


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
* Portrayed by [[:ms:Zaefrul|Nordin|Zaefrul Nordin]] in the 2007 film ''[[1957: Hati Malaya]]'' directed by [[Shuhaimi Baba]].
* Portrayed by [[:ms:Zaefrul Nordin|Zaefrul Nordin]] in the 2007 film ''[[1957: Hati Malaya]]'' directed by [[Shuhaimi Baba]].


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Malaysian people of Circassian descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Circassian descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian political party founders]]
[[Category:Malaysian political party founders]]
[[Category:Presidents of United Malays National Organisation]]
[[Category:Presidents of United Malays National Organisation]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Johor]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Johor]]
[[Category:Johor state executive councillors]]
[[Category:Johor state executive councillors]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Rakyat]]
[[Category:Second Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor]]
[[Category:Second Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Politicians awarded knighthoods]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1959–1964]]

Latest revision as of 15:22, 24 December 2024

Onn Jaafar
عون جعفر
Onn Jaafar, 1948.
7th Menteri Besar of Johor
In office
1 June 1947 – 18 May 1950
Preceded byUngku Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid
Succeeded bySyed Abdul Kadir Mohamed
1st President of the United Malays National Organisation
In office
11 May 1946 – 25 August 1951
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byTunku Abdul Rahman
Member of the Malayan Parliament
for Kuala Terengganu Selatan
In office
11 September 1959 – 19 January 1962
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byIsmail Kassim
Personal details
Born
Onn bin Jaafar

12 February 1895
Bukit Gambir, Johor Bahru, Johor
Died19 January 1962(1962-01-19) (aged 66)
Johor Bahru, Johor, Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia)
Resting placeMahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum
Political party
Spouses
  • Rafeah Abdullah
  • Jamilah Osman
  • Che Kah
  • Halimah Hussein
Relations
ChildrenHussein Onn
Parents

Dato' Sir Onn bin Dato' Jaafar (Jawi: عون بن جعفر; 12 February 1895 – 19 January 1962) was a Malayan politician who served as the 7th Menteri Besar of Johor from 1947 to 1950. His organised opposition towards the creation of the Malayan Union (by the returning British colonial power after the end of the Japanese occupation of Malaya) led him to form the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1946; he was UMNO's founder and its first president until his resignation in 1951. He was famously known as the pioneer of organised anti-imperialism and early Malay nationalism within Malaya, which eventually culminated with the Malayan independence from Britain. He was also responsible for the social and economic welfare of the Malays by setting up the Rural Industrial Development Authority (RIDA).

His son Hussein Onn was the third Prime Minister of Malaysia, his grandson, Hishammuddin Hussein is a senior UMNO politician, and his great-grandson Onn Hafiz Ghazi is the current Member of the Johor State Legislative Assembly for Layang-Layang and 19th Menteri Besar of Johor.

Early years

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Onn's father was Jaafar Muhammad, the former Chief Minister of Johor. His mother was Roquaiya Hanim (also spelled Rogayah Hanim or Rukiye Hanım; 1864–1904), who came from the Caucasus region of the Ottoman Empire, and was either of Circassian or Georgian origin. She was likely presented as a concubine by the Ottoman court to the Sultan of Johor.[1][2] His mother was married three times and the last time was with his father. As Onn Jaafar's family had close relations with the Johor palace, Sultan Ibrahim treated him as an adopted son. He started his education in a Malay school in Johor Bahru. In 1904, he went to England to attend Aldeburgh Lodge School, a private school in Suffolk, with the then Tunku Mahkota of Johor until 1910. He excelled in sports and captained the school's cricket and football teams.[3]

He returned to Malaya and was enrolled at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) where he studied there for two years from 1910 to 1911. According to biographer Ramlah Adam, one of the main reasons for him to enroll at MCKK was the need to improve his Malay language proficiency that had weakened considerably following his time in England.[3]

After graduating from MCKK, he worked as a trainee clerk at the Johor Government Secretary office and was made a permanent clerk a year later. He served in this capacity in several departments before joining the Johor Military Forces in 1917 with the rank of lieutenant. Two years later, he rejoined the civil service. Soon after, he found himself in trouble with the Johor palace after expressing his unhappiness over the sale of his family's ancestral home. The royal palace did not take the issue kindly and terminated his service in June 1920. He rejoined the service again in 1921 as an Assistant Collector of Land Revenue.[3]

Malay nationalism and politics

[edit]

Early Malay nationalism took root in Johor during the 1920s, he became a journalist and wrote articles on the welfare of the Malays. Some of Onn's articles were critical of Sultan Ibrahim's policies, which led to strained personal relations with the Sultan. In 1927, Sultan Ibrahim expelled Onn from Johor in after he published an article in the Sunday Mirror, a Singapore-based English tabloid, which criticised the Sultan's poor treatment of the Johor Military Forces personnel and the welfare of the Orang Asli. He went into exile in Singapore and became the editor of a Malay paper, Warta Malaya, in 1930. Over the next six years, he edited four other newspapers including the Lembaga Malaya, Warta Ahad and Lembaga. Onn became very popular after he continued to cover issues on Malay grievances, and Sultan Ibrahim invited Onn to return to Johor in 1936.[3]

In 1941, following the Japanese occupation of Malaya, Onn was drafted into the administrative system and served as a food controller in Johor.

Onn, along with his companions, Haji Anwar bin Abdul Malik, Haji Syed Alwi bin Syed Sheikh al-Hadi and Mohamed Noah Omar, founded the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) as a means to rally the Malays against the Malayan Union, which was perceived as threatening Malay privileges and the position of the Malay rulers. Onn took up the role of UMNO's president on 1 May 1946.

Malayan Union

[edit]

The Malayan Union proposal provided that United Kingdom had full administrative powers over the Malay states except in areas pertaining spiritual and moral authority of the Malay rulers, which the Malays held in high esteem. Communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese were high, and the prospect of granting citizenship to non-Malays was deemed unacceptable to the Malays.[4] In particular, politicians in Johor were extremely unhappy with the willingness of Sultan Ibrahim to sign the treaties with Harold MacMichael, and voiced out that the Sultan had violated the terms in the Johor State Constitution which explicitly forbade any foreign powers to assume legitimate control over the state. Prior to February 1946, seven political dissidents led by Awang bin Hassan organised a rally to protest against the Sultan's decision to sign the treaties, and Onn Jaafar, who was then serving as a district officer in Batu Pahat, was invited to attend the rally.[5] The rally was held on 1 February 1946 at the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, and protesters shouted nationalistic slogans and called for the dethronement of Sultan Ibrahim and accused him for committing treason against the Malay race by signing the treaties.

News of the rally reached Sultan Ibrahim on 22 February, who was then residing at Grosvenor House Hotel in London. Sultan Ibrahim approached the colonial office and withdrew his support of the proposal, but this did not appease the political dissidents and Onn continued to organise more rallies in the other Malay states to muster further support for his calls against the Malayan Union, and formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in May.[6]

To appease the Malays and the UMNO leaders, including Onn himself, Sultan Ibrahim personally donated a lump sum of $5,000 to UMNO and Onn was appointed the Menteri Besar of Johor in 1946.[7]

The establishment of the Federation of Malaya did not go down well with the ethnic Chinese, as favourable conditions for obtaining citizenship for the Chinese and other non-Malays were withdrawn. The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was formed in 1949 under the leadership of a Straits Chinese businessman, Tan Cheng Lock who frequently raised grievances over the citizenship terms that were set when the Federation was established.[8] As a result, communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese surfaced, and Onn kept his distance from Tan. Tan encountered initial difficulties with meeting Sultan Ibrahim, who was not accustomed to working with Chinese businessmen.

Sultan Ibrahim also became increasingly disappointed in Onn's work commitment, whom he saw as neglecting state affairs as a result of his commitments towards UMNO. In early 1950, Sultan Ibrahim approached Onn, who was asked to choose between committing his efforts for UMNO and the state. Onn chose to the former, and resigned as the Menteri Besar of Johor in May.[9]

Leaving UMNO

[edit]

Onn became increasingly disillusioned and disgusted with what he considered to be UMNO's race-based communalist policies, and called for party membership to be opened to all Malayans of all races, and for UMNO to be renamed as the United Malayans National Organisation. He left the party on 26 August 1951 after his recommendations went unheeded, and formed the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP). However, the IMP failed to receive sufficient backing from Malayans, and eventually Onn left it to form the Parti Negara, which placed membership restrictions on non-Malays in an attempt to appeal to Malays. He won the Kuala Terengganu Selatan seat in the Malayan parliament in the 1959 elections under his new party.[10]

Neither party gained popular support against Tunku Abdul Rahman's new Alliance coalition and he was eventually eclipsed in Malayan political life.

Death

[edit]

Dato' Onn died at the age of 66, on 19 January 1962 at the Officers' Ward, General Hospital, Johor Bahru.[11] He was buried next to his father Jaafar Muhammad's grave, at the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum in Johor Bahru.

Dato' Onn's tomb at the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum, Johor Bahru.

Awards and recognitions

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Places named after him

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Honours

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Honours of Malaysia

[edit]

Foreign Honours

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[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Mehmet Ozay; Ekrem Saltık (June 2015). "The Myth and Reality of Rukiye Hanim in the Context of Turkish Malay Relations (1864–1904)". İnsan & Toplum Dergisi (The Journal of Human & Society). 5 (9): 55–74. doi:10.12658/human.society.5.9.M0116.
  2. ^ "Taking root, branching out". The Star Online. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Aristocrat who spoke his mind Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 18 June 2007. The Star.
  4. ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 133-4
  5. ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 211
  6. ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 211-2
  7. ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 361
  8. ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 502-3
  9. ^ Ong, One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar, pg 184
  10. ^ Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.
  11. ^ Mohamed Abid (2003). Reflections of pre-independence Malaya. Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications. p. 42. ISBN 967-978-865-2. OCLC 53896919.
  12. ^ Santhananaban, M. (16 April 2021). "LETTER | Putrajaya must honour Onn Jaafar". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  13. ^ Mohamed Abid (2003). Reflections of pre-independence Malaya. Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications. p. 12. ISBN 967-978-865-2. OCLC 53896919.
  14. ^ "STATE HONOUR FOR LADY IBRAHIM". The Singapore Free Press. 17 September 1947. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  15. ^ Pengemudi Bahtera Merdeka Johor (in Malay). Abu Bakar bin Abdul Hamid, Zam Ismail, 1943-, Kamdi Kamil, 1949- (1st ed.). Johor Bahru, Johor: Yayasan Warisan Johor. 2012. p. 73. ISBN 978-983-2440-46-8. OCLC 870691698.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ^ "Perak honours six with posthumous awards". The Star. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  17. ^ "No. 39863". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 2973.

Further reading

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