Wuhan Institute of Virology: Difference between revisions

Wuhan Institute of Virology
Wuhan Institute of Virology
Simplified Chinese	中国科学院武汉病毒研究所
Traditional Chinese	中國科學院武漢病毒研究所
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ

Wuhan Institute of Virology
中国科学院武汉病毒研究所
Abbreviation	WIV
Predecessor	Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory; South China Institute of Microbiology; Wuhan Microbiology Institute; Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province;
Formation	1956
Founder	Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin
Headquarters	Xiaohongshan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Coordinates	30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E / 30.37639°N 114.26250°E
Director-General	Wang Yanyi
Party Committee Secretary	Xiao Gengfu
Deputy Director-General	Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu
Parent organization	Chinese Academy of Sciences
Staff	295 (2014)
Website	english.whiov.cas.cn

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The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; Chinese: 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China.^[3] The institute is one of nine independent organisations in the Wuhan Branch of the CAS.^[4] Located in Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei, it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory^[5] in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the Galveston National Laboratory in the United States, the Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie in France, and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of coronaviruses.^[6]

History

The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of Soochow University (Suzhou),^[7] and Chen Huagui.^[8] In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.^[9]

In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first^[a] biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's CIRI lab).^[10]^[5]^[11] The new laboratory building has 3000 m² of BSL-4 space, and also 20 BSL-2 and two BSL-3 laboratories.^[12] The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,^[5] with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.^[13] The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as SARS, influenza H5N1, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue.^[14]

The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the Galveston National Laboratory in the University of Texas.^[15] It also had ties with Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory until WIV staff scientists Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.^[16] Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of chimeric coronavirus.^[17] Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of gain of function research, but many other experts dispute this classification.^[18]

A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.^[5] Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.^[12] Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist Richard H. Ebright, who had expressed concern of previous escapes of the SARS virus at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,^[5] called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.^[15]

Coronavirus research

SARS-related coronaviruses

In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the SARS coronavirus, finding that China's horseshoe bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.^[19] Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.^[20]

In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether a bat coronavirus could be made to infect a human cell line (HeLa). The team engineered a hybrid virus, combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.^[17]^[21]

In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in Yunnan contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".^[20]^[22]

In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in Jinning District of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.^[23]

Prior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus research at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.^[24]

COVID-19 pandemic

In December 2019, cases of pneumonia associated with an unknown coronavirus were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to RaTG13, a virus its researchers had discovered in horseshoe bats in southwest China.^[25]^[26]

As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by Shi Zhengli at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,^[27]^[28]^[29] and publish papers in Nature.^[30] On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.^[31] In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,^[32] the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of remdesivir, an experimental drug owned by Gilead Sciences, which the institute found inhibited the virus in vitro.^[33] The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic."^[34]

In April 2020, the Trump administration terminated an NIH grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.^[35]^[36] New York-based, NIH–funded EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.^[37]^[38]^[39] Under political pressure, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.^[40]

Virus speculations criticism

The laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories^[41]^[42] and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.^[43]^[44] This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia^[45] and the United States.^[46] There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either manipulation or accidental release of a virus held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.^[47] Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.^[48] In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a laboratory leak origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",^[49]^[50] confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.^[51] However, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.^[52] In response to the report, politicians, including Joe Biden^[53] and Boris Johnson,^[54] as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59] The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.^[60]^[61]

Research centers

The Institute contains the following research centers:^[62]

Center for Emerging Infectious Disease
Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center
Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Molecular Virology

Notes

^ As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in Taiwan.^[5]

References

^ "Current leader" 现任领导. Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020. Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...
^ "Spotlight on Wuhan". Nature. 13 May 2015. doi:10.1038/nj0447. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7095288. S2CID 214693785.
^ "Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline". Reuters. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
^ "About Us: Brief introduction". Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cyranoski D (23 February 2017). "Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens". Nature. 542 (7642): 399–400. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..399C. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21487. PMID 28230144.
^ Qiu J (1 June 2020). "How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus". Scientific American. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ "Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin". Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ "About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology".
^ "History". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
^ "Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery". Washington Post.
^ "China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan". Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ ^a ^b Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017 Archived 8 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40).
^ "China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation". xinhuanet. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 China’s Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities Archived 10 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Taylor A (29 January 2020). "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ Pauls K (15 July 2019). "University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount, Kari Debbink, et al. (9 November 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence". Nature Medicine. 21 (12): 1508–1513. doi:10.1038/NM.3985. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 4797993. PMID 26552008. S2CID 5953778. Wikidata Q36702376. (erratum)
^ Robertson L (1 July 2021). "The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement". Annenberg Public Policy Center. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT, Zhang S, Wang LF (28 October 2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b Cyranoski D (1 December 2017). "Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur". Nature. 552 (7683): 15–16. Bibcode:2017Natur.552...15C. doi:10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9. PMID 29219990.
^ Butler D (12 November 2015). "Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18787. S2CID 182338924.
^ Drosten C, Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, Ge XY, Zhang W, Li B, Xie JZ, Shen XR, Zhang YZ, Wang N, Luo DS, Zheng XS, Wang MN, Daszak P, Wang LF, Cui J, Shi ZL (2017). "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (11): e1006698. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698. PMC 5708621. PMID 29190287.
^ Wang N, Li SY, Yang XL, Huang HM, Zhang YJ, Guo H, Luo CM, Miller M, Zhu G, Chmura AA, Hagan E, Zhou JH, Zhang YZ, Wang LF, Daszak P, Shi ZL (2018). "Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans". China Virologica Sinica. 33 (1): 104–107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7. PMC 6178078. PMID 29500691.
^ "Reply to Science Magazine" (PDF). sciencemag.org: 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ Qiu J (11 March 2020). "How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ Rathore JS, Ghosh C (August 25, 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview". Pathogens and Disease. 78 (6). doi:10.1093/femspd/ftaa042. ISSN 2049-632X. OCLC 823140442. PMC 7499575. PMID 32840560.
^ Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
^ Buckley C, Steven Lee Myers (1 February 2020). "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ Cohen J (1 February 2020). "Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins". Science. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020. The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan.
^ Zhengli S, Team of 29 researchers at the WIV (3 February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "A letter to all staff and graduate students". WIV Official Website (in Chinese). 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ "China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug". Bloomberg News. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ Zhengli S, Team of 10 researchers at the WIV (4 February 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro". Nature. 30 (3): 269–271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0. PMC 7054408. PMID 32020029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Grady D (6 February 2020). "China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ Subbaraman N (21 August 2020). "'Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4. PMID 32826989. S2CID 225249608. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Under Political Pressure, NIH Blacklists Wuhan Virology Lab". American Institute of Physics. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan". Vanity Fair. 22 October 2021.
^ "NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker". Science. 21 October 2021.
^ "Fauci stands by gain-of-function research denials, defends collaboration with Wuhan lab". The Denver Gazette. 24 October 2021.
^ "NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
^ Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Rev Med Virol (Review). 31 (6): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. PMC 7995093. PMID 33586302.
^ Evans NG (26 August 2020). "Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics". mSphere. 5 (4). doi:10.1128/mSphere.00669-20. PMC 7364225. PMID 32669462. Some may verge on the unbelievable, such as the conspiracy theory that gain-of-function research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses in 2015 is connected to the emergence of COVID-19 that made it to British tabloids
^ Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence". Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016. PMC 7207110. PMID 32392464.
^ Maxmen A (27 May 2021). "Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers". Nature. 594 (7861): 15–16. Bibcode:2021Natur.594...15M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3. PMID 34045757. S2CID 235232290. politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected
^ "Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war". ABC News. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Stanway D, Shen S (17 June 2021). "China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times". Reuters. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
^ "The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak". Snopes.com. Snopes. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ Zheng-Li S (2021). "Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science". Infectious Diseases & Immunity. 1 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1097/ID9.0000000000000008. PMC 8057312. PMID 38630114.
^ "Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says". The Guardian. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says.
^ Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). "'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists". Nature. 590 (7846): 371–372. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..371M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00375-7. PMID 33574591. S2CID 231901451.
^ Fujiyama EW, Moritsugu K (11 February 2021). "EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan". AP News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ Miller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021). "Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ "Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19". whitehouse.gov. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ "Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China". SMCP. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ "WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open". WHO. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^ "WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins". Reuters. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^ Maxmen A (27 May 2021). "Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers". Nature. 594 (7861): 15–16. Bibcode:2021Natur.594...15M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3. PMID 34045757. S2CID 235232290. The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.
^ Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). "Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak". Associated Press. 15 July 2021.
^
See, for example, the following:
- Taylor A. "Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing". The Washington Post.
- Beaumont P (27 May 2021). "Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far". The Guardian.
- Rogers A. "The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty". Wired. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence". Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016. PMC 7207110. PMID 32392464. the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence
- Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311. PMID 32920565. Retrieved 15 June 2021. Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.
- Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386. PMC 10016996. PMID 32788312. S2CID 221124011. the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population
- Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. PMC 7995093. PMID 33586302. There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.
^ Lanese N (26 June 2023). "Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute". Live Science. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ "Administration". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

External links

Library resources about
Wuhan Institute of Virology

[10] As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in Taiwan.^[5]

[1] "Current leader" 现任领导. Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020. Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...

[2] "Spotlight on Wuhan". Nature. 13 May 2015. doi:10.1038/nj0447. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7095288. S2CID 214693785.

[3] "Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline". Reuters. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[4] "About Us: Brief introduction". Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.

[pmid28230144-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cyranoski D (23 February 2017). "Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens". Nature. 542 (7642): 399–400. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..399C. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21487. PMID 28230144.

[6] Qiu J (1 June 2020). "How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus". Scientific American. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

[7] "Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin". Retrieved 27 May 2022.

[8] "About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology".

[9] "History". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

[11] "Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery". Washington Post.

[12] "China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan". Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.

[WHO-13] Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017 Archived 8 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40).

[14] "China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation". xinhuanet. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.

[Shoham-15] Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 China’s Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities Archived 10 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine

[WPO-16] Taylor A (29 January 2020). "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[cbcqiu-17] Pauls K (15 July 2019). "University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

[nature_medicine_201511-18] Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount, Kari Debbink, et al. (9 November 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence". Nature Medicine. 21 (12): 1508–1513. doi:10.1038/NM.3985. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 4797993. PMID 26552008. S2CID 5953778. Wikidata Q36702376. (erratum)

[FactCheckGoF-19] Robertson L (1 July 2021). "The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement". Annenberg Public Policy Center. Retrieved 26 January 2022.

[20] Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT, Zhang S, Wang LF (28 October 2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[nature2017-21] Cyranoski D (1 December 2017). "Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur". Nature. 552 (7683): 15–16. Bibcode:2017Natur.552...15C. doi:10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9. PMID 29219990.

[nature2015bat-22] Butler D (12 November 2015). "Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18787. S2CID 182338924.

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[50] "Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says". The Guardian. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says.

[51] Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). "'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists". Nature. 590 (7846): 371–372. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..371M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00375-7. PMID 33574591. S2CID 231901451.

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[59] Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). "Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

[60] "WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak". Associated Press. 15 July 2021.

[61] See, for example, the following:
Taylor A. "Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing". The Washington Post.

Beaumont P (27 May 2021). "Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far". The Guardian.

Rogers A. "The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty". Wired. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence". Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016. PMC 7207110. PMID 32392464. the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence

Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311. PMID 32920565. Retrieved 15 June 2021. Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.

Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386. PMC 10016996. PMID 32788312. S2CID 221124011. the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population

Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. PMC 7995093. PMID 33586302. There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.

[62] Taylor A. "Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing". The Washington Post.

[63] Beaumont P (27 May 2021). "Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far". The Guardian.

[64] Rogers A. "The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty". Wired. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

[65] Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence". Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016. PMC 7207110. PMID 32392464. the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence

[66] Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311. PMID 32920565. Retrieved 15 June 2021. Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.

[67] Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386. PMC 10016996. PMID 32788312. S2CID 221124011. the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population

[68] Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. PMC 7995093. PMID 33586302. There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.

[62] Lanese N (26 June 2023). "Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute". Live Science. Retrieved 29 June 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Research Institute in Wuhan, Hubei, China}}
+{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
-{{distinguish|Wuhan Centre for Disease Control}}
 {{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
+{{distinguish|Wuhan Centre for Disease Control}}
 {{Infobox organization
 | name = Wuhan Institute of Virology
@@ Line 30: / Line 34: @@
 | main_organ =
 | parent_organization = [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
-| staff = 295<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-05-13|title=Spotlight on Wuhan|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nj0447|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/nj0447|s2cid=214693785|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+| staff = 295<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-05-13|title=Spotlight on Wuhan|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nj0447|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/nj0447|s2cid=214693785|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free|pmc=7095288}}</ref>
 | staff_year = 2014
 | website = {{Official URL}}
@@ Line 40: / Line 44: @@
 | p = Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ
 }}
-The '''Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences''' ('''WIV'''; {{zh|s=中国科学院武汉病毒研究所}}) is a research institute on [[virology]] administered by the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS), which reports to the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK|access-date=2021-04-07|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330110537/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute is one of nine independent organisations in the Wuhan Branch of the CAS.<ref>[http://english.whb.cas.cn/au/bi/ "About Us: Brief introduction"]. Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.</ref> Located in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory<ref name=pmid28230144/> in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the United States, the [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie]] in France, and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of [[coronavirus]]es.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/ |website=Snopes.com |date=16 July 2021 |publisher=Snopes |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
+The '''Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences''' ('''WIV'''; {{zh|s=中国科学院武汉病毒研究所}}) is a research institute on [[virology]] administered by the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS), which reports to the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK|access-date=2021-04-07|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330110537/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute is one of nine independent organisations in the Wuhan Branch of the CAS.<ref>[http://english.whb.cas.cn/au/bi/ "About Us: Brief introduction"]. Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.</ref> Located in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory<ref name=pmid28230144/> in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the United States, the [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie]] in France, and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of [[coronavirus]]es.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Qiu |first1=Jane |title=How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=en |date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
 ==History==
 The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of [[Soochow University (Suzhou)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299345593 |title=Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin |date= |accessdate=2022-05-27}}</ref> and Chen Huagui.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Brief_Introduction2016/ | title=About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology }}</ref> In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/ |title=History |website=Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729180122/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first{{efn|As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in [[Taiwan]].<ref name=pmid28230144/>}} [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44&nbsp;million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie|CIRI lab]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/wuhan-lab-covid-china/2021/09/07/f293325c-fb11-11eb-911c-524bc8b68f17_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post }}</ref><ref name=pmid28230144>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |title=Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2017 |volume=542 |issue=7642 |pages=399–400 |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21487 |pmid=28230144 |bibcode=2017Natur.542..399C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan |date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215545/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The new laboratory building has 3000 m<sup>2</sup> of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [[BSL 2|BSL-2]] and two [[BSL 3|BSL-3]] laboratories.<ref name="WHO">[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208090926/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |date=8 February 2021 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40).</ref> The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,<ref name=pmid28230144 /> with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/04/c_136872077.htm |date=4 January 2018 |work=xinhuanet|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210014041/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/04/c_136872077.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as [[SARS]], [[influenza H5N1]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], and [[dengue]].<ref name=Shoham>Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 [https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf China’s Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210162222/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf |date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
+In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first{{efn|As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in [[Taiwan]].<ref name=pmid28230144/>}} [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44&nbsp;million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie|CIRI lab]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/wuhan-lab-covid-china/2021/09/07/f293325c-fb11-11eb-911c-524bc8b68f17_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post }}</ref><ref name=pmid28230144>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |title=Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2017 |volume=542 |issue=7642 |pages=399–400 |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21487 |pmid=28230144 |bibcode=2017Natur.542..399C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan |date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215545/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The new laboratory building has 3000 m<sup>2</sup> of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [[BSL 2|BSL-2]] and two [[BSL 3|BSL-3]] laboratories.<ref name="WHO">[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208090926/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |date=8 February 2021 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40).</ref> The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for [[Conformity]] Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,<ref name=pmid28230144 /> with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/04/c_136872077.htm |date=4 January 2018 |work=xinhuanet|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210014041/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/04/c_136872077.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as [[SARS]], [[influenza H5N1]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], and [[dengue]].<ref name=Shoham>Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 [https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf China’s Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210162222/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf |date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
-The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the [[University of Texas]].<ref name=WPO>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/ |title=Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research |first=Adam |last=Taylor |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=29 January 2020 | access-date=3 February 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200131185716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/ | archive-date=31 January 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> It also had ties with [[Canada]]'s [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] until WIV staff scientists [[Xiangguo Qiu]] and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.<ref name="cbcqiu">{{cite news |title=University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851 |website=[[CBC News]] |date=15 July 2019 |first=Karen |last=Pauls |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415064232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of [[Chimera (virus)|chimeric]] coronavirus.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511"/> Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of [[gain of function]] research, but many other experts dispute this classification.<ref name="FactCheckGoF">{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/05/the-wuhan-lab-and-the-gain-of-function-disagreement/ |access-date=26 January 2022 |agency=Annenberg Public Policy Center |date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
+The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the [[University of Texas]].<ref name=WPO>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/ |title=Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research |first=Adam |last=Taylor |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=29 January 2020 | access-date=3 February 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200131185716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/ | archive-date=31 January 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> It also had ties with [[Canada]]'s [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] until WIV staff scientists [[Xiangguo Qiu]] and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.<ref name="cbcqiu">{{cite news |title=University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851 |website=[[CBC News]] |date=15 July 2019 |first=Karen |last=Pauls |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415064232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of [[Chimera (virus)|chimeric]] coronavirus.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511"/> Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of [[mutation|gain of function]] research, but many other experts dispute this classification.<ref name="FactCheckGoF">{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/05/the-wuhan-lab-and-the-gain-of-function-disagreement/ |access-date=26 January 2022 |agency=Annenberg Public Policy Center |date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
 A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.<ref name=pmid28230144/> Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.<ref name="WHO"/> Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [[Richard H. Ebright]], who had expressed concern of [[List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity|previous escapes of the SARS virus]] at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,<ref name=pmid28230144/> called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.<ref name=WPO/>
@@ Line 54: / Line 59: @@
 === SARS-related coronaviruses ===
-In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [[SARS coronavirus]], finding that China's [[horseshoe bat]]s are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wendong |last2=Shi |first2=Zhengli |last3=Yu |first3=Meng |last4=Ren |first4=Wuze |last5=Smith |first5=Craig |last6=Epstein |first6=Jonathan H |last7=Wang |first7=Hanzhong |last8=Crameri |first8=Gary |last9=Hu |first9=Zhihong |last10=Zhang |first10=Huajun |last11=Zhang |first11=Jianhong |last12=McEachern |first12=Jennifer |last13=Field |first13=Hume |last14=Daszak |first14=Peter |last15=Eaton |first15=Bryan T |last16=Zhang |first16=Shuyi |last17=Wang |first17=Lin-Fa |s2cid=2971923 |title=Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses |journal=Science |date=28 Oct 2005 |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–679 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |pmid=16195424 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111110805/https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |url-status=live}}</ref>  Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.<ref name=nature2017>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |title=Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur |journal=Nature |date=1 December 2017 |volume=552 |issue=7683 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9 |bibcode=2017Natur.552...15C |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [[SARS coronavirus]], finding that China's [[horseshoe bat]]s are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wendong |last2=Shi |first2=Zhengli |last3=Yu |first3=Meng |last4=Ren |first4=Wuze |last5=Smith |first5=Craig |last6=Epstein |first6=Jonathan H |last7=Wang |first7=Hanzhong |last8=Crameri |first8=Gary |last9=Hu |first9=Zhihong |last10=Zhang |first10=Huajun |last11=Zhang |first11=Jianhong |last12=McEachern |first12=Jennifer |last13=Field |first13=Hume |last14=Daszak |first14=Peter |last15=Eaton |first15=Bryan T |last16=Zhang |first16=Shuyi |last17=Wang |first17=Lin-Fa |s2cid=2971923 |title=Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses |journal=Science |date=28 Oct 2005 |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–679 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |pmid=16195424 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111110805/https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref>  Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.<ref name=nature2017>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |title=Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur |journal=Nature |date=1 December 2017 |volume=552 |issue=7683 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9 |pmid=29219990 |bibcode=2017Natur.552...15C |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [[SHC014-CoV|a bat coronavirus]] could be made to infect a human cell line ([[HeLa]]). The team engineered a [[chimera (virus)|hybrid virus]], combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511">{{cite Q|Q36702376}}</ref><ref name="nature2015bat">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |title=Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research |journal=Nature |date=12 November 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18787 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [[SHC014-CoV|a bat coronavirus]] could be made to infect a human cell line ([[HeLa]]). The team engineered a [[chimera (virus)|hybrid virus]], combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511">{{cite Q|Q36702376}}</ref><ref name="nature2015bat">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |title=Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research |journal=Nature |date=12 November 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18787 |doi-access=|s2cid=182338924 }}</ref>
-In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [[Yunnan]] contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".<ref name=nature2017/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drosten |first1=C. |last2=Hu |first2=B. |last3=Zeng |first3=L.-P. |last4=Yang |first4=X.-L. |last5=Ge |first5=Xing-Yi |last6=Zhang |first6=Wei |last7=Li |first7=Bei |last8=Xie |first8=J.-Z. |last9=Shen |first9=X.-R. |last10=Zhang |first10=Yun-Zhi |last11=Wang |first11=N. |last12=Luo |first12=D.-S. |last13=Zheng |first13=X.-S. |last14=Wang |first14=M.-N. |last15=Daszak |first15=P. |last16=Wang |first16=L.-F. |last17=Cui |first17=J. |last18=Shi |first18=Z.-L. |title=Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=13 |issue=11 |year=2017 |pages=e1006698 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698 |pmid=29190287 |pmc=5708621}}</ref>
+In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [[Yunnan]] contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".<ref name=nature2017/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drosten |first1=C. |last2=Hu |first2=B. |last3=Zeng |first3=L.-P. |last4=Yang |first4=X.-L. |last5=Ge |first5=Xing-Yi |last6=Zhang |first6=Wei |last7=Li |first7=Bei |last8=Xie |first8=J.-Z. |last9=Shen |first9=X.-R. |last10=Zhang |first10=Yun-Zhi |last11=Wang |first11=N. |last12=Luo |first12=D.-S. |last13=Zheng |first13=X.-S. |last14=Wang |first14=M.-N. |last15=Daszak |first15=P. |last16=Wang |first16=L.-F. |last17=Cui |first17=J. |last18=Shi |first18=Z.-L. |title=Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=13 |issue=11 |year=2017 |pages=e1006698 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698 |pmid=29190287 |pmc=5708621 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [[Jinning District]] of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans |year=2018 |pmc=6178078 |last1=Wang |first1=N. |last2=Li |first2=S. Y. |last3=Yang |first3=X. L. |last4=Huang |first4=H. M. |last5=Zhang |first5=Y. J. |last6=Guo |first6=H. |last7=Luo |first7=C. M. |last8=Miller |first8=M. |last9=Zhu |first9=G.|last10 = Chmura|first10 = A. A. |last11=Hagan |first11=E. |last12=Zhou |first12=J. H. |last13=Zhang |first13=Y. Z. |last14=Wang |first14=L. F. |last15=Daszak |first15=P. |last16=Shi |first16=Z. L. |journal=China Virologica Sinica |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=104–107 |doi=10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 |pmid=29500691}}</ref>
@@ Line 66: / Line 71: @@
 ===COVID-19 pandemic===
 {{see also|COVID-19 misinformation|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19}}
-In December 2019, cases of [[pneumonia]] associated with an unknown [[coronavirus]] were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [[RaTG13]], a virus its researchers had discovered in [[horseshoe bat]]s in southwest China.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1 |magazine=Scientific American |title=How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus |last=Qiu |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Qiu|date=11 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318205611/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RathoreSingh">{{cite journal |last1=Rathore |first1=Jitendra Singh |last2=Ghosh |first2=Chaitali |date=25 August 2020 |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview |journal=[[Pathogens and Disease]] |volume=78 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/femspd/ftaa042 |pmid=32840560 |pmc=7499575 |issn=2049-632X |oclc=823140442 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> This strain is linked to travels made regularly between 2012 and 2015 by a WIV team visiting Yunnan Province, about a thousand miles from Wuhan.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory |url=https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-mysterious-case-of-the-covid-19-lab-leak-theory |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>
+In December 2019, cases of [[pneumonia]] associated with an unknown [[coronavirus]] were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [[RaTG13]], a virus its researchers had discovered in [[horseshoe bat]]s in southwest China.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1 |magazine=Scientific American |title=How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus |last=Qiu |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Qiu|date=11 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318205611/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RathoreSingh">{{cite journal |last1=Rathore |first1=Jitendra Singh |last2=Ghosh |first2=Chaitali |date=25 August 2020 |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview |journal=[[Pathogens and Disease]] |volume=78 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/femspd/ftaa042 |pmid=32840560 |pmc=7499575 |issn=2049-632X |oclc=823140442 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by [[Shi Zhengli]] at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [[novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]], upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Yang |first2=Xing-Lou |last3=Wang |first3=Xian-Guang |last4=Hu |first4=Ben |last5=Zhang |first5=Lei |last6=Zhang |first6=Wei |last7=Si |first7=Hao-Rui |last8=Zhu |first8=Yan |last9=Li |first9=Bei |last10=Huang |first10=Chao-Lin |last11=Chen |first11=Hui-Dong |last12=Chen |first12=Jing |last13=Luo |first13=Yun |last14=Guo |first14=Hua |last15=Jiang |first15=Ren-Di |last16=Liu |first16=Mei-Qin |last17=Chen |first17=Ying |last18=Shen |first18=Xu-Rui |last19=Wang |first19=Xi |last20=Zheng |first20=Xiao-Shuang |last21=Zhao |first21=Kai |last22=Chen |first22=Quan-Jiao |last23=Deng |first23=Fei |last24=Liu |first24=Lin-Lin |last25=Yan |first25=Bing |last26=Zhan |first26=Fa-Xian |last27=Wang |first27=Yan-Yi |last28=Xiao |first28=Geng-Fu |last29=Shi |first29=Zheng-Li |title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin |journal=Nature |date=March 2020 |volume=579 |issue=7798 |pages=270–273 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 |pmid=32015507 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |display-authors=6 |pmc=7095418 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..270Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html |title=As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight |date=1 February 2020 | access-date=3 February 2020 |first1=Chris |last1=Buckley |author2=Steven Lee Myers |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319085226/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins |title=Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins |magazine=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |first=Jon |last=Cohen |date=1 February 2020 | access-date=4 February 2020 |quote=The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203150001/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins | archive-date=3 February 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> and publish papers in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.<ref name=zhengli03-2020>{{cite journal |title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first1=Shi |last1=Zhengli |author2=Team of 29 researchers at the WIV |pages=270–273 |date=3 February 2020 |volume=579 |issue=7798 | author1-link=Shi Zhengli |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 |pmid=32015507 |pmc=7095418 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..270Z}}</ref> On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whiov.ac.cn/tzgg_105342/202002/t20200219_5502325.html |title=A letter to all staff and graduate students |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 February 2020 |website=WIV Official Website |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426005111/http://www.whiov.ac.cn/tzgg_105342/202002/t20200219_5502325.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,<ref>{{Cite news |title=China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/china-is-trying-to-patent-gilead-s-experimental-coronavirus-drug|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206064149/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/china-is-trying-to-patent-gilead-s-experimental-coronavirus-drug|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-05 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=5 February 2020 }}</ref> the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of [[remdesivir]], an experimental drug owned by [[Gilead Sciences]], which the institute found inhibited the virus [[in vitro]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro |date=4 February 2020 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first1=Shi |last1=Zhengli |author2=Team of 10 researchers at the WIV |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=269–271 | author1-link=Shi Zhengli |doi=10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 |pmid=32020029 |pmc=7054408}}</ref> The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-treatments.html |title=China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients |first=Denise |last=Grady |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=6 February 2020 | access-date=8 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208044014/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-treatments.html | archive-date=8 February 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref>
-In April 2020, the [[Trump administration]] terminated an [[NIH]] grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=21 August 2020 |title='Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4 |pmid=32826989|s2cid=225249608 |access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214194113/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=30 April 2020 |title=Under Political Pressure, NIH Blacklists Wuhan Virology Lab |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2020/under-political-pressure-nih-blacklists-wuhan-virology-lab|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222151338/https://www.aip.org/fyi/2020/under-political-pressure-nih-blacklists-wuhan-virology-lab|archive-date=22 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-12 |website=American Institute of Physics |language=en}}</ref> New York-based, NIH–funded [[EcoHealth Alliance]] has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/10/nih-admits-funding-risky-virus-research-in-wuhan |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-says-grantee-failed-report-experiment-wuhan-created-bat-virus-made-mice-sicker |work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fauci stands by gain-of-function research denials, defends collaboration with Wuhan lab |url=https://denvergazette.com/news/fauci-stands-by-gain-of-function-research-denials-defends-collaboration-with-wuhan-lab/article_8ba272e2-2940-532c-9820-4b015465a246.html |work=The Denver Gazette |date=October 24, 2021}}</ref> Under political pressure, the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nih-presses-u-s-nonprofit-for-information-on-wuhan-virology-lab-11597829400 |access-date=6 June 2021 |agency=Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
+In April 2020, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] terminated an [[NIH]] grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=21 August 2020 |title='Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4 |pmid=32826989|s2cid=225249608 |access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214194113/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=Under Political Pressure, NIH Blacklists Wuhan Virology Lab |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2020/under-political-pressure-nih-blacklists-wuhan-virology-lab|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222151338/https://www.aip.org/fyi/2020/under-political-pressure-nih-blacklists-wuhan-virology-lab|archive-date=22 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-12 |website=American Institute of Physics |language=en}}</ref> New York-based, NIH–funded [[EcoHealth Alliance]] has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/10/nih-admits-funding-risky-virus-research-in-wuhan |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-says-grantee-failed-report-experiment-wuhan-created-bat-virus-made-mice-sicker |work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fauci stands by gain-of-function research denials, defends collaboration with Wuhan lab |url=https://denvergazette.com/news/fauci-stands-by-gain-of-function-research-denials-defends-collaboration-with-wuhan-lab/article_8ba272e2-2940-532c-9820-4b015465a246.html |work=The Denver Gazette |date=October 24, 2021}}</ref> Under political pressure, the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nih-presses-u-s-nonprofit-for-information-on-wuhan-virology-lab-11597829400 |access-date=6 June 2021 |agency=Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
-==== Virus origin allegations ====
+== Virus speculations criticism ==
 {{main|COVID-19 lab leak theory}}
-The laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories<ref name=Hakim>{{cite journal |title=SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories |vauthors=Hakim MS |date=February 2021 |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=e2222 |doi=10.1002/rmv.2222 |type=Review |pmid=33586302 |pmc=7995093 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Nicholas G. |title=Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics |journal=mSphere |date=26 August 2020 |volume=5 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/mSphere.00669-20 |pmid=32669462 |pmc=7364225 |quote=Some may verge on the unbelievable, such as the conspiracy theory that gain-of-function research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses in 2015 is connected to the emergence of COVID-19 that made it to British tabloids }}</ref> and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.<ref name="grahamb:20">{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=Rachel L. |last2=Baric |first2=Ralph S. |date=May 2020 |title=SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence |journal=Immunity |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=734–736 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 |pmc=7207110 |pmid=32392464|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maxmen|first=Amy|date=27 May 2021|title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=15–16|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757|bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M|quote=politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected|s2cid=235232290|doi-access=free}}</ref> This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-03/heres-what-happened-between-china-and-australia-in-2020/13019242 |website=ABC News |date=2 January 2021 |publisher=ABC News |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stanway |first1=David |last2=Shen |first2=Samuel |title=China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-disease-expert-says-covid-19-origins-probe-should-shift-us-global-times-2021-06-17/ |access-date=24 June 2021 |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either [[COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis|manipulation or accidental release of a virus]] held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/ |website=Snopes.com |date=16 July 2021 |publisher=Snopes |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng-Li |first1=Shi |title=Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science |journal=Infectious Diseases & Immunity |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1097/ID9.0000000000000008 |pmc=8057312}}</ref> In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a [[laboratory leak]] origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396 |date=9 February 2021 |title=Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says |quote=The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says. |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |last2=Maxmen |first2=Amy |last3=Callaway |first3=Ewen |date=10 February 2021 |title='Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7846 |pages=371–372 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00375-7 |pmid=33574591 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..371M|doi-access=free}}</ref> confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.<ref name="APNews20210211">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05 |title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan |date=11 February 2021 |first1=Emily Wang |last1=Fujiyama |first2=Ken |last2=Moritsugu |newspaper=AP News|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref> However, WHO Director-General [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.<ref name="reuters_tedros">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=John |last2=Nebehay |first2=Stephanie |date=31 March 2021 |title=Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731031020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S |archive-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> In response to the report, politicians, including [[Joe Biden]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/05/26/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19 |title=Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19 |date=16 May 2021 |website=whitehouse.gov |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> and [[Boris Johnson]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3136810/eu-leaders-call-complete-access-china-full-covid-19-origins |title=Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China |date=10 June 2021 |work=SMCP |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open |title=WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open |date=30 March 2021 |website=WHO|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV |title=WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins |date=12 February 2021 |work=Reuters|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maxmen |first1=Amy |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |journal=Nature |date=27 May 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7861 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3 |pmid=34045757 |bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M |s2cid=235232290 |quote=The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gorman |first1=James |last2=Zimmer |first2=Carl |title=Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525212823/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec |work=Associated Press |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.<ref>See, for example, the following:
+The laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories<ref name=Hakim>{{cite journal |title=SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories |vauthors=Hakim MS |date=February 2021 |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=e2222 |doi=10.1002/rmv.2222 |type=Review |pmid=33586302 |pmc=7995093 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Nicholas G. |title=Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics |journal=mSphere |date=26 August 2020 |volume=5 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/mSphere.00669-20 |pmid=32669462 |pmc=7364225 |quote=Some may verge on the unbelievable, such as the conspiracy theory that gain-of-function research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses in 2015 is connected to the emergence of COVID-19 that made it to British tabloids }}</ref> and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.<ref name="grahamb:20">{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=Rachel L. |last2=Baric |first2=Ralph S. |date=May 2020 |title=SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence |journal=Immunity |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=734–736 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 |pmc=7207110 |pmid=32392464|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maxmen|first=Amy|date=27 May 2021|title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=15–16|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757|bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M|quote=politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected|s2cid=235232290|doi-access=free}}</ref> This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-03/heres-what-happened-between-china-and-australia-in-2020/13019242 |website=ABC News |date=2 January 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stanway |first1=David |last2=Shen |first2=Samuel |title=China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-disease-expert-says-covid-19-origins-probe-should-shift-us-global-times-2021-06-17/ |access-date=24 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=2021-06-17}}</ref> There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either [[COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis|manipulation or accidental release of a virus]] held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/ |website=Snopes.com |date=16 July 2021 |publisher=Snopes |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng-Li |first1=Shi |title=Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science |journal=Infectious Diseases & Immunity |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1097/ID9.0000000000000008 |pmid=38630114 |pmc=8057312}}</ref> In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a [[laboratory leak]] origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396 |date=9 February 2021 |title=Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says |quote=The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says. |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |last2=Maxmen |first2=Amy |last3=Callaway |first3=Ewen |date=10 February 2021 |title='Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7846 |pages=371–372 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00375-7 |pmid=33574591 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..371M|doi-access=|s2cid=231901451 }}</ref> confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.<ref name="APNews20210211">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05 |title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan |date=11 February 2021 |first1=Emily Wang |last1=Fujiyama |first2=Ken |last2=Moritsugu |newspaper=AP News|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref> However, WHO Director-General [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.<ref name="reuters_tedros">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=John |last2=Nebehay |first2=Stephanie |date=31 March 2021 |title=Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731031020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S |archive-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> In response to the report, politicians, including [[Joe Biden]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/05/26/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19 |title=Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19 |date=16 May 2021 |website=whitehouse.gov |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> and [[Boris Johnson]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3136810/eu-leaders-call-complete-access-china-full-covid-19-origins |title=Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China |date=10 June 2021 |work=SMCP |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open |title=WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open |date=30 March 2021 |website=WHO|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV |title=WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins |date=12 February 2021 |work=Reuters|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maxmen |first1=Amy |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |journal=Nature |date=27 May 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7861 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3 |pmid=34045757 |bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M |s2cid=235232290 |quote=The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gorman |first1=James |last2=Zimmer |first2=Carl |title=Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525212823/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec |work=Associated Press |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.<ref>See, for example, the following:
 * {{cite news | vauthors = Taylor A |title=Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/27/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}
 * {{cite news | vauthors = Beaumont P |title=Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far |work=The Guardian |date=27 May 2021}}
@@ Line 81: / Line 86: @@
 * {{cite journal | vauthors = Graham RL, Baric RS | title = SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence | journal = Immunity | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 734–736 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32392464 | pmc = 7207110 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 | quote = "the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence" }}
 * {{cite journal | vauthors = Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, Azevedo V, Ghosh P | display-authors = 6 | title = Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2 | language = italian | journal = Le Infezioni in Medicina | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 302–311 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32920565 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565/ | access-date = 15 June 2021 | quote = "Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities." }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, Munasinghe A, Jambulingam P | display-authors = 6 | title = SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19 | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 97 | issue = 1144 | pages = 110–116 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 32788312 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386 | quote = "the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population" | s2cid = 221124011 | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, Munasinghe A, Jambulingam P | display-authors = 6 | title = SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19 | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 97 | issue = 1144 | pages = 110–116 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 32788312 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386 | quote = "the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population" | s2cid = 221124011 | doi-access = free | pmc = 10016996 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hakim MS | title = SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories | journal = Reviews in Medical Virology | pages = e2222 | date = February 2021 | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pmid = 33586302 | pmc = 7995093 | doi = 10.1002/rmv.2222 | quote = "There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2." }}</ref>
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hakim MS | title = SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories | journal = Reviews in Medical Virology | pages = e2222 | date = February 2021 | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pmid = 33586302 | pmc = 7995093 | doi = 10.1002/rmv.2222 | quote = "There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2." }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanese |first=Nicoletta |date=2023-06-26 |title=Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute |url=https://www.livescience.com/health/coronavirus/declassified-us-intelligence-report-finds-no-evidence-of-coronavirus-lab-leak-from-wuhan-institute |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[Live Science]] |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Research centers==
@@ Line 108: / Line 113: @@
 * {{Official website}}
 *[https://map.baidu.com/search/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80/@12721027.39,3530942.9800000004,21z,87t,97.41h?querytype=s&da_src=shareurl&wd=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&c=1&src=0&pn=0&sug=0&l=5&b=(1104297.960000001,-982443.25;22075817.96,9962068.75)&from=webmap&biz_forward=%7B%22scaler%22:2,%22styles%22:%22pl%22%7D&device_ratio=2#panoid=09000200121905230903149611R&panotype=street&heading=193.22&pitch=6.23&l=21&tn=B_NORMAL_MAP&sc=0&newmap=1&shareurl=1&pid=09000200121905230903149611R Street level view of the Institute (Baidu Maps)]
 {{COVID-19 pandemic|state=collapsed}}
 {{authority control}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
 [[Category:1956 establishments in China]]
@@ Line 120: / Line 125: @@
 [[Category:Infectious disease organizations]]
 [[Category:Organizations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic]]
+[[Category:1956 in Wuhan]]

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	United States Australia Poland Israel
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove