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'''Lorcaserin''', marketed under the brand name '''Belviq'''<ref name="FDA PR" /><ref name="trademarkia2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/belviq-85354490.html|title=Belviq|publisher=Trademarkia|date=23 Jun 2011|access-date=27 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630115404/http://www.trademarkia.com/belviq-85354490.html|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> was a [[weight-loss drug]] developed by [[Arena Pharmaceuticals]]. It reduces appetite by activating a type of [[serotonin receptor]] known as the [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] in a region of the brain called the [[hypothalamus]], which is known to control appetite.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shukla AP, Kumar RB, Aronne LJ | title = Lorcaserin Hcl for the treatment of obesity | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 16 | issue = 16 | pages = 2531–8 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26472579 | doi = 10.1517/14656566.2015.1096345 | s2cid = 44520532 }}</ref> It was approved in 2012, and in 2020, it was removed from the market in the United States due to an increased risk of cancer detected in users of Belviq.<ref>{{cite web | title=Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) by Eisai: Drug Safety Communication - FDA Requests Withdrawal of Weight-Loss Drug | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/belviq-belviq-xr-lorcaserin-eisai-drug-safety-communication-fda-requests-withdrawal-weight-loss-drug | access-date=18 February 2020 | date=13 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="FDA withdrawal">{{cite web | title=FDA requests the withdrawal of the weight-loss drug Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) from the market | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=14 January 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requests-withdrawal-weight-loss-drug-belviq-belviq-xr-lorcaserin-market | access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
'''Lorcaserin''', marketed under the brand name '''Belviq''',<ref name="FDA PR" /><ref name="trademarkia2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/belviq-85354490.html|title=Belviq|publisher=Trademarkia|date=23 Jun 2011|access-date=27 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630115404/http://www.trademarkia.com/belviq-85354490.html|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> was a [[weight-loss drug]] developed by [[Arena Pharmaceuticals]]. It reduces appetite by activating [[serotonin receptor]] the [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] in the [[hypothalamus]], a region of the brain which is known to control appetite.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shukla AP, Kumar RB, Aronne LJ | title = Lorcaserin Hcl for the treatment of obesity | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 16 | issue = 16 | pages = 2531–8 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26472579 | doi = 10.1517/14656566.2015.1096345 | s2cid = 44520532 }}</ref> It was approved in 2012, and in 2020, it was removed from the market in the United States due to an increased risk of cancer detected in users of Belviq.<ref>{{cite web | title=Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) by Eisai: Drug Safety Communication - FDA Requests Withdrawal of Weight-Loss Drug | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/belviq-belviq-xr-lorcaserin-eisai-drug-safety-communication-fda-requests-withdrawal-weight-loss-drug | access-date=18 February 2020 | date=13 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="FDA withdrawal">{{cite web | title=FDA requests the withdrawal of the weight-loss drug Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) from the market | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=14 January 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requests-withdrawal-weight-loss-drug-belviq-belviq-xr-lorcaserin-market | access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>


== Medical uses ==
== Medical uses ==

Lorcaserin was used long term for weight loss in those who are obese.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP | title = Management of obesity | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10031 | pages = 1947–56 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26868660 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-3 | s2cid = 21805769 }}</ref>
Lorcaserin was used long term for weight loss in those who are obese.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP | title = Management of obesity | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10031 | pages = 1947–56 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26868660 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-3 | s2cid = 21805769 }}</ref>


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== Side effects ==
== Side effects ==

In December 2012, the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] proposed classifying lorcaserin as a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule IV controlled substances|Schedule IV]] drug because it has hallucinogenic properties at higher than approved doses and users could develop psychiatric dependencies on the drug.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite news| vauthors = Wilson MR |title=Reg Watch|url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/273901-reg-watch|newspaper=The Hill|date=December 19, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320092432/https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/273901-reg-watch|archive-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV|url=https://federalregister.gov/a/2012-30531|date=2012-12-19}}</ref> On 7 May 2013, the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] classified lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug<ref name="ofr"/> under the [[Controlled Substances Act]].<ref name="Wilson"/>
In December 2012, the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] proposed classifying lorcaserin as a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule IV controlled substances|Schedule IV]] drug because it has hallucinogenic properties at higher than approved doses and users could develop psychiatric dependencies on the drug.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite news| vauthors = Wilson MR |title=Reg Watch|url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/273901-reg-watch|newspaper=The Hill|date=December 19, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320092432/https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/273901-reg-watch|archive-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV|url=https://federalregister.gov/a/2012-30531|date=2012-12-19}}</ref> On 7 May 2013, the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] classified lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug<ref name="ofr"/> under the [[Controlled Substances Act]].<ref name="Wilson"/>


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== Mechanism of action ==
== Mechanism of action ==
⚫
Lorcaserin is a selective [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] [[agonist]],<ref name="pmid|18252809">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomsen WJ, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Reyes-Saldana H, Espitia S, Yuskin D, Whelan K, Martin M, Morgan M, Chen W, Al-Shamma H, Smith B, Chalmers D, Behan D | display-authors = 6 | title = Lorcaserin, a novel selective human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C agonist: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 325 | issue = 2 | pages = 577–87 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18252809 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.107.133348 | s2cid = 20924745 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu Q, Wang J, Bian X, Zhang L, Wei P, Xu Y | title = Novel synthesis of antiobesity drug lorcaserin hydrochloride. | journal = Organic Process Research & Development | date = September 2015 | volume = 19 | issue = 9 | pages = 1263–1267 | doi = 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00144 }}</ref> and ''in vitro'' testing of the drug showed reasonable selectivity for 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> over other related targets.<ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 6953787 | status = patent | title = 5HT2c receptor modulators | pubdate = 2003-10-04 | gdate = 2005-11-10 | inventor = Smith B, Smith J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 7704993 | status = patent | title = Benzazepine derivatives and methods of prophylaxis or treatment of 5ht2c receptor associated diseases | pubdate = 2004-16-06 | gdate = 2010-27-04 | inventor = Smith B, Gilson III CA, Schultz J, Smith J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 8207158 | status = patent | title = 5HT2c receptor modulators | pubdate = 2011-27-05 | gdate = 2012-26-06 | inventor = Smith B, Smith J }}</ref> 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors are located almost exclusively in the brain, and can be found in the [[choroid plexus]], [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]], [[hippocampus]], [[cerebellum]], [[amygdala]], [[thalamus]], and [[hypothalamus]]. The activation of 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors in the hypothalamus is supposed to activate [[proopiomelanocortin]] (POMC) production and consequently promote weight loss through [[satiety]].<ref name="ÖAZ" /> This hypothesis is supported by clinical trials and other studies. While it is generally thought that 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors help to regulate appetite as well as mood, and endocrine secretion,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Millan MJ | title = Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies | journal = Therapie | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 441–60 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16433010 | doi = 10.2515/therapie:2005065 | url = http://biopsychiatry.com/5ht2c-antidep.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150828091331/http://biopsychiatry.com/5ht2c-antidep.htm | archive-date = 2015-08-28 }}</ref> the exact mechanism of appetite regulation was not known as of 2005. Lorcaserin has shown 100x selectivity for 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> versus the closely related 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor, and 17x selectivity over the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Thomsen WJ, Saldana HR, Whelan KT, Menzaghi F, Webb RR, Beeley NR | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and SAR of new benzazepines as potent and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity | journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 1467–70 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15713408 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Dosa PI, Covel JA, Ren A, Webb RR, Beeley NR, Martin M, Morgan M, Espitia S, Saldana HR, Bjenning C, Whelan KT, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Thomsen WJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and structure-activity relationship of (1R)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (Lorcaserin), a selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–13 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18095642 | doi = 10.1021/jm0709034 }}</ref>

⚫
Lorcaserin is a selective [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] [[agonist]],<ref name="pmid|18252809">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomsen WJ, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Reyes-Saldana H, Espitia S, Yuskin D, Whelan K, Martin M, Morgan M, Chen W, Al-Shamma H, Smith B, Chalmers D, Behan D | display-authors = 6 | title = Lorcaserin, a novel selective human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C agonist: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 325 | issue = 2 | pages = 577–87 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18252809 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.107.133348 | s2cid = 20924745 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e7229f55f3a5d33c42f2706b2ab787acb81773c1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu Q, Wang J, Bian X, Zhang L, Wei P, Xu Y | title = Novel synthesis of antiobesity drug lorcaserin hydrochloride. | journal = Organic Process Research & Development | date = September 2015 | volume = 19 | issue = 9 | pages = 1263–1267 | doi = 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00144 }}</ref> and ''in vitro'' testing of the drug showed reasonable selectivity for 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> over other related targets.<ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 6953787 | status = patent | title = 5HT2c receptor modulators | pubdate = 2003-10-04 | gdate = 2005-11-10 | inventor = Smith B, Smith J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 7704993 | status = patent | title = Benzazepine derivatives and methods of prophylaxis or treatment of 5ht2c receptor associated diseases | pubdate = 2004-16-06 | gdate = 2010-27-04 | inventor = Smith B, Gilson III CA, Schultz J, Smith J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 8207158 | status = patent | title = 5HT2c receptor modulators | pubdate = 2011-27-05 | gdate = 2012-26-06 | inventor = Smith B, Smith J }}</ref> 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors are located almost exclusively in the brain, and can be found in the [[choroid plexus]], [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]], [[hippocampus]], [[cerebellum]], [[amygdala]], [[thalamus]], and [[hypothalamus]]. The activation of 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors in the hypothalamus is supposed to activate [[proopiomelanocortin]] (POMC) production and consequently promote weight loss through [[satiety]].<ref name="ÖAZ" /> This hypothesis is supported by clinical trials and other studies. While it is generally thought that 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors help to regulate appetite as well as mood, and endocrine secretion,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Millan MJ | title = Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies | journal = Therapie | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 441–60 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16433010 | doi = 10.2515/therapie:2005065 | url = http://biopsychiatry.com/5ht2c-antidep.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150828091331/http://biopsychiatry.com/5ht2c-antidep.htm | archive-date = 2015-08-28 }}</ref> the exact mechanism of appetite regulation was not known s of 2005. Lorcaserin has shown 100x selectivity for 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> versus the closely related 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor, and 17x selectivity over the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Thomsen WJ, Saldana HR, Whelan KT, Menzaghi F, Webb RR, Beeley NR | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and SAR of new benzazepines as potent and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity | journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 1467–70 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15713408 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Dosa PI, Covel JA, Ren A, Webb RR, Beeley NR, Martin M, Morgan M, Espitia S, Saldana HR, Bjenning C, Whelan KT, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Thomsen WJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and structure-activity relationship of (1R)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (Lorcaserin), a selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–13 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18095642 | doi = 10.1021/jm0709034 }}</ref>


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==Chemistry==
⚫
== Approval history ==
The [[chemical structure]] of lorcaserin is similar to that of [[para-chloroamphetamine|''para''-chloroamphetamine]] (PCA).


⚫
== Approval history ==
On 22 December 2009, a [[New Drug Application]] (NDA) was submitted to the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in the United States.<ref name="urllorcaserin New Drug Application" />
On 22 December 2009, a [[New Drug Application]] (NDA) was submitted to the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in the United States.<ref name="urllorcaserin New Drug Application" />


On 16 September 2010, an FDA advisory panel voted 9–5 against approval of the drug based on concerns over both efficacy and safety, particularly the findings of mammary gland tumors of female rats.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/f-d-a-panel-rejects-diet-pill-2/?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=F.D.A. Panel Rejects Diet Pill | vauthors = Pollack A | date=16 September 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034008/http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/f-d-a-panel-rejects-diet-pill-2/?pagemode=print | archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17drug.html |title=F.D.A. Panel Urges Denial of Diet Drug|work=[[The New York Times]] | vauthors = Pollack A |date=16 September 2010|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822060100/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17drug.html?hpw |archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> On 23 October 2010, the FDA decided not to approve the drug based on the available data. This was not only because cancer promoting properties could not be ruled out, but also because the weight loss efficacy was considered "marginal."<ref name="prnewswire">{{cite news |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-issues-complete-response-letter-for-lorcaserin-new-drug-application-105586113.html |title=FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for Lorcaserin New Drug Application |date=23 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024221021/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-issues-complete-response-letter-for-lorcaserin-new-drug-application-105586113.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 }}</ref>
On 16 September 2010, an FDA advisory panel voted 9–5 against approval of the drug based on concerns over both efficacy and safety, particularly the findings of mammary gland tumors of female rats.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/f-d-a-panel-rejects-diet-pill-2/?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=F.D.A. Panel Rejects Diet Pill | vauthors = Pollack A | date=16 September 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034008/http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/f-d-a-panel-rejects-diet-pill-2/?pagemode=print | archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17drug.html |title=F.D.A. Panel Urges Denial of Diet Drug|work=[[The New York Times]] | vauthors = Pollack A |date=16 September 2010|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822060100/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17drug.html?hpw |archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> On 23 October 2010, the FDA decided not to approve the drug based on the available data. This was not only because cancer promoting properties could not be ruled out, but also because the weight loss efficacy was considered "marginal".<ref name="prnewswire">{{cite news |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-issues-complete-response-letter-for-lorcaserin-new-drug-application-105586113.html |title=FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for Lorcaserin New Drug Application |date=23 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024221021/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-issues-complete-response-letter-for-lorcaserin-new-drug-application-105586113.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 }}</ref>


On 10 May 2012, after a new round of studies submitted by Arena, an FDA panel voted to recommend lorcaserin with certain restrictions and patient monitoring. The restrictions include patients with a [[body mass index|BMI]] of over 30, or with a BMI over 27 and a comorbidity such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes.<ref name="webmdlorca">{{cite web|title=New Diet Drug Lorcaserin Wins Vote From FDA Panel|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120510/new-diet-drug-lorcaserin-wins-vote-from-fda-panel|publisher=webmd|date=10 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512023710/http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120510/new-diet-drug-lorcaserin-wins-vote-from-fda-panel|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
On 10 May 2012, after a new round of studies submitted by Arena, an FDA panel voted to recommend lorcaserin with certain restrictions and patient monitoring. The restrictions include patients with a [[body mass index|BMI]] of over 30, or with a BMI over 27 and a comorbidity such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes.<ref name="webmdlorca">{{cite web|title=New Diet Drug Lorcaserin Wins Vote From FDA Panel|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120510/new-diet-drug-lorcaserin-wins-vote-from-fda-panel|publisher=webmd|date=10 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512023710/http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120510/new-diet-drug-lorcaserin-wins-vote-from-fda-panel|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>


On 27 June 2012, the FDA approved lorcaserin for use in adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater (obese), or adults with a BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) and who had at least one weight-related condition such as high blood pressure (hypertension), type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol (dyslipidemia).<ref name="FDA PR">{{cite press release | title=FDA approves Belviq to treat some overweight or obese adults | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=27 June 2012 | url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm309993.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001144229/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm309993.htm | archive-date=1 September 2012 | url-status=dead | access-date=14 January 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets NDA #022529 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=August 7, 2012 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/022529Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
On 27 June 2012, the FDA approved lorcaserin for use in adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater (obese), or adults with a BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) and who had at least one weight-related condition such as high blood pressure (hypertension), type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol (dyslipidemia).<ref name="FDA PR">{{cite press release | title=FDA approves Belviq to treat some overweight or obese adults | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=27 June 2012 | url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm309993.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001144229/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm309993.htm | archive-date=1 October 2012 | url-status=dead | access-date=14 January 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets NDA #022529 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=August 7, 2012 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/022529Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>


On July 15, 2016, FDA approved the extended release version of lorcaserin for weight management with once-daily dosing instead of twice daily dosing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Belviq XR (lorcaserin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=26 October 2016 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208524Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
On 15 July 2016, FDA approved the extended release version of lorcaserin for weight management with once-daily dosing instead of twice daily dosing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Belviq XR (lorcaserin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=26 October 2016 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208524Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>


On September 17, 2020, FDA withdrew approval for lorcaserin and for extended-release lorcaserin tablets.<ref>{{Citation| pages = 58063–58064| last = FDA| title = Eisai, Inc.; Withdrawal of Approval of Two New Drug Application for BELVIQ (lorcaserin hydrochloride) and BELVIQ XR (lorcaserin hydrocholoride)| accessdate = 2023-05-12| date = 2020-09-17| url = https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/09/17/2020-20458/eisai-inc-withdrawal-of-approval-of-two-new-drug-application-for-belviq-lorcaserin-hydrochloride-and}}</ref>
On 17 September 2020, FDA withdrew approval for lorcaserin and for extended-release lorcaserin tablets.<ref>{{Citation| pages = 58063–58064| last = FDA| title = Eisai, Inc.; Withdrawal of Approval of Two New Drug Application for BELVIQ (lorcaserin hydrochloride) and BELVIQ XR (lorcaserin hydrocholoride)| accessdate = 2023-05-12| date = 2020-09-17| url = https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/09/17/2020-20458/eisai-inc-withdrawal-of-approval-of-two-new-drug-application-for-belviq-lorcaserin-hydrochloride-and}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Hallucinogens}}
{{Hallucinogens}}
{{Serotonin receptor modulators}}
{{Serotonin receptor modulators}}
{{Phenethylamines}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine}}


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[[Category:5-HT2C agonists]]
[[Category:5-HT2C agonists]]
[[Category:Anorectics]]
[[Category:Anorectics]]
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[[Category:Antiobesity drugs]]
[[Category:Benzazepines]]
[[Category:Benzazepines]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]]
[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Phenethylamines]]
[[Category:Psychedelic drugs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic drugs]]
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[[Category:Withdrawn anti-obesity drugs]]

Latest revision as of 06:38, 29 October 2024

Lorcaserin
Clinical data
Trade namesBelviq
Other namesAPD-356
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa613014
License data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding70%[2]
MetabolismHepatic (extensive)[2]
Elimination half-life11 hours[2]
ExcretionRenal (92.3%), Faecal (2.2%)[2]
Identifiers
  • (1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.237.138 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H14ClN
Molar mass195.69 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC1CNCCC2=C1C=C(C=C2)Cl
  • InChI=1S/C11H14ClN/c1-8-7-13-5-4-9-2-3-10(12)6-11(8)9/h2-3,6,8,13H,4-5,7H2,1H3/t8-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:XTTZERNUQAFMOF-QMMMGPOBSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Lorcaserin, marketed under the brand name Belviq,[4][5] was a weight-loss drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals. It reduces appetite by activating serotonin receptor the 5-HT2C receptor in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain which is known to control appetite.[6] It was approved in 2012, and in 2020, it was removed from the market in the United States due to an increased risk of cancer detected in users of Belviq.[7][1]

Medical uses

[edit]

Lorcaserin was used long term for weight loss in those who are obese.[8]

The safety and efficacy of Belviq were evaluated in three randomized, placebo-controlled trials that included nearly 8,000 obese and overweight patients, with and without type 2 diabetes, treated for 52 to 104 weeks.[4] All participants received lifestyle modification that consisted of a reduced calorie diet and exercise counseling.[4] Compared with placebo, treatment with Belviq for up to one year was associated with average weight loss ranging from 3 percent to 3.7 percent.[4]

About 47 percent of patients without type 2 diabetes lost at least 5 percent of their body weight compared with about 23 percent of patients treated with placebo.[4] In people with type 2 diabetes, about 38 percent of patients treated with Belviq and 16 percent treated with placebo lost at least 5 percent of their body weight.[4] Belviq treatment was associated with favorable changes in glycemic control in those with type 2 diabetes.[4] The approved labeling for Belviq recommends that the drug be discontinued in patients who fail to lose 5 percent of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment, as these patients are unlikely to achieve clinically meaningful weight loss with continued treatment.[4]

The drug's manufacturer was required to conduct six postmarketing studies, including a long-term cardiovascular outcomes trial to assess the effect of Belviq on the risk for major adverse cardiac events such as heart attack and stroke.[4]

Side effects

[edit]

In December 2012, the US Drug Enforcement Administration proposed classifying lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug because it has hallucinogenic properties at higher than approved doses and users could develop psychiatric dependencies on the drug.[9][10] On 7 May 2013, the US Drug Enforcement Administration classified lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug[11] under the Controlled Substances Act.[9]

There had been concern that lorcaserin could cause cardiac valvulopathy based upon the reports of subjects taking the drug in Phase 2 trials. However, a 2016 Phase 3 clinical trial found no statistically significant differences in valvulopathy rates compared to control, being 2.4% for the drug subjects and 2.0% for controls, and concluded that the drug was safe for the target population[12][13] although more long-term data was needed.[14]

FDA required a post-marketing cardiovascular safety trial as a condition of lorcaserin's approval (a requirement for all weight management drugs since the withdrawal of sibutramine in 2010 due to cardiovascular harm).[15] The CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial was conducted for this purpose, and it showed no difference in rates of major adverse cardiovascular events ("MACE+", a composite of "cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or any coronary revascularization") between lorcaserin and placebo.[16] However secondary analysis of CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 by FDA showed a likely higher cancer risk in those taking lorcaserin.[17][15] The trial was conducted in approximately 12,000 participants over five years and more patients taking lorcaserin were diagnosed with cancer compared to patients taking placebo.[15] CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 was powered to detect differences in MACE, but was not adequately powered to detect differences in cancer rates over the five-year study period.[18]

In February 2020, the FDA requested that the manufacturer of lorcaserin voluntarily withdraw the drug from the US market because a safety clinical trial showed an increased occurrence of cancer. The drug manufacturer, Eisai, voluntarily withdrew the drug.[19]

Mechanism of action

[edit]

Lorcaserin is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist,[20][21] and in vitro testing of the drug showed reasonable selectivity for 5-HT2C over other related targets.[22][23][24] 5-HT2C receptors are located almost exclusively in the brain, and can be found in the choroid plexus, cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the hypothalamus is supposed to activate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production and consequently promote weight loss through satiety.[25] This hypothesis is supported by clinical trials and other studies. While it is generally thought that 5-HT2C receptors help to regulate appetite as well as mood, and endocrine secretion,[26] the exact mechanism of appetite regulation was not known as of 2005. Lorcaserin has shown 100x selectivity for 5-HT2C versus the closely related 5-HT2B receptor, and 17x selectivity over the 5-HT2A receptor.[27][28]

Receptor[2] EC50 [nM] Ki[nM]
5-HT2C 39 13
5-HT2B 2380 147
5-HT2A 553 92

Chemistry

[edit]

The chemical structure of lorcaserin is similar to that of para-chloroamphetamine (PCA).

Approval history

[edit]

On 22 December 2009, a New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States.[29]

On 16 September 2010, an FDA advisory panel voted 9–5 against approval of the drug based on concerns over both efficacy and safety, particularly the findings of mammary gland tumors of female rats.[30][31] On 23 October 2010, the FDA decided not to approve the drug based on the available data. This was not only because cancer promoting properties could not be ruled out, but also because the weight loss efficacy was considered "marginal".[32]

On 10 May 2012, after a new round of studies submitted by Arena, an FDA panel voted to recommend lorcaserin with certain restrictions and patient monitoring. The restrictions include patients with a BMI of over 30, or with a BMI over 27 and a comorbidity such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes.[33]

On 27 June 2012, the FDA approved lorcaserin for use in adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater (obese), or adults with a BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) and who had at least one weight-related condition such as high blood pressure (hypertension), type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol (dyslipidemia).[4][34]

On 15 July 2016, FDA approved the extended release version of lorcaserin for weight management with once-daily dosing instead of twice daily dosing.[35]

On 17 September 2020, FDA withdrew approval for lorcaserin and for extended-release lorcaserin tablets.[36]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "FDA requests the withdrawal of the weight-loss drug Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) from the market". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 January 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) tablet [Eisai, Inc]". DailyMed. Eisai, Inc. August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  3. ^ "Lorcaserin Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "FDA approves Belviq to treat some overweight or obese adults". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ "Belviq". Trademarkia. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  6. ^ Shukla AP, Kumar RB, Aronne LJ (2015). "Lorcaserin Hcl for the treatment of obesity". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 16 (16): 2531–8. doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1096345. PMID 26472579. S2CID 44520532.
  7. ^ "Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) by Eisai: Drug Safety Communication - FDA Requests Withdrawal of Weight-Loss Drug". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 13 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  8. ^ Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP (May 2016). "Management of obesity". Lancet. 387 (10031): 1947–56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-3. PMID 26868660. S2CID 21805769.
  9. ^ a b Wilson MR (19 December 2012). "Reg Watch". The Hill. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013.
  10. ^ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV". 19 December 2012.
  11. ^ "Department Of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration 21 CFR Part 1308, Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV". 8 May 2013.
  12. ^ Greenway FL, Shanahan W, Fain R, Ma T, Rubino D (October 2016). "Safety and tolerability review of lorcaserin in clinical trials". Clinical Obesity (Review). 6 (5): 285–95. doi:10.1111/cob.12159. PMID 27627785. S2CID 38418965.
  13. ^ "BELVIQ and BELVIQ XR HCP Home Page". www.belviqhcp.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016.
  14. ^ Patel DK, Stanford FC (March 2018). "Safety and tolerability of new-generation anti-obesity medications: a narrative review". Postgraduate Medicine (Narrative review). 130 (2): 173–182. doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1435129. PMC 6261426. PMID 29388462.
  15. ^ a b c "Safety clinical trial shows possible increased risk of cancer with weight-loss medicine Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ^ Sharretts J, Galescu O, Gomatam S, Andraca-Carrera E, Hampp C, Yanoff L (September 2020). "Cancer Risk Associated with Lorcaserin - The FDA's Review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 Trial". The New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (11): 1000–1002. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2003873. PMID 32905671. S2CID 221625777.
  17. ^ Sharretts J, Galescu O, Gomatam S, Andraca-Carrera E, Hampp C, Yanoff L (September 2020). "Cancer Risk Associated with Lorcaserin - The FDA's Review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 Trial". The New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (11): 1000–1002. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2003873. PMID 32905671. S2CID 221625777.
  18. ^ Bohula EA, Scirica BM, Fanola C, Inzucchi SE, Keech A, McGuire DK, et al. (August 2018). "Design and rationale for the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Lorcaserin in Overweight and Obese Patients-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 61 (CAMELLIA-TIMI 61) trial". American Heart Journal. 202: 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2018.03.012. PMID 29803985. S2CID 44070009.
  19. ^ "FDA In Brief: FDA Requests Voluntary Withdrawal of Weight-Loss Medication After Clinical Trial Shows an Increased Occurrence of Cancer". FDA. 13 February 2020.
  20. ^ Thomsen WJ, Grottick AJ, Menzaghi F, Reyes-Saldana H, Espitia S, Yuskin D, et al. (May 2008). "Lorcaserin, a novel selective human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C agonist: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (2): 577–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.133348. PMID 18252809. S2CID 20924745.
  21. ^ Zhu Q, Wang J, Bian X, Zhang L, Wei P, Xu Y (September 2015). "Novel synthesis of antiobesity drug lorcaserin hydrochloride". Organic Process Research & Development. 19 (9): 1263–1267. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00144.
  22. ^ US patent 6953787, Smith B, Smith J, "5HT2c receptor modulators", published 2003-10-04, issued 2005-11-10 
  23. ^ US patent 7704993, Smith B, Gilson III CA, Schultz J, Smith J, "Benzazepine derivatives and methods of prophylaxis or treatment of 5ht2c receptor associated diseases", published 2004-16-06, issued 2010-27-04 
  24. ^ US patent 8207158, Smith B, Smith J, "5HT2c receptor modulators", published 2011-27-05, issued 2012-26-06 
  25. ^ Spreitzer H (13 September 2010). "Lorcaserin". Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German). 64 (19): 1083.
  26. ^ Millan MJ (2005). "Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies". Therapie. 60 (5): 441–60. doi:10.2515/therapie:2005065. PMID 16433010. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015.
  27. ^ Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, et al. (March 2005). "Discovery and SAR of new benzazepines as potent and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (5): 1467–70. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.080. PMID 15713408.
  28. ^ Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, et al. (January 2008). "Discovery and structure-activity relationship of (1R)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (Lorcaserin), a selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (2): 305–13. doi:10.1021/jm0709034. PMID 18095642.
  29. ^ "Lorcaserin New Drug Application". Drugs.com. 22 December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  30. ^ Pollack A (16 September 2010). "F.D.A. Panel Rejects Diet Pill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.
  31. ^ Pollack A (16 September 2010). "F.D.A. Panel Urges Denial of Diet Drug". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.
  32. ^ "FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for Lorcaserin New Drug Application". 23 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010.
  33. ^ "New Diet Drug Lorcaserin Wins Vote From FDA Panel". webmd. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012.
  34. ^ "Drug Approval Package: Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets NDA #022529". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 7 August 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  35. ^ "Belviq XR (lorcaserin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 26 October 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  36. ^ FDA (17 September 2020), Eisai, Inc.; Withdrawal of Approval of Two New Drug Application for BELVIQ (lorcaserin hydrochloride) and BELVIQ XR (lorcaserin hydrocholoride), pp. 58063–58064, retrieved 12 May 2023
[edit]
  • "Lorcaserin". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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