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Coordinates: 48°54′37″N 2°33′12″E / 48.910197°N 2.553235°E / 48.910197; 2.553235
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{{Other uses|Clichy (disambiguation){{!}}Clichy}}
{{Other uses|Clichy (disambiguation){{!}}Clichy}}
{{About|a town in [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France]]|the town in [[Hauts-de-Seine]] in the same region|Clichy-la-Garenne}}
{{About|a town in [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France]]|the town in [[Hauts-de-Seine]] in the same region|Clichy-la-Garenne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox French commune
{{Infobox French commune
|name = Clichy-sous-Bois
|name = Clichy-sous-Bois
Line 15: Line 15:
|INSEE = 93014
|INSEE = 93014
|postal code = 93390
|postal code = 93390
|mayor = Samira Bouhout Tayebi<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=16 December 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|mayor = Olivier Klein<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=30 November 2023|language=fr}}</ref>
|term = 2022&ndash;2026
|term = 2023&ndash;2026
|intercommunality = [[Grand Paris]]
|intercommunality = [[Grand Paris]]
|elevation m = 98
|elevation m = 98
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}}
}}


'''Clichy-sous-Bois''' ({{IPA-fr|kliʃi su bwɑ}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the eastern suburbs of [[Paris]], France. It is located {{convert|15|km|mi}} from central Paris.<ref name=Twoyears>"[http://www.economist.com/node/10105050 France's suburbs: Two years on]." ''[[The Economist]]''. 8 November 2007. Retrieved on 3 March 2014.</ref>
'''Clichy-sous-Bois''' ({{IPA|fr|kliʃi su bwɑ}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the eastern suburbs of [[Paris]]. It is located {{convert|15|km|mi}} from central Paris.<ref name=Twoyears>"[http://www.economist.com/node/10105050 France's suburbs: Two years on]." ''[[The Economist]]''. 8 November 2007. Retrieved on 3 March 2014.</ref>


Clichy-sous-Bois is not served by any motorway, major road, or railway and therefore remains one of the most isolated of Paris's inner suburbs. It is one of the most economically disadvantaged suburbs and is where the [[2005 French riots|2005 civil unrest and riots]] began, which subsequently spread nationwide.
Clichy-sous-Bois is not served by any motorway, major road, or railway and therefore continues to be one of the most isolated of Paris' inner suburbs. It is one of the most economically disadvantaged suburbs as well and the [[2005 French riots|2005 civil unrest and riots]] began there, which subsequently spread nationwide.


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 35: Line 35:


==History==
==History==
The name of Clichy-sous-Bois comes from [[Roman Gaul|Roman]] ''Cleppius'', seventh century ''Clippiacum superius'', twelfth century ''Clichiacum''.
The name of Clichy-sous-Bois comes from [[Roman Gaul|Roman]] ''Cleppius'', seventh century ''Clippiacum superius'', twelfth century ''Clichiacum''.


Flint tools from the [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic]] have been found here.
Flint tools from the [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic]] era have been found there.
Clichy en Aulnois belonged to the lords of [[Livry-Gargan|Livry]] in the early Middle Ages.
Clichy en Aulnois belonged to the lords of [[Livry-Gargan|Livry]] in the early [[Middle Ages]].
Subject to the [[Knights Templar]] in the 13th century, Clichy subsequently passed into possession of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] order. Until the 16th century, it was a hunting resort of the French kings. In the 18th century, it belonged to the [[Duc d'Orléans]]. In 1820, the village had about 150 inhabitants.
Subject to the [[Knights Templar]] in the 13th century, Clichy then passed into possession of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] order. Until the 16th century, it was a hunting resort of the French kings. In the 18th century, it belonged to the [[Duc d'Orléans]]. In 1820, the village had about 150 people.


On 20 May 1869, a part of the territory of Clichy-sous-Bois was detached and merged with a part of the territory of [[Livry-Gargan]] and a small part of the territory of [[Gagny]] to create the commune of [[Le Raincy]].
On 20 May 1869, a part of the territory of Clichy-sous-Bois was detached and merged with a part of the territory of [[Livry-Gargan]] and a small part of the territory of [[Gagny]] to create the commune of [[Le Raincy]].
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==Crime and civil unrest==
==Crime and civil unrest==
{{Unsourced|section|date=July 2023}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}
{{Main|2005 civil unrest in France}}
{{Main|2005 civil unrest in France}}
Clichy-sous-Bois has a high unemployment rate compared to the rest of the country, about 20%, and 40% for the people under 25 years old.
Clichy-sous-Bois has a high unemployment rate (about 20%) compared to the rest of the country and 40% for people under 25 years old.


The [[2005 civil unrest in France|suburban riots]] of October 2005 originated in Clichy-sous-Bois following the accidental deaths of two local Muslim youths who had been escaping a police control. Then the riots spread to other communes of the department, and then to virtually every major urban area in France.
The [[2005 civil unrest in France|suburban riots]] of October 2005 originated in Clichy-sous-Bois after the accidental deaths of two local [[Muslims|Muslim]] youths who had been escaping a police control. The riots spread to other communes of the department and then to virtually every major urban area in [[France]].


==Demography==
==Demography==
The majority of its population is of African heritage.<ref>{{cite news|title=French police trial over 2005 Zyed and Bouna deaths|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31903676|work=BBC News|date=16 March 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
{{Asof|2015}} the majority of its population is of [[Demographics of Africa|African]] heritage.<ref>{{cite news|title=French police trial over 2005 Zyed and Bouna deaths|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31903676|publisher=BBC News|date=16 March 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
{{Asof|2015}} the youth unemployment rate was 40%.<ref name=Viscusi>{{cite web|author=Viscusi, Gregory|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-18/paris-ghetto-with-views-but-no-jobs-shows-decades-of-failures|title=Paris Ghetto With Views But No Jobs Shows Decades of Failures|publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]|date=2015-03-18|access-date=2016-09-04}}</ref>
{{As of|2015}} the youth unemployment rate was 40%.<ref name=Viscusi>{{cite web|author=Viscusi, Gregory|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-18/paris-ghetto-with-views-but-no-jobs-shows-decades-of-failures|title=Paris Ghetto With Views But No Jobs Shows Decades of Failures|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=2015-03-18|access-date=2016-09-04}}</ref>


{{Historical populations
{{Historical populations
Line 119: Line 119:
}}
}}


{{Asof|2009}} 33% of the commune's residents were foreign nationals, higher than both the departmental average and the French national average.<ref>Sanselm, Franck. "[https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-contemporaines-2009-4-page-121.htm L'Ethnicisation des Rapports Sociaux à l'École]." ''[[Sociétés contemporaines]]'' 2009/4 (n° 76). {{ISBN|9782724631630}}. {{doi|10.3917/soco.076.0121}}. Hosted at [[Cairn.info]]. p. 121-147. CITED: Circa p. 145 (PDF p. 15/16) - "[7] [...]La ville de Clichy-sous-Bois, quant à elle, compte 33% d'habitants de nationalité étrangère contre 18,7% et 7,5% aux niveaux départamental et national (Source: Ville de Clichy-sous-Bois)"</ref>
{{As of|2009}} 33% of the commune's residents were foreign nationals, higher than both the departmental average and the French national average.<ref>Sanselm, Franck. "[https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-contemporaines-2009-4-page-121.htm L'Ethnicisation des Rapports Sociaux à l'École]." ''[[Sociétés contemporaines]]'' 2009/4 (n° 76). {{ISBN|9782724631630}}. {{doi|10.3917/soco.076.0121}}. Hosted at [[Cairn.info]]. p. 121-147. CITED: Circa p. 145 (PDF p. 15/16) – "[7] [...]La ville de Clichy-sous-Bois, quant à elle, compte 33% d'habitants de nationalité étrangère contre 18,7% et 7,5% aux niveaux départamental et national (Source: Ville de Clichy-sous-Bois)"</ref>


==Transport==
==Transport==
Clichy-sous-Bois is not currently served directly by any station of the [[Paris Métro]], [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]], or suburban rail network. Since 2019, it has been directly served by the [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|T4 Tramway]],<ref>"[https://www.livry-gargan.fr/actualites/nos-actualites-109/la-nouvelle-branche-du-t4-bientot-inauguree-5673.html La nouvelle branche du T4]" livry-gargan.fr, Retrieved on 4 December 2019.</ref> which connects to [[Le Raincy – Villemomble – Montfermeil (Paris RER)|Le Raincy &ndash; Villemomble &ndash; Montfermeil]] station on Paris [[RER E|RER line E]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080930072639/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/12475484</ref> Before the opening of the tramway, it was claimed the time on public transport to the city centre can be 1.5 hours.<ref name=Twoyears/>
Clichy-sous-Bois is not served directly by any station of the [[Paris Métro]], [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]], or suburban rail network. Since 2019, it has been directly served by the [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|T4 Tramway]],<ref>"[https://www.livry-gargan.fr/actualites/nos-actualites-109/la-nouvelle-branche-du-t4-bientot-inauguree-5673.html La nouvelle branche du T4]" livry-gargan.fr, Retrieved on 4 December 2019.</ref> which connects to the [[Le Raincy – Villemomble – Montfermeil (Paris RER)|Le Raincy &ndash; Villemomble &ndash; Montfermeil]] station on Paris [[RER E|RER line E]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.panoramio.com/photo/12475484 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930072639/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/12475484 | archive-date=30 September 2008 | title=Panoramio is no longer available }}</ref> Before the opening of the tramway, it was claimed the time needed to travel via public transport to the city centre of Paris is about 1.5 hours.<ref name=Twoyears/>


Rail service is expected to directly serve the commune by 2026 with the planned Clichy-Montfermeil station of the under construction [[Paris Métro Line 16|Line 16]] of the Paris Metro.<ref>[https://www.societedugrandparis.fr/gpe/ligne/ligne-16 Ligne 16 - Société du Grand Paris] (in French)</ref>
Rail service is expected to directly serve the commune by 2026 with the planned Clichy-Montfermeil station of the under construction [[Paris Métro Line 16|Line 16]] of the [[Paris Métro]].<ref>[https://www.societedugrandparis.fr/gpe/ligne/ligne-16 Ligne 16 – Société du Grand Paris] (in French)</ref>


==Economy==
==Economy==
As of 2007 the unemployment rate was around 20%. It was close to 50% in the housing estates defined by ''[[The Economist]]'' as "the worst."<ref name=Twoyears/>
As of 2007 the unemployment rate was around 20%. It was close to 50% in the housing estates which were defined by ''[[The Economist]]'' as "the worst."<ref name=Twoyears/>


==Politics==
==Politics==
Line 135: Line 135:
There are twelve preschool sites,<ref>"[http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/Enfance-et-jeunesse/Education/Les-ecoles-maternelles Les ecoles maternelles]." Clichy-sous-Bois. 4 September 2016.</ref> and eleven elementary school sites.<ref>"[http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/Enfance-et-jeunesse/Education/Les-ecoles-elementaires Les ecoles elementaires]." Clichy-sous-Bois. Retrieved on 4 September 2016.</ref>
There are twelve preschool sites,<ref>"[http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/Enfance-et-jeunesse/Education/Les-ecoles-maternelles Les ecoles maternelles]." Clichy-sous-Bois. 4 September 2016.</ref> and eleven elementary school sites.<ref>"[http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/Enfance-et-jeunesse/Education/Les-ecoles-elementaires Les ecoles elementaires]." Clichy-sous-Bois. Retrieved on 4 September 2016.</ref>


{{Asof|2016}} there are about 2,500 students in Clichy's four secondary schools. The following junior high schools are in the commune:<ref name=Secschools>"[http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/Enfance-et-jeunesse/Education/Les-colleges-et-le-lycee Les collèges et le lycée]." Clichy-sous-Bois. Retrieved on 4 September 2016. "Clichy-sous-Bois compte trois collèges et un lycée d’enseignement général et professionnel. Ces quatre établissements sont fréquentés chaque année par plus de 2500 élèves au total."</ref>
{{As of|2016}} there are about 2,500 students in Clichy's four secondary schools. The junior high schools in the commune are:<ref name=Secschools>"[http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/Enfance-et-jeunesse/Education/Les-colleges-et-le-lycee Les collèges et le lycée]." Clichy-sous-Bois. Retrieved on 4 September 2016. "Clichy-sous-Bois compte trois collèges et un lycée d’enseignement général et professionnel. Ces quatre établissements sont fréquentés chaque année par plus de 2500 élèves au total."</ref>
* Collège Romain-Rolland
* Collège Romain-Rolland
* Collège Louise-Michel
* Collège Louise-Michel
Line 141: Line 141:
** The construction of this junior high relieved Louise-Michel, which saw its student population decline from about 1,200 in 2004 to over 500 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r11-617/r11-61712.html|title=Mission d'information sur la carte scolaire|publisher=[[Senate of France]]|date=2016-10-04|access-date=2016-10-04}} "Le collège Louise Michel de Clichy-sous-Bois[...]En 2004, il comptait environ 1 200 élèves et constituait le plus gros collège de la commune. En 2012, il n'accueille plus que 550 élèves environ, y compris les SEGPA.[...] en construisant un nouveau collège Robert Doisneau et en modifiant la sectorisation."</ref>
** The construction of this junior high relieved Louise-Michel, which saw its student population decline from about 1,200 in 2004 to over 500 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r11-617/r11-61712.html|title=Mission d'information sur la carte scolaire|publisher=[[Senate of France]]|date=2016-10-04|access-date=2016-10-04}} "Le collège Louise Michel de Clichy-sous-Bois[...]En 2004, il comptait environ 1 200 élèves et constituait le plus gros collège de la commune. En 2012, il n'accueille plus que 550 élèves environ, y compris les SEGPA.[...] en construisant un nouveau collège Robert Doisneau et en modifiant la sectorisation."</ref>


The sole senior high school/sixth form college in Clichy is [[Lycée Alfred-Nobel]].<ref name=Secschools/> {{Asof|2007}} the lycée has 1,100 students. It has an agreement with the ''Institut d'études politiques de Paris'' ([[Sciences-Po]]) which allows applicants from the school to gain entrance to the university without taking the entrance examination. As of 2007 three students from the lycée had been admitted.<ref name=Twoyears/>
The sole senior high school/sixth form college in Clichy is [[Lycée Alfred-Nobel]].<ref name=Secschools/> {{As of|2007}} the lycée has 1,100 students. It has an agreement with the ''Institut d'études politiques de Paris'' ([[Sciences-Po]]) which allows applicants from the school to gain entrance to the university without taking the entrance examination. As of 2007 three students from the lycée were admitted.<ref name=Twoyears/>


==Personalities linked to the commune==
==Personalities linked to the commune==
* [[Roberto Alagna]], tenor
* [[Roberto Alagna]], tenor singer
* [[Mamadou Samassa (footballer born 1986)|Mamadou Samassa]], footballer
* [[Mamadou Samassa (footballer born 1986)|Mamadou Samassa]], footballer
* [[Claude Dilain]], politician
* [[Claude Dilain]], politician

Latest revision as of 08:42, 30 August 2024

For other uses, see Clichy.
This article is about a town in Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France. For the town in Hauts-de-Seine in the same region, see Clichy-la-Garenne.

Clichy-sous-Bois
Commune
The town hall of Clichy-sous-Bois
The town hall of Clichy-sous-Bois
Coat of arms of Clichy-sous-Bois
Coat of arms
Paris and inner ring départements
Paris and inner ring départements
Location of Clichy-sous-Bois
Map
Clichy-sous-Bois is located in France
Clichy-sous-Bois
Clichy-sous-Bois
Clichy-sous-Bois is located in Île-de-France (region)
Clichy-sous-Bois
Clichy-sous-Bois
Coordinates: 48°54′37″N 2°33′12″E / 48.910197°N 2.553235°E / 48.910197; 2.553235
CountryFrance
RegionÎle-de-France
DepartmentSeine-Saint-Denis
ArrondissementLe Raincy
CantonLivry-Gargan
IntercommunalityGrand Paris
Government
 • Mayor (2023–2026) Olivier Klein[1]
Area
1
3.95 km2 (1.53 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
29,735
 • Density7,500/km2 (19,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
93014 /93390
Elevation66–121 m (217–397 ft)
(avg. 98 m or 322 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Clichy-sous-Bois (French pronunciation: [kliʃi su bwɑ]) is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from central Paris.[3]

Clichy-sous-Bois is not served by any motorway, major road, or railway and therefore continues to be one of the most isolated of Paris' inner suburbs. It is one of the most economically disadvantaged suburbs as well and the 2005 civil unrest and riots began there, which subsequently spread nationwide.

Geography

[edit]

Clichy-sous-Bois has an area of 3.95 km2 (1.53 sq mi) with 1.1 km2 (0.42 sq mi) of woods. The woods are remnants of the Bondy wood (Forêt Départementale de Bondy, Parc de la Fosse Maussoin, Parc de la Mairie).

History

[edit]

The name of Clichy-sous-Bois comes from Roman Cleppius, seventh century Clippiacum superius, twelfth century Clichiacum.

Flint tools from the Neolithic era have been found there. Clichy en Aulnois belonged to the lords of Livry in the early Middle Ages. Subject to the Knights Templar in the 13th century, Clichy then passed into possession of the Knights Hospitaller order. Until the 16th century, it was a hunting resort of the French kings. In the 18th century, it belonged to the Duc d'Orléans. In 1820, the village had about 150 people.

On 20 May 1869, a part of the territory of Clichy-sous-Bois was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Livry-Gargan and a small part of the territory of Gagny to create the commune of Le Raincy.

In 1870, Clichy was affected by the Franco-Prussian War.

Heraldry

[edit]
Arms of Clichy-sous-Bois
Arms of Clichy-sous-Bois
 The arms of Clichy-sous-Bois are blazoned :
Per pale vert and argent, a cinqfoil counterchanged, and on a chief gules a latin cross voided between two bunches of grapes slipped and leaved argent.



Crime and civil unrest

[edit]
Main article: 2005 civil unrest in France

Clichy-sous-Bois has a high unemployment rate (about 20%) compared to the rest of the country and 40% for people under 25 years old.

The suburban riots of October 2005 originated in Clichy-sous-Bois after the accidental deaths of two local Muslim youths who had been escaping a police control. The riots spread to other communes of the department and then to virtually every major urban area in France.

Demography

[edit]

As of 2015 the majority of its population is of African heritage.[4] As of 2015 the youth unemployment rate was 40%.[5]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 161—    
1800 152−0.82%
1806 136−1.84%
1821 137+0.05%
1831 138+0.07%
1836 145+0.99%
1841 156+1.47%
1846 168+1.49%
1851 175+0.82%
1856 184+1.01%
1861 227+4.29%
1866 247+1.70%
1872 182−4.96%
1876 205+3.02%
1881 251+4.13%
1886 350+6.88%
1891 452+5.25%
1896 503+2.16%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 672+5.96%
1906 1,071+9.77%
1911 1,434+6.01%
1921 2,104+3.91%
1926 3,467+10.50%
1931 4,026+3.03%
1936 4,056+0.15%
1946 3,573−1.26%
1954 5,105+4.56%
1962 11,606+10.81%
1968 16,357+5.89%
1975 22,422+4.61%
1982 24,654+1.36%
1990 28,180+1.68%
1999 28,288+0.04%
2007 29,674+0.60%
2012 30,720+0.70%
2017 29,348−0.91%
Source: EHESS[6] and INSEE (1968-2017)[7]

Immigration

[edit]
Place of birth of residents of Clichy-sous-Bois in 1999
Born in metropolitan France Born outside metropolitan France
63.7% 36.3%
Born in
overseas France 		Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth1 EU-15 immigrants2 Non-EU-15 immigrants
2.6% 2.0% 4.0% 27.7%
1 This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), as well as to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. A foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.

2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

As of 2009 33% of the commune's residents were foreign nationals, higher than both the departmental average and the French national average.[8]

Transport

[edit]

Clichy-sous-Bois is not served directly by any station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. Since 2019, it has been directly served by the T4 Tramway,[9] which connects to the Le Raincy – Villemomble – Montfermeil station on Paris RER line E.[10] Before the opening of the tramway, it was claimed the time needed to travel via public transport to the city centre of Paris is about 1.5 hours.[3]

Rail service is expected to directly serve the commune by 2026 with the planned Clichy-Montfermeil station of the under construction Line 16 of the Paris Métro.[11]

Economy

[edit]

As of 2007 the unemployment rate was around 20%. It was close to 50% in the housing estates which were defined by The Economist as "the worst."[3]

Politics

[edit]

In 2007, voter turnout for the presidential election in Clichy was 82%.[3]

Education

[edit]

There are twelve preschool sites,[12] and eleven elementary school sites.[13]

As of 2016 there are about 2,500 students in Clichy's four secondary schools. The junior high schools in the commune are:[14]

  • Collège Romain-Rolland
  • Collège Louise-Michel
  • Collège Robert-Doisneau
    • The construction of this junior high relieved Louise-Michel, which saw its student population decline from about 1,200 in 2004 to over 500 in 2012.[15]

The sole senior high school/sixth form college in Clichy is Lycée Alfred-Nobel.[14] As of 2007 the lycée has 1,100 students. It has an agreement with the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences-Po) which allows applicants from the school to gain entrance to the university without taking the entrance examination. As of 2007 three students from the lycée were admitted.[3]

Personalities linked to the commune

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 30 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e "France's suburbs: Two years on." The Economist. 8 November 2007. Retrieved on 3 March 2014.
  4. ^ "French police trial over 2005 Zyed and Bouna deaths". BBC News. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  5. ^ Viscusi, Gregory (18 March 2015). "Paris Ghetto With Views But No Jobs Shows Decades of Failures". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  6. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Clichy-sous-Bois, EHESS (in French).
  7. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  8. ^ Sanselm, Franck. "L'Ethnicisation des Rapports Sociaux à l'École." Sociétés contemporaines 2009/4 (n° 76). ISBN 9782724631630. doi:10.3917/soco.076.0121. Hosted at Cairn.info. p. 121-147. CITED: Circa p. 145 (PDF p. 15/16) – "[7] [...]La ville de Clichy-sous-Bois, quant à elle, compte 33% d'habitants de nationalité étrangère contre 18,7% et 7,5% aux niveaux départamental et national (Source: Ville de Clichy-sous-Bois)"
  9. ^ "La nouvelle branche du T4" livry-gargan.fr, Retrieved on 4 December 2019.
  10. ^ "Panoramio is no longer available". Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.
  11. ^ Ligne 16 – Société du Grand Paris (in French)
  12. ^ "Les ecoles maternelles." Clichy-sous-Bois. 4 September 2016.
  13. ^ "Les ecoles elementaires." Clichy-sous-Bois. Retrieved on 4 September 2016.
  14. ^ a b "Les collèges et le lycée." Clichy-sous-Bois. Retrieved on 4 September 2016. "Clichy-sous-Bois compte trois collèges et un lycée d’enseignement général et professionnel. Ces quatre établissements sont fréquentés chaque année par plus de 2500 élèves au total."
  15. ^ "Mission d'information sur la carte scolaire". Senate of France. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016. "Le collège Louise Michel de Clichy-sous-Bois[...]En 2004, il comptait environ 1 200 élèves et constituait le plus gros collège de la commune. En 2012, il n'accueille plus que 550 élèves environ, y compris les SEGPA.[...] en construisant un nouveau collège Robert Doisneau et en modifiant la sectorisation."
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