President of the Republic (Spain): Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Spanish title for the head of state during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)}} |
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{{about||the present-day role|Prime Minister of Spain}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Infobox official post |
{{Infobox official post |
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| post = President |
| post = President |
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| body = the Republic |
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| body = the Republic<br>''Presidente de la República''<br />[[File:Presidential Monogram of Spain.svg|70px]] |
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| native_name = {{native name|es|Presidente de la República}} |
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| insignia = Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939)-Flag Variant.svg |
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| insignia = Presidential Monogram of Spain.svg |
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| insigniasize = 120px |
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| insigniasize = |
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| insigniacaption = '''[[Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic|Republican coat of arms]]''' |
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| insigniacaption = Presidential Monogram |
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| image = Manuel Azaña cropped.jpg |
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| insigniaalt = |
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| flag = |
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| imagecaption = '''Last office holder'''<br />'''[[Manuel Azaña]]'''<br />10 May 1936 – 3 March 1939 |
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| flagsize = |
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| style = ''[[Excellency|Su Excelencia]]'' |
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| flagalt = |
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| flagborder = |
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| flagcaption = |
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| image = |
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| imagesize = |
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| alt = |
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| imagecaption = '''Longest servering<br />[[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]]'''<br />11 December 1931–7 April 1936 |
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| incumbent = |
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| acting = |
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| incumbentsince = |
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| department = |
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| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] |
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| type = [[Head of state]] |
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| status = Abolished |
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| abbreviation = |
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| member_of = |
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| reports_to = |
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| residence = |
| residence = |
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| seat = |
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| nominator = |
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| appointer = |
| appointer = |
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| appointer_qualified = |
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| termlength = Six years, renewable non-consecutively |
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| termlength_qualified = |
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| constituting_instrument = |
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| precursor = [[Restoration (Spain)|King of Spain]] |
| precursor = [[Restoration (Spain)|King of Spain]] |
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| formation = 14 April 1931 |
| formation = 14 April 1931 |
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| Line 19: | Line 43: | ||
| abolished = 3 March 1939 |
| abolished = 3 March 1939 |
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| superseded_by = [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] |
| superseded_by = [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] |
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| succession = |
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| unofficial_names = |
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| deputy = [[List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain|President]] of the [[Cortes republicanas]] |
| deputy = [[List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain|President]] of the [[Cortes republicanas]] |
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| salary = |
| salary = |
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| website = <!-- {{url|example.com}}--> |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''President of the Republic''' ({{lang-es|Presidente de la República}}) was the title of the [[head of state]] during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). The office was based on the model of the [[Weimar Republic]], then still in power in Germany, and a compromise between the French and American [[presidential system]]s.<ref>[[Payne, Stanley G.]] (1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=46N-pNbNG2kC&q=president ''Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936'', pp. 62–3. Univ of Wisconsin Press.] Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> |
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The "Republican Revolutionary Committee" set up by the [[Pact of San Sebastián]] (1930),<ref>Conversi, Daniele (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=wwSve0Mb0ocC&dq=Pact+of+San+Sebasti%C3%A1n&pg=PA38 ''The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation'', p. 38. University of Nevada Press.] Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> considered the "central event in the opposition to the monarchy of Alfonso XIII",<ref>[[Preston, Paul]] (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=tv0khld2P7AC&dq=Pact+of+San+Sebasti%C3%A1n&pg=PA88 ''Revolution and War in Spain, 1931–1939'', p. 192. Routledge.] Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> and headed by [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]], eventually became the first provisional government of the Second Republic, with Alcalá-Zamora named President of the Republic on 11 December 1931. |
'''President of the Republic''' ({{langx|es|Presidente de la República}}) was the title of the [[head of state]] during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). The office was based on the model of the [[Weimar Republic]], then still in power in Germany, and a compromise between the French and American [[presidential system]]s.<ref>[[Payne, Stanley G.]] (1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=46N-pNbNG2kC&q=president ''Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936'', pp. 62–3. Univ of Wisconsin Press.] Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> The "Republican Revolutionary Committee" set up by the [[Pact of San Sebastián]] (1930),<ref>Conversi, Daniele (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=wwSve0Mb0ocC&dq=Pact+of+San+Sebasti%C3%A1n&pg=PA38 ''The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation'', p. 38. University of Nevada Press.] Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> considered the "central event in the opposition to the monarchy of Alfonso XIII",<ref>[[Preston, Paul]] (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=tv0khld2P7AC&dq=Pact+of+San+Sebasti%C3%A1n&pg=PA88 ''Revolution and War in Spain, 1931–1939'', p. 192. Routledge.] Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> and headed by [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]], eventually became the first provisional government of the Second Republic, with Alcalá-Zamora named President of the Republic on 11 December 1931. |
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Spain is one of the democracies (see [[President of the Government (disambiguation)|President of the Government]] for the full list of countries) where the term "president" does not solely refer to the head of state but to several distinct offices: President of the Republic for some historical [[Head of state|heads of state]]; [[Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Government]] for the [[Head of government|head of the executive]]; [[President of the Senate of Spain|President of the Senate]] for the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] of the [[Senate of Spain|upper parliamentary chamber]], and so on. This has led to some confusion in countries where the term "president" refers solely to the head of state, such as the United States; several incidents involved high-profile American politicians calling the Spanish head of government "President", including [[George W. Bush]] in 2001,<ref>[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010612-6.html "Joint Press Conference with President George W. Bush and President Jose Maria Aznar"] [[The White House]]. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> [[Jeb Bush]] in 2003,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/02/17/jebbush.spain/ "Jeb Bush slips on Spanish history"] CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> and [[Donald Trump]] in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Donald Trump's tweet on Mariano Rajoy's visit to the United States|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/912809860965613568|website=[[Twitter]]|access-date=26 September 2017|date=26 September 2017}}</ref> With Spain a [[constitutional monarchy]] since 1975, the [[Monarchy of Spain|monarch]] is head of state. |
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==First Spanish Republic (1873–74)== |
==First Spanish Republic (1873–74)== |
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{{main|First Spanish Republic}} |
{{main|First Spanish Republic}} |
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Following the [[abdication]] of [[Amadeus I of Spain|Amadeo I]] on 10 February 1873, the short-lived First Republic (1873–74) had four heads of state (officially, Presidents of the Executive Power): [[Estanislao Figueras]], [[Francisco Pi y Margall|Pi i Margall]], [[Nicolás Salmerón]], and [[Emilio Castelar]].<ref name="ejecutivo">The official name of " Executive Power " between 1868 and 1874, designates a transitory and undefined authority without a constitutional configuration.</ref> |
Following the [[abdication]] of [[Amadeus I of Spain|Amadeo I]] on 10 February 1873, the short-lived First Republic (1873–74) had four heads of state (officially, Presidents of the Executive Power): [[Estanislao Figueras]], [[Francisco Pi y Margall|Pi i Margall]], [[Nicolás Salmerón]], and [[Emilio Castelar]].<ref name="ejecutivo">The official name of " Executive Power " between 1868 and 1874, designates a transitory and undefined authority without a constitutional configuration.</ref> On the eve of the {{lang|es|[[Coup d'état of Pavía|pronunciamiento]]}} of 3 January 1874, [[Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque|General Pavia]] sent for Francisco Serrano y Domínguez take to the leadership. Serrano took the title of president of the executive and he continued at the end of December 1874 when the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] were restored by another {{lang|es|pronunciamiento}}. |
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=== Presidents of the Executive Power of the First Republic === |
=== Presidents of the Executive Power of the First Republic === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! Portrait |
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! Name |
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! Term start |
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! Term end |
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! Political Party |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
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|[[File:Estanislao Figueras, político.png|80px]] || [[Estanislao Figueras]] || 12 February 1873 || 11 June 1873 || <small>[[Democratic Federal Republican Party]]</small> |
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! rowspan=2| Portrait |
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! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(born–died)}} |
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! colspan=3| Term of office |
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Political party |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! Took office |
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|[[File:Pi i Margall 1869 cropped.png|80px]] ||[[Francesc Pi i Margall]] || 11 June 1873 || 18 July 1873 || <small>Democratic Federal Republican Party</small> |
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! Left office |
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! Time in office |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 1 |
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|[[File:Nicolás Salmerón 1908 (cropped).jpg|80px]] ||[[Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso|Nicolás Salmerón]] || 18 July 1873 || 7 September 1873 || <small>[[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]]</small> |
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| [[File:Estanislao Figueras, político.png|80px]] |
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| '''[[Estanislao Figueras]]'''<br />{{small|(1819–1882)}} |
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| 12 February 1873 |
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| 11 June 1873 |
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| {{ayd|1873|02|12|1873|06|11}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Federal Democratic Republican Party}}" | |
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| [[Federal Democratic Republican Party]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 2 |
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|[[File:Emilio Castelar (cropped).jpg|80px]] ||[[Emilio Castelar y Ripoll|Emilio Castelar]] || 7 September 1873 || 3 January 1874 || <small>[[Republican Possibilist Party]]</small> |
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| [[File:Pi i Margall 1869 cropped.png|80px]] |
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| '''[[Francesc Pi i Margall]]'''<br />{{small|(1824–1901)}} |
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| 11 June 1873 |
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| 18 July 1873 |
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| {{ayd|1873|06|11|1873|07|18}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Federal Democratic Republican Party}}" | |
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| [[Federal Democratic Republican Party]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| 3 |
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| [[File:Nicolás Salmerón 1908 (cropped).jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso|Nicolás Salmerón]]'''<br />{{small|(1838–1908)}} |
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On the eve of the ''pronunciamiento.'' (''[[coup d'état]]'') of 3 January 1874, [[Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque|General Pavia]] sent for Francisco Serrano y Domínguez take to the leadership. Serrano took the title of president of the executive and he continued at the end of December 1874 when the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] were restored by another ''pronunciamiento.'' |
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| 18 July 1873 |
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| 7 September 1873 |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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| {{ayd|1873|07|18|1873|09|07}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Progressive Party (Spain)}}" | |
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| [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 4 |
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! Portrait |
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| [[File:Emilio Castelar (cropped).jpg|80px]] |
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! Name |
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| '''[[Emilio Castelar y Ripoll|Emilio Castelar]]'''<br />{{small|(1832–1899)}} |
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! Term start |
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| 7 September 1873 |
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! Term end |
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| 3 January 1874<br />{{small|([[Coup d'état of Pavía|deposed]])}} |
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|- |
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| {{ayd|1873|09|07|1874|01|03}} |
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|[[File:Francisco Serrano (cropped).jpg|80px]] ||[[Francisco Serrano y Domínguez]] || 3 January 1874 ||30 December 1874 |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Possibilist Party}}" | |
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| {{ill|Republican Possibilist Party|es|Republicanismo unitario}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 5 |
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| [[File:Francisco Serrano (cropped).jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Francisco Serrano y Domínguez]]'''<br />{{small|(1810–1885)}} |
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| 3 January 1874 |
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| 30 December 1874 |
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| {{ayd|1874|01|03|1874|12|30}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Constitutional Party (Spain)}}" | |
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| [[Constitutional Party (Spain)|Constitutional Party]] |
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| |
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|} |
|} |
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=== Presidents (Prime Ministers) of the Provisional Government of the Republic === |
=== Presidents (Prime Ministers) of the Provisional Government of the Republic === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
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! Name |
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! Term start |
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! Term end |
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! Political Party |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
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|[[File:Alcalá Zamora Portrait.jpg|80px]] || [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] || 14 April 1931 || 14 October 1931 || [[Liberal Republican Right]] |
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! rowspan=2| Portrait |
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! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(born–died)}} |
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! colspan=3| Term of office |
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Political party |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! Took office |
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|[[File:Manuel Azaña cropped.jpg|80px]] ||[[Manuel Azaña]] || 14 October 1931 || 11 December 1931 || [[Republican Action (Spain)|Republican Action]] |
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! Left office |
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! Time in office |
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|- |
|- |
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| 1 |
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| [[File: Retrato oficial de Niceto Alcalá-Zamora.png|80px]] |
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| '''[[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]]'''<br />{{small|(1877–1949)}} |
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| 14 April 1931 |
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| 14 October 1931 |
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| {{ayd|1931|04|14|1931|10|14}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Republican Right}}" | |
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| [[Liberal Republican Right]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| 2 |
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| [[File:Manuel Azaña cropped.jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Manuel Azaña]]'''<br />{{small|(1880–1940)}} |
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| 14 October 1931 |
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| 11 December 1931 |
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| {{ayd|1931|10|14|1931|12|11}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Action (Spain)}}" | |
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| [[Republican Action (Spain)|Republican Action]] |
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| |
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|} |
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===Presidents of the Republic=== |
===Presidents of the Republic=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
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! Name |
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! Term start |
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! Term end |
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! Political Party |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
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|[[File:Alcalá Zamora Portrait.jpg|80px]] || [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] || 11 December 1931 || 7 April 1936 || [[Liberal Republican Right]] |
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! rowspan=2| Portrait |
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! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(born–died)}} |
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! colspan=3| Term of office |
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Political party |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! Took office |
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|[[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] || [[Diego Martínez Barrio]] (''interim'') || 7 April 1936 || 11 May 1936 || [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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! Left office |
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! Time in office |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 1 |
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|[[File:Manuel Azaña cropped.jpg|80px]] ||[[Manuel Azaña]] || 11 May 1936 || 3 March 1939 || [[Republican Left (Spain)|Republican Left]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| [[File: Retrato oficial de Niceto Alcalá-Zamora.png|80px]] |
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| '''[[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]]'''<br />{{small|(1877–1949)}} |
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| 11 December 1931 |
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| 7 April 1936 |
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| {{ayd|1931|12|11|1936|04|07}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Republican Right}}" | |
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| [[Liberal Republican Right]] |
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| |
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|-style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
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| – |
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| [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Diego Martínez Barrio]]'''<br />{{small|(1883–1962)<br />''acting''}} |
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| 7 April 1936 |
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| 11 May 1936 |
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| {{ayd|1936|04|07|1936|05|11}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}}" | |
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| [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]]<br />([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 2 |
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| [[File:Manuel Azaña cropped.jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Manuel Azaña]]'''<br />{{small|(1880–1940)}} |
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| 11 May 1936 |
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| 3 March 1939 |
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| {{ayd|1936|05|11|1939|03|03}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Left (Spain)}}" | |
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| [[Republican Left (Spain)|Republican Left]]<br />([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| |
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|} |
|} |
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===Presidents of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)=== |
===Presidents of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
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! Name |
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! Term start |
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! Term end |
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! Political Party |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
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|[[File:Segismundo Casado.jpg|80px]] ||[[Segismundo Casado]]<br><small>(''interim'')</small> || 4 March 1939 || 13 March 1939 || [[Military of Spain|Military]] |
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! rowspan=2| Portrait |
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! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(born–died)}} |
|||
! colspan=3| Term of office |
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Political party |
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! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! Took office |
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|[[File:José Miaja (cropped).jpg|80px]] ||[[José Miaja]] || 13 March 1939 || 27 March 1939 || [[Military of Spain|Military]] |
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! Left office |
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! Time in office |
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|-style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
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| – |
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| [[File:Segismundo Casado.jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Segismundo Casado]]'''<br />{{small|(1893–1968)<br />''acting''}} |
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| 4 March 1939 |
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| 13 March 1939 |
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| {{ayd|1939|04|04|1939|04|13}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Military rule}}" | |
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| [[Spanish Army|Military]] |
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| |
|||
|- |
|- |
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| 1 |
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| [[File:José Miaja (cropped).jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[José Miaja]]'''<br />{{small|(1878–1958)}} |
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| 13 March 1939 |
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| 27 March 1939 |
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| {{ayd|1939|04|13|1939|04|27}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Military rule}}" | |
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| [[Spanish Army|Military]] |
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| |
|||
|} |
|} |
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===Fall of the Republic=== |
===Fall of the Republic=== |
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On 27 February 1939, after both France and the United Kingdom had recognised Franco's military victory, President [[Manuel Azaña]], exiled in France, resigned. The following week, the so-called [[Segismundo Casado|Casado]] |
On 27 February 1939, after both France and the United Kingdom had recognised Franco's military victory, President [[Manuel Azaña]], exiled in France, resigned. The following week, the so-called [[Segismundo Casado|Casado]] Coup against Prime Minister [[Negrín]]'s government<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760904,00.html "War in Spain: Casado's Coup"] ''[[TIME]]''. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> led to the creation of the [[National Defence Council (Spain)|National Defence Council]] which attempted, unsuccessfully to negotiate terms, with Franco breaking off talks [[Motu proprio#Other uses of the phrase .22motu proprio.22|''motu proprio'']].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-24-04-2009/abc/Gente/segismunco-casado-el-final-de-una-guerra_92387344188.html# "Segismunco <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> Casado: el final de una guerra"] ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]''. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> Following Franco's [[Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War|final offensive]] at the end of March 1939, the Republic fell. |
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==Presidents of the Spanish Republic in exile (1939–1977)== |
==Presidents of the Spanish Republic in exile (1939–1977)== |
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{{main|Spanish Republican government in exile}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
! Portrait |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! Name |
|||
! Term start |
|||
! Term end |
|||
! Political Party |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
|||
| [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] || ''[[Diego Martínez Barrio]]''<br><small>(Official interim successor of Azaña for being president of the Congress <br>and an important figure for most of the non-communist anti-Franco forces <br>but for his enmity with Juan Negrín he did not take office until 1945).</small> || 4 March 1939 || 17 August 1945 || [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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! rowspan=2| Portrait |
|||
! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(born–died)}} |
|||
! colspan=3| Term of office |
|||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Political party |
|||
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! Took office |
|||
| [[File:Juan Negrín en Barcelona 1938.jpg|80px]] || ''[[Juan Negrín]]'' <br><small>(Prime Minister in the exile until the proclamation as president of Diego<br> Martínez Barrio, who dismissed him).</small> || 31 March 1939<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ot6KRlqRPIMC&pg=PA3 Herrerín López, Ángel (2007), ''El dinero del exilio: Indalecio Prieto y las pugnas de posguerra (1939-1947)'', Siglo XXI de España Editores, pág.3]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_83n9_CFuYC&pg=PA91 Romero Samper, Milagrosa (2005), ''La oposición durante el franquismo'', Encuentro, pág.91]</ref> || 17 August 1945|| [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
|||
! Left office |
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! Time in office |
|||
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
|||
| – |
|||
| [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] |
|||
| '''[[Diego Martínez Barrio]]'''<br />{{small|(1883–1962)<br />''acting''}} |
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| 4 March 1939 |
|||
| 11 May 1940 |
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| {{ayd|1939|03|04|1940|05|11}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}}" | |
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| [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]]<br />([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
|||
| |
|||
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
|||
| – |
|||
| [[File:Álvaro_de_Albornoz_foto.jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Álvaro de Albornoz]]'''<br />{{small|(1879–1954)<br />''acting''}} |
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| 11 May 1940 |
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| 17 August 1945 |
|||
| {{ayd|1940|05|11|1945|08|17}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" | |
|||
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 1 |
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| [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] || [[Diego Martínez Barrio]]|| 17 August 1945 || 1 January 1962 || [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] |
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| '''[[Diego Martínez Barrio]]'''<br />{{small|(1883–1962)}} |
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| 17 August 1945 |
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| 1 January 1962 † |
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| {{ayd|1945|08|17|1962|01|01}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}}" | |
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| [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]]<br />([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 2 |
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| [[File:Luis Jiménez de Asúa 1958.jpg|80px]]|| [[Luis Jiménez de Asúa]] || 11 February 1962 || 16 November 1970 || [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
|||
| [[File:Jimenez de Asua.jpg|80px]] |
|||
| '''[[Luis Jiménez de Asúa]]'''<br />{{small|(1889–1970)}} |
|||
| 11 February 1962 |
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| 16 November 1970 † |
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| {{ayd|1962|01|01|1970|11|16}} |
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! style="background-color:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}" | |
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| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]<br />([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 3 |
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| [[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939).svg|80px]]|| [[José Maldonado González]] || November 1970 || 1 July 1977|| [[Republican Left (Spain)|Republican Left]] ([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
|||
| [[File:no image.png|80px]] |
|||
| '''[[José Maldonado González]]'''<br />{{small|(1900–1985)}} |
|||
| 16 November 1970 |
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| 1 July 1977 |
|||
| {{ayd|1970|11|16|1977|07|01}} |
|||
! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Left (Spain)}}" | |
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| [[Republican Left (Spain)|Republican Left]]<br />([[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]]) |
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| |
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Latest revision as of 10:09, 16 November 2024
| President of the Republic | |
|---|---|
| Presidente de la República (Spanish) | |
 Presidential Monogram | |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Type | Head of state |
| Status | Abolished |
| Term length | Six years, renewable non-consecutively |
| Precursor | King of Spain |
| Formation | 14 April 1931 |
| First holder | Niceto Alcalá-Zamora |
| Final holder | Manuel Azaña |
| Abolished | 3 March 1939 |
| Superseded by | Francoist dictatorship |
| Deputy | President of the Cortes republicanas |
President of the Republic (Spanish: Presidente de la República) was the title of the head of state during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). The office was based on the model of the Weimar Republic, then still in power in Germany, and a compromise between the French and American presidential systems.[1] The "Republican Revolutionary Committee" set up by the Pact of San Sebastián (1930),[2] considered the "central event in the opposition to the monarchy of Alfonso XIII",[3] and headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, eventually became the first provisional government of the Second Republic, with Alcalá-Zamora named President of the Republic on 11 December 1931.
Spain is one of the democracies (see President of the Government for the full list of countries) where the term "president" does not solely refer to the head of state but to several distinct offices: President of the Republic for some historical heads of state; President of the Government for the head of the executive; President of the Senate for the speaker of the upper parliamentary chamber, and so on. This has led to some confusion in countries where the term "president" refers solely to the head of state, such as the United States; several incidents involved high-profile American politicians calling the Spanish head of government "President", including George W. Bush in 2001,[4] Jeb Bush in 2003,[5] and Donald Trump in September 2017.[6] With Spain a constitutional monarchy since 1975, the monarch is head of state.
First Spanish Republic (1873–74)
[edit]Following the abdication of Amadeo I on 10 February 1873, the short-lived First Republic (1873–74) had four heads of state (officially, Presidents of the Executive Power): Estanislao Figueras, Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, and Emilio Castelar.[7] On the eve of the pronunciamiento of 3 January 1874, General Pavia sent for Francisco Serrano y Domínguez take to the leadership. Serrano took the title of president of the executive and he continued at the end of December 1874 when the Bourbons were restored by another pronunciamiento.
Presidents of the Executive Power of the First Republic
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 | 
|
Estanislao Figueras (1819–1882) |
12 February 1873 | 11 June 1873 | 119 days | Federal Democratic Republican Party | ||
| 2 | 
|
Francesc Pi i Margall (1824–1901) |
11 June 1873 | 18 July 1873 | 37 days | Federal Democratic Republican Party | ||
| 3 | .jpg)
|
Nicolás Salmerón (1838–1908) |
18 July 1873 | 7 September 1873 | 51 days | Progressive Party | ||
| 4 | .jpg)
|
Emilio Castelar (1832–1899) |
7 September 1873 | 3 January 1874 (deposed) |
118 days | Republican Possibilist Party | ||
| 5 | .jpg)
|
Francisco Serrano y Domínguez (1810–1885) |
3 January 1874 | 30 December 1874 | 361 days | Constitutional Party | ||
Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)
[edit]Following the abdication of Alfonso XIII on 14 April 1931, there was no official head of state, meaning that the Prime Minister was, in effect, the highest office in the land. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora assumed the new role of President of the Republic, the effective head of state, after the approval of the new Constitution in December 1931. Manuel Azaña remained as Prime Minister, head of the government, until 12 September 1933.
Presidents (Prime Ministers) of the Provisional Government of the Republic
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 | 
|
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora (1877–1949) |
14 April 1931 | 14 October 1931 | 183 days | Liberal Republican Right | ||
| 2 | 
|
Manuel Azaña (1880–1940) |
14 October 1931 | 11 December 1931 | 58 days | Republican Action | ||
Presidents of the Republic
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora (1877–1949) |
11 December 1931 | 7 April 1936 | 4 years, 118 days | Liberal Republican Right | ||
| – | 
|
Diego Martínez Barrio (1883–1962) acting |
7 April 1936 | 11 May 1936 | 34 days | Republican Union (Popular Front) |
||
| 2 |
|
Manuel Azaña (1880–1940) |
11 May 1936 | 3 March 1939 | 2 years, 296 days | Republican Left (Popular Front) |
||
With Franco's victory imminent, a National Council of Defense was established to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nationalists. By this point, Franco effectively had military control of the whole country.
Presidents of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| – | 
|
Segismundo Casado (1893–1968) acting |
4 March 1939 | 13 March 1939 | 9 days | Military | ||
| 1 | .jpg)
|
José Miaja (1878–1958) |
13 March 1939 | 27 March 1939 | 14 days | Military | ||
Fall of the Republic
[edit]On 27 February 1939, after both France and the United Kingdom had recognised Franco's military victory, President Manuel Azaña, exiled in France, resigned. The following week, the so-called Casado Coup against Prime Minister Negrín's government[8] led to the creation of the National Defence Council which attempted, unsuccessfully to negotiate terms, with Franco breaking off talks motu proprio.[9] Following Franco's final offensive at the end of March 1939, the Republic fell.
Presidents of the Spanish Republic in exile (1939–1977)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (born–died) |
Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| – |
|
Diego Martínez Barrio (1883–1962) acting |
4 March 1939 | 11 May 1940 | 1 year, 68 days | Republican Union (Popular Front) |
||
| – | 
|
Álvaro de Albornoz (1879–1954) acting |
11 May 1940 | 17 August 1945 | 5 years, 98 days | Independent | ||
| 1 |
|
Diego Martínez Barrio (1883–1962) |
17 August 1945 | 1 January 1962 † | 16 years, 137 days | Republican Union (Popular Front) |
||
| 2 | 
|
Luis Jiménez de Asúa (1889–1970) |
11 February 1962 | 16 November 1970 † | 8 years, 319 days | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Popular Front) |
||
| 3 | 
|
José Maldonado González (1900–1985) |
16 November 1970 | 1 July 1977 | 6 years, 227 days | Republican Left (Popular Front) |
||
Timeline
[edit]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1993) Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936, pp. 62–3. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ Conversi, Daniele (2000) The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation, p. 38. University of Nevada Press. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ Preston, Paul (2002) Revolution and War in Spain, 1931–1939, p. 192. Routledge. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Joint Press Conference with President George W. Bush and President Jose Maria Aznar" The White House. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Jeb Bush slips on Spanish history" CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Donald Trump's tweet on Mariano Rajoy's visit to the United States". Twitter. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ The official name of " Executive Power " between 1868 and 1874, designates a transitory and undefined authority without a constitutional configuration.
- ^ "War in Spain: Casado's Coup" TIME. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ (in Spanish) "Segismunco [sic] Casado: el final de una guerra" ABC. Retrieved 2 October 2013.