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|name = SN Refsdal
|name = SN Refsdal
|image = [[File:The past, present and future appearances of the Refsdal supernova.jpg|250px]]
|image = [[File:The past, present and future appearances of the Refsdal supernova.jpg|250px]]
|caption = SN Refsdal (inset picture) and galaxy cluster MACS J1149.6+2223.
|caption = SN Refsdal (inset picture) and galaxy cluster MACS J1149.6+2223
|epoch = [[J2000]]
|epoch = [[J2000]]
|type = Unknown
|host =[[SP 1149]]
|SNRtype =
|host =
|constellation = [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|constellation = [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|ra = {{RA|11|49|35.45}}<ref name="sci"/>
|ra = {{RA|11|49|35.45}}<ref name="sci"/>
|dec = {{DEC|22|23|44.84}}<ref name="sci"/>
|dec = {{DEC|22|23|44.84}}<ref name="sci"/>
|gal =
|discovery = {{circa}} 9.34 billion years ago <br>
|discovery = 11 November 2014 <br> Patrick Kelly (GLASS)
(discovered 11 November 2014 by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]])
|mag_v =
|distance = {{circa}} 14.4 billion [[Light-year|ly]]
⚫
|distance = z=1.49<ref name="sci"/>
|progenitor = unknown
|progenitor_type =
|b-v =
|notes = First multiply-lensed supernova
|notes = First multiply-lensed supernova
⚫
|event_type=[[Supernova]]|redshift=z=1.49<ref name="sci"/>}}
}}
'''SN Refsdal''' is the first detected [[gravitational lens|multiply-lensed]] [[supernova]], visible within the field of the [[galaxy cluster]] [[MACS J1149+2223]]. It was named after Norwegian astrophysicist [[Sjur Refsdal]], who, in 1964, first proposed using time-delayed images from a lensed supernova to study the expansion of the universe.<ref name="sci">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.aaa3350| title = Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens| journal = Science| volume = 347| issue = 6226| pages = 1123–1126| year = 2015| last1 = Kelly | first1 = P. L.| last2 = Rodney | first2 = S. A.| last3 = Treu | first3 = T.| last4 = Foley | first4 = R. J.| last5 = Brammer | first5 = G.| last6 = Schmidt | first6 = K. B.| last7 = Zitrin | first7 = A.| last8 = Sonnenfeld | first8 = A.| last9 = Strolger | first9 = L. -G. | last10 = Graur | first10 = O.| last11 = Filippenko | first11 = A. V.| last12 = Jha | first12 = S. W.| last13 = Riess | first13 = A. G.| last14 = Bradac | first14 = M.| last15 = Weiner | first15 = B. J.| last16 = Scolnic | first16 = D.| last17 = Malkan | first17 = M. A.| last18 = von Der Linden | first18 = A.| last19 = Trenti | first19 = M.| last20 = Hjorth | first20 = J.| last21 = Gavazzi | first21 = R.| last22 = Fontana | first22 = A.| last23 = Merten | first23 = J. C.| last24 = McCully | first24 = C.| last25 = Jones | first25 = T.| last26 = Postman | first26 = M.| last27 = Dressler | first27 = A.| last28 = Patel | first28 = B.| last29 = Cenko | first29 = S. B.| last30 = Graham | first30 = M. L.| display-authors = 29|arxiv =1411.6009|bibcode = 2015Sci...347.1123K | pmid=25745167| s2cid = 206633888}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150305">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/science/astronomers-observe-supernova-and-find-theyre-watching-reruns.html |date=March 5, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=March 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=LATimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-supernova-four-way-einstein-cross-gravitational-lens-galaxy-cluster-20150305-story.html|title=Don't believe the light: Supernova in 'Einstein Cross' is a cosmic trick|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=5 March 2015|author=Amina Khan}}</ref> The observations were made using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/800/2/L26| title = Revised Lens Model for the Multiply Imaged Lensed Supernova, "Sn Refsdal" in Macs J1149+2223| journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 800| issue = 2| pages = L26| year = 2015| last1 = Sharon | first1 = K. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = T. L. |arxiv = 1411.6933 |bibcode = 2015ApJ...800L..26S | s2cid = 118735742}}</ref>
'''SN Refsdal''' is the first detected [[gravitational lens|multiply-lensed]] [[supernova]], visible within the field of the [[galaxy cluster]] [[MACS J1149+2223]]. It was named after Norwegian astrophysicist [[Sjur Refsdal]], who, in 1964, first proposed using time-delayed images from a lensed supernova to study the expansion of the universe.<ref name="sci">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.aaa3350| title = Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens| journal = Science| volume = 347| issue = 6226| pages = 1123–1126| year = 2015| last1 = Kelly | first1 = P. L.| last2 = Rodney | first2 = S. A.| last3 = Treu | first3 = T.| last4 = Foley | first4 = R. J.| last5 = Brammer | first5 = G.| last6 = Schmidt | first6 = K. B.| last7 = Zitrin | first7 = A.| last8 = Sonnenfeld | first8 = A.| last9 = Strolger | first9 = L. -G. | last10 = Graur | first10 = O.| last11 = Filippenko | first11 = A. V.| last12 = Jha | first12 = S. W.| last13 = Riess | first13 = A. G.| last14 = Bradac | first14 = M.| last15 = Weiner | first15 = B. J.| last16 = Scolnic | first16 = D.| last17 = Malkan | first17 = M. A.| last18 = von Der Linden | first18 = A.| last19 = Trenti | first19 = M.| last20 = Hjorth | first20 = J.| last21 = Gavazzi | first21 = R.| last22 = Fontana | first22 = A.| last23 = Merten | first23 = J. C.| last24 = McCully | first24 = C.| last25 = Jones | first25 = T.| last26 = Postman | first26 = M.| last27 = Dressler | first27 = A.| last28 = Patel | first28 = B.| last29 = Cenko | first29 = S. B.| last30 = Graham | first30 = M. L.| display-authors = 29|arxiv =1411.6009|bibcode = 2015Sci...347.1123K | pmid=25745167| s2cid = 206633888}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150305">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/science/astronomers-observe-supernova-and-find-theyre-watching-reruns.html |date=March 5, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=March 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=LATimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-supernova-four-way-einstein-cross-gravitational-lens-galaxy-cluster-20150305-story.html|title=Don't believe the light: Supernova in 'Einstein Cross' is a cosmic trick|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=5 March 2015|author=Amina Khan}}</ref> The observations were made using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/800/2/L26| title = Revised Lens Model for the Multiply Imaged Lensed Supernova, "Sn Refsdal" in Macs J1149+2223| journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 800| issue = 2| pages = L26| year = 2015| last1 = Sharon | first1 = K. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = T. L. |arxiv = 1411.6933 |bibcode = 2015ApJ...800L..26S | s2cid = 118735742}}</ref>


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==Reappearance==
==Reappearance==
[[File:Heic1525a.jpg|thumb|left|The image to the left shows a part of the deep field observation of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 from the Frontier Fields programme. The circle indicates the predicted position of the newest appearance of the supernova. To the lower right the Einstein cross event from late 2014 is visible.
[[File:Heic1525a.jpg|thumb|left|The image to the left shows a part of the deep field observation of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 from the Frontier Fields programme. The circle indicates the predicted position of the newest appearance of the supernova. To the lower right, the Einstein cross event from late 2014 is visible.


The image on the top right shows observations by Hubble from October 2015, taken at the beginning of the observation programme to detect the newest appearance of the supernova.
The image on the top right shows observations by Hubble from October 2015, taken at the beginning of the observation programme to detect the newest appearance of the supernova.
Line 34: Line 28:
After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field.<ref name="sci"/>
After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field.<ref name="sci"/>


The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between mid-November 2015 and December 11, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title = Caught in the act - Hubble captures first-ever predicted exploding star|url = http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1525/|website = www.spacetelescope.org|accessdate = 2015-12-19|language = en-GB}}</ref> (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations),<ref>{{cite web|title=Detection of a SN near the center of the galaxy cluster field MACS1149 consistent with predictions of a new image of Supernova Refsdal|publisher=The Astronomer's Telegram|date=13 Dec 2015|url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=8402|work=Patrick Kelly}}</ref> in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/mnrasl/slv025 | title = Predicted Properties of Multiple Images of the Strongly Lensed Supernova SN Refsdal | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 449 | issue = 1 | pages = L86–L89 | year = 2015 | last1 = Oguri | first1 = Masamune | arxiv=1411.6443|bibcode = 2015MNRAS.449L..86O | s2cid = 118389176 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stv2638 | title = A Free-Form Prediction for the Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal in the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume = 456 | issue = 1| pages = 356–365| year = 2016| last1 = Diego | first1 = J.M | last2 = Broadhurst | first2 = T. | last3 = Chen | first3 = C. | last4 = Lim | first4 = J.| last5 = Zitrin | first5 = A. | last6 = Chan | first6 =B. | last7 = Coe7 | first7 = D. | last8 = Ford | first8 = H. C. | last9 = Lam | first9 = D. | last10 = Zheng | first10 = W.|arxiv=1504.05953|bibcode = 2016MNRAS.456..356D | s2cid = 32212490 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Refsdal meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACS1149.5+2223 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 817| issue = 1| pages = 60| year = 2016| last1 = Treu | first1 = T |display-authors=etal |arxiv=1510.05750|bibcode = 2016ApJ...817...60T |doi = 10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/60 | s2cid = 36631665 }}</ref>
The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between 14 November and 11 December 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title = Caught in the act - Hubble captures first-ever predicted exploding star|url = http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1525/|website = www.spacetelescope.org|accessdate = 2015-12-19|language = en-GB}}</ref> (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations),<ref>{{cite web|title=Detection of a SN near the center of the galaxy cluster field MACS1149 consistent with predictions of a new image of Supernova Refsdal|publisher=The Astronomer's Telegram|date=13 Dec 2015|url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=8402|work=Patrick Kelly}}</ref> in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/mnrasl/slv025 | title = Predicted Properties of Multiple Images of the Strongly Lensed Supernova SN Refsdal | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 449 | issue = 1 | pages = L86–L89 | year = 2015 | last1 = Oguri | first1 = Masamune | doi-access = free | arxiv=1411.6443|bibcode = 2015MNRAS.449L..86O | s2cid = 118389176 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stv2638 | title = A Free-Form Prediction for the Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal in the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume = 456 | issue = 1| pages = 356–365| year = 2016| last1 = Diego | first1 = J.M | last2 = Broadhurst | first2 = T. | last3 = Chen | first3 = C. | last4 = Lim | first4 = J.| last5 = Zitrin | first5 = A. | last6 = Chan | first6 =B. | last7 = Coe7 | first7 = D. | last8 = Ford | first8 = H. C. | last9 = Lam | first9 = D. | last10 = Zheng | first10 = W.| doi-access = free |arxiv=1504.05953|bibcode = 2016MNRAS.456..356D | s2cid = 32212490 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Refsdal meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACS1149.5+2223 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 817| issue = 1| pages = 60| year = 2016| last1 = Treu | first1 = T |display-authors=etal |arxiv=1510.05750|bibcode = 2016ApJ...817...60T |doi = 10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/60 | s2cid = 36631665 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the [[Hubble constant]]. This is the first time this technique, originally suggested by Refsdal, has been applied to supernovae.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Hubble Constant from SN Refsdal| journal = Astrophysical Journal Letters| volume = 853 |issue=1| pages = 31–36| year = 2018| last1 = Vega-Ferrero | first1 = J. | last2 = Diego | first2 = J.M | last3 = Miranda | first3 = V. | last4 = Bernstein | first4 = G. | arxiv = 1712.05800| bibcode = 2018ApJ...853...31O| doi = 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa95f| s2cid = 55840221}}</ref>
The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the [[Hubble constant]]. This is the first time this technique, originally suggested by Refsdal, has been applied to supernovae.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Hubble Constant from SN Refsdal| journal = Astrophysical Journal Letters| volume = 853 |issue=1| pages = 31–36| year = 2018| last1 = Vega-Ferrero | first1 = J. | last2 = Diego | first2 = J.M | last3 = Miranda | first3 = V. | last4 = Bernstein | first4 = G. | arxiv = 1712.05800| bibcode = 2018ApJ...853...31O| doi = 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa95f| s2cid = 55840221| doi-access = free}}</ref>

Using measurements from SN Refsdal and galaxy cluster lens models, astronomers found that the Hubble constant has value H<sub>0</sub> = {{val|66.6|+4.1|-3.3}} km s<sup>−1</sup> Mpc<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name="sci2023">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.abh1322| title = Constraints on the Hubble constant from Supernova Refsdal's reappearance| journal = Science| volume = 380| issue = 6649| pages = eabh1322| year = 2023| last1 = Kelly | first1 = P. L.|display-authors=etal |arxiv =2305.06367v1 |bibcode = 2023Sci...380.1322K| pmid=37167351| s2cid = 258615332}}</ref>

== Other multiply-lensed supernova ==
Other reported multiply-lensed supernova are iPTF16geu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goobar |first1=A. |last2=Amanullah |first2=R. |last3=Kulkarni |first3=S. R. |last4=Nugent |first4=P. E. |last5=Johansson |first5=J. |last6=Steidel |first6=C. |last7=Law |first7=D. |last8=Mörtsell |first8=E. |last9=Quimby |first9=R. |last10=Blagorodnova |first10=N. |last11=Brandeker |first11=A. |last12=Cao |first12=Y. |last13=Cooray |first13=A. |last14=Ferretti |first14=R. |last15=Fremling |first15=C. |date=2017-04-21 |title=iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal2729 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=356 |issue=6335 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.1126/science.aal2729 |pmid=28428419 |arxiv=1611.00014 |bibcode=2017Sci...356..291G |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare Supernova Discovery Ushers in New Era for Cosmology |url=https://cs.lbl.gov/news-media/news/2017/rare-supernova-discovery-ushers-in-new-era-for-cosmology/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Berkeley Lab Computing Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Suyu |first1=Sherry H. |last2=Goobar |first2=Ariel |last3=Collett |first3=Thomas |last4=More |first4=Anupreeta |last5=Vernardos |first5=Giorgos |date=February 2024 |title=Strong Gravitational Lensing and Microlensing of Supernovae |journal=Space Science Reviews |language=en |volume=220 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7 |issn=0038-6308 |pmc=11297109 |pmid=39099881|arxiv=2301.07729 |bibcode=2024SSRv..220...13S }}</ref> SN Requiem (AT2016jka),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodney |first1=Steven A. |last2=Brammer |first2=Gabriel B. |last3=Pierel |first3=Justin D. R. |last4=Richard |first4=Johan |last5=Toft |first5=Sune |last6=O’Connor |first6=Kyle F. |last7=Akhshik |first7=Mohammad |last8=Whitaker |first8=Katherine E. |date=November 2021 |title=A gravitationally lensed supernova with an observable two-decade time delay |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01450-9 |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1118–1125 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9 |arxiv=2106.08935 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5.1118R |issn=2397-3366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomaswick |first=Andy |date=2021-06-21 |title=Astronomers saw the Same Supernova Three Times Thanks to Gravitational Lensing. And in Twenty Years They Think They'll see it one More Time |url=https://www.universetoday.com/151581/astronomers-saw-the-same-supernova-three-times-thanks-to-gravitational-lensing-and-in-twenty-years-they-think-theyll-see-it-one-more-time/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Universe Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SN Requiem |url=https://requiem-galaxies.com/requiemsn |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=requiem-galaxies.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Supernova Zwicky (SN 2022qmx),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goobar |first1=Ariel |last2=Johansson |first2=Joel |last3=Schulze |first3=Steve |last4=Arendse |first4=Nikki |last5=Carracedo |first5=Ana Sagués |last6=Dhawan |first6=Suhail |last7=Mörtsell |first7=Edvard |last8=Fremling |first8=Christoffer |last9=Yan |first9=Lin |last10=Perley |first10=Daniel |last11=Sollerman |first11=Jesper |last12=Joseph |first12=Rémy |last13=Hinds |first13=K.-Ryan |last14=Meynardie |first14=William |last15=Andreoni |first15=Igor |date=September 2023 |title=Uncovering a population of gravitational lens galaxies with magnified standard candle SN Zwicky |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1098–1107 |doi=10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3 |pmid=37736027 |pmc=10509034 |arxiv=2211.00656 |bibcode=2023NatAs...7.1098G |issn=2397-3366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=Rare Gravitational Lensing Warps Light Of Distant Supernova Into Four Images – W. M. Keck Observatory |url=https://www.keckobservatory.org/sn-zwicky/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Chen et al SN,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wenlei |last2=Kelly |first2=Patrick L. |last3=Oguri |first3=Masamune |last4=Broadhurst |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Diego |first5=Jose M. |last6=Emami |first6=Najmeh |last7=Filippenko |first7=Alexei V. |last8=Treu |first8=Tommaso L. |last9=Zitrin |first9=Adi |date=November 2022 |title=Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05252-5 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=611 |issue=7935 |pages=256–259 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05252-5 |pmid=36352131 |arxiv=2306.12985 |bibcode=2022Natur.611..256C |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> SN H0pe<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Polletta |first1=M. |last2=Nonino |first2=M. |last3=Frye |first3=B. |last4=Gargiulo |first4=A. |last5=Bisogni |first5=S. |last6=Garuda |first6=N. |last7=Thompson |first7=D. |last8=Lehnert |first8=M. |last9=Pascale |first9=M. |last10=Willner |first10=S. P. |last11=Kamieneski |first11=P. |last12=Leimbach |first12=R. |last13=Cheng |first13=C. |last14=Coe |first14=D. |last15=Cohen |first15=S. H. |date=July 2023 |title=Spectroscopy of the supernova H0pe host galaxy at redshift 1.78 |url=https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346964 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=675 |pages=L4 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202346964 |arxiv=2306.12385 |bibcode=2023A&A...675L...4P |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and SN 2022riv.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts-Pierel |first1=Justin |last2=The LensWatch Collaboration |date=January 2023 |title=First Results of the LensWatch Collaboration: Hubble Observations and Constraints for Two New Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae
|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AAS...24143207R/abstract |journal=Bulletin of the AAS |volume=241 |pages=432.07|bibcode=2023AAS...24143207R }}</ref>

The same way as with SN Refsdal among these SN H0pe has also been used too to measure the value of the [[Hubble constant]] using the relative delay in the arrival between images.<ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Pascale |first1=Massimo |title=SN H0pe: The First Measurement of $H_0$ from a Multiply-Imaged Type Ia Supernova, Discovered by JWST |date=2024-03-27 |eprint=2403.18902 |last2=Frye |first2=Brenda L. |last3=Pierel |first3=Justin D. R. |last4=Chen |first4=Wenlei |last5=Kelly |first5=Patrick L. |last6=Cohen |first6=Seth H. |last7=Windhorst |first7=Rogier A. |last8=Riess |first8=Adam G. |last9=Kamieneski |first9=Patrick S.|class=astro-ph.CO }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grayson |first=Skylar |date=April 2024 |title=A New H0pe for the Hubble Constant? |url=https://astrobites.org/2024/04/16/sn_h0pe/ |website=Astrobites}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Einstein Cross]], the gravitationally lensed quasar that gave rise to the term "Einstein cross"
* [[Einstein Cross]], the gravitationally lensed quasar that gave rise to the term "Einstein cross"
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljoeOLuX6Z4 How One Supernova Measured The Universe]


==References==
==References==
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* [http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~pkelly/refsdal_redux.png The image taken by Hubble around November 2015 shows new supernovae 'SX' in multiply image system] at astro.berkeley.edu.
* [http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~pkelly/refsdal_redux.png The image taken by Hubble around November 2015 shows new supernovae 'SX' in multiply image system] at astro.berkeley.edu.
* [https://plus.google.com/b/104933578966497599647/events/ch03bp5adnej8s5kp1i0jj80sh8 Hubble Hangout December 17 2015 discussing SN Refsdal]
* [https://plus.google.com/b/104933578966497599647/events/ch03bp5adnej8s5kp1i0jj80sh8 Hubble Hangout December 17 2015 discussing SN Refsdal]
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/1512117-first-supernova-prediction-appears-space View of Exploding Star Appears, Right on Cue] [[National Geographic Society]] 17 December 2015
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151220040924/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/1512117-first-supernova-prediction-appears-space/ View of Exploding Star Appears, Right on Cue] [[National Geographic Society]] 17 December 2015


{{Supernovae}}
{{Supernovae}}
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[[Category:Gravitational lensing]]
[[Category:Gravitational lensing]]
[[Category:Leo (constellation)]]
[[Category:Leo (constellation)]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2014]]

Latest revision as of 22:51, 27 September 2024

SN Refsdal
SN Refsdal (inset picture) and galaxy cluster MACS J1149.6+2223
Event typeSupernova
Datec. 9.34 billion years ago
(discovered 11 November 2014 by the Hubble Space Telescope)
ConstellationLeo
Right ascension11h 49m 35.45s[1]
Declination22° 23′ 44.84″[1]
EpochJ2000
Distancec. 14.4 billion ly
Redshiftz=1.49[1]
HostSP 1149
Notable featuresFirst multiply-lensed supernova
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SN Refsdal is the first detected multiply-lensed supernova, visible within the field of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149+2223. It was named after Norwegian astrophysicist Sjur Refsdal, who, in 1964, first proposed using time-delayed images from a lensed supernova to study the expansion of the universe.[1][2][3] The observations were made using the Hubble Space Telescope.[4]

Einstein cross

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The host galaxy of SN Refsdal is at a redshift of 1.49, corresponding to a comoving distance of 14.4 billion light-years and a lookback time of 9.34 billion years.[5] The multiple images are arranged around the elliptical galaxy at z = 0.54 in a cross-shaped pattern, also known as an "Einstein cross".[1]

Reappearance

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The image to the left shows a part of the deep field observation of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 from the Frontier Fields programme. The circle indicates the predicted position of the newest appearance of the supernova. To the lower right, the Einstein cross event from late 2014 is visible. The image on the top right shows observations by Hubble from October 2015, taken at the beginning of the observation programme to detect the newest appearance of the supernova. The image on the lower right shows the discovery of the supernova on 11 December 2015, as predicted by several different models.

After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field.[1]

The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between 14 November and 11 December 2015[6] (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations),[7] in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed.[8][9][10] The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the Hubble constant. This is the first time this technique, originally suggested by Refsdal, has been applied to supernovae.[11]

Using measurements from SN Refsdal and galaxy cluster lens models, astronomers found that the Hubble constant has value H0 = 66.6+4.1
−3.3 km s−1 Mpc−1.[12]

Other multiply-lensed supernova

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Other reported multiply-lensed supernova are iPTF16geu,[13][14][15] SN Requiem (AT2016jka),[16][17][18][15] Supernova Zwicky (SN 2022qmx),[19][20][15] Chen et al SN,[21][15] SN H0pe[22][15] and SN 2022riv.[23]

The same way as with SN Refsdal among these SN H0pe has also been used too to measure the value of the Hubble constant using the relative delay in the arrival between images.[24][25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Kelly, P. L.; Rodney, S. A.; Treu, T.; Foley, R. J.; Brammer, G.; Schmidt, K. B.; Zitrin, A.; Sonnenfeld, A.; Strolger, L. -G.; Graur, O.; Filippenko, A. V.; Jha, S. W.; Riess, A. G.; Bradac, M.; Weiner, B. J.; Scolnic, D.; Malkan, M. A.; von Der Linden, A.; Trenti, M.; Hjorth, J.; Gavazzi, R.; Fontana, A.; Merten, J. C.; McCully, C.; Jones, T.; Postman, M.; Dressler, A.; Patel, B.; Cenko, S. B.; et al. (2015). "Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens". Science. 347 (6226): 1123–1126. arXiv:1411.6009. Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1123K. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3350. PMID 25745167. S2CID 206633888.
  2. ^ Overbye, Dennis (March 5, 2015). "Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns". New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  3. ^ Amina Khan (5 March 2015). "Don't believe the light: Supernova in 'Einstein Cross' is a cosmic trick". Los Angeles Times.
  4. ^ Sharon, K.; Johnson, T. L. (2015). "Revised Lens Model for the Multiply Imaged Lensed Supernova, "Sn Refsdal" in Macs J1149+2223". The Astrophysical Journal. 800 (2): L26. arXiv:1411.6933. Bibcode:2015ApJ...800L..26S. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/800/2/L26. S2CID 118735742.
  5. ^ "Cosmological redshift z=1.49". Wolfram Alpha. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  6. ^ "Caught in the act - Hubble captures first-ever predicted exploding star". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
  7. ^ "Detection of a SN near the center of the galaxy cluster field MACS1149 consistent with predictions of a new image of Supernova Refsdal". Patrick Kelly. The Astronomer's Telegram. 13 Dec 2015.
  8. ^ Oguri, Masamune (2015). "Predicted Properties of Multiple Images of the Strongly Lensed Supernova SN Refsdal". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): L86 – L89. arXiv:1411.6443. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449L..86O. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv025. S2CID 118389176.
  9. ^ Diego, J.M; Broadhurst, T.; Chen, C.; Lim, J.; Zitrin, A.; Chan, B.; Coe7, D.; Ford, H. C.; Lam, D.; Zheng, W. (2016). "A Free-Form Prediction for the Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal in the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 456 (1): 356–365. arXiv:1504.05953. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456..356D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2638. S2CID 32212490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Treu, T; et al. (2016). "Refsdal meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACS1149.5+2223". The Astrophysical Journal. 817 (1): 60. arXiv:1510.05750. Bibcode:2016ApJ...817...60T. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/60. S2CID 36631665.
  11. ^ Vega-Ferrero, J.; Diego, J.M; Miranda, V.; Bernstein, G. (2018). "The Hubble Constant from SN Refsdal". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 853 (1): 31–36. arXiv:1712.05800. Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...31O. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa95f. S2CID 55840221.
  12. ^ Kelly, P. L.; et al. (2023). "Constraints on the Hubble constant from Supernova Refsdal's reappearance". Science. 380 (6649): eabh1322. arXiv:2305.06367v1. Bibcode:2023Sci...380.1322K. doi:10.1126/science.abh1322. PMID 37167351. S2CID 258615332.
  13. ^ Goobar, A.; Amanullah, R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Nugent, P. E.; Johansson, J.; Steidel, C.; Law, D.; Mörtsell, E.; Quimby, R.; Blagorodnova, N.; Brandeker, A.; Cao, Y.; Cooray, A.; Ferretti, R.; Fremling, C. (2017-04-21). "iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova". Science. 356 (6335): 291–295. arXiv:1611.00014. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..291G. doi:10.1126/science.aal2729. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28428419.
  14. ^ "Rare Supernova Discovery Ushers in New Era for Cosmology". Berkeley Lab Computing Sciences. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  15. ^ a b c d e Suyu, Sherry H.; Goobar, Ariel; Collett, Thomas; More, Anupreeta; Vernardos, Giorgos (February 2024). "Strong Gravitational Lensing and Microlensing of Supernovae". Space Science Reviews. 220 (1): 13. arXiv:2301.07729. Bibcode:2024SSRv..220...13S. doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7. ISSN 0038-6308. PMC 11297109. PMID 39099881.
  16. ^ Rodney, Steven A.; Brammer, Gabriel B.; Pierel, Justin D. R.; Richard, Johan; Toft, Sune; O’Connor, Kyle F.; Akhshik, Mohammad; Whitaker, Katherine E. (November 2021). "A gravitationally lensed supernova with an observable two-decade time delay". Nature Astronomy. 5 (11): 1118–1125. arXiv:2106.08935. Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1118R. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9. ISSN 2397-3366.
  17. ^ Tomaswick, Andy (2021-06-21). "Astronomers saw the Same Supernova Three Times Thanks to Gravitational Lensing. And in Twenty Years They Think They'll see it one More Time". Universe Today. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  18. ^ "SN Requiem". requiem-galaxies.com. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  19. ^ Goobar, Ariel; Johansson, Joel; Schulze, Steve; Arendse, Nikki; Carracedo, Ana Sagués; Dhawan, Suhail; Mörtsell, Edvard; Fremling, Christoffer; Yan, Lin; Perley, Daniel; Sollerman, Jesper; Joseph, Rémy; Hinds, K.-Ryan; Meynardie, William; Andreoni, Igor (September 2023). "Uncovering a population of gravitational lens galaxies with magnified standard candle SN Zwicky". Nature Astronomy. 7 (9): 1098–1107. arXiv:2211.00656. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7.1098G. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3. ISSN 2397-3366. PMC 10509034. PMID 37736027.
  20. ^ "Rare Gravitational Lensing Warps Light Of Distant Supernova Into Four Images – W. M. Keck Observatory". 2023-06-12. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  21. ^ Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Oguri, Masamune; Broadhurst, Thomas J.; Diego, Jose M.; Emami, Najmeh; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Treu, Tommaso L.; Zitrin, Adi (November 2022). "Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images". Nature. 611 (7935): 256–259. arXiv:2306.12985. Bibcode:2022Natur.611..256C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05252-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36352131.
  22. ^ Polletta, M.; Nonino, M.; Frye, B.; Gargiulo, A.; Bisogni, S.; Garuda, N.; Thompson, D.; Lehnert, M.; Pascale, M.; Willner, S. P.; Kamieneski, P.; Leimbach, R.; Cheng, C.; Coe, D.; Cohen, S. H. (July 2023). "Spectroscopy of the supernova H0pe host galaxy at redshift 1.78". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 675: L4. arXiv:2306.12385. Bibcode:2023A&A...675L...4P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346964. ISSN 0004-6361.
  23. ^ Roberts-Pierel, Justin; The LensWatch Collaboration (January 2023). "First Results of the LensWatch Collaboration: Hubble Observations and Constraints for Two New Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae". Bulletin of the AAS. 241: 432.07. Bibcode:2023AAS...24143207R.
  24. ^ Pascale, Massimo; Frye, Brenda L.; Pierel, Justin D. R.; Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Cohen, Seth H.; Windhorst, Rogier A.; Riess, Adam G.; Kamieneski, Patrick S. (2024-03-27). "SN H0pe: The First Measurement of $H_0$ from a Multiply-Imaged Type Ia Supernova, Discovered by JWST". arXiv:2403.18902 [astro-ph.CO].
  25. ^ Grayson, Skylar (April 2024). "A New H0pe for the Hubble Constant?". Astrobites.
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