Celera Corporation: Difference between revisions

Celera Corporation
Company type	Subsidiary
Traded as	Nasdaq: CRA
Industry	Technology
Founded	1998; 26 years ago
Headquarters	Alameda, California, United States
Key people	William G. Green (chairman); Kathy P Ordonez (president);
Products	Scientific & Technical Instruments
Number of employees	554
Parent	Quest Diagnostics
Website	www.celera.com

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Celera Corporation is a subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics which focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies. It was founded in 1998 as a business unit of Applera, spun off into an independent company in 2008, and finally acquired by Quest Diagnostics in 2011.^[2]

History

Originally headquartered in Rockville, Maryland (relocated to Alameda, California), it was established in May 1998 by PE Corporation (later renamed to Applera), with Dr. J. Craig Venter from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) as its first president. While at TIGR, Venter and Hamilton Smith led the first successful effort to sequence an entire organism's genome, that of the Haemophilus influenzae bacterium. Celera was formed for the purpose of generating and commercializing genomic information. Its stock is a tracking stock of Applera, along with the tracking stock of Applera's larger Applied Biosystems Group business unit.

Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP), using about $300 million of private funding versus approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars.^{[citation needed]} However, a significant portion of the human genome had already been sequenced when Celera entered the field, and thus Celera did not incur any costs with obtaining the existing data, which was freely available to the public from GenBank. Celera's approach, which used shotgun sequencing, spurred the public HGP to accelerate its effort and shift its projected timetable from 2005 to 2003.^{[citation needed]}

Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole. These critics pointed to the open access policy for gene sequences from the publicly funded Human Genome Project.^[3] Later, the company changed their policy and made their sequences available for non-commercial use but set a maximum threshold for amount of sequence data that a researcher could download at any given time.^{[citation needed]}

The rise and fall of Celera as an ambitious competitor of the Human Genome Project is the main subject of the book The Genome War by James Shreeve, who followed Venter around for two years in the process of writing the book. A view from the public effort's side is that of Nobel laureate Sir John Sulston in his book The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome. Anthropologist Paul Rabinow also based his 2005 book A Machine to Make a Future on Celera.

Genomes sequenced by Celera Genomics

Eukaryotes:

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)
Human,^[4] specifically mostly that of Craig Venter^[5]
Anopheles gambiae (mosquito)
Mouse^[6]

References

^ "Company Profile for Celera Group (CRA)". Archived from the original on 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
^ https://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1305673632 Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine Quest Diagnostics Successfully Completes Acquisition of Celera, May 17, 2011.
^ Yamey, G. (17 February 2001). "Dispute as rival groups publish details of human genome". BMJ. 322 (7283): 381. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7283.381. PMC 1119622. Gale A71350527 ProQuest 1777608398.
^ Venter, J. Craig; Adams, Mark D.; Myers, Eugene W.; et al. (16 February 2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
^ Singer, Emily (2007-09-04). "Craig Venter's Genome". MIT Technology Review. Five years ago, Craig Venter let out a big secret. As president of Celera Genomics, Venter had led the race between his company and a government-funded project to decode the human genome. After leaving Celera in 2002, Venter announced that much of the genome that had been sequenced there was his own.
^ Newspaperarticle from "Handelsblatt", 2000-10-12

External links

Company website
Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera Venter discusses Celera's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project.
U.S. National Institutes of Health website for the Human Genome Research Institute

[zenobank-1] "Company Profile for Celera Group (CRA)". Archived from the original on 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2008-10-22.

[2] ttps://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1305673632 Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine Quest Diagnostics Successfully Completes Acquisition of Celera, May 17, 2011.

[3] Yamey, G. (17 February 2001). "Dispute as rival groups publish details of human genome". BMJ. 322 (7283): 381. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7283.381. PMC 1119622. Gale A71350527 ProQuest 1777608398.

[Venter-4] Venter, J. Craig; Adams, Mark D.; Myers, Eugene W.; et al. (16 February 2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.

[5] Singer, Emily (2007-09-04). "Craig Venter's Genome". MIT Technology Review. Five years ago, Craig Venter let out a big secret. As president of Celera Genomics, Venter had led the race between his company and a government-funded project to decode the human genome. After leaving Celera in 2002, Venter announced that much of the genome that had been sequenced there was his own.

[6] Newspaperarticle from "Handelsblatt", 2000-10-12

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|American corporation}}
+{{Short description|American genetic sequencing company}}
 {{Infobox company
-  |name   = Celera Corporation
+| name = Celera Corporation
-  |logo   = Celera Genomics logo.png
+| logo = Celera Genomics logo.png
-  |logo_size = 150px
+| logo_size = 150px
-  |type   = Subsidiary
+| type = [[Subsidiary]]
-  |traded_as      = {{NASDAQ was|CRA}}
+| traded_as = {{NASDAQ was|CRA}}
-  |caption =
+| caption =
-  |foundation     = 1998
+| foundation = {{start date and age|1998}}
-  |location       = [[Alameda, California]], United States
+| location = [[Alameda, California]], United States
-  |key_people     = William G. Green, Chairman, Kathy P Ordonez, President, [[Craig Venter]], Founder
+| key_people = {{ubl|William G. Green ([[chairman]])|Kathy P Ordonez ([[President (corporate title)|president]])}}
-  |num_employees  = 554<ref name=zenobank>{{cite web |url=http://www.zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=CRA&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Celera Group (CRA) |access-date=2008-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116080440/http://www.zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=CRA&page=quotesearch |archive-date=2011-11-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+| num_employees = 554<ref name=zenobank>{{cite web |url=http://www.zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=CRA&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Celera Group (CRA) |access-date=2008-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116080440/http://www.zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=CRA&page=quotesearch |archive-date=2011-11-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+| parent = [[Quest Diagnostics]]
-  |industry       = Technology
+| industry = Technology
-  |products       = Scientific & Technical Instruments
+| products = Scientific & Technical Instruments
-  |owner          =
+| owner =
-  |revenue        =
+| revenue =
-  |homepage       = [http://www.celera.com www.celera.com]
+| homepage = {{url|http://www.celera.com}}
 }}
-'''Celera''' is a subsidiary of [[Quest Diagnostics]] which focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies. It was founded in 1998 as a business unit of [[Applera]], spun off into an independent company in 2008, and finally acquired by [[Quest Diagnostics]] in 2011.<ref>https://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1305673632 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709051849/https://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1305673632 |date=2011-07-09 }} Quest Diagnostics Successfully Completes Acquisition of Celera, May 17, 2011.</ref>
+'''Celera Corporation''' is a subsidiary of [[Quest Diagnostics]] which focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies. It was founded in 1998 as a business unit of [[Applera]], spun off into an independent company in 2008, and finally acquired by [[Quest Diagnostics]] in 2011.<ref>https://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1305673632 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709051849/https://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1305673632 |date=2011-07-09 }} Quest Diagnostics Successfully Completes Acquisition of Celera, May 17, 2011.</ref>
 ==History==
 Originally headquartered in [[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville]], [[Maryland]] (relocated to [[Alameda, California]]), it was established in May 1998 by PE Corporation (later renamed to [[Applera]]), with Dr. J. [[Craig Venter]] from [[The Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR) as its first president. While at TIGR, Venter and [[Hamilton O. Smith|Hamilton Smith]] led the first successful effort to [[sequencing|sequence]] an entire organism's [[genome]], that of the ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' [[bacterium]]. Celera was formed for the purpose of generating and commercializing genomic information.  Its stock is a [[tracking stock]] of Applera, along with the tracking stock of Applera's larger [[Applied Biosystems]] Group business unit.
-Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the publicly-funded [[Human Genome Project]] (HGP), using about $300 million of private funding versus approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars.{{cn|date=December 2022}} However, a significant portion of the human genome had already been sequenced when Celera entered the field, and thus Celera did not incur any costs with obtaining the existing data, which was freely available to the public from [[GenBank]]. Celera's use of [[shotgun sequencing]] spurred the public HGP to change its own strategy, leading to a rapid acceleration of the public effort.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}
+Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the publicly funded [[Human Genome Project]] (HGP), using about $300 million of private funding versus approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} However, a significant portion of the human genome had already been sequenced when Celera entered the field, and thus Celera did not incur any costs with obtaining the existing data, which was freely available to the public from [[GenBank]]. Celera's approach, which used [[shotgun sequencing]], spurred the public HGP to accelerate its effort and shift its projected timetable from 2005 to 2003.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}
-Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole.  These critics pointed to the [[Open access (publishing)|open access]] policy for gene sequences from the publicly-funded Human Genome Project.  Later, the company changed their policy and made their sequences available for non-commercial use but set a maximum threshold for amount of sequence data that a researcher could download at any given time.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}
+Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole.  These critics pointed to the [[Open access (publishing)|open access]] policy for gene sequences from the publicly funded Human Genome Project.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yamey |first1=G. |title=Dispute as rival groups publish details of human genome |journal=BMJ |date=17 February 2001 |volume=322 |issue=7283 |pages=381 |id={{Gale|A71350527}} {{ProQuest|1777608398}} |doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7283.381 |pmc=1119622 }}</ref> Later, the company changed their policy and made their sequences available for non-commercial use but set a maximum threshold for amount of sequence data that a researcher could download at any given time.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}
 The rise and fall of Celera as an ambitious competitor of the Human Genome Project is the main subject of the book ''The Genome War'' by James Shreeve, who followed Venter around for two years in the process of writing the book. A view from the public effort's side is that of [[Nobel laureate]] Sir [[John Sulston]] in his book ''The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome''. Anthropologist Paul Rabinow also based his 2005 book ''A Machine to Make a Future'' on Celera.
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 '''[[Eukaryotes]]''':
 * ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' (fruit fly)
+* [[Human]],<ref name="Venter">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Venter |first1=J. Craig |last2=Adams |first2=Mark D. |last3=Myers |first3=Eugene W. |last4=Li |first4=Peter W. |last5=Mural |first5=Richard J. |last6=Sutton |first6=Granger G. |last7=Smith |first7=Hamilton O. |last8=Yandell |first8=Mark |last9=Evans |first9=Cheryl A. |last10=Holt |first10=Robert A. |last11=Gocayne |first11=Jeannine D. |last12=Amanatides |first12=Peter |last13=Ballew |first13=Richard M. |last14=Huson |first14=Daniel H. |last15=Wortman |first15=Jennifer Russo |last16=Zhang |first16=Qing |last17=Kodira |first17=Chinnappa D. |last18=Zheng |first18=Xiangqun H. |last19=Chen |first19=Lin |last20=Skupski |first20=Marian |last21=Subramanian |first21=Gangadharan |last22=Thomas |first22=Paul D. |last23=Zhang |first23=Jinghui |last24=Gabor Miklos |first24=George L. |last25=Nelson |first25=Catherine |last26=Broder |first26=Samuel |last27=Clark |first27=Andrew G. |last28=Nadeau |first28=Joe |last29=McKusick |first29=Victor A. |last30=Zinder |first30=Norton |last31=Levine |first31=Arnold J. |last32=Roberts |first32=Richard J. |last33=Simon |first33=Mel |last34=Slayman |first34=Carolyn |last35=Hunkapiller |first35=Michael |last36=Bolanos |first36=Randall |last37=Delcher |first37=Arthur |last38=Dew |first38=Ian |last39=Fasulo |first39=Daniel |last40=Flanigan |first40=Michael |last41=Florea |first41=Liliana |last42=Halpern |first42=Aaron |last43=Hannenhalli |first43=Sridhar |last44=Kravitz |first44=Saul |last45=Levy |first45=Samuel |last46=Mobarry |first46=Clark |last47=Reinert |first47=Knut |last48=Remington |first48=Karin |last49=Abu-Threideh |first49=Jane |last50=Beasley |first50=Ellen |last51=Biddick |first51=Kendra |last52=Bonazzi |first52=Vivien |last53=Brandon |first53=Rhonda |last54=Cargill |first54=Michele |last55=Chandramouliswaran |first55=Ishwar |last56=Charlab |first56=Rosane |last57=Chaturvedi |first57=Kabir |last58=Deng |first58=Zuoming |last59=Francesco |first59=Valentina Di |last60=Dunn |first60=Patrick |last61=Eilbeck |first61=Karen |last62=Evangelista |first62=Carlos |last63=Gabrielian |first63=Andrei E. |last64=Gan |first64=Weiniu |last65=Ge |first65=Wangmao |last66=Gong |first66=Fangcheng |last67=Gu |first67=Zhiping |last68=Guan |first68=Ping |last69=Heiman |first69=Thomas J. |last70=Higgins |first70=Maureen E. |last71=Ji |first71=Rui-Ru |last72=Ke |first72=Zhaoxi |last73=Ketchum |first73=Karen A. |last74=Lai |first74=Zhongwu |last75=Lei |first75=Yiding |last76=Li |first76=Zhenya |last77=Li |first77=Jiayin |last78=Liang |first78=Yong |last79=Lin |first79=Xiaoying |last80=Lu |first80=Fu |last81=Merkulov |first81=Gennady V. |last82=Milshina |first82=Natalia |last83=Moore |first83=Helen M. |last84=Naik |first84=Ashwinikumar K |last85=Narayan |first85=Vaibhav A. |last86=Neelam |first86=Beena |last87=Nusskern |first87=Deborah |last88=Rusch |first88=Douglas B. |last89=Salzberg |first89=Steven |last90=Shao |first90=Wei |last91=Shue |first91=Bixiong |last92=Sun |first92=Jingtao |last93=Wang |first93=Zhen Yuan |last94=Wang |first94=Aihui |last95=Wang |first95=Xin |last96=Wang |first96=Jian |last97=Wei |first97=Ming-Hui |last98=Wides |first98=Ron |last99=Xiao |first99=Chunlin |last100=Yan |first100=Chunhua |last101=Yao |first101=Alison |last102=Ye |first102=Jane |last103=Zhan |first103=Ming |last104=Zhang |first104=Weiqing |last105=Zhang |first105=Hongyu |last106=Zhao |first106=Qi |last107=Zheng |first107=Liansheng |last108=Zhong |first108=Fei |last109=Zhong |first109=Wenyan |last110=Zhu |first110=Shiaoping C. |last111=Zhao |first111=Shaying |last112=Gilbert |first112=Dennis |last113=Baumhueter |first113=Suzanna |last114=Spier |first114=Gene |last115=Carter |first115=Christine |last116=Cravchik |first116=Anibal |last117=Woodage |first117=Trevor |last118=Ali |first118=Feroze |last119=An |first119=Huijin |last120=Awe |first120=Aderonke |last121=Baldwin |first121=Danita |last122=Baden |first122=Holly |last123=Barnstead |first123=Mary |last124=Barrow |first124=Ian |last125=Beeson |first125=Karen |last126=Busam 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|last157=McIntosh |first157=Tina |last158=McMullen |first158=Ivy |last159=Moy |first159=Mee |last160=Moy |first160=Linda |last161=Murphy |first161=Brian |last162=Nelson |first162=Keith |last163=Pfannkoch |first163=Cynthia |last164=Pratts |first164=Eric |last165=Puri |first165=Vinita |last166=Qureshi |first166=Hina |last167=Reardon |first167=Matthew |last168=Rodriguez |first168=Robert |last169=Rogers |first169=Yu-Hui |last170=Romblad |first170=Deanna |last171=Ruhfel |first171=Bob |last172=Scott |first172=Richard |last173=Sitter |first173=Cynthia |last174=Smallwood |first174=Michelle |last175=Stewart |first175=Erin |last176=Strong |first176=Renee |last177=Suh |first177=Ellen |last178=Thomas |first178=Reginald |last179=Tint |first179=Ni Ni |last180=Tse |first180=Sukyee |last181=Vech |first181=Claire |last182=Wang |first182=Gary |last183=Wetter |first183=Jeremy |last184=Williams |first184=Sherita |last185=Williams |first185=Monica |last186=Windsor |first186=Sandra |last187=Winn-Deen |first187=Emily |last188=Wolfe |first188=Keriellen |last189=Zaveri |first189=Jayshree |last190=Zaveri |first190=Karena |last191=Abril |first191=Josep F. |last192=Guigó |first192=Roderic |last193=Campbell |first193=Michael J. |last194=Sjolander |first194=Kimmen V. |last195=Karlak |first195=Brian |last196=Kejariwal |first196=Anish |last197=Mi |first197=Huaiyu |last198=Lazareva |first198=Betty |last199=Hatton |first199=Thomas |last200=Narechania |first200=Apurva |last201=Diemer |first201=Karen |last202=Muruganujan |first202=Anushya |last203=Guo |first203=Nan |last204=Sato |first204=Shinji |last205=Bafna |first205=Vineet |last206=Istrail |first206=Sorin |last207=Lippert |first207=Ross |last208=Schwartz |first208=Russell |last209=Walenz |first209=Brian |last210=Yooseph |first210=Shibu |last211=Allen |first211=David |last212=Basu |first212=Anand |last213=Baxendale |first213=James |last214=Blick |first214=Louis |last215=Caminha |first215=Marcelo |last216=Carnes-Stine |first216=John |last217=Caulk |first217=Parris |last218=Chiang |first218=Yen-Hui |last219=Coyne |first219=My |last220=Dahlke |first220=Carl |last221=Mays |first221=Anne Deslattes |last222=Dombroski |first222=Maria |last223=Donnelly |first223=Michael |last224=Ely |first224=Dale |last225=Esparham |first225=Shiva |last226=Fosler |first226=Carl |last227=Gire |first227=Harold |last228=Glanowski |first228=Stephen |last229=Glasser |first229=Kenneth |last230=Glodek |first230=Anna |last231=Gorokhov |first231=Mark |last232=Graham |first232=Ken |last233=Gropman |first233=Barry |last234=Harris |first234=Michael |last235=Heil |first235=Jeremy |last236=Henderson |first236=Scott |last237=Hoover |first237=Jeffrey |last238=Jennings |first238=Donald |last239=Jordan |first239=Catherine |last240=Jordan |first240=James |last241=Kasha |first241=John |last242=Kagan |first242=Leonid |last243=Kraft |first243=Cheryl |last244=Levitsky |first244=Alexander |last245=Lewis |first245=Mark |last246=Liu |first246=Xiangjun |last247=Lopez |first247=John |last248=Ma |first248=Daniel |last249=Majoros |first249=William |last250=McDaniel |first250=Joe |last251=Murphy |first251=Sean |last252=Newman |first252=Matthew |last253=Nguyen |first253=Trung |last254=Nguyen |first254=Ngoc |last255=Nodell |first255=Marc |last256=Pan |first256=Sue |last257=Peck |first257=Jim |last258=Peterson |first258=Marshall |last259=Rowe |first259=William |last260=Sanders |first260=Robert |last261=Scott |first261=John |last262=Simpson |first262=Michael |last263=Smith |first263=Thomas |last264=Sprague |first264=Arlan |last265=Stockwell |first265=Timothy |last266=Turner |first266=Russell |last267=Venter |first267=Eli |last268=Wang |first268=Mei |last269=Wen |first269=Meiyuan |last270=Wu |first270=David |last271=Wu |first271=Mitchell |last272=Xia |first272=Ashley |last273=Zandieh |first273=Ali |last274=Zhu |first274=Xiaohong |title=The Sequence of the Human Genome |journal=Science |date=16 February 2001 |volume=291 |issue=5507 |pages=1304–1351 |doi=10.1126/science.1058040 |pmid=11181995 |bibcode=2001Sci...291.1304V |doi-access=free }}</ref> specifically mostly that of [[Craig Venter]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/408606/craig-venters-genome/|last=Singer|first=Emily|date=2007-09-04|title=Craig Venter's Genome|magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]]|quote=Five years ago, Craig Venter let out a big secret. As president of Celera Genomics, Venter had led the race between his company and a government-funded project to decode the human genome. After leaving Celera in 2002, Venter announced that much of the genome that had been sequenced there was his own.}}</ref>
-* [[Human]],<ref name="Venter">{{cite journal |author=Venter, JC|title=The sequence of the human genome |journal=Science |volume=291 |pages=1304–1351 |date=2001 |doi=10.1126/science.1058040 |pmid=11181995 |issue=5507|bibcode=2001Sci...291.1304V |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref> specifically mostly that of [[Craig Venter]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/408606/craig-venters-genome/|last=Singer|first=Emily|date=2007-09-04|title=Craig Venter's Genome|magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]]|quote=Five years ago, Craig Venter let out a big secret. As president of Celera Genomics, Venter had led the race between his company and a government-funded project to decode the human genome. After leaving Celera in 2002, Venter announced that much of the genome that had been sequenced there was his own.}}</ref>
 * ''[[Anopheles gambiae]]'' (mosquito)
 * [[Mouse]]<ref>[https://www.handelsblatt.com/archiv/celera-genomics-entschluesselt-erbgut-der-maus;337192/ Newspaperarticle from "Handelsblatt", 2000-10-12]</ref>
@@ Line 38: / Line 39: @@
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+* {{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004392137_011 |chapter=Living with the Genome, by Angus Clark and Flo Ticehurst, within the Muslim Context |title=Islamic Ethics and the Genome Question |date=2019 |last1=Shabana |first1=Ayman |pages=241–249 |isbn=978-90-04-39212-0 }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Norman |first1=Peter |title=Celera Genomics |journal=Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents |date=September 2004 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1345–1349 |doi=10.1517/13543776.14.9.1345 }}
 ==External links==

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