Faithful Word Baptist Church: Difference between revisions
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'''Faithful Word Baptist Church''' is a [[New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist]] church in [[Tempe, Arizona]], that was founded by [[Steven Anderson (pastor)|Steven Anderson]]. The church describes itself as "an old-fashioned, independent, [[Christian fundamentalism|fundamental]], [[King James Only movement|King James Bible-only]], [[Approaches to evangelism#Door-to-door preaching|soul-winning]] Baptist church."<ref name = FWBC_HomePage>{{cite web | url = http://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/index.html| title = Faithful Word Baptist Church – Phoenix, AZ| author = Faithful Word Baptist Church| access-date = July 8, 2012}}</ref> Members of the church meet in an office space that is located inside a [[strip mall]].<ref name = FWBC_HomePage/><ref name=ABC/> Anderson established the church in December 2005 and remains its [[pastor]]. |
'''Faithful Word Baptist Church''' is a [[New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist]] church in [[Tempe, Arizona]], that was founded by [[Steven Anderson (pastor)|Steven Anderson]]. The church describes itself as "an old-fashioned, independent, [[Christian fundamentalism|fundamental]], [[King James Only movement|King James Bible-only]], [[Approaches to evangelism#Door-to-door preaching|soul-winning]] Baptist church."<ref name = FWBC_HomePage>{{cite web | url = http://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/index.html| title = Faithful Word Baptist Church – Phoenix, AZ| author = Faithful Word Baptist Church| access-date = July 8, 2012}}</ref> Members of the church meet in an office space that is located inside a [[strip mall]].<ref name = FWBC_HomePage/><ref name=ABC/> Anderson established the church in December 2005 and remains its [[pastor]]. |
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In August 2009, the church received national attention when Anderson stated in a sermon that he was praying for the death of then-president [[Barack Obama]]. The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) listed Faithful Word Baptist Church as an [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups|anti-gay hate group]], citing its pastor's "extremely radical stance" that homosexuals should be judged and [[Capital punishment|executed]] according to the [[Law of Moses]].<ref name=EvelynS/> Its documentary titled ''Marching to Zion'' was labeled as [[antisemitic]] by the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-deeply-troubled-at-upcoming-documentary-film-denigrating-jews-and-judaism|title=ADL Deeply Troubled at Upcoming Documentary Film Denigrating Jews and Judaism|date=November 24, 2014|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en|access-date=February 17, 2018}}</ref> Its pastor was refused entry to [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-13 |title=South Africa bars anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37349683 |access-date=2022-12-28}}</ref> [[Botswana]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37418875|title=Botswana to deport anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson|date=2016-09-20|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-lgbt-idUSKCN11Q1CS|title=Botswana deports U.S. pastor Steven Anderson over anti-gay views|date=2016-09-20|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> [[Jamaica]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/711455/Gay-hating-preacher-called-Orlando-victims-paedophiles-banned-coming-UK|title=Gay hating preacher who called Orlando victims 'paedophiles' banned from coming to UK|date=2016-09-16|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/anti.gay.pastor.steven.anderson.banned.from.uk/95585.htm|title=Anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson banned from UK {{!}} Christian News on Christian Today|website=www.christiantoday.com|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> the [[Schengen Area]], the [[Republic of Ireland]],<ref name="irishban">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/anti-gay-preacher-is-first-ever-banned-from-ireland-under-exclusion-powers-1.3889848|title=Anti-gay preacher is first-ever banned from Ireland under exclusion powers|first=Harry |last=McGee|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> [[Australia]],<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Australia-becomes-33rd-country-to-ban-entry-to-pastor-who-said-gay-people-should-die|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723204607/https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Australia-becomes-33rd-country-to-ban-entry-to-pastor-who-said-gay-people-should-die|title=Australia becomes 33rd country to ban entry to pastor who said gay people should die|archive-date=23 July 2019|date=23 July 2019|author=Eno Adeogun|work=www.premier.org.uk|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontopmag.com/article/47404/New_Zealand_Bans_Homophobic_Pastor_Steven_Anderson|title=New Zealand Bans Homophobic Pastor Steven Anderson|website=On Top Magazine}}</ref> |
In August 2009, the church received national attention when Anderson stated in a sermon that he was praying for the death of then-president [[Barack Obama]]. The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) listed Faithful Word Baptist Church as an [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups|anti-gay hate group]], citing its pastor's "extremely radical stance" that homosexuals should be judged and [[Capital punishment|executed]] according to the [[Law of Moses]].<ref name=EvelynS/> Its documentary titled ''Marching to Zion'' was labeled as [[antisemitic]] by the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-deeply-troubled-at-upcoming-documentary-film-denigrating-jews-and-judaism|title=ADL Deeply Troubled at Upcoming Documentary Film Denigrating Jews and Judaism|date=November 24, 2014|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en|access-date=February 17, 2018}}</ref> Its pastor was refused entry to [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-13 |title=South Africa bars anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37349683 |access-date=2022-12-28}}</ref> [[Botswana]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37418875|title=Botswana to deport anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson|date=2016-09-20|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-lgbt-idUSKCN11Q1CS|title=Botswana deports U.S. pastor Steven Anderson over anti-gay views|date=2016-09-20|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> [[Jamaica]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/711455/Gay-hating-preacher-called-Orlando-victims-paedophiles-banned-coming-UK|title=Gay hating preacher who called Orlando victims 'paedophiles' banned from coming to UK|date=2016-09-16|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/anti.gay.pastor.steven.anderson.banned.from.uk/95585.htm|title=Anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson banned from UK {{!}} Christian News on Christian Today|website=www.christiantoday.com|date=September 16, 2016 |access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> the [[Schengen Area]], the [[Republic of Ireland]],<ref name="irishban">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/anti-gay-preacher-is-first-ever-banned-from-ireland-under-exclusion-powers-1.3889848|title=Anti-gay preacher is first-ever banned from Ireland under exclusion powers|first=Harry |last=McGee|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> [[Australia]],<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Australia-becomes-33rd-country-to-ban-entry-to-pastor-who-said-gay-people-should-die|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723204607/https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Australia-becomes-33rd-country-to-ban-entry-to-pastor-who-said-gay-people-should-die|title=Australia becomes 33rd country to ban entry to pastor who said gay people should die|archive-date=23 July 2019|date=23 July 2019|author=Eno Adeogun|work=www.premier.org.uk|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontopmag.com/article/47404/New_Zealand_Bans_Homophobic_Pastor_Steven_Anderson|title=New Zealand Bans Homophobic Pastor Steven Anderson|website=On Top Magazine}}</ref> |
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==Doctrine== |
==Doctrine== |
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[[File:Steven L Anderson preaching at his church in April 2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[Steven Anderson (pastor)|Steven Anderson]] preaching a sermon on the [[post-tribulation rapture]], a core doctrine of his church, on April 30, 2017]]According to its doctrinal statement, Faithful Word Baptist Church believes that the [[King James Bible]] is the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrant Word of God]]. It is [[Trinity|Trinitarian]] and rejects [[Oneness Pentecostalism|modalism]]. The church also believes in the [[post-tribulation rapture]], [[salvation by grace]] through faith, and [[Christian views on Hell#Eternal torment view|eternal torment in hell for the unsaved]]. Among the church's beliefs is the view that life begins at conception, the view that [[homosexuality]] is a [[sin]] and an [[Abomination (Bible)|abomination]] which God punishes with the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]], and opposition to [[World#Christianity|worldliness]], [[Formalism (philosophy)|formalism]], [[modernism]], and [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]].<ref name="doctrine">{{cite web|title=Doctrinal Statement|url=https://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/page6.html |
[[File:Steven L Anderson preaching at his church in April 2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[Steven Anderson (pastor)|Steven Anderson]] preaching a sermon on the [[post-tribulation rapture]], a core doctrine of his church, on April 30, 2017]]According to its doctrinal statement, Faithful Word Baptist Church believes that the [[King James Bible]] is the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrant Word of God]]. It is [[Trinity|Trinitarian]] and rejects [[Oneness Pentecostalism|modalism]]. The church also believes in the [[post-tribulation rapture]], [[salvation by grace]] through faith, and [[Christian views on Hell#Eternal torment view|eternal torment in hell for the unsaved]]. Among the church's beliefs is the view that life begins at conception, the view that [[homosexuality]] is a [[sin]] and an [[Abomination (Bible)|abomination]] which God punishes with the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]], and opposition to [[World#Christianity|worldliness]], [[Formalism (philosophy)|formalism]], [[modernism]], and [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]].<ref name="doctrine">{{cite web|title=Doctrinal Statement|url=https://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/page6.html|access-date=December 28, 2021|publisher=Faithful Word Baptist Church|location=Tempe, Arizona}}</ref> |
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Faithful Word Baptist Church is strictly [[ |
Faithful Word Baptist Church is strictly [[anti-abortion]]. [[In vitro fertilization]] is seen as murder, because embryos are discarded during the process.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/wife-of-homophobic-us-pastor-slams-sa-blogger-over-ivf-20160906|title=Wife of homophobic US pastor slams SA blogger over IVF|last=Evans|first=Jenni|date=September 6, 2016|work=News24|access-date=November 13, 2018|publisher=IAB South Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/generalinvitation.pdf|title=Faithful Word Baptist Church invitation to church|last=Anderson|first=Steven|access-date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> |
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Anderson has |
Anderson has preached against feminism, referring to [[Iceland]] as "a feminist hell."<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: American preacher denounces Iceland as a "feminist hell", "a nation of bastards" |url=https://icelandmag.is/article/watch-american-preacher-denounces-iceland-a-feminist-hell-a-nation-bastards |website=Icelandmag |access-date=20 September 2020 |language=en |date=27 April 2016}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Anderson established the church on [[Christmas Day]], 2005.<ref name=EvelynS>{{cite web|last=Schlatter|first=Evelyn|title=18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda: Faithful Word Baptist Church|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/winter/the-hard-liners|publisher=SPLC|access-date=August 25, 2012 }}</ref> The church's website states, "Faithful Word Baptist Church is a totally independent Baptist church, and Pastor Anderson was sent out by a totally independent Baptist church to start it the old-fashioned way by knocking on doors and winning souls to Christ."<ref>{{cite web|title=Our pastor |url=http://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/page2.html|publisher=Faithful Word Baptist Church|access-date=August 25, 2012}}</ref> About a year and a half later the church was moved to a strip mall that was also used by Anderson's fire alarm installation business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/blogs/steven-andersons-three-alarm-baptist-church-barry-lynn-of-americans-united-for-the-separation-of-church-and-state-weighs-in-6500499 |title=Steven Anderson's Three Alarm Baptist Church: Barry Lynn of Americans United for the Separation of Church and State Weighs In |newspaper=Phoenix New Times|date=September 10, 2009 |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |access-date= June 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/i-hate-obama-pastor-draws-protestors-outside-church-40764/ |title='I Hate Obama' Pastor Draws Protesters Outside Church |newspaper=Christian Post|date=September 8, 2009 |last= Riley |first=Jennifer |access-date= June 23, 2016}}</ref> By 2015, the congregation numbered around |
Anderson established the church on [[Christmas Day]], 2005.<ref name=EvelynS>{{cite web|last=Schlatter|first=Evelyn|title=18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda: Faithful Word Baptist Church|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/winter/the-hard-liners|publisher=SPLC|access-date=August 25, 2012 }}</ref> The church's website states, "Faithful Word Baptist Church is a totally independent Baptist church, and Pastor Anderson was sent out by a totally independent Baptist church to start it the old-fashioned way by knocking on doors and winning souls to Christ."<ref>{{cite web|title=Our pastor |url=http://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/page2.html|publisher=Faithful Word Baptist Church|access-date=August 25, 2012}}</ref> About a year and a half later the church was moved to a strip mall that was also used by Anderson's fire alarm installation business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/blogs/steven-andersons-three-alarm-baptist-church-barry-lynn-of-americans-united-for-the-separation-of-church-and-state-weighs-in-6500499 |title=Steven Anderson's Three Alarm Baptist Church: Barry Lynn of Americans United for the Separation of Church and State Weighs In |newspaper=Phoenix New Times|date=September 10, 2009 |last=Lemons |first=Stephen |access-date= June 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/i-hate-obama-pastor-draws-protestors-outside-church-40764/ |title='I Hate Obama' Pastor Draws Protesters Outside Church |newspaper=Christian Post|date=September 8, 2009 |last= Riley |first=Jennifer |access-date= June 23, 2016}}</ref> By 2015, the congregation numbered around 150 members.<ref name="Magahern">{{cite web |url=https://www.phoenixmag.com/2015/06/01/west-of-westboro/ |title=West of Westboro |newspaper=Phoenixmag.com |date=June 2015 |first=Jimmy |last=Magahern |access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> |
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===National attention over Anderson's sermon on President Obama=== |
===National attention over Anderson's sermon on President Obama=== |
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The church received national attention in the United States in August 2009, when Anderson gave a sermon—entitled ''Why I Hate Barack Obama''—in which he said he prayed for the death of the president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allen Jr.|first=Eddie B.|title=Arizona Pastor Calls for Obama Death|url=http://www1.bet.com/WebApplications/betRoot/shared/templates/ArticleCols-2.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID=%7B3A08B4EB-4A5E-4507-B64B-BEB3F3E7E221%7D&NRORIGINALURL=%2FNews%2FNational_Phoenixs_Messenger_of_Hate.htm&NRCACHEHINT=Guest|access-date=August 25, 2012|publisher=BET|date=August 31, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907070635/http://www.bet.com/WebApplications/betRoot/shared/templates/ArticleCols-2.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2FNews%2FNational_Phoenixs_Messenger_of_Hate%2Ehtm&NRNODEGUID=%7B3A08B4EB-4A5E-4507-B64B-BEB3F3E7E221%7D&NRCACHEHINT=Guest|archive-date=September 7, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brody|first=David|title=A Hateful 'Sermon' Against President Obama|url=http://blogs.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2009/08/31/a-hateful-sermon-against-president-obama.aspx|access-date=August 25, 2012|publisher=CBN|date=August 31, 2009}}</ref> |
The church received national attention in the United States in August 2009, when Anderson gave a sermon—entitled ''Why I Hate Barack Obama''—in which he said he prayed for the death of the president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allen Jr.|first=Eddie B.|title=Arizona Pastor Calls for Obama Death|url=http://www1.bet.com/WebApplications/betRoot/shared/templates/ArticleCols-2.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID=%7B3A08B4EB-4A5E-4507-B64B-BEB3F3E7E221%7D&NRORIGINALURL=%2FNews%2FNational_Phoenixs_Messenger_of_Hate.htm&NRCACHEHINT=Guest|access-date=August 25, 2012|publisher=BET|date=August 31, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907070635/http://www.bet.com/WebApplications/betRoot/shared/templates/ArticleCols-2.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2FNews%2FNational_Phoenixs_Messenger_of_Hate%2Ehtm&NRNODEGUID=%7B3A08B4EB-4A5E-4507-B64B-BEB3F3E7E221%7D&NRCACHEHINT=Guest|archive-date=September 7, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brody|first=David|title=A Hateful 'Sermon' Against President Obama|url=http://blogs.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2009/08/31/a-hateful-sermon-against-president-obama.aspx|access-date=August 25, 2012|publisher=CBN|date=August 31, 2009}}</ref> |
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Anderson did not solicit the killing of Obama but he did suggest that the country would "benefit" from his death.<ref name=cbsnews>{{cite news|last=Sundby|first=Alex|title=Minister in Spotlight After Obama Death Prayers|url= |
Anderson did not solicit the killing of Obama but he did suggest that the country would "benefit" from his death.<ref name=cbsnews>{{cite news|last=Sundby|first=Alex|title=Minister in Spotlight After Obama Death Prayers|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minister-in-spotlight-after-obama-death-prayers/|access-date=August 25, 2012|work=CBS News|date=September 8, 2009}}</ref> Anderson also told the local television station [[KNXV-TV]] that he would like it if Obama were to die of natural causes because he does not "want him to be a [[martyr]]" and he also believes that "we don't need another holiday".<ref name=cbsnews/> Anderson told columnist [[Michelangelo Signorile]] that he "would not judge or condemn" anyone who killed the president.<ref name=EvelynS/> |
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Anderson's invective against Obama is partially based on his opposition to Obama's support for [[abortion rights]].<ref name=Foxnews>{{cite news|title=Phoenix Pastor Draws Protests After Telling Church He Prays for Obama's Death |url= |
Anderson's invective against Obama is partially based on his opposition to Obama's support for [[abortion rights]].<ref name=Foxnews>{{cite news|title=Phoenix Pastor Draws Protests After Telling Church He Prays for Obama's Death |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/phoenix-pastor-draws-protests-after-telling-church-he-prays-for-obamas-death/|access-date=August 25, 2012|publisher=Fox News|date=August 31, 2009}}</ref><ref name=nmi>{{cite news|last=Doland|first=Gwyneth|title=Kokesh and the guy who brought an assault rifle to an Obama event|url=http://newmexicoindependent.com/42647/kokesh-and-the-guy-who-brought-an-assault-rifle-to-an-obama-event|access-date=August 25, 2012|newspaper=New Mexico Independent|date=December 4, 2009|publisher=[[American Independent Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014134155/http://newmexicoindependent.com/42647/kokesh-and-the-guy-who-brought-an-assault-rifle-to-an-obama-event| archive-date=October 14, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anderson was then the recipient of [[death threat]]s while a group, People Against Clergy Who Preach Hate, organized a "love rally" which was attended by approximately one hundred people outside the church.<ref name=Foxnews/><ref name="azcentral">{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Betty|title=Church defends pastor; protesters rally|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/09/06/20090906rally0907.html|access-date=August 25, 2012|newspaper=The Arizona Republic|date=September 6, 2009}}</ref> |
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The day after Anderson delivered his ''Why I Hate Barack Obama'' sermon, a church member, Chris Broughton, carried an [[AR-15]] [[semiautomatic rifle]] and a [[pistol]] to the [[Phoenix Convention Center]], where President Obama was speaking.<ref name=ABC/><ref name="azcentral" /> Broughton explained that he was not motivated by the sermon although he agreed with it.<ref name=Foxnews /> The ''New Mexico Independent'' reported that Broughton's appearance at the rally was part of a publicity stunt that was organized by conservative radio talk show host Ernest Hancock, who also came to the rally armed, and engaged in a staged interview with Broughton which was later broadcast on [[YouTube]].<ref name=nmi/> Anderson told [[ABC News]] affiliate KNXV-TV in Phoenix that the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] contacted him after this event.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news|last=James|first=Susan Donaldson|title=Protesters Rally Against Pastor's 'Why I Hate Obama' Sermon|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/arizona-protesters-rally-obama-hating-pastor/story?id=8510835#|access-date=August 25, 2012|work=ABC News|date=September 7, 2009}}</ref> |
The day after Anderson delivered his ''Why I Hate Barack Obama'' sermon, a church member, Chris Broughton, carried an [[AR-15]] [[semiautomatic rifle]] and a [[pistol]] to the [[Phoenix Convention Center]], where President Obama was speaking.<ref name=ABC/><ref name="azcentral" /> Broughton explained that he was not motivated by the sermon although he agreed with it.<ref name=Foxnews /> The ''New Mexico Independent'' reported that Broughton's appearance at the rally was part of a publicity stunt that was organized by conservative radio talk show host Ernest Hancock, who also came to the rally armed, and engaged in a staged interview with Broughton which was later broadcast on [[YouTube]].<ref name=nmi/> Anderson told [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] affiliate KNXV-TV in Phoenix that the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] contacted him after this event.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news|last=James|first=Susan Donaldson|title=Protesters Rally Against Pastor's 'Why I Hate Obama' Sermon|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/arizona-protesters-rally-obama-hating-pastor/story?id=8510835#|access-date=August 25, 2012|work=ABC News|date=September 7, 2009}}</ref> |
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===Anti-gay comments and hate group designation=== |
===Anti-gay comments and hate group designation=== |
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In a sermon, Anderson said that in the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] the victims brought the attack upon themselves by being [[Theistic Satanism|devil worshipers]] for attending a concert by the [[Eagles of Death Metal]] band, and he also said that [[France]] was a sinful nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/arizona-preacher-attacks-victims-of-paris-attacks-and-sinful-nation-of-france-7835833 |title=Extremist Arizona Pastor Attacks Victims of Paris Attacks |newspaper=[[Phoenix New Times]] |date=November 19, 2015 |last=Hogan |first=Shanna |access-date= June 13, 2016}}</ref> In a video which he posted on YouTube following the 2016 [[Orlando nightclub shooting]], Anderson said it was good that there were "50 less [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]] in this world," but he also said that it was bad that there were survivors. He also said that there would be a backlash against [[Gun politics in the United States|gun rights]] and religious [[fundamentalism]], both [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian]] and [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic]]. He also said that the killings should not have been carried out by a [[vigilante]], instead, he believes that they should have been carried out "through the proper channels by a righteous government."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/orlando.shootings.theres.only.one.answer.to.people.who.peddle.hate/88257.htm |title=Orlando shootings: There's only one answer to people who peddle hate |newspaper=[[Christian Today]]|date=June 13, 2016 |last=Woods |first=Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/06/14/pastor-refuses-to-mourn-orlando-victims-the-tragedy-is-that-more-of-them-didnt-die/ |title=Pastor refuses to mourn Orlando victims: 'The tragedy is that more of them didn't die' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= June 14, 2016 |last=Bever |first=Lindsey |access-date= June 14, 2016}}</ref> |
In a sermon, Anderson said that in the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] the victims brought the attack upon themselves by being [[Theistic Satanism|devil worshipers]] for attending a concert by the [[Eagles of Death Metal]] band, and he also said that [[France]] was a sinful nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/arizona-preacher-attacks-victims-of-paris-attacks-and-sinful-nation-of-france-7835833 |title=Extremist Arizona Pastor Attacks Victims of Paris Attacks |newspaper=[[Phoenix New Times]] |date=November 19, 2015 |last=Hogan |first=Shanna |access-date= June 13, 2016}}</ref> In a video which he posted on YouTube following the 2016 [[Orlando nightclub shooting]], Anderson said it was good that there were "50 less [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]] in this world," but he also said that it was bad that there were survivors. He also said that there would be a backlash against [[Gun politics in the United States|gun rights]] and religious [[fundamentalism]], both [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian]] and [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic]]. He also said that the killings should not have been carried out by a [[vigilante]], instead, he believes that they should have been carried out "through the proper channels by a righteous government."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/orlando.shootings.theres.only.one.answer.to.people.who.peddle.hate/88257.htm |title=Orlando shootings: There's only one answer to people who peddle hate |newspaper=[[Christian Today]]|date=June 13, 2016 |last=Woods |first=Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/06/14/pastor-refuses-to-mourn-orlando-victims-the-tragedy-is-that-more-of-them-didnt-die/ |title=Pastor refuses to mourn Orlando victims: 'The tragedy is that more of them didn't die' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= June 14, 2016 |last=Bever |first=Lindsey |access-date= June 14, 2016}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Videos === |
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In March 2015, Anderson produced a documentary titled ''Marching to Zion'', in which he argued that the anticipated [[Jewish messianism|Jewish messiah]] is the [[Antichrist]] and the [[Talmud]] is blasphemous.<ref name="Borkett-Jones 2014">{{cite news|last1=Borkett-Jones|first1=Lucinda|date=December 10, 2014|title=Anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson tricks rabbis into making anti-Semitic film|work=[[Christian Today]]|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/anti.gay.pastor.steven.anderson.tricks.rabbis.into.making.anti.semitic.film/44222.htm|access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref>{{efn|In Anderson's video ''[[iarchive:marching-to-zion-full-uncensored|Marching to Zion]]'', he argues that the anticipated [[Jewish messianism|Jewish messiah]] is the [[Antichrist]] and the [[Talmud]] is blasphemous.}} In May 2015, Anderson promoted [[Holocaust denial]] by posting a now blacklisted YouTube documentary titled ''The Holocaust Hoax Exposed''.{{efn|Anderson promoted [[Holocaust denial]] in his video ''[[iarchive:TheHolocaustHoaxExposed|The Holocaust Hoax Exposed]]''}} In 2021, NIFB Pastor Jonathan Shelley released a documentary titled ''The Sodomite Deception'' starring Anderson. The film criticizes the expansion of LGBTQ rights, with Shelley advocating for the [[death penalty]] to be used on the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{cite web |title=The New Independent Fundamental Baptist (New IFB) Movement |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/new-independent-fundamental-baptist-new-ifb-movement |date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref>{{efn|''[[iarchive:the-sodomite-deception-movie|The Sodomite Deception]]'' celebrates the brutal punishment of homosexuals.}} |
In March 2015, Anderson produced a documentary titled ''Marching to Zion'', in which he argued that the anticipated [[Jewish messianism|Jewish messiah]] is the [[Antichrist]] and the [[Talmud]] is blasphemous.<ref name="Borkett-Jones 2014">{{cite news|last1=Borkett-Jones|first1=Lucinda|date=December 10, 2014|title=Anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson tricks rabbis into making anti-Semitic film|work=[[Christian Today]]|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/anti.gay.pastor.steven.anderson.tricks.rabbis.into.making.anti.semitic.film/44222.htm|access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref>{{efn|In Anderson's video ''[[iarchive:marching-to-zion-full-uncensored|Marching to Zion]]'', he argues that the anticipated [[Jewish messianism|Jewish messiah]] is the [[Antichrist]] and the [[Talmud]] is blasphemous.}} In May 2015, Anderson promoted [[Holocaust denial]] by posting a now blacklisted YouTube documentary titled ''The Holocaust Hoax Exposed''.{{efn|Anderson promoted [[Holocaust denial]] in his video ''[[iarchive:TheHolocaustHoaxExposed|The Holocaust Hoax Exposed]]''}} In 2021, NIFB Pastor Jonathan Shelley released a documentary titled ''The Sodomite Deception'' starring Anderson. The film criticizes the expansion of LGBTQ rights, with Shelley advocating for the [[death penalty]] to be used on the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{cite web |title=The New Independent Fundamental Baptist (New IFB) Movement |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/new-independent-fundamental-baptist-new-ifb-movement |date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref>{{efn|''[[iarchive:the-sodomite-deception-movie|The Sodomite Deception]]'' celebrates the brutal punishment of homosexuals.}} |
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=== German branch === |
=== German branch === |
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In May 2022, a |
In May 2022, a Faithful Word Baptist Church branch was founded in the German city of [[Pforzheim]].<ref name="BNN">{{cite web |title=Schwulen-Hass: Radikale US-Christen gründen in Pforzheim erste Deutschland-Filiale |url=https://bnn.de/pforzheim/pforzheim-stadt/schwulen-hass-faithful-word-sekte-homosexuelle-filiale-deutschland-pforzheim |url-access=registration |author=Streib, Daniel |date=16 March 2023 |publisher=Badische Neueste Nachrichten |language=de}}</ref> The preachings of local pastor Anselm Urban, German representative of the Faithful Word Baptist Church, appointed by Anderson himself, made headlines in local newspapers, as he had openly wished death upon [[Sven Lehmann]], the German Commissioner for the Acceptance of Sexual and Gender Diversity<ref name="BNN"/>{{efn|''(Translated from german)'': Upon request, the preacher replied in a calm fashion: "My statement was: Sven Lehmann, [[Faggot (slur)|Faggot]], die!“}} and demanded the government to kill queers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Görlitzer Fundi verlangt Sven Lehmanns Tod |url=https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=41179 |author=Jeja Klein |website=queer.de |language=de}}</ref> <br> A complaint was filed, forcing Urban to pay a fine of 1020 [[Euro]]s. Evading punishment, he subsequently fled the country claiming [[religious persecution]], seeking refuge in [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe, AZ]], from where he continues preaching to his German congregation via [[webcast]].<ref name="Mannschaft">{{cite web |title=Evangelische Kirche klagt gegen schwulenfeindliche Baptistenkirche |url=https://mannschaft.com/evangelische-kirche-klagt-gegen-schwulenfeindliche-baptistenkirche/ |author=Paul, Carolin |date=18 March 2023 |website=mannschaft.com |language=de}}</ref> |
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According to Urban, the German branch has around 300 members, with approximately 10 |
According to Urban, the German branch has around 300 members, with approximately 10 attending church service.<ref name="Mannschaft"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Christianity| |
{{Portal|Christianity|LGBTQ}} |
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* [[Anti-Catholicism]] |
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* [[Anti-Judaism]] |
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* [[Antisemitism in Christianity]] |
* [[Antisemitism in Christianity]] |
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* [[Biblical patriarchy]] |
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* [[Christian fundamentalism]] |
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* [[Christianity and homosexuality]] |
* [[Christianity and homosexuality]] |
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* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]] |
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* [[Criticism of Judaism]] |
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* [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups]] |
* [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups]] |
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* [[Religious antisemitism]] |
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* [[Societal attitudes toward homosexuality]] |
* [[Societal attitudes toward homosexuality]] |
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* [[Westboro Baptist Church]] |
* [[Westboro Baptist Church]] |
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* [[Women in Christianity]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Critics of the Catholic Church]] |
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[[Category:King James Only movement]] |
[[Category:King James Only movement]] |
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[[Category:Baptist churches in Arizona]] |
[[Category:Baptist churches in Arizona]] |
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[[Category:Organizations based in Tempe, Arizona]] |
[[Category:Organizations based in Tempe, Arizona]] |
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[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2005]] |
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2005]] |
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[[Category:Organizations that oppose |
[[Category:Organizations that oppose LGBTQ rights in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Holocaust denial]] |
[[Category:Holocaust denial]] |
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[[Category:2005 establishments in Arizona]] |
[[Category:2005 establishments in Arizona]] |
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[[Category:Independent Baptist churches in the United States]] |
[[Category:Independent Baptist churches in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Anti- |
[[Category:Anti-LGBTQ and Baptist churches]] |
Latest revision as of 01:18, 10 November 2024
33°23′31″N 111°58′39″W / 33.391824°N 111.977496°W Faithful Word Baptist Church is a New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist church in Tempe, Arizona, that was founded by Steven Anderson. The church describes itself as "an old-fashioned, independent, fundamental, King James Bible-only, soul-winning Baptist church."[1] Members of the church meet in an office space that is located inside a strip mall.[1][2] Anderson established the church in December 2005 and remains its pastor.
In August 2009, the church received national attention when Anderson stated in a sermon that he was praying for the death of then-president Barack Obama. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) listed Faithful Word Baptist Church as an anti-gay hate group, citing its pastor's "extremely radical stance" that homosexuals should be judged and executed according to the Law of Moses.[3] Its documentary titled Marching to Zion was labeled as antisemitic by the Anti-Defamation League.[4] Its pastor was refused entry to South Africa,[5] Botswana,[6][7] Jamaica, Canada, the United Kingdom,[8][9] the Schengen Area, the Republic of Ireland,[10] Australia,[11] and New Zealand.[12]
Doctrine
[edit]According to its doctrinal statement, Faithful Word Baptist Church believes that the King James Bible is the inerrant Word of God. It is Trinitarian and rejects modalism. The church also believes in the post-tribulation rapture, salvation by grace through faith, and eternal torment in hell for the unsaved. Among the church's beliefs is the view that life begins at conception, the view that homosexuality is a sin and an abomination which God punishes with the death penalty, and opposition to worldliness, formalism, modernism, and liberalism.[13]
Faithful Word Baptist Church is strictly anti-abortion. In vitro fertilization is seen as murder, because embryos are discarded during the process.[14][15]
Anderson has preached against feminism, referring to Iceland as "a feminist hell."[16]
History
[edit]Anderson established the church on Christmas Day, 2005.[3] The church's website states, "Faithful Word Baptist Church is a totally independent Baptist church, and Pastor Anderson was sent out by a totally independent Baptist church to start it the old-fashioned way by knocking on doors and winning souls to Christ."[17] About a year and a half later the church was moved to a strip mall that was also used by Anderson's fire alarm installation business.[18][19] By 2015, the congregation numbered around 150 members.[20]
National attention over Anderson's sermon on President Obama
[edit]The church received national attention in the United States in August 2009, when Anderson gave a sermon—entitled Why I Hate Barack Obama—in which he said he prayed for the death of the president.[21][22]
Anderson did not solicit the killing of Obama but he did suggest that the country would "benefit" from his death.[23] Anderson also told the local television station KNXV-TV that he would like it if Obama were to die of natural causes because he does not "want him to be a martyr" and he also believes that "we don't need another holiday".[23] Anderson told columnist Michelangelo Signorile that he "would not judge or condemn" anyone who killed the president.[3]
Anderson's invective against Obama is partially based on his opposition to Obama's support for abortion rights.[24][25] Anderson was then the recipient of death threats while a group, People Against Clergy Who Preach Hate, organized a "love rally" which was attended by approximately one hundred people outside the church.[24][26]
The day after Anderson delivered his Why I Hate Barack Obama sermon, a church member, Chris Broughton, carried an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle and a pistol to the Phoenix Convention Center, where President Obama was speaking.[2][26] Broughton explained that he was not motivated by the sermon although he agreed with it.[24] The New Mexico Independent reported that Broughton's appearance at the rally was part of a publicity stunt that was organized by conservative radio talk show host Ernest Hancock, who also came to the rally armed, and engaged in a staged interview with Broughton which was later broadcast on YouTube.[25] Anderson told ABC News affiliate KNXV-TV in Phoenix that the Secret Service contacted him after this event.[2]
Anti-gay comments and hate group designation
[edit]The SPLC has listed the church as an anti-gay hate group, noting that in his anti-LGBT rhetoric, Anderson described gays as "sodomites who recruit through rape" and "recruit through molestation."[3] In explaining the hate group designation, the SPLC noted Anderson's position that homosexuals should be killed, citing a sermon in which he said, "The biggest hypocrite in the world is the person who believes in the death penalty for murderers but not in the death penalty for homosexuals."[3] In late 2014 Anderson told his congregation that an AIDS-free Christmas would be possible "Because if you executed the homos like God recommends, you wouldn't have all this AIDS running rampant."[27] Anderson has also been vocal in expressing his hatred for transgender people, stating during a sermon titled 6 Types of Prayer that he hopes that Caitlyn Jenner's heart explodes.[28]
In a sermon, Anderson said that in the November 2015 Paris attacks the victims brought the attack upon themselves by being devil worshipers for attending a concert by the Eagles of Death Metal band, and he also said that France was a sinful nation.[29] In a video which he posted on YouTube following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Anderson said it was good that there were "50 less pedophiles in this world," but he also said that it was bad that there were survivors. He also said that there would be a backlash against gun rights and religious fundamentalism, both Christian and Islamic. He also said that the killings should not have been carried out by a vigilante, instead, he believes that they should have been carried out "through the proper channels by a righteous government."[30][31]
Videos
[edit]In March 2015, Anderson produced a documentary titled Marching to Zion, in which he argued that the anticipated Jewish messiah is the Antichrist and the Talmud is blasphemous.[32][a] In May 2015, Anderson promoted Holocaust denial by posting a now blacklisted YouTube documentary titled The Holocaust Hoax Exposed.[b] In 2021, NIFB Pastor Jonathan Shelley released a documentary titled The Sodomite Deception starring Anderson. The film criticizes the expansion of LGBTQ rights, with Shelley advocating for the death penalty to be used on the LGBTQ community.[33][c]
German branch
[edit]In May 2022, a Faithful Word Baptist Church branch was founded in the German city of Pforzheim.[34] The preachings of local pastor Anselm Urban, German representative of the Faithful Word Baptist Church, appointed by Anderson himself, made headlines in local newspapers, as he had openly wished death upon Sven Lehmann, the German Commissioner for the Acceptance of Sexual and Gender Diversity[34][d] and demanded the government to kill queers.[35]
A complaint was filed, forcing Urban to pay a fine of 1020 Euros. Evading punishment, he subsequently fled the country claiming religious persecution, seeking refuge in Tempe, AZ, from where he continues preaching to his German congregation via webcast.[36]
According to Urban, the German branch has around 300 members, with approximately 10 attending church service.[36]
See also
[edit]- Antisemitism in Christianity
- Christianity and homosexuality
- List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
- Westboro Baptist Church
Notes
[edit]- ^ In Anderson's video Marching to Zion, he argues that the anticipated Jewish messiah is the Antichrist and the Talmud is blasphemous.
- ^ Anderson promoted Holocaust denial in his video The Holocaust Hoax Exposed
- ^ The Sodomite Deception celebrates the brutal punishment of homosexuals.
- ^ (Translated from german): Upon request, the preacher replied in a calm fashion: "My statement was: Sven Lehmann, Faggot, die!“
References
[edit]- ^ a b Faithful Word Baptist Church. "Faithful Word Baptist Church – Phoenix, AZ". Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c James, Susan Donaldson (September 7, 2009). "Protesters Rally Against Pastor's 'Why I Hate Obama' Sermon". ABC News. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Schlatter, Evelyn. "18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda: Faithful Word Baptist Church". SPLC. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ "ADL Deeply Troubled at Upcoming Documentary Film Denigrating Jews and Judaism". Anti-Defamation League. November 24, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
- ^ "South Africa bars anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson". BBC News. September 13, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
- ^ "Botswana to deport anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson". BBC News. September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- ^ "Botswana deports U.S. pastor Steven Anderson over anti-gay views". Reuters. September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- ^ "Gay hating preacher who called Orlando victims 'paedophiles' banned from coming to UK". September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- ^ "Anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson banned from UK | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- ^ McGee, Harry. "Anti-gay preacher is first-ever banned from Ireland under exclusion powers". The Irish Times.
- ^ Eno Adeogun (July 23, 2019). "Australia becomes 33rd country to ban entry to pastor who said gay people should die". www.premier.org.uk. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
- ^ "New Zealand Bans Homophobic Pastor Steven Anderson". On Top Magazine.
- ^ "Doctrinal Statement". Tempe, Arizona: Faithful Word Baptist Church. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ Evans, Jenni (September 6, 2016). "Wife of homophobic US pastor slams SA blogger over IVF". News24. IAB South Africa. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
- ^ Anderson, Steven. "Faithful Word Baptist Church invitation to church" (PDF). Retrieved November 14, 2018.
- ^ "Watch: American preacher denounces Iceland as a "feminist hell", "a nation of bastards"". Icelandmag. April 27, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
- ^ "Our pastor". Faithful Word Baptist Church. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ Lemons, Stephen (September 10, 2009). "Steven Anderson's Three Alarm Baptist Church: Barry Lynn of Americans United for the Separation of Church and State Weighs In". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ Riley, Jennifer (September 8, 2009). "'I Hate Obama' Pastor Draws Protesters Outside Church". Christian Post. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
- ^ Magahern, Jimmy (June 2015). "West of Westboro". Phoenixmag.com. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Allen Jr., Eddie B. (August 31, 2009). "Arizona Pastor Calls for Obama Death". BET. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ Brody, David (August 31, 2009). "A Hateful 'Sermon' Against President Obama". CBN. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ a b Sundby, Alex (September 8, 2009). "Minister in Spotlight After Obama Death Prayers". CBS News. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Phoenix Pastor Draws Protests After Telling Church He Prays for Obama's Death". Fox News. August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ a b Doland, Gwyneth (December 4, 2009). "Kokesh and the guy who brought an assault rifle to an Obama event". New Mexico Independent. American Independent Institute. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ a b Reid, Betty (September 6, 2009). "Church defends pastor; protesters rally". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ "US pastor says gay people should be executed". The Independent. December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
Because if you executed the homos like God recommends, you wouldn't have all this AIDS running rampant."
- ^ Salandra, Adam. "Pastor Prays Caitlyn Jenner's Heart Explodes In Her Chest". NewNowNext. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
- ^ Hogan, Shanna (November 19, 2015). "Extremist Arizona Pastor Attacks Victims of Paris Attacks". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
- ^ Woods, Mark (June 13, 2016). "Orlando shootings: There's only one answer to people who peddle hate". Christian Today.
- ^ Bever, Lindsey (June 14, 2016). "Pastor refuses to mourn Orlando victims: 'The tragedy is that more of them didn't die'". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
- ^ Borkett-Jones, Lucinda (December 10, 2014). "Anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson tricks rabbis into making anti-Semitic film". Christian Today. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
- ^ "The New Independent Fundamental Baptist (New IFB) Movement". Anti-Defamation League. June 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Streib, Daniel (March 16, 2023). "Schwulen-Hass: Radikale US-Christen gründen in Pforzheim erste Deutschland-Filiale" (in German). Badische Neueste Nachrichten.
- ^ Jeja Klein. "Görlitzer Fundi verlangt Sven Lehmanns Tod". queer.de (in German).
- ^ a b Paul, Carolin (March 18, 2023). "Evangelische Kirche klagt gegen schwulenfeindliche Baptistenkirche". mannschaft.com (in German).
External links
[edit]- King James Only movement
- Baptist churches in Arizona
- Organizations based in Tempe, Arizona
- Christian organizations established in 2005
- Organizations that oppose LGBTQ rights in the United States
- Holocaust denial
- 2005 establishments in Arizona
- Independent Baptist churches in the United States
- Anti-LGBTQ and Baptist churches