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{{distinguish|Wagaman language (disambiguation){{!}}Wagaman language}}
{{distinguish|Wagaman language (disambiguation){{!}}Wagaman language}}
{{short description|Extinct Australian Aboriginal language}}
{{short description|Australian Aboriginal language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Agwamin
| name = Agwamin
|nativename=Wamin
| nativename = Wamin
|states=[[Australia]]
| states = Australia
|region=[[Queensland]]
| region = [[Queensland]]
|ethnicity=[[Ewamin]]
| ethnicity = [[Ewamin]], [[Wakaman]]
|extinct=1 speaker in 1981
| extinct = by 2005
| familycolor = Australian
|ref=<ref name="Wurm and Hattori 1981">Wurm and Hattori 1981</ref>
| fam1 = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
| fam2 = [[Southern Paman languages|Southern Paman]]
| iso3 = wmi
|fam2=[[Southern Paman languages|Southern Paman]]
| glotto = wami1239
|fam3=
| glottorefname = Wamin
|iso3=wmi
| dia1 = Agwamin
|glotto=wami1239
|glottorefname=Wamin
| dia2 = Wamin
| aiatsis = Y132
|dia1=Agwamin
| aiatsis2 = Y133
|dia2=Wamin
| map = Traditional lands of the Australian aboriginal tribes around Cairns.png
|aiatsis=Y132
| mapcaption = [[Traditional owner|Traditional lands]] of the Aboriginal peoples around [[Cairns]]; Agwamin in {{legend|#ffff00|yellow}}.
| aiatsis3 = Y108
}}
}}
'''Wamin''', also known as '''Agwamin''' or '''Ewamian''', is an [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]] of [[North Queensland]] spoken by the [[Agwamin|Ewamian people]].<ref name="AIATSIS" /> Wamin was traditionally spoken in the [[Shire of Etheridge|Etheridge region]], in the areas around [[Einasleigh, Queensland|Einasliegh]], [[Georgetown, Queensland|Georgetown]], and [[Mount Surprise, Queensland|Mount Surprise]].<ref name=":SLQ37">{{SLQ-CC-BY| url=https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/37?embed=true|title=Agwamin|publisher=[[State Library of Queensland]]|website=Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map|url-status=live|access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crump |first=Des |date=2020-09-28 |title=Language of the Week: Week Eighteen - Agwamin |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/language-week-week-eighteen-agwamin |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=State Library Of Queensland |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Traditional lands of the Australian aboriginal tribes around Cairns.png|thumb|right|[[Traditional lands]] of the [[Australian aboriginal]] tribes around Cairns.]]
'''Wamin''' (also known as ''[[Agwamin]]'' or ''Ewamian'') is an [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian Aboriginal language]] of [[North Queensland]] spoken by the [[Agwamin|Ewamian people]].<ref name="AIATSIS" /> Wamin was traditionally spoken in the [[Shire of Etheridge|Etheridge region]], in the areas around [[Einasleigh, Queensland|Einasliegh]], [[Georgetown, Queensland|Georgetown]], and [[Mount Surprise, Queensland|Mount Surprise]].<ref name=":SLQ37">{{SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/37?embed=true|title=Agwamin|publisher=[[State Library of Queensland]]|website=Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map|url-status=live|accessdate=30 May 2022}}</ref> There was only one living speaker of the language alive in 1981.<ref name="Wurm and Hattori 1981"/>


== Alternative names and dialects ==
== Alternative names and dialects ==
Elder Fred Fulford, as documented by [[Peter Sutton (anthropologist)|Peter Sutton]] in the early 1970s, explained that Agwamin and Wamin were originally two mutually intelligible dialects, one 'heavy' and one 'light'.<ref name ="Sutton1976">{{Cite book| title = Languages of Cape York: papers presented to the linguistic symposium, part B, held in conjunction with the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Biennial General Meeting, May, 1974
The language of [[Agwamin|Ewamian people]], now undergoing revival,<ref name="Ewamian">{{cite web| title = About Ewamian People|url = https://www.ewamian.com.au/about|publisher = Ewamian People Aboriginal Corporation|access-date = 21 June 2023}}</ref> is variously known as Wamin or Agwamin. Elder Fred Fulford, as documented by [[Peter Sutton (anthropologist)|Peter Sutton]] in the early 1970s, explained that Agwamin and Wamin were originally two mutually intelligible dialects, one 'heavy' and one 'light'.<ref name ="Sutton1976">{{Cite book| title = Languages of Cape York: papers presented to the linguistic symposium, part B, held in conjunction with the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Biennial General Meeting, May, 1974 | last = Sutton | first = Peter
| author-link = Peter Sutton (anthropologist) | year = 1976 | chapter = The diversity of initial dropping languages in southern Cape York | editor-last = Sutton | editor-first = Peter | publisher = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies]]
| last = Sutton | first = Peter
| pages = 116–120}}</ref> There was said to be one living speaker of the language alive in 1981.<ref name="Wurm">{{cite book |last1=Wurm |first1=S.A. |last2=Hattori |first2=S. |title=Language atlas of the Pacific area, part 1 and 2 |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series C |date=1981 |volume=66 and 67 |publisher=Australian National University |location=Canberra |url=https://wals.info/refdb/record/Wurm-and-Hattori-1981}}</ref> Dixon (2002) counts Wamin as an alternative name for Agwamin.<ref name="Dixon2002">{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780 |title=Australian Languages: their nature and development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon}}</ref>
| author-link = Peter Sutton (anthropologist)
| year = 1976
| chapter = The diversity of initial dropping languages in southern Cape York
| editor-last = Sutton | editor-first = Peter
| publisher = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies]]
| pages = 116–120}}</ref>
There was said to be one living speaker of the language alive in 1981.<ref name="Wurm">{{cite book |last1=Wurm |first1=S.A. |last2=Hattori |first2=S. |title=Language atlas of the Pacific area, part 1 and 2 |date=1981 |publisher=Australian National University |location=Canberra |url=https://wals.info/refdb/record/Wurm-and-Hattori-1981}}</ref> Dixon (2002) counts Wamin as an alternative name for Agwamin.<ref name="Dixon2002">{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780 |title=Australian Languages: their nature and development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon}}</ref>


The [[Wakaman#Language|language of the Wakaman]] people, Wagaman, is thought by some linguists to be a variant of the mutually intelligible Agwamin and Wamin languages.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y108|Wagaman}}</ref><ref>{{AIATSIS|Y132|Agwamin}}</ref><ref>{{AIATSIS|Y132.1|Wamin}}</ref>
The following is a list of alternative names for Agwamin:<ref name="Tindale1974">{{Cite book| chapter = Ewamin (QLD)| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett| author-link = Norman Tindale| year = 1974| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names| publisher = [[Australian National University]]| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ewamin.htm| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6}}</ref>


The following is a list of alternative names for Wamin:<ref name="Tindale1974">{{Cite book| chapter = Ewamin (QLD)| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett| author-link = Norman Tindale| year = 1974| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names| publisher = [[Australian National University]]| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ewamin.htm| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Wamin''
* ''Wamin''
* ''Agwamin''
* ''E'wamin''
* ''Ewamin''
* ''Ewamin''
* ''Wimanja''
* ''Wimanja''
Line 48: Line 47:
* ''Walming''
* ''Walming''
* ''Wailoolo''
* ''Wailoolo''
{{div col end}}

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
! colspan="2" |[[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
![[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]/<br>[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|-
![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|{{IPA link|n̪}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|-
![[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|-
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|-
![[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|ɻ}}
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ɵ}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
/ɵ/ may also be heard as a {{IPAblink|ə}} sound.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Peter J. |title=The diversity of initial dropping languages in southern Cape York |publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies |year=1976 |location=In Sutton, Peter (ed.), Languages of Cape York |pages=102–123}}</ref>


== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==
Some words from the Agwamin language are:
Some words in Wamin language are:
* ''twa'' (dog)<ref name="Tindale1974"></ref>
* ''twa'' (dog)<ref name="Tindale1974" />
* ''moa'' (man)<ref name="Sutton1976"></ref>
* ''moa'' (man)<ref name="Sutton1976" />


==References==
==References==
Line 58: Line 132:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://www.ewamian.com.au/ Ewamian People Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC]
* [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/agwamin-2014.pdf Bibliography of Agwamin language resources], at the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]
* [https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia AIATSIS Map of Indigenous Australia]
* [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wmi/ Wamin] at [[Ethnologue]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092322/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/agwamin-2014.pdf Bibliography of Agwamin language resources], at the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]


{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Paman}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Paman}}

Latest revision as of 17:03, 22 December 2024

Not to be confused with Wagaman language.
Agwamin
Wamin
Native toAustralia
RegionQueensland
EthnicityEwamin, Wakaman
Extinctby 2005
Dialects
  • Agwamin
  • Wamin
Language codes
ISO 639-3wmi
Glottologwami1239
AIATSIS[1]Y132, Y133, Y108
ELPAgwamin
Traditional lands of the Aboriginal peoples around Cairns; Agwamin in
  yellow
.

Wamin, also known as Agwamin or Ewamian, is an Australian Aboriginal language of North Queensland spoken by the Ewamian people.[1] Wamin was traditionally spoken in the Etheridge region, in the areas around Einasliegh, Georgetown, and Mount Surprise.[2][3]

Alternative names and dialects

[edit]

The language of Ewamian people, now undergoing revival,[4] is variously known as Wamin or Agwamin. Elder Fred Fulford, as documented by Peter Sutton in the early 1970s, explained that Agwamin and Wamin were originally two mutually intelligible dialects, one 'heavy' and one 'light'.[5] There was said to be one living speaker of the language alive in 1981.[6] Dixon (2002) counts Wamin as an alternative name for Agwamin.[7]

The language of the Wakaman people, Wagaman, is thought by some linguists to be a variant of the mutually intelligible Agwamin and Wamin languages.[8][9][10]

The following is a list of alternative names for Wamin:[11]

  • Wamin
  • Agwamin
  • E'wamin
  • Ewamin
  • Wimanja
  • Egwamin
  • Gwamin
  • Ak Waumin
  • Wamin
  • Wommin, Waumin, Wawmin
  • Walamin
  • Wommin
  • Walming
  • Wailoolo

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Peripheral Laminal Apical
Labial Velar Dental Palatal Alveolar/
Retroflex
Plosive p k t̪ c t
Nasal m ŋ n̪ ɲ n
Trill r
Lateral l
Approximant w j ɻ

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e ɵ o
Low a

/ɵ/ may also be heard as a [ə] sound.[12]

Vocabulary

[edit]

Some words in Wamin language are:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Y132 Agwamin at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
  2. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Agwamin published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 30 May 2022.
  3. ^ Crump, Des (2020-09-28). "Language of the Week: Week Eighteen - Agwamin". State Library Of Queensland. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  4. ^ "About Ewamian People". Ewamian People Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b Sutton, Peter (1976). "The diversity of initial dropping languages in southern Cape York". In Sutton, Peter (ed.). Languages of Cape York: papers presented to the linguistic symposium, part B, held in conjunction with the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Biennial General Meeting, May, 1974. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. pp. 116–120.
  6. ^ Wurm, S.A.; Hattori, S. (1981). Language atlas of the Pacific area, part 1 and 2. Pacific Linguistics, Series C. Vol. 66 and 67. Canberra: Australian National University.
  7. ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: their nature and development. Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Y108 Wagaman at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  9. ^ Y132 Agwamin at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  10. ^ Y132.1 Wamin at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  11. ^ a b Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Ewamin (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
  12. ^ Sutton, Peter J. (1976). The diversity of initial dropping languages in southern Cape York. In Sutton, Peter (ed.), Languages of Cape York: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. pp. 102–123.
[edit]
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