2023 Spanish general election: Difference between revisions

2023 Spanish general election
← outgoing members elected members →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate; 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
	Opinion polls
Registered	37,469,458 1.3%
Turnout	24,952,447 (66.6%); 0.4 pp
Prime Minister before election; Pedro Sánchez; PSOE	Prime Minister after election ; Pedro Sánchez; PSOE

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Latest revision as of 17:30, 30 November 2024

The 2023 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 23 July 2023, to elect the 15th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.

The second government of Pedro Sánchez formed after the November 2019 Spanish general election consisted of a left-wing coalition between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos, the country's first such nationwide government since the times of the Second Spanish Republic. The government's tenure was quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, along with its political and economic consequences. These consequences included the COVID-19 recession resulting from the extensive COVID-19 lockdowns implemented to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as the economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On the right side of the political spectrum, the People's Party (PP) underwent a leadership change at the 20th National Congress of the PP in February 2022, following an internal push by Galician and Madrilenian presidents, Alberto Núñez Feijóo and Isabel Díaz Ayuso, to remove party leader Pablo Casado. Since Feijóo's accession, the PP led opinion polls and finished first in the regional and local elections of 28 May 2023.^[1] Far-right Vox has been open to support the PP in a hung parliament in exchange for government participation and programmatic concessions.^[2] The liberal Citizens party, once a leading force but having lost most of its support since 2019, decided not to run in this election, focusing its efforts on the 2024 European Parliament election instead.^[3]

Despite speculation about an early election,^[4]^[5] Pedro Sánchez, the incumbent prime minister of Spain, consistently expressed his intention to complete the legislature as scheduled in 2023.^[6] He had initially set a tentative election date for December 2023, near the conclusion of the Spanish presidency of the Council of the European Union. The poor results of the left-wing bloc in the May 2023 regional and local elections, with losses to the PP and Vox in all but three regions, led to a surprise early dissolution of parliament in what was described as a gamble by Sánchez to wrong-foot the opposition.^[7]^[8]

In the closest election since 1996, the PP saw the biggest increase in support and secured 137 seats in the Congress, but fell short of expectations which had placed it at around 150 to 160 seats. The PSOE placed second and overperformed polls by improving upon previous results, gaining over 1 million votes and scoring its best result since 2008 in terms of votes and vote share. Vox saw a decrease in its popular vote and seats, while Sumar won 31 seats in the Congress, a decrease in the popular vote and seats of its constituent parties. Neither bloc achieved a majority and, despite losses among Catalan independence parties, the balance of power was held by the Together for Catalonia (Junts) party of former Catalan president and fugitive Carles Puigdemont.^[9] Following a failed attempt by Feijóo to secure investiture, Sánchez struck a deal with Junts and most of the parliamentary regionalist and peripheral nationalist parties, going on to win re-election in the first ballot of investiture scheduled on 16 November with an absolute majority of 179 votes in favour.^[10]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.^[11]^[12] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.^[13]^[14] Amendments to the electoral law in 2022 abolished the "begged" or expat vote system (Spanish: voto rogado), under which Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voter registration before being permitted to vote.^[15]^[16] The expat vote system was attributed responsibility for a major decrease in the turnout of Spaniards abroad during the years it had been in force.^[17]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list, proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.^[18]^[19] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.^[20]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:^[21]

Seats	Constituencies
37	Madrid
32	Barcelona
16	Valencia⁽⁺¹⁾
12	Alicante, Seville
11	Málaga
10	Murcia
9	Cádiz
8	A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7	Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
6	Almería, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5	Badajoz^(–1), Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4	Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3	Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2	Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.^[22]^[23]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.^[24] The previous election was held on 10 November 2019, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 10 November 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 17 October 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 10 December 2023.^[25]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.^[26] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

Following his party's defeat in the 2021 Madrilenian regional election, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez commented that there were still "32 months to go" ahead of the next general election, which meant that the election date was implied to be tentatively scheduled for January 2024.^[27] This opened questions on the maximum timetable for holding a new election, with legal interpretations up until that point considering that the Cortes Generales expiry date was set four years from the previous election;^[28]^[29] however, an interpretation that considered that the four-year timetable started counting from the chamber's first assembly or from the prime minister's investiture could push the election date into January or February 2024.^[30]^[31] On 2 August 2022, Sánchez himself dispelled any doubts on this issue by announcing that the election would be held in December 2023,^[32] a position reiterated on 27 March 2023 when he said that there were still "nine months left" in the current parliamentary term.^[33]

After the 28 May 2023 regional and local elections, Sánchez announced the following day that the general election would be held on 23 July, with the election decree being published in the BOE the day after.^[34] With only Sánchez's inner circle having prior knowledge of the announcement before it was made,^[35] political parties from across the spectrum were caught by surprise,^[36] with PP leaders in particular reportedly feeling upset over the election call as it prevented them from capitalising on their gains in the previous day's elections.^[37] The IBEX 35 stock index also reacted negatively to the surprise election call.^[38] The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 30 May 2023 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 23 July and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 17 August.^[21] This was the first time such an election was held in July since the 1839 Spanish general election.^[39]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.^[40]^[41]

Parliamentary composition in May 2023^[42]
Congress of Deputies
Groups		Parties		Deputies
Groups		Parties		Seats	Total
	Socialist Parliamentary Group		PSOE	108	120
	Socialist Parliamentary Group		PSC	12	120
	People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress		PP	88	88
	Vox Parliamentary Group		Vox	52	52
	United We Can–In Common We Can– Galicia in Common's Confederal Parliamentary Group		Podemos	23	33
			IU	5
			CatComú	4
			AV	1
	Republican Parliamentary Group		ERC	12	13
	Republican Parliamentary Group		Sobiranistes	1	13
	Plural Parliamentary Group		JxCat	4	12
			PDeCAT	4
			Más País	2
			Compromís	1
			BNG	1
	Citizens Parliamentary Group		CS	9	9
	Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV)		EAJ/PNV	6	6
	EH Bildu Parliamentary Group		EH Bildu	5	5
	Mixed Parliamentary Group		CUP	2	11
			CCa	2
			PN	2
			Foro	1
			PRC	1
			TE	1
			INDEP	2^[c]

Parliamentary composition in May 2023^[45]
Senate
Groups		Parties		Senators
Groups		Parties		Seats	Total
	Socialist Parliamentary Group		PSOE	108	113
	Socialist Parliamentary Group		PSC	5	113
	People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate		PP	104	104
	Republican Left–EH Bildu Parliamentary Group		ERC	14	16
	Republican Left–EH Bildu Parliamentary Group		EH Bildu	2	16
	Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate (EAJ/PNV)		EAJ/PNV	10	10
	Nationalist Parliamentary Group in the Senate (JxCat–CCa/PNC)		JxCat	5	6
			CCa	1	6
	Confederal Left Parliamentary Group (More for Majorca, More Madrid, Commitment, Yes to the Future and Gomera Socialist Group)		Más Madrid	1	5
			Compromís	1
			Més	1
			GBai	1
			ASG	1
	Democratic Parliamentary Group (Citizens, Teruel Exists and Regionalist Party of Cantabria)		TE	2	4
			CS	1
			PRC	1
	Mixed Parliamentary Group		Vox	3	7
			UPN	1
			PAR	1
			INDEP	2^[d]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.^[47] The electoral law provided for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.^[48]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result			Gov.	Ref.
Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Votes (%)	Con.	Sen.	Gov.	Ref.
	PSOE	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)		Pedro Sánchez	Social democracy	28.00%	120	92	Y	^[49] ^[50]
	PP	List People's Party (PP) Navarre Platform (PN)		Alberto Núñez Feijóo	Conservatism Christian democracy	20.81%	89	83	N	^[51] ^[52]
	Vox	List Vox (Vox)		Santiago Abascal	Right-wing populism Ultranationalism National conservatism	15.08%	52	2	N
	Sumar	List Unite Movement (SMR) We Can (Podemos) United Left (IU) – Communist Party of Spain (PCE) – The Dawn. Marxist Organization OM (La Aurora (om)) – Ecosocialists of the Region of Murcia (ESRM) – Initiative for El Hierro (IpH) – Republican Left (IR) More Madrid (MM) Greens Equo (VQ) Green Alliance (AV) In Common We Can (ECP) – Catalonia in Common (CatComú) – Barcelona in Common (BComú) – Green Left (EV) Commitment Coalition (Compromís) – Més–Compromís (Més) – Valencian People's Initiative (IdPV) – Greens Equo of the Valencian Country (VerdsEquo) More for Mallorca (Més) More for Menorca (MxMe) Aragonese Union (CHA) Drago Canaries Party (DRG) Asturian Left (IAS) Assembly (Batzarre) Andalusian People's Initiative (IdPA)		Yolanda Díaz	Progressivism Left-wing populism Green politics	15.34%^[a]	38	0	Y	^[53] ^[54] ^[55] ^[56]
	ERC	List Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)		Gabriel Rufián	Catalan independence Left-wing nationalism Social democracy	3.63%	13	—^[e]	N
	Junts	List Together for Catalonia (JxCat) Democrats of Catalonia (DC) Left Movement (MES)		Míriam Nogueras	Catalan independence Sovereigntism Populism	2.19%^[b]	8	3	N	^[57] ^[58]
	PDeCAT– E–CiU	List Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) CiU Space (E–CiU)		Roger Montañola	Catalan nationalism Liberalism	2.19%^[b]	8	3	N	^[59] ^[60]
	EAJ/PNV	List Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		Aitor Esteban	Basque nationalism Christian democracy Social democracy	1.56%	6	9	N	^[61]
	EH Bildu	List Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) – Create (Sortu) – Basque Solidarity (EA) – Alternative (Alternatiba)		Mertxe Aizpurua	Basque independence Abertzale left Socialism	1.14%	5	—^[e]	N	^[62]
	CUP–PR	List Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) – Forward–Socialist Organization of National Liberation (Endavant–OSAN) – Free People (PL–PPCC) – Internationalist Struggle (LI–CI) Let's Reverse (Capgirem)		Albert Botran	Catalan independence Anti-capitalism Socialism	1.02%	2	0	N	^[63]
	CCa	List Canarian Coalition (CCa) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) United for Gran Canaria (UxGC) United for Mogán (JPM) The Strength of Santa Lucía (La Fortaleza) Assembly of Neighbors of San Mateo (AVESAN) Socialist Group for Lanzarote (ASL) Tejeda for the Change (Tejeda por el Cambio) Local Platform for Santa Brígida (PVSB) Guía Now (AG) Democratic Centre Coalition (CCD)		Cristina Valido	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Centrism	0.51%^[f]	2	0	N	^[64] ^[65] ^[66]
	NC–BC	List New Canaries–Canarian Bloc (NC–BC)		Luis Campos	Canarian nationalism Social democracy	0.51%^[f]	2	0	N	^[67]
	BNG	List Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) – Galician People's Union (UPG) – Galician Movement for Socialism (MGS) – Abrente–Galician Democratic Left (Abrente–EDG) – Galician Workers' Front (FOGA)		Néstor Rego	Galician nationalism Left-wing nationalism Socialism	0.50%	1	0	N
	EV	List Empty Spain (EV) – Teruel Exists (TE) – Aragon Exists (AE) – Soria Now! (SY) Castilian Party–Commoners' Land (PCAS–TC)		Diego Loras	Localism Ruralism	0.08%^[g]	1	2	N	^[68] ^[69] ^[70] ^[71]
	ERC– EH Bildu	List Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)		Mirella Cortès Gès	Left-wing nationalism	Senate		12^[e]	N	^[72]
	ASG	List Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)		Fabián Chinea	Insularism Social democracy	Senate		1	N	^[73]
	EFS	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Unite Movement (SMR) United Left (EU) Now Ibiza (Ara Eivissa)		Juanjo Ferrer	Progressivism	Senate		1	N	^[74]
	AHI	List Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)		Javier Armas	Insularism Canarian nationalism Centrism	Senate		0	N	^[75]
	UPN	List Navarrese People's Union (UPN)		Alberto Catalán	Regionalism Conservatism Christian democracy	New^[h]			N	^[76] ^[77] ^[78] ^[79]
Not contesting
	CS	List Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS)		Patricia Guasp	Liberalism	6.80%	10	0	N	^[80] ^[81] ^[82]
	PRC	List Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)		José María Mazón	Regionalism Centrism	0.28%	1	0	N	^[83]

Internal disputes emerged within the People's Party (PP) following Isabel Díaz Ayuso's landslide victory in the 2021 Madrilenian election, as the president of the Community of Madrid came to be seen by a party sector as a better candidate than Pablo Casado to face off Pedro Sánchez in a general election.^[84]^[85] The conflict came to a head from September 2021 when both sides clashed for the control of the People's Party of the Community of Madrid, with Ayuso's possible rise to the presidency of the regional PP being seen by Casado's supporters as an immediate threat to his national leadership.^[86]^[87] Following several months of a leadership that was perceived as poor and erratic, coupled with an erosion of popular support in opinion polls and a disappointing result in the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, the crisis entered a new stage on 16 February 2022 when some media revealed an alleged plot of the party's national leadership to investigate Ayuso's family in search of compromising material—more specifically, alleged influence peddling in the awarding of public contracts to Ayuso's brother. After several days of public infighting between both Casado and Ayuso, Alberto Núñez Feijóo, the president of the Regional Government of Galicia, was reported as having agreed with the latter and other party regional presidents to become the party's new leader and replace Casado, who was said to be willing to hold on until the 20th National Congress of the People's Party scheduled for July.^[88]^[89]^[90] On 22 February, Casado's resignation was announced after he was abandoned by most of the party's leadership and public officers.^[51]

As a result of Pablo Iglesias's farewell from active politics in May 2021, Yolanda Díaz, the Minister of Labour and from July 2021 also the Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain, came to be widely regarded as Iglesias's presumptive successor as prime ministerial candidate in the next general election.^[53] Díaz expressed her will to shape a new electoral platform transcending political parties, as well as the Unidas Podemos brand,^[91]^[92] aiming to secure the support of ideologically close forces, such as En Comú Podem (ECP), Compromís, and Más Madrid/Más País, while giving a prevalent role to civil society.^[93]^[94]^[95] The platform saw an advance unity act during an event to be held on 13 November 2021, with the participation of a number of women representative of the various political spaces that could eventually join it: Díaz herself, Barcelona mayor Ada Colau (ECP), Valencian vice-president Mónica Oltra (Compromís), Madrilenian opposition leader Mónica García (Más Madrid), and Ceutan councillor Fatima Hamed (from the Movement for Dignity and Citizenship, MDyC); the absence of Podemos members in the event, most notably of Equality and Social Rights ministers Irene Montero and Ione Belarra, was seen as evidence of the growing diminished role of Unidas Podemos within the platform.^[96] Díaz's-led left-wing alliance was also well received by Sánchez, who saw it as important for the "progressive space" to be in "top shape" for his government to be able to maintain and expand its majority in the next election.^[97] While Broad Front has been frequently used in the media to refer to Díaz's platform,^[98]^[99] it has been commented that Díaz herself has rejected the use of this name for its connections with similar brandings used by left-wing populist alliances in Latin America.^[100] On 18 May 2022, it was announced that Díaz's platform would go under the name Sumar (English: Unite).^[101]

In September 2021, citizen collectives of the Empty Spain (Spanish: España Vacía or España Vaciada), a coined term to refer to Spain's rural and largely unpopulated interior provinces,^[102] agreed to look forward to formulas to contest the next elections in Spain, inspired by the success of the Teruel Existe candidacy (Spanish for "Teruel Exists") in the November 2019 general election.^[68] By November 2021, it was confirmed that over 160 collectives and associations from about 30 Spanish provinces had committed themselves to finalise the electoral platform before January 2022.^[69] It then contested the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, with mixed results; it was a success in the province of Soria, where the Soria Now! (SY) platform is based, but it was a disappointment elsewhere.^[103]

On 30 May 2023, the national executive of Citizens, which had won 10 seats in 2019, announced that the party would not contest the general election following its poor results in the regional and local elections.^[82] This decision was criticised by a number of its elected representatives, including incumbent MP and former party leadership contender Edmundo Bal.^[104]

On 8 June 2023, as a result of the bad result of the Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) in the 2023 Cantabrian regional election, the party leader Miguel Ángel Revilla announced that the PRC would not run in the elections, as agreed by its Executive Committee.^[83]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below. All times are CET, while the Canary Islands use WET (UTC+0) instead.^[105]

29 May: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the Prime Minister after deliberation in the Council of Ministers, ratified by the King.^[21]
30 May: Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
2 June: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
9 June: Deadline for parties and federations intending to enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
19 June: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
21 June: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
24 June: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
25 June: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
26 June: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
27 June: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
7 July: Official start of electoral campaigning.^[21]
13 July: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
18 July: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
19 July: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes.
21 July: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division^[21]
22 July: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (election silence).
23 July: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.^[106]
26 July: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
29 July: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
7 August: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
17 August: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the 2023 election was set for 17 August).^[21]
16 September: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

Campaign

Issues

An Ipsos poll published in July 2023 showed that most of the respondents saw economic issues as most important, followed by unemployment and healthcare.^[107] BBC News reported that LGBT issues have been also distinguished during the campaign period.^[108]

During the campaign period, Vox campaigned on lowering the income tax, reducing public spending, and introducing tougher anti-migration laws.^[109]^[110]^[111] Vox was also in favour of reducing powers of Spain's autonomous communities, rolling back abortion, LGBT, and women's rights, and pulling Spain out of the Paris Agreement.^[109]^[112]^[113] Sonia Gallego of Al Jazeera said that Vox's rhetoric "will put it on a collision course with those separatist movements, not just in the Basque Country but Catalonia as well".^[114] Vox received support from Brothers of Italy, led by Giorgia Meloni, during the campaign period.^[108]

PP campaigned on lowering taxes and introducing policies that would boost foreign investments, with Feijóo trying to portray himself as a moderate.^[112]^[115] Feijóo was also faced with criticism from Sumar due to his past ties with drug trafficker Marcial Dorado [es] when he served in the Galician government in the 1990s.^[114]^[116] Feijóo responded by saying that Dorado "had been a smuggler [but] never a drug trafficker" when he knew him.^[110] PP and Vox also campaigned on ending Sanchismo, policies introduced by Sánchez and his coalition government, with Feijóo stating that it his main priority.^[114]^[117] Both parties also accused Sanchez of overly relying on separatist parties to pass key legislation and pardoning jailed leaders. The catchphrase Let Txapote vote for you was popularized within this context.^[118]

PSOE's Sánchez has portrayed the election as a "showdown between the forces of progress and the forces of reactionary conservatism".^[110] He also criticised the relationship between PP and Vox.^[110] PP criticised PSOE's sexual assault law (Ley del solo sí es sí), which was introduced in August 2022, and PSOE's relationship with minority and pro-independence parties.^[108]^[110]^[119] At least 104 convicted sexual offenders were released due to the law; Sánchez apologised for the loopholes in the law.^[120]

Sumar campaigned on criticising Vox and focusing on issues regarding climate change and introducing a shorter workweek.^[121] In order to challenge social inequality, Díaz proposed a €20,000 "universal inheritance" policy for those over 18 years old which could be spent on studies or creating a business.^[108]^[122] As part of its campaign policy, Sumar also campaigned on increasing taxes on the rich.^[122]

Party slogans

	Original slogan	English translation	Ref.
PSOE	« Adelante. España avanza »	"Forward. Spain advances"	^[123]
PP	« Es el momento »	"It is time"	^[124]
Vox	« Lo que importa »	"What matters"	^[125]
Sumar Sumar–ECP	Main: « Es por ti » Sumar–ECP: « A favor teu »	Main: "It is for you" Sumar–ECP: "In your favor"	^[126]
ERC	« Defensa Catalunya! »	"Defend Catalonia!"	^[127]
Junts	« Ja n'hi ha prou »	"Enough is enough"	^[128]
PDeCAT–E–CiU	« Ara toca »	"Now it's time"	^[129]
EAJ/PNV	« Euskadiren ahotsa. Con voz propia »	"Basque Country's voice. With its own voice"	^[130]
EH Bildu	« Berriro. Egingo dugu »	"We will do it. Again"	^[131]
CUP–PR	« Plantem cara »	"Let's stand strong"	^[132]
CCa	« Coalición por Canarias »	"Coalition for the Canaries"	^[133]
NC–BC	« Elegimos Canarias. Siempre »	"We choose the Canaries. Always"	^[134]
BNG	« Que Galiza conte! Con máis forza! »	"Make Galicia count! With more strength!"	^[135]
UPN	« No cambies la fiesta por nada »	"Don't trade the party for anything."	^[136]

Election debates

2023 Spanish general election debates
Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P Present^[i] S Surrogate^[j] NI Not invited I Invited A Absent invitee
			PSOE	PP	Vox	Sumar	ERC	PNV	EH Bildu	Audience	Ref.
										Audience	Ref.
10 July	Atresmedia	Ana Pastor Vicente Vallés	P Sánchez	P Feijóo	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	46.5% (5,910,000)	^[137] ^[138]
13 July	RTVE^[k]	Xabier Fortes	P López	P Gamarra	P Espinosa	S Vidal	P Rufián	P Esteban	P Matute	18.6% (1,893,000)	^[139] ^[140]
19 July	RTVE	Xabier Fortes	P Sánchez	A	P Abascal	P Díaz	NI	NI	NI	34.6% (4,155,000)	^[141]

Opinion polls

Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate	Polling firm/Commissioner	PSOE	PP	Tie	None	?
Debate	Polling firm/Commissioner			Tie	None	?
10 July 2023	ElectoPanel/Electomanía^[142]	35.8	52.5	–	–	11.7
	Sigma Dos/El Mundo^[143]	45.8	54.2	–	–	–
	40dB/Prisa (1st wave)^[144]	31.4	31.1	–	18.0	19.4
	Sociométrica/El Español^[145]	30.4	58.0	11.6	–	–
	Simple Lógica/elDiario.es^[146]	31.2	50.1	–	18.8	–
	40dB/Prisa (2nd wave)^[147]	21.5	44.2	–	26.3	8.0
	Invymark/laSexta^[148]	43.8	54.4	–	–	1.8

Opinion polls

Local regression trend line of poll results from 10 November 2019 to 23 July 2023, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Polling aggregations

Polling aggregator	Last update									Lead
Polling aggregator	Last update									Lead

2023 election	23 Jul 2023	31.7 121	33.1 137	12.4 33	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	12.3 31	1.4

El Periódico^[149]	23 Jul 2023	28.8 104	36.0 140	13.2 37	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.1 34	7.2
El País^[150]	18 Jul 2023	28.3 108	34.1 142	12.8 35	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.2 34	5.8
Electocracia^[151]	17 Jul 2023	28.2 107/109	34.7 143/145	13.0 34/36	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	12.6 30/32	6.5
Electográfica^[152]	17 Jul 2023	28.1 105	34.4 140	12.7 35	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.2 37	6.3
El Electoral^[153]	17 Jul 2023	28.5 106	34.0 138	12.9 37	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.1 37	5.5
El Plural^[154]	17 Jul 2023	28.2 109	33.9 142	13.1 33	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	12.9 34	5.7
Europe Elects^[155]	17 Jul 2023	28.5	34.5	12.9	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.1	6.0
Politico^[156]	17 Jul 2023	28.0	34.0	13.0	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.0	6.0
PolitPro^[157]	17 Jul 2023	27.9	33.7	13.4	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.3	5.8
Porcentual^[158]	17 Jul 2023	28.4 109	34.0 142	12.7 34	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	13.3 33	5.6
Electomanía^[159]	16 Jul 2023	28.5	34.6	12.8	–	–	^[l]	^[l]	12.9	5.5

Nov. 2019 election	10 Nov 2019	28.0 120	20.8 89	15.1 52	12.9 35	6.8 10	2.4 3	^[m]	–	7.2

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

Region	Time
	14:00			18:00			20:00
	2019	2023	+/–	2019	2023	+/–	2019	2023	+/–
Andalusia	35.80%	42.05%	+6.25	54.85%	53.18%	–1.67	68.25%	68.99%	+0.74
Aragon	41.18%	42.07%	+0.89	57.91%	52.56%	–5.35	71.50%	73.02%	+1.52
Asturias	34.42%	39.04%	+4.62	53.50%	54.11%	+0.61	65.48%	71.13%	+5.65
Balearic Islands	30.95%	37.27%	+6.32	47.40%	48.58%	+1.18	58.71%	63.60%	+4.89
Basque Country	40.18%	37.20%	–2.98	57.60%	52.43%	–5.17	68.91%	67.61%	–1.30
Canary Islands	27.08%	28.90%	+1.82	44.36%	45.39%	+1.03	60.46%	63.59%	+3.13
Cantabria	39.12%	42.99%	+3.87	59.28%	60.44%	+1.16	70.83%	75.35%	+4.52
Castile and León	37.29%	41.37%	+4.08	56.70%	54.84%	–1.86	71.37%	74.42%	+3.05
Castilla–La Mancha	38.07%	44.70%	+6.63	57.44%	56.28%	–1.16	71.36%	74.42%	+3.06
Catalonia	40.58%	36.79%	–3.79	59.88%	48.72%	–11.16	72.17%	65.42%	–6.75
Extremadura	37.17%	45.16%	+7.99	54.41%	55.81%	+1.40	69.12%	73.70%	+4.58
Galicia	31.96%	39.01%	+7.05	53.26%	55.96%	+2.70	66.62%	73.14%	+6.52
La Rioja	40.42%	45.75%	+5.33	57.45%	57.12%	–0.33	71.27%	74.88%	+3.61
Madrid	40.98%	40.82%	–0.16	61.50%	53.69%	–7.81	74.54%	74.14%	–0.40
Murcia	39.01%	44.24%	+5.23	57.89%	55.08%	–2.81	69.99%	70.78%	+0.79
Navarre	39.38%	41.27%	+1.89	56.46%	51.76%	–4.70	69.21%	69.74%	+0.53
Valencian Community	42.51%	46.24%	+3.73	59.97%	57.93%	–2.04	71.74%	73.59%	+1.85
Ceuta	27.27%	27.44%	+0.17	43.77%	39.30%	–4.47	56.16%	55.64%	–0.52
Melilla	24.61%	23.29%	–1.32	38.98%	31.93%	–7.05	57.12%	49.80%	–7.32
Total	37.92%	40.48%	+2.56	56.85%	53.13%	–3.72	69.87%	70.40%	+0.53

Sources^[160]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats

Parties and alliances		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	8,160,837	33.06	+12.25	137	+48
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	7,821,718	31.68	+3.68	121	+1
	Vox (Vox)	3,057,000	12.38	–2.70	33	–19
	Unite (Sumar)¹	3,044,996	12.33	–3.01	31	–7
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	466,020	1.89	–1.74	7	–6
	Together for Catalonia (Junts)²	395,429	1.60	n/a	7	+3
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	335,129	1.36	+0.22	6	+1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	277,289	1.12	–0.44	5	–1
	Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)³	169,237	0.69	–0.25	0	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	153,995	0.62	+0.12	1	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CCa)⁴	116,363	0.47	n/a	1	±0
	Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR)	99,644	0.40	–0.62	0	–2
	Navarrese People's Union (UPN)⁵	52,188	0.21	n/a	1	–1
	Workers' Front (FO)	46,274	0.19	New	0	±0
	New Canaries–Canarian Bloc (NC–BC)⁴	45,595	0.18	n/a	0	–1
	Empty Spain (España Vaciada)	36,793	0.15	+0.07	0	–1
	Aragon Exists–Exists Coalition (Existe)⁶	20,440	0.08	±0.00	0	–1
	Soria Now! (SY)	9,697	0.04	New	0	±0
	Empty Spain (España Vaciada)	5,472	0.02	New	0	±0
	Empty Spain–Castilian Party–Commoners' Land (EV–PCAS–TC)	1,184	0.00	New	0	±0
	Catalan European Democratic Party–CiU Space (PDeCAT–E–CiU)²	32,016	0.13	n/a	0	–4
	Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)	23,421	0.09	–0.05	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	23,290	0.09	–0.02	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	23,201	0.09	+0.05	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)	18,218	0.07	+0.02	0	±0
	Yes to the Future (GBai)	9,938	0.04	–0.01	0	±0
	Forward Andalusia (Adelante Andalucía)	9,191	0.04	New	0	±0
	Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB)	8,448	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Jaén Deserves More (JM+)	8,293	0.03	New	0	±0
	For Ávila (XAV)	7,362	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Extremaduran Bloc (BQEx)	5,807	0.02	New	0	±0
	Walking Together (CJ)	5,620	0.02	New	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	4,683	0.02	+0.02	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	4,173	0.02	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	2,902	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	For Huelva (XH)	1,931	0.01	New	0	±0
	Let's Go Palencia (VP)	1,917	0.01	New	0	±0
	Zamora Yes (ZSí)	1,843	0.01	New	0	±0
	Burgalese Way (VB)	1,774	0.01	New	0	±0
	For My Region (Por Mi Región)⁷	1,698	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People (ANC–UP–PCPC)⁸	1,674	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Self-employed Party (Partido Autónomos)	1,446	0.01	New	0	±0
	Valencian Welfare State (EVB)	1,442	0.01	New	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	1,298	0.01	–0.03	0	±0
	Together for Granada (JxG)	1,218	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	964	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	We Are Cáceres (Somos Cc)	963	0.00	New	0	±0
	Almerienses–Regionalists for Almería (ALM)	874	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)	506	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Seniors in Action (3e)	484	0.00	New	0	±0
	Castilian Unity (UdCa)	463	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alive Land Palencia Independent Group (GIPTV)	366	0.00	New	0	±0
	State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE)	269	0.00	New	0	±0
	Catalonia Among Neighbors (EVR)	265	0.00	New	0	±0
	Free (LB)	263	0.00	New	0	±0
	United Yes (Unidos SI)	253	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	System Money Referendum (+RDS+)	165	0.00	New	0	±0
	Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD)	153	0.00	New	0	±0
	Civic Force (Fuerza Cívica)	115	0.00	New	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	n/a	n/a	–6.80	0	–10
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	n/a	n/a	–0.28	0	–1
Blank ballots		200,673	0.81	–0.09

Total		24,688,087			350	±0

Valid votes		24,688,087	98.94	–0.04
Invalid votes		264,360	1.06	+0.04
Votes cast / turnout		24,952,447	66.59	+0.36
Abstentions		12,517,011	33.41	–0.36
Registered voters		37,469,458

Sources^[161]^[162]^[163]
Footnotes: ¹ Unite results are compared to the combined totals of United We Can, In Common–United We Can, More Country, More Left and Aragonese Union in the November 2019 election. ² Within the Together for Catalonia–Together alliance in the November 2019 election. ³ Animalist Party with the Environment results are compared to Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals totals in the November 2019 election. ⁴ Within the Canarian Coalition–New Canaries alliance in the November 2019 election. ⁵ Within the Sum Navarre alliance in the November 2019 election. ⁶ Aragon Exists–Exists Coalition results are compared to Teruel Exists totals in the November 2019 election. ⁷ For My Region results are compared to We Are Region totals in the November 2019 election. ⁸ Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People results are compared to the combined totals of Canaries Now and Communist Party of the Canarian People in the November 2019 election.

Popular vote

PP			33.06%
PSOE			31.68%
Vox			12.38%
Sumar			12.33%
ERC			1.89%
Junts			1.60%
EH Bildu			1.36%
EAJ/PNV			1.12%
BNG			0.62%
CCa			0.47%
UPN			0.21%
Others			2.46%
Blank ballots			0.81%

Seats

PP			39.14%
PSOE			34.57%
Vox			9.43%
Sumar			8.86%
ERC			2.00%
Junts			2.00%
EH Bildu			1.71%
EAJ/PNV			1.43%
BNG			0.29%
CCa			0.29%
UPN			0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 23 July 2023 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats

Parties and alliances		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	23,536,366	34.54	+7.70	120	+37
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)¹	21,970,469	32.24	+1.64	72	–20
	Unite (Sumar)²	7,551,985	11.08	–2.81	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	7,249,087	10.64	+5.36	0	–2
	Left for Independence (ERC–EH Bildu)³	2,845,828	4.18	–1.95	7	–5
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC–Esquerres per la Independència)	1,836,731	2.70	–2.10	3	–8
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu–Independentzia Ezkerretik)	1,009,097	1.48	+0.15	4	+3
	Together for Catalonia (Junts)⁴	1,251,626	1.84	n/a	1	–2
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	859,968	1.26	–0.55	4	–5
	Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)⁵	671,290	0.98	–0.56	0	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	516,032	0.76	+0.11	0	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CCa)⁶	205,273	0.30	n/a	0	±0
	Navarrese People's Union (UPN)⁷	188,577	0.28	n/a	1	–2
	Empty Spain (España Vaciada)	142,454	0.21	+0.12	0	–2
	Exists Coalition (Existe)⁸	75,490	0.11	+0.02	0	–2
	Soria Now! (SY)	31,387	0.05	New	0	±0
	Empty Spain (España Vaciada)	16,759	0.02	New	0	±0
	Asturias Exists–Empty Spain (Asturias Existe EV)	11,923	0.02	New	0	±0
	Empty Spain–Castilian Party–Commoners' Land (EV–PCAS–TC)	6,893	0.01	New	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	94,571	0.14	+0.07	0	±0
	Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)	84,437	0.12	–0.08	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)	66,622	0.10	+0.06	0	±0
	New Canaries–Canarian Bloc (NC–BC)⁶	66,327	0.10	n/a	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	62,785	0.09	–0.02	0	±0
	Catalan European Democratic Party–CiU Space (PDeCAT–E–CiU)⁴	49,302	0.07	n/a	0	±0
	Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB)	41,038	0.06	+0.02	0	±0
	Yes to the Future (GBai)	37,375	0.05	–0.03	0	±0
	Forward Andalusia (Adelante Andalucía)	33,041	0.05	New	0	±0
	For Ávila (XAV)	28,153	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate (PSOE–SMR–EU–Ara Eivissa)⁹	26,389	0.04	±0.00	1	±0
	Extremaduran Bloc (BQEx)	24,783	0.04	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	18,402	0.03	New	0	±0
	Walking Together (CJ)	17,309	0.03	New	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	16,382	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	14,986	0.02	–0.02	0	±0
	Jaén Deserves More (JM+)	14,342	0.02	New	0	±0
	For Huelva (XH)	9,769	0.01	New	0	±0
	Together for Granada (JxG)	8,505	0.01	New	0	±0
	For My Region (Por Mi Región)¹⁰	7,907	0.01	–0.01	0	±0
	Zamora Yes (ZSí)	7,660	0.01	New	0	±0
	Burgalese Way (VB)	5,510	0.01	New	0	±0
	We Are Cáceres (Somos Cc)	4,773	0.01	New	0	±0
	Valencian Welfare State (EVB)	4,034	0.01	New	0	±0
	Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)	3,996	0.01	±0.00	1	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	3,737	0.00	–0.01	0	±0
	Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People (ANC–UP–PCPC)¹¹	3,461	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Let's Go Palencia (VP)	3,244	0.00	New	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	2,671	0.00	–0.03	0	±0
	Almerienses–Regionalists for Almería (ALM)	2,649	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alive Land Palencia Independent Group (GIPTV)	2,532	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)	2,197	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)	2,189	0.00	New	1	+1
	Castilian Unity (UdCa)	1,805	0.00	New	0	±0
	Catalonia Among Neighbors (EVR)	1,749	0.00	New	0	±0
	Seniors in Action (3e)	642	0.00	New	0	±0
	Free (LB)	629	0.00	New	0	±0
	State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE)	520	0.00	New	0	±0
	Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD)	467	0.00	New	0	±0
	Herrenian Assembly (AH)	360	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots^[n]		385,805	1.59	–0.30

Total		68,152,008			208	±0

Valid votes		24,285,035	97.72	+0.02
Invalid votes		567,497	2.28	–0.02
Votes cast / turnout		24,852,532	66.33	+0.42
Abstentions		12,616,926	33.67	–0.42
Registered voters		37,469,458

Sources^[161]^[162]
Footnotes: ¹ Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to Spanish Socialist Workers' Party totals in the November 2019 election, not including results in Ibiza–Formentera. ² Unite results are compared to the combined totals of United We Can, In Common–United We Can, More Country, More Left and Aragonese Union in the November 2019 election, not including results in Ibiza–Formentera. ³ Left for Independence results are compared to the combined totals of Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists and Basque Country Gather in the November 2019 election, not including results in Ibiza–Formentera. ⁴ Within the Together for Catalonia–Together alliance in the November 2019 election. ⁵ Animalist Party with the Environment results are compared to Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals totals in the November 2019 election. ⁶ Within the Canarian Coalition–New Canaries alliance in the November 2019 election. ⁷ Within the Sum Navarre alliance in the November 2019 election. ⁸ Empty Spain results are compared to Teruel Exists totals in the November 2019 election. ⁹ Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, United We Can and Republican Left of Catalonia in Ibiza–Formentera in the November 2019 election. ¹⁰ For My Region results are compared to We Are Region totals in the November 2019 election. ¹¹ Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People results are compared to the combined totals of Canaries Now and Communist Party of the Canarian People in the November 2019 election.

Popular vote

PP			34.54%
PSOE			32.24%
Sumar			11.08%
Vox			10.64%
IPLI			4.18%
Junts			1.84%
EAJ/PNV			1.26%
UPN			0.28%
EFS			0.04%
ASG			0.01%
AHI			0.00%
Others			3.19%
Blank ballots			1.60%

Seats

PP			57.69%
PSOE			34.62%
IPLI			3.37%
EAJ/PNV			1.92%
Junts			0.48%
UPN			0.48%
EFS			0.48%
ASG			0.48%
AHI			0.48%

Elected members

Aftermath

37,466,432 voters had the right to vote in the general election.^[164] The election results showed that PP won 33.1 percent of popular vote and 137 seats in the Congress of Deputies, while PSOE won 31.7 percent of popular vote and 121 seats in the Congress of Deputies.^[165]^[166] Despite the PP gaining 48 seats and increasing its vote share by over 12 points, its result was well below expectations to reach above 150 or 160 seats and insufficient to secure a right-wing majority to govern.^[167]^[168]^[169] Conversely, the PSOE overperformed polls by improving upon previous results, gaining almost 1 million votes—the most votes gained by the prime minister's party in Spain after a full first term in office—scoring its best result since the 2008 Spanish general election in terms of votes and vote share.^[170]^[171]

Vox won 33 seats, losing 19 seats that it won in the previous election, while Sumar won 31 seats.^[172]^[173] In part due to a campaign led by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana encouraging pro-Catalan independence voters to boycott the election,^[174]^[175]^[176] pro-independence parties lost 46% of the votes they won in November 2019, materializing in the loss of 9 seats and in the anti-capitalists of the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) being expelled from Congress.^[177]

Government formation

During the campaign period, news agencies mentioned that in case of a PP victory, it would have to rely on Vox for a parliamentary majority,^[110]^[112]^[178] despite Feijóo saying that he would prefer a minority government instead.^[115]^[179] The election results later showed that even PP and Vox together would not have enough seats to form a majority, considering that they won 170 seats in total.^[165]^[172]^[180] Both PP and PSOE, short of a majority, claimed victory.^[165] The results raised the prospect of no government forming and a snap election being called, which would constitute a record third straight time in which regular general elections were inconclusive and required a following snap election.^[170] The Catalan party Junts—led by former Catalan president and fugitive Carles Puigdemont—was widely seen as being the kingmaker, with both blocs having to rely on their favourable vote to form a government, likely coupled with further concessions on Catalan independence.^[181]^[182]^[183] Due to the underperformance of the right-wing bloc, Feijóo's leadership was questioned by the Spanish right-wing; Feijóo went from offering a pact to the PSOE to warning of a rupture if Sánchez was confirmed prime minister with the support of separatists.^[184] The election of the president of the Congress of Deputies—or speaker—on 17 August saw the PSOE candidate Francina Armengol winning in a vote which was seen to boost Sanchez's hopes of re-election.^[185]^[186]

King Felipe VI summoned the political parties for a round of talks on 21 and 22 August to decide whether to nominate a candidate for investiture.^[187] The king faced a difficult choice as, for the first time in the democratic era, two candidates—Sánchez and Feijóo—were equally intent on being nominated.^[188] Feijóo's intentions were unchanged by his recent parliamentary setback, despite calls from some factions within his party asking him to "leave the fiction" of insisting that he had the required support for his investiture.^[189]^[190]

Despite Feijóo's investiture being widely expected to fail, the King nominated him as candidate on 22 August.^[191] He justified his decision by stating that the PP had won the most seats and that, since no other clear majority for investiture had been evidenced during the round of talks, the tradition of nominating the leader of the largest party should continue, while allowing for the fact that other candidates could be nominated if their investiture attempt was unsuccessful.^[192]^[193]

Ballot →		27 September 2023	29 September 2023^[o]
Investiture Alberto Núñez Feijóo (PP)
Required majority →		176 out of 350 N	Simple N
	Yes • PP (137) • Vox (33) • CCa (1) • UPN (1)	172 / 350	172 / 350
	No • PSOE (121) • Sumar (31) • ERC (7) • Junts (7) (6 on 29 Sep) • EH Bildu (6) • PNV (5) • BNG (1)	178 / 350	177 / 350
	Abstentions	0 / 350	0 / 350
	Absentees	0 / 350	0 / 350
Sources^[194]

Following Feijóo's defeat, King Felipe VI summoned all parties to a new round of talks on 2 and 3 October, after which he nominated Pedro Sánchez as the next candidate to attempt the investiture.^[195]^[196] Upon his nomination, Sánchez commented that he was "not going to a false investiture", adding that everything agreed to secure the investiture would be "within the Constitution" and that agreements would be "transparent and known", considered to be a reference to criticisms of the amnesty proposed by pro-Catalan independence parties.^[197]

Ballot →		16 November 2023
Investiture Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Required majority →		176 out of 350 Y
	Yes • PSOE (121) • Sumar (31) • ERC (7) • Junts (7) • EH Bildu (6) • PNV (5) • BNG (1) • CCa (1)	179 / 350
	No • PP (137) • Vox (33) • UPN (1)	171 / 350
	Abstentions	0 / 350
	Absentees	0 / 350
Sources^[198]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Results for Unidas Podemos (12.86%, 35 deputies and 0 senators), Más País (2.40%, 3 deputies and 0 senators), Més Esquerra (0.08%, 0 seats) and CHA (0.01%, 0 seats) in the November 2019 election.
^ ^a ^b Results for JxCat–Junts in the November 2019 election.
^ Meri Pita, former Podemos legislator;^[43] Pablo Cambronero, former CS legislator.^[44]
^ Ruth Goñi and Emilio Argüeso, former CS legislators.^[46]
^ ^a ^b ^c ERC (11 senators) and EH Bildu (1 senator) joined the IPLI alliance ahead of the 2023 Senate election.
^ Results for CCa–PNC–NC in the November 2019 election.
^ Results for ¡Teruel Existe! in the November 2019 election.
^ UPN (2 deputies and 1 senator) contested the November 2019 election within the NA+ alliance.
^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
^ Parliamentary spokespersons' debate.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Within Sumar.
^ Within Unidas Podemos.
^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.
^ 1 Junts MP involuntarily cast an invalid ballot in the 29 September vote.

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^ "El Consejo Político Insular de CC propone a Moisés Plasencia como candidato al Senado por La Gomera" (in Spanish). Gomera Noticias. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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^ ^a ^b "Elecciones Generales 23 de julio de 2023". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
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^ "Catalunya registra la abstención más alta desde las generales del 2011" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
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^ Fotheringham, Alasdair (19 July 2023). "Spain's snap vote: How it works and what to expect on July 23". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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^ Casqueiro, Javier; García de Blas, Elsa (27 July 2023). "El PP pasa de ofrecer un pacto al PSOE a alertar de un riesgo de ruptura de España si sale investido Sánchez". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
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Bibliography

Constitución Española (Spanish Constitution). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 311. 29 December 1978 [version as of 27 September 2011]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1978-31229. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5/1985). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 147. 19 June 1985 [version as of 9 June 2023]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1985-11672. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

External links

Media related to Spanish general election, 2023 at Wikimedia Commons

[UP+MP-1] Results for Unidas Podemos (12.86%, 35 deputies and 0 senators), Más País (2.40%, 3 deputies and 0 senators), Més Esquerra (0.08%, 0 seats) and CHA (0.01%, 0 seats) in the November 2019 election.

[JxCat-2] Results for JxCat–Junts in the November 2019 election.

[47] Meri Pita, former Podemos legislator;^[43] Pablo Cambronero, former CS legislator.^[44]

[50] Ruth Goñi and Emilio Argüeso, former CS legislators.^[46]

[ERC+EHB-61] ERC (11 senators) and EH Bildu (1 senator) joined the IPLI alliance ahead of the 2023 Senate election.

[69] Results for CCa–PNC–NC in the November 2019 election.

[74] Results for ¡Teruel Existe! in the November 2019 election.

[83] UPN (2 deputies and 1 senator) contested the November 2019 election within the NA+ alliance.

[145] Denotes a main invitee attending the event.

[146] Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.

[149] Parliamentary spokespersons' debate.

[Sumar-160] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Within Sumar.

[UP-172] Within Unidas Podemos.

[177] The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

[208] 1 Junts MP involuntarily cast an invalid ballot in the 29 September vote.

[3] Jones, Sam (28 May 2023). "Spain's conservative opposition heading for emphatic win in regional polls". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 1 June 2023.

[4] "Spain's Vox open to coalition government with PP". Reuters. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.

[5] "Ciudadanos acuerda no ir a elecciones generales y volver para la cita electoral europea". VozPópuli (in Spanish). 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

[6] Mármol, Iolanda (5 November 2021). "Sánchez planifica el semestre europeo de 2023 para apurar la legislatura". El Periódico de España (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2021.

[7] Hernández Valls, Fernando; Gil, Iván (23 February 2022). "Casado se despide como jefe de la oposición y Sánchez garantiza que no adelanta elecciones". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2022.

[8] "Sánchez confirma que las elecciones generales serán en diciembre de 2023". Crónica Balear (in Spanish). Europa Press. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.

[9] Elordi Cué, Carlos (29 May 2023). "Pedro Sánchez adelanta las elecciones generales al 23 de julio ante el fiasco de las autonómicas" [Pedro Sánchez advances general elections to 23 July after the fiasco of the autonomous community elections]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[10] "Spain's Sanchez gambles on snap election after regional ballot rout". Reuters. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.

[11] "Spanish elections: Popular Party wins tight election but no clear majority". BBC News. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

[12] Jones, Sam (16 November 2023). "Sánchez prepares for fraught second term as PM after Catalan amnesty". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

[13] Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.

[14] "Sinopsis artículo 66". Constitución española (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 12 September 2020, summarizing Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.

[15] LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. I, art. 2.

[FOOTNOTECarreras_de_OdriozolaTafunell_Sambola20051077-16] Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.

[17] LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 75.

[18] Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2017.

[19] Araque Conde, Pilar (8 June 2022). "El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2022.

[20] Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 68.

[21] LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162–164.

[22] Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.

[ElectionDecree-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (128): 74164–74167. 30 May 2023. ISSN 0212-033X. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

[24] Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.

[25] LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162 & 165–166.

[26] LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. V, art. 42.

[27] Sánchez, Manuel; Romero, Alexis (20 November 2021). "Tres escenarios para las elecciones generales de 2023, con la fecha límite del 10 de diciembre". Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2021.

[28] Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 99.

[29] "Sánchez pide "aprender de los errores" del 4M con "humildad" pero recuerda aún quedan 32 meses para las generales". Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish). Europa Press. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[30] Garat, Ketty (11 May 2021). "Sánchez se asegura el 'armazón jurídico' para poder estirar la legislatura hasta enero de 2024". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[31] Vilches, Jorge (17 July 2021). "Sánchez hasta el final". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[32] Elordi Cué, Carlos (19 July 2021). "Sánchez se prepara ya para 2024". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[33] Calleja, Mariano (8 October 2021). "El PP cree que Sánchez alargará la legislatura al máximo hasta febrero de 2024". ABC (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[34] "Sánchez fecha las generales en diciembre de 2023 y pactará con Zarzuela la jura de la Constitución de la princesa" (in Spanish). Palma: Europa Press. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[35] "Sánchez habla de "nueve meses" de legislatura, lo que implicaría elecciones generales el 3 o el 10 de diciembre" (in Spanish). Madrid: Europa Press. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

[36] "Pedro Sánchez adelanta las elecciones generales al 23 de julio" [Pedro Sánchez advances general elections to 23 July] (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[37] "Sorpresa en el PSOE por un adelanto electoral que solo conocía el "núcleo duro" de Sánchez" [Surprise inside PSOE over a snap election that only Sánchez's "inner circle" knew about]. Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[38] "Recalculando ruta: las claves de unas elecciones anticipadas con las que Sánchez rompe el tablero" [Recalculating the route: the key points to snap elections where Sánchez breaks the board] (in Spanish). laSexta. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[39] "Enfado en el PP por el adelanto electoral al considerar que quita el foco a su victoria" [Upset in the PP over snap election considering that it shifts focus away from their victory]. La Información (in Spanish). 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[40] De Antonio, Javier (29 May 2023). "Al Ibex 35 no le gustan las sorpresas: cae inmediatamente después del anuncio electoral de Sánchez" [At the Ibex 35 they don't like surprises: falls immediately after Sánchez's electoral announcement]. La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[41] Justo, David (30 May 2023). ""Muchísimas gracias, presidente": lo que no viste de la reacción viral de Àngels Barceló tras la fecha de las elecciones generales" ["Thank you very much, Mr. President": what you didn't see from the viral reaction of Àngels Barceló after the date of the general elections] (in Spanish). Cadena SER. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

[42] "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.

[HESenate-43] "Composición del Senado 1977-2024". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.

[44] "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.

[45] "La diputada canaria Meri Pita abandona el grupo parlamentario de Podemos por la "deriva orgánica" del partido". El Día (in Spanish). 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

[46] "Arrimadas pierde uno de sus diez diputados en el Congreso, que se va al Grupo Mixto". El País (in Spanish). 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

[48] "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2020.

[49] "Dos deserciones más dejan a Cs sin grupo propio en el Senado a partir de junio". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

[51] LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 44 & tit. II, ch. V, art. 169.

[52] LOREG (1985), add. prov. 7.

[53] Campo Vidal, Manuel (26 July 2021). "El plan de Pedro Sánchez para su reelección". El Periódico de Extremadura (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[54] De las Heras, Paula (8 June 2022). "Sánchez confirma que competirá en las elecciones de 2023". El Correo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 June 2022.

[NIUS220222-55] Zaragüeta, Iñaki (22 February 2022). "Pablo Casado dimite y deja el partido en manos de una gestora". NIUS (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 22 February 2022.

[56] "Alberto Núñez Feijóo, elegido nuevo presidente del PP con el 98,35% de los votos". VozPópuli (in Spanish). Madrid. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

[EC150321-57] Gil, Iván (15 March 2021). "Yolanda Díaz, de abogada laboralista a designada por Iglesias para su relevo". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2021.

[58] Cabanillas, Ana; García, Nacho (31 March 2023). "El mapa de apoyos territoriales de Yolanda Díaz con Sumar". El Periódico de España (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2023.

[59] Carvajal, Álvaro (1 April 2023). "Yolanda Díaz ata el apoyo de una quincena de partidos a su acto frente a la ausencia de Podemos". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2023.

[60] Gil, Andrés; Ortiz, Alberto (9 June 2023). "Sumar y Podemos firman un acuerdo para la unidad de la izquierda". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 June 2023.

[62] "Miriam Nogueras sustituirá a Borràs como portavoz de JxCat en el Congreso". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. EFE. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[63] Fàbregas, Laura (24 February 2021). "La nueva voz de Junts en el Congreso buscará dinamitar los puentes entre Sánchez y ERC". VozPópuli (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[64] Pardo Torregrosa, Iñaki (8 June 2023). "El PDECat se presentará a las generales en coalición con la marca Espai CiU". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 8 June 2023.

[65] "El exdiputado de Unió Roger Montañola será el cabeza de lista del PDeCAT el 23J". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.

[66] Goyoaga, Ander (1 June 2023). "Aitor Esteban repite como cabeza visible en las listas del PNV al Congreso". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[67] Goyoaga, Ander (6 June 2023). "Bildu apuesta por la continuidad en sus listas al 23-J con Matute, Aizpurua o Iñarritu". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[68] "La CUP decide volverse a presentar a las elecciones generales". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

[70] "CC promueve una alianza de partidos nacionalistas para el Congreso, sin Nueva Canarias" (in Spanish). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: EFE. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.

[71] "Coalición Canaria confirma a Cristina Valido como candidata al Congreso de los Diputados por Santa Cruz de Tenerife". Canarias Ahora (in Spanish). EFE. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

[72] "CC se alía para las generales con Unidos por Gran Canaria, la Agrupación Herreña Independiente y ocho partidos locales". Canarias Ahora (in Spanish). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. EFE. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

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v t e Elections and referendums in Spain
General elections	1810 1813 1820 1822 1834 1836 (Feb) 1836 (Jul) 1836 (Oct) 1837 1839 1840 1841 1843 (Feb) 1843 (Sep) 1844 1846 1850 1851 1853 1854 1857 1858 1863 1864 1865 1867 1869 1871 1872 (Apr) 1872 (Aug) 1873 1876 1879 1881 1884 1886 1891 1893 1896 1898 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1910 1914 1916 1918 1919 1920 1923 1931 1933 1936 1967 1971 1977 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1996 2000 2004 2008 2011 2015 2016 2019 (Apr) 2019 (Nov) 2023 Next
Presidential elections	1936
European elections	1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024
Local elections	1922 1931 1933 1934 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1970 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027
Regional elections	1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023
Referendums	1947 1966 1976 1978 1986 2005
See also: Elections and referendums in Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Cantabria Castile and León Castilla–La Mancha Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencian Community