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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
⚫
{{distinguish|Montreal Biodome}}
{{short description|Environment museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada}}
{{short description|Environment museum in Montreal, Quebec}}
⚫
{{distinguish|Montreal Biodome}}
{{infobox museum
{{infobox museum
|name = Biosphere
|name = Biosphere
| native_name =
| native_name =
|image = 17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC 3883.jpg
|image = 17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC 3883.jpg
|established = 1967
|established = 1967
|location = 160 Tour-de-l'Isle road<br />[[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]<br />H3C 4G8
|location = 160 Tour-de-l'Isle road<br />[[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]<br />H3C 4G8
|type = [[Natural environment|environment]] museum
|type = [[Natural environment|environment]] museum
|director =
|director =
|curator =
|curator =
|owner = [[Space for Life]]
|owner = [[Space for Life]]
|publictransit = {{rint|montreal|metro}} {{rint|montreal|metro|4}} at [[Jean-Drapeau station|Jean-Drapeau]]
|publictransit = {{rint|montreal|metro}} {{rint|montreal|metro|4}} at [[Jean-Drapeau station|Jean-Drapeau]]
|visitors =
|visitors =
|website = {{url|https://espacepourlavie.ca/en/biosphere}}
|website = {{URL|https://espacepourlavie.ca/en/biosphere}}
}}
}}


The '''Biosphere''', also known as the '''Montreal Biosphere''', is a museum dedicated to the [[Natural environment|environment]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. It is housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for [[Expo 67]] located within the grounds of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] on [[Saint Helen's Island]]. The museum's [[geodesic dome]] was designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]].
The '''Biosphere''', also known as the '''Montreal Biosphere''' ({{Langx|fr|Biosphère de Montréal}}), is a museum dedicated to the [[Natural environment|environment]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada. It is housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for [[Expo 67]] located within the grounds of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] on [[Saint Helen's Island]]. The museum's [[geodesic dome]] was designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]].


== History ==
== History ==
=== Expo 67 ===
The structure was originally built as the United States pavilion at [[Expo 67]], which opened on 27 April 1967 and ran until 29 October 1967.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh, wowee! C'est magnifique! It's turned on! It's Expo!|work=Rutland Daily Herald|date=28 April 1967|author=John Mahoney|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-daily-herald-oh-wowee-cest-ma/127622190/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Montreal's mayor plans to keep Expo|work=The Boston Globe|date=30 October 1967|author=Douglas S. Crocket|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-montreals-mayor-plans/127622547/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Curated by the [[U.S. Information Agency]], the pavilion's attractions included an array of [[NASA]] spacecraft, a gallery of Hollywood memorabilia, and "American Painting Now", an exhibit of 22 large-scale works by American artists.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. pavilion: striking outside, but a 'sterile disaster' inside|work=The Buffalo News|date=28 April 1967|author=Robert Mayer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-us-pavilion-striking/127863291/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Escalator snarls U.S. pavilion tour|work=The Montreal Star|date=28 April 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-escalator-snarls-us/127863410/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
The structure was originally built as the United States pavilion at [[Expo 67]]. The [[United States Information Agency]], which was responsible for the U.S. presence at the exposition, revealed its plans for the pavilion in June 1965.<ref name=canadafair>{{cite news|title=U.S.'s Canada fair exhibit plans outlined|work=Minneapolis Tribune|date=27 June 1965|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-uss-canada-fair-exhibit/128672115/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The geodesic dome exterior was designed by [[R. Buckminster Fuller]] with [[Shoji Sadao]] and Geometrics Inc.,<ref>{{cite journal|title=R. Buckminster Fuller, the Expo '67 Pavilion and the Atoms for Peace Program|journal=Leonardo|date=October 2017|author=Rebecca Dalvesco|jstor=26808487|volume=50|issue=5|page=486}}</ref> while the interior structures and exhibits were designed by [[Cambridge Seven Associates]].<ref name=canadafair /> The construction project, led by the [[George A. Fuller Company]], began in December 1965.<ref>{{cite news|title=Groundwork gets started on U.S. Expo pavilion|work=The Montreal Star|date=20 December 1965|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-groundwork-gets-starte/128672348/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


The Expo opened on 27 April 1967 and ran until 29 October 1967.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oh, wowee! C'est magnifique! It's turned on! It's Expo!|work=Rutland Daily Herald|date=28 April 1967|author=John Mahoney|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-daily-herald-oh-wowee-cest-ma/127622190/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Montreal's mayor plans to keep Expo|work=The Boston Globe|date=30 October 1967|author=Douglas S. Crocket|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-montreals-mayor-plans/127622547/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Upon entering the pavilion, visitors ascended a {{convert|135|foot|adj=on}} escalator, reported to be the longest unsupported escalator in the world, to reach the exhibit platforms.<ref>{{cite news|title="Building going up" is common cry now at Canada's Exposition 1967|work=Transcript-Telegram|location=Holyoke, MA|date=16 November 1966|agency=New York Times News Service|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/transcript-telegram-building-going-up/130706555/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=escalator>{{cite news|title=Escalator snarls U.S. pavilion tour|work=The Montreal Star|date=28 April 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-escalator-snarls-us/127863410/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The two uppermost platforms held "Destination: Moon", an exhibit on [[NASA]]'s space programs; spacecraft were hung from the dome's steel frame, including the [[Freedom 7]], [[Gemini 7]], and Apollo [[AS-202]] capsules.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 years after the first step into space, it's all on display by U.S. and Soviet|work=The Gazette|location=Montreal|date=28 April 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-10-years-after-the-first-ste/129154880/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=7 men in a bubble|work=The Des Moines Register|date=23 April 1967|author=Frances Spatz Leighton|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register-7-men-in-a-bubbl/129156853/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=55 Years Ago: Apollo AS-202, Final Test Flight Before Planned First Crew Mission|publisher=NASA|date=25 August 2021|author=John Uri|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/55-years-ago-apollo-as-202-final-test-flight-before-planned-first-crew-mission|accessdate=30 July 2023}}</ref> On the mezzanine level, the "American Spirit" exhibit displayed a wide variety of artifacts, including American Indian crafts, folk art objects, guitars owned by famous musicians, a collection of dolls, and an array of almost 300 hats, representing a range of regions and occupations.<ref>{{cite press release|title=The American Spirit|publisher=Office of the United States Commissioner General, Canadian World Exhibition, Montreal, 1967|url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/documents/press-releases/united-states-67/american-spirit.pdf|accessdate=26 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Expo '67 exhibit draws laughs|work=The Boston Globe|author=Douglas S. Crocket|date=24 April 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-us-expo-67-exhibit-d/130703758/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheers for our pavilion!|work=Transcript-Telegram|location=Holyoke, MA|agency=Hall Syndicate|author=Sylvie Reice|date=12 June 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/transcript-telegram-cheers-for-our-pavil/130703836/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Other attractions included a gallery of Hollywood memorabilia and "American Painting Now", an exhibit of 22 large-scale works by contemporary American artists.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. pavilion: striking outside, but a 'sterile disaster' inside|work=The Buffalo News|date=28 April 1967|author=Robert Mayer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-us-pavilion-striking/127863291/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=escalator /> A 300-seat theater screened ''A Time to Play'', a multi-screen film by [[Art Kane]] showing American schoolchildren playing various [[List of children's games|playground games]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Designing Diplomacy: Jack Masey and Multiscreen Cinema at Expo 67|journal=Journal of E-Media Studies|year=2022|author=Brian Real|volume=6|issue=1|url=https://pub.dartmouth.edu/journal-of-e-media-studies-special-issue/designing-diplomacy-jack-masey-and-multiscreen-cinema-at-expo-67#section%208|accessdate=30 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. movie is hit of Expo '67|work=Janesville Daily Gazette|location=Janesville, WI|date=26 July 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/janesville-daily-gazette-us-movie-is-h/129150970/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

=== Man and His World (1968–1976) ===
After the Expo, the site continued to operate as Man and His World, an ongoing exhibition held every summer. Like most countries at the Expo, the United States donated its pavilion structure to the City of Montreal for use in the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Expo site future still anyone's guess|work=Star-Phoenix|location=Saskatoon|author=Dave MacDonald|date=21 July 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix-expo-site-future-still-anyo/127859010/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=detroit>{{cite news|title=Expo 67 now 'Man and His World'|work=Detroit American|date=5 May 1968|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-american-expo-67-now-man-and-hi/127859334/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The pavilion was renamed to Biosphere and opened in 1968 as an [[aviary]] and [[arboretum]], featuring four suspended gardens and hundreds of birds.<ref name=detroit /><ref name=showstopper>{{cite news|title=Biosphere guaranteed to be "show-stopper"|work=The Montreal Star|date=17 May 1968|author=Cynthia Gunn|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-biosphere-guaranteed-t/127858603/|via=Newspapers.com}} ([https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-biosphere-guaranteed-t/127858668/ Part 2 of article])</ref>
After the Expo, the site continued to operate as Man and His World, an ongoing exhibition held every summer. Like most countries at the Expo, the United States donated its pavilion structure to the City of Montreal for use in the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Expo site future still anyone's guess|work=Star-Phoenix|location=Saskatoon|author=Dave MacDonald|date=21 July 1967|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix-expo-site-future-still-anyo/127859010/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=detroit>{{cite news|title=Expo 67 now 'Man and His World'|work=Detroit American|date=5 May 1968|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-american-expo-67-now-man-and-hi/127859334/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The pavilion was renamed to Biosphere and opened in 1968 as an [[aviary]] and [[arboretum]], featuring four suspended gardens and hundreds of birds.<ref name=detroit /><ref name=showstopper>{{cite news|title=Biosphere guaranteed to be "show-stopper"|work=The Montreal Star|date=17 May 1968|author=Cynthia Gunn|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-biosphere-guaranteed-t/127858603/|via=Newspapers.com}} ([https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-biosphere-guaranteed-t/127858668/ Part 2 of article])</ref>


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[[File:Montreal Biosphere fire.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The Biosphere in flames on 20 May 1976]]
[[File:Montreal Biosphere fire.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The Biosphere in flames on 20 May 1976]]

⚫
On 20 May 1976, Biosphere was severely damaged in a fire. Sparked by a welding crew during structural renovations, the fire burned away the building's transparent acrylic bubble, but the hard steel [[truss]] structure remained.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spacing.ca/montreal/2009/01/31/photo-du-jour-biosphere-burning/|title=Photo du jour - Biosphere Burning|last=Bolton |first=KC|date=2009-01-31|work=Spacing Montreal|access-date=2009-01-31}}</ref> Afterward, the building remained closed and unused until 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/biosphere.htm|title=Biosphere, Montreal|access-date=2007-06-07|work=Montréal Attractions|year=2007|author=A View On Cities}}</ref><ref name="Sphere">{{Cite web|url=http://biosphere.ec.gc.ca/History-WS7DD2D209-1_En.htm|title=A Short History of the Biosphère|access-date=2007-06-07|work=The Sphere|date=2006-01-24|author=Environment Canada
=== 1976 fire ===
⚫
On 20 May 1976, Biosphere was severely damaged in a fire. Sparked by a welding crew during structural renovations, the fire burned away the building's transparent acrylic bubble, but the hard steel [[truss]] structure remained.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spacing.ca/montreal/2009/01/31/photo-du-jour-biosphere-burning/|title=Photo du jour – Biosphere Burning|last=Bolton |first=KC|date=31 January 2009|work=Spacing Montreal|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref>

After the fire, the city was determined to maintain the Biosphere and continue using it as an open-air structure, possibly containing suspended gardens or a concert venue.<ref>{{cite news|title=No ruling on future of burned Biosphere|work=The Montreal Star|date=28 August 1976|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-no-ruling-on-future-of/128675775/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Plans were announced in 1977 to transform it into a recreational area named Man at Play, but they did not come to fruition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Expo dome to become Man at Play|work=Calgary Herald|date=3 September 1977|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald-expo-dome-to-become-man-a/128675889/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> By 1980, the building's future was still unclear, as the city was cleaning it up in hopes of finding a partner to redevelop it.<ref>{{cite news|title=City to clean up charred Biosphere|work=The Gazette|location=Montreal|date=28 May 1980|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-city-to-clean-up-charred-bio/128676214/|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Ultimately, the building remained closed and unused until 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/biosphere.htm|title=Biosphere, Montreal|access-date=7 June 2007|work=Montréal Attractions|year=2007|author=A View On Cities}}</ref><ref name="Sphere">{{Cite web|url=http://biosphere.ec.gc.ca/History-WS7DD2D209-1_En.htm|title=A Short History of the Biosphère|access-date=7 June 2007|work=The Sphere|date=24 January 2006|author=Environment Canada
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123031406/http://biosphere.ec.gc.ca/History-WS7DD2D209-1_En.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123031406/http://biosphere.ec.gc.ca/History-WS7DD2D209-1_En.htm
|archive-date=2007-01-23}}</ref>
|archive-date=23 January 2007}}</ref>

=== Rebirth as museum ===
[[File:Sunset at Jean-Drapeau.jpg|thumbnail|right|Biosphere at sunset]]
[[File:Sunset at Jean-Drapeau.jpg|thumbnail|right|Biosphere at sunset]]


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The Biosphere changed its name in 2007 to become an environment museum. It offers interactive activities and presents exhibitions about the major environmental issues related to water, [[climate change]], air, ecotechnologies, and [[sustainable development]].
The Biosphere changed its name in 2007 to become an environment museum. It offers interactive activities and presents exhibitions about the major environmental issues related to water, [[climate change]], air, ecotechnologies, and [[sustainable development]].


The museum shows support for multiple causes by lighting up in different colors on special occasions. In April 2020, it lit up in multiple colors to show support during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowe |first=Daniel J. |date=2020-04-05 |title=Biosphere will follow the rainbow and shine multi-colour display |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/biosphere-will-follow-the-rainbow-and-shine-multi-colour-display-1.4883338 |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=Montreal |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, the museum lit up in green in support of [[World Environment Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Lorraine |date=2022-06-05 |title=Montreal marks World Environment Day |url=https://cultmtl.com/2022/06/montreal-marks-world-environment-day/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=Cult MTL |language=en-US}}</ref>
The museum shows support for multiple causes by lighting up in different colors on special occasions. In April 2020, it lit up in multiple colors to show support during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowe |first=Daniel J. |date=5 April 2020 |title=Biosphere will follow the rainbow and shine multi-colour display |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/biosphere-will-follow-the-rainbow-and-shine-multi-colour-display-1.4883338 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Montreal |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, the museum lit up in green in support of [[World Environment Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Lorraine |date=5 June 2022 |title=Montreal marks World Environment Day |url=https://cultmtl.com/2022/06/montreal-marks-world-environment-day/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Cult MTL |language=en-US}}</ref>


In 2021, control of the Biosphere was transferred from Environment Canada to [[Space for Life]], the City of Montreal's complex of nature museums.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Governments of Canada and Quebec and City of Montréal commit to the Biosphere’s future|publisher=Ministry of the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change|date=12 April 2021|url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/infuseur/communique_en.asp?no=4509|accessdate=2023-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Montréal Biosphère has officially reopened|work=The Suburban|date=15 August 2021|url=https://www.thesuburban.com/life/lifestyles/montr-al-biosph-re-has-officially-reopened/article_f1f901ca-fddf-11eb-9b2d-af125c9947c3.html|accessdate=2023-07-03}}</ref>
In 2021, control of the Biosphere was transferred from Environment Canada to [[Space for Life]], the City of Montreal's complex of nature museums.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Governments of Canada and Quebec and City of Montréal commit to the Biosphere's future|publisher=Ministry of the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change|date=12 April 2021|url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/infuseur/communique_en.asp?no=4509|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Montréal Biosphère has officially reopened|work=The Suburban|date=15 August 2021|url=https://www.thesuburban.com/life/lifestyles/montr-al-biosph-re-has-officially-reopened/article_f1f901ca-fddf-11eb-9b2d-af125c9947c3.html|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>


==Pavilion ==
==Pavilion==
The museum is housed in the former pavilion built by the United States for [[Expo 67]]. The architectural engineer of the [[geodesic dome]] was Buckminster Fuller.<ref name="Langdon2014">{{cite web|last1=Langdon|first1=David|title=AD Classics: Montreal Biosphere / Buckminster Fuller|url=http://www.archdaily.com/572135/ad-classics-montreal-biosphere-buckminster-fuller|publisher=ArchDaily|access-date=5 September 2017|date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The building originally formed an enclosed structure of steel and acrylic cells, {{convert|76|metres}} in diameter and {{convert|62|metres}} high. It is a Class 1 ([[Icosahedron|icosahedral]], as differentiated from Class 2 domes, which are [[Dodecahedron|dodecahedral]], and Class 3 ones, which are [[Tetrahedron|tetrahedral]]), 32-frequency, double-layer dome, in which the inner and outer layers are connected by a latticework of struts. (There has occasionally been confusion in mistakenly referring to this as a 16-frequency dome due to the fact that there are 15 hexagonal polygons from each pentagonally polygonal vertex of this icosahedral polyhedron to the adjacent vertex. However, the standard for measuring dome frequency is the number of triangles from vertex to vertex. Since there are two triangles from one side to the opposite side of a hexagon, there are actually 30 triangles from the edge of each pentagonal vertex in this dome to the next, plus the triangle that comprises one-fifth of the pentagonal vertex at each end of the length from one vertex to the adjacent vertex: totaling 32 triangles from the center of each vertex to the center of the next vertex.)
The museum is housed in the former pavilion built by the United States for [[Expo 67]]. The architectural engineer of the [[geodesic dome]] was Buckminster Fuller.<ref name="Langdon2014">{{cite web|last1=Langdon|first1=David|title=AD Classics: Montreal Biosphere / Buckminster Fuller|url=http://www.archdaily.com/572135/ad-classics-montreal-biosphere-buckminster-fuller|publisher=ArchDaily|access-date=5 September 2017|date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The building originally formed an enclosed structure of steel and acrylic cells, {{convert|76|metres}} in diameter and {{convert|62|metres}} high. It is a double-layer dome in which the inner and outer layers are connected by a latticework of struts.


A complex system of shades was used to control its internal temperature. The sun-shading system was an attempt by the architect to reflect the same biological processes that the human body relies on to maintain its internal temperature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Massey|first=Jonathan|year=2012|title=Buckminster Fuller's Reflexive Modernism|journal=Design and Culture|volume=4|issue=3|pages=325–344|doi=10.2752/175470812X13361292229159|s2cid=144621805}}</ref> Fuller's original idea for the geodesic dome was to incorporate "pores" into the enclosed system, further likening it to the sensitivity of human skin,<ref name=":0" /> but the shading system failed to work properly and was eventually disabled.<ref name=":0" />
A complex system of shades was used to control its internal temperature. The sun-shading system was an attempt by the architect to reflect the same biological processes that the human body relies on to maintain its internal temperature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Massey|first=Jonathan|year=2012|title=Buckminster Fuller's Reflexive Modernism|journal=Design and Culture|volume=4|issue=3|pages=325–344|doi=10.2752/175470812X13361292229159|s2cid=144621805}}</ref> Fuller's original idea for the geodesic dome was to incorporate "pores" into the enclosed system, further likening it to the sensitivity of human skin,<ref name=":0" /> but the shading system failed to work properly and was eventually disabled.<ref name=":0" />
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Architects from Golden Metak Productions designed the interior exhibition space. Visitors had access to four themed platforms divided into seven levels. The building included a {{convert|37|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} escalator, the longest ever built at the time. The [[Minirail]] monorail ran through the pavilion.<ref name=pathe>{{cite web|title=USA PAVILION AT EXPO video newsreel film|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=44754|work=[[Newsreel]]|publisher=[[British Pathe]]|access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[The New York Times]]'' picked the dome as one of "the 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soller |first1=Kurt |last2=Snyder |first2=Michael |title=The 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/02/t-magazine/significant-postwar-architecture.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 August 2021}}</ref>
Architects from Golden Metak Productions designed the interior exhibition space. Visitors had access to four themed platforms divided into seven levels. The building included a {{convert|37|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} escalator, the longest ever built at the time. The [[Minirail]] monorail ran through the pavilion.<ref name=pathe>{{cite web|title=USA PAVILION AT EXPO video newsreel film|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=44754|work=[[Newsreel]]|publisher=[[British Pathe]]|access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[The New York Times]]'' picked the dome as one of "the 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soller |first1=Kurt |last2=Snyder |first2=Michael |title=The 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/02/t-magazine/significant-postwar-architecture.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 August 2021}}</ref>


== In popular culture ==
== Legacy ==
The carbon molecule [[buckminsterfullerene]] was named for Biosphere's architect, R. Buckminster Fuller, because the molecule's structure, resembling a geodesic sphere, reminded its co-discoverer, [[Harold Kroto]], of his visit to the pavilion at Expo 67.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Best Place To Be: Expo 67 and Its Time|author=John Lownsbrough|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2012|page=118|location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Perfect Symmetry: The Accidental Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene|author=J.E. Baggott|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|pages=57–58|url=https://archive.org/details/perfectsymmetrya0000bagg_i7w7/page/56/mode/2up}}</ref>

The structure influenced the design of [[Spaceship Earth (Epcot)|Spaceship Earth]] at [[EPCOT Center]] in [[Walt Disney World]].<ref name=hench>{{cite book|title=Designing Disney: Imagineering and the Art of the Show|author=John Hench|year=2003|publisher=Disney Editions|page=54|url=https://archive.org/details/designingdisneyi0000henc/page/54/mode/2up}}</ref> Disney designer [[John Hench]] expanded on Biosphere's three-quarter-sphere to create a full sphere appearing to be balanced on legs.<ref name=hench />

=== In popular culture ===
The structure was used prominently in the original ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' television series episode "[[Greetings from Earth]]". Scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site as well.
The structure was used prominently in the original ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' television series episode "[[Greetings from Earth]]". Scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site as well.


The Biosphere appears in the 2003 animated ''[[Jacob Two-Two (TV series)|Jacob Two-Two]]'' TV episode "Jacob Two-Two and the Notorious Knit Knapper", in which it is used as the headquarters for a group of seniors who plan on knitting a giant tea cosy to cover Montreal.
The Biosphere appears in the 2003 animated ''[[Jacob Two-Two (TV series)|Jacob Two-Two]]'' TV episode "Jacob Two-Two and the Notorious Knit Knapper", in which it is used as the headquarters for a group of seniors who plan on knitting a giant tea cosy to cover Montreal.


The Biosphere made an appearance during the finales of ''[[The Amazing Race 8|The Amazing Race: Family Edition]]'' and ''[[The Amazing Race Canada 4]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/the-linz-family-wins-cbs-the-amazing-race-family-edition-3882.php|title=The Linz Family wins CBS' 'The Amazing Race: Family Edition'|work=Reality TV World|last=Sellers|first=Andrea|date=December 14, 2005|access-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/steph-and-kristen-win-season-4-of-ctvs-the-amazing-race-canada-593354221.html|title=Steph and Kristen Win Season 4 of CTV's THE AMAZING RACE CANADA|work=[[CNW Group|Newswire]]|date=September 14, 2016|access-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref>
The Biosphere made an appearance during the finales of ''[[The Amazing Race 8|The Amazing Race: Family Edition]]'' and ''[[The Amazing Race Canada 4]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/the-linz-family-wins-cbs-the-amazing-race-family-edition-3882.php|title=The Linz Family wins CBS' 'The Amazing Race: Family Edition'|work=Reality TV World|last=Sellers|first=Andrea|date=14 December 2005|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/steph-and-kristen-win-season-4-of-ctvs-the-amazing-race-canada-593354221.html|title=Steph and Kristen Win Season 4 of CTV's THE AMAZING RACE CANADA|work=[[CNW Group|Newswire]]|date=14 September 2016|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

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The Biosphere appears in the game ''[[Civilization VI]]'' (in the New Frontiers DLC) as a World Wonder, where it increases the appeal of marsh and rainforest tiles, and boosts renewable power and tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Civilization VI - Byzantium & Gaul Pack |url=https://civilization.com/new-frontier-pass/civilization-vi-byzantium-gaul-pack/ |publisher=Firaxis Games |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

It is said that the structure inspired Walt Disney to built the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot Epcot Center]<ref>F1 Canada GP 2023 Pre-Qualify, Sky Sports Coverage.17 June 2023.</ref>



⚫
The Biosphere appears in the game ''[[Civilization VI]]'' (in the New Frontiers DLC) as a World Wonder, where it increases the appeal of marsh and rainforest tiles, and boosts renewable power and tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Civilization VI – Byzantium & Gaul Pack |url=https://civilization.com/new-frontier-pass/civilization-vi-byzantium-gaul-pack/ |publisher=Firaxis Games |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category| Montreal Biosphère}}
{{commons category| Montreal Biosphère}}
*{{official|https://espacepourlavie.ca/en/biosphere}} {{in lang|fr|en}}
* {{official website|https://espacepourlavie.ca/en/biosphere}} {{in lang|fr|en}}


{{Montreal landmarks}}
{{Espace pour la vie}}{{Montreal landmarks}}
{{Buckminster Fuller}}
{{Buckminster Fuller}}
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{{coord|45|30|50.73|N|73|31|53.38|W|type:landmark_scale:2500|display=t}}

{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Montreal Biosphere}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Montreal Biosphere}}
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[[Category:Event venues established in 1980]]
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[[Category:Museums in Montreal|Biosphere]]
[[Category:Museums in Montreal|Biosphere]]
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Latest revision as of 04:27, 3 January 2025

Not to be confused with Montreal Biodome.
Biosphere
Map
Established1967
Location160 Tour-de-l'Isle road
Montreal, Quebec
H3C 4G8
Typeenvironment museum
OwnerSpace for Life
Public transit access at Jean-Drapeau
Websiteespacepourlavie.ca/en/biosphere

The Biosphere, also known as the Montreal Biosphere (French: Biosphère de Montréal), is a museum dedicated to the environment in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for Expo 67 located within the grounds of Parc Jean-Drapeau on Saint Helen's Island. The museum's geodesic dome was designed by Buckminster Fuller.

History

[edit]

Expo 67

[edit]

The structure was originally built as the United States pavilion at Expo 67. The United States Information Agency, which was responsible for the U.S. presence at the exposition, revealed its plans for the pavilion in June 1965.[1] The geodesic dome exterior was designed by R. Buckminster Fuller with Shoji Sadao and Geometrics Inc.,[2] while the interior structures and exhibits were designed by Cambridge Seven Associates.[1] The construction project, led by the George A. Fuller Company, began in December 1965.[3]

The Expo opened on 27 April 1967 and ran until 29 October 1967.[4][5] Upon entering the pavilion, visitors ascended a 135-foot (41 m) escalator, reported to be the longest unsupported escalator in the world, to reach the exhibit platforms.[6][7] The two uppermost platforms held "Destination: Moon", an exhibit on NASA's space programs; spacecraft were hung from the dome's steel frame, including the Freedom 7, Gemini 7, and Apollo AS-202 capsules.[8][9][10] On the mezzanine level, the "American Spirit" exhibit displayed a wide variety of artifacts, including American Indian crafts, folk art objects, guitars owned by famous musicians, a collection of dolls, and an array of almost 300 hats, representing a range of regions and occupations.[11][12][13] Other attractions included a gallery of Hollywood memorabilia and "American Painting Now", an exhibit of 22 large-scale works by contemporary American artists.[14][7] A 300-seat theater screened A Time to Play, a multi-screen film by Art Kane showing American schoolchildren playing various playground games.[15][16]

Man and His World (1968–1976)

[edit]

After the Expo, the site continued to operate as Man and His World, an ongoing exhibition held every summer. Like most countries at the Expo, the United States donated its pavilion structure to the City of Montreal for use in the exhibition.[17][18] The pavilion was renamed to Biosphere and opened in 1968 as an aviary and arboretum, featuring four suspended gardens and hundreds of birds.[18][19]

For the 1971 season, the United States returned to use Biosphere as its national pavilion, with a display titled "Visit USA", sponsored by the United States Travel Service and the Smithsonian Institution.[20][21] The pavilion reverted to its nature theme in 1972, with the addition of a troop of baboons, a Japanese garden, and a children's adventure area, Sleeping Beauty's Fantasy Land.[22][23]

In 1973, Biosphere was converted to an anti-pollution exhibit titled "Man and His Environment", sponsored by Hydro-Québec.[24][25]

The Biosphere in flames on 20 May 1976

1976 fire

[edit]

On 20 May 1976, Biosphere was severely damaged in a fire. Sparked by a welding crew during structural renovations, the fire burned away the building's transparent acrylic bubble, but the hard steel truss structure remained.[26]

After the fire, the city was determined to maintain the Biosphere and continue using it as an open-air structure, possibly containing suspended gardens or a concert venue.[27] Plans were announced in 1977 to transform it into a recreational area named Man at Play, but they did not come to fruition.[28] By 1980, the building's future was still unclear, as the city was cleaning it up in hopes of finding a partner to redevelop it.[29]

Ultimately, the building remained closed and unused until 1990.[30][31]

Rebirth as museum

[edit]
Biosphere at sunset

In August 1990, Environment Canada committed $17.5 million to turn Biosphere into an interactive museum showcasing and exploring the water ecosystems of the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River regions.[31] The museum opened on 6 June 1995.[32][33] It inhabits a set of enclosed buildings designed by Éric Gauthier, inside the original steel skeleton.

The Biosphere changed its name in 2007 to become an environment museum. It offers interactive activities and presents exhibitions about the major environmental issues related to water, climate change, air, ecotechnologies, and sustainable development.

The museum shows support for multiple causes by lighting up in different colors on special occasions. In April 2020, it lit up in multiple colors to show support during the COVID-19 pandemic.[34] In June 2022, the museum lit up in green in support of World Environment Day.[35]

In 2021, control of the Biosphere was transferred from Environment Canada to Space for Life, the City of Montreal's complex of nature museums.[36][37]

Pavilion

[edit]

The museum is housed in the former pavilion built by the United States for Expo 67. The architectural engineer of the geodesic dome was Buckminster Fuller.[38] The building originally formed an enclosed structure of steel and acrylic cells, 76 metres (249 ft) in diameter and 62 metres (203 ft) high. It is a double-layer dome in which the inner and outer layers are connected by a latticework of struts.

A complex system of shades was used to control its internal temperature. The sun-shading system was an attempt by the architect to reflect the same biological processes that the human body relies on to maintain its internal temperature.[39] Fuller's original idea for the geodesic dome was to incorporate "pores" into the enclosed system, further likening it to the sensitivity of human skin,[39] but the shading system failed to work properly and was eventually disabled.[39]

Architects from Golden Metak Productions designed the interior exhibition space. Visitors had access to four themed platforms divided into seven levels. The building included a 37-metre-long (121 ft) escalator, the longest ever built at the time. The Minirail monorail ran through the pavilion.[40] In 2021, The New York Times picked the dome as one of "the 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture".[41]

Legacy

[edit]

The carbon molecule buckminsterfullerene was named for Biosphere's architect, R. Buckminster Fuller, because the molecule's structure, resembling a geodesic sphere, reminded its co-discoverer, Harold Kroto, of his visit to the pavilion at Expo 67.[42][43]

The structure influenced the design of Spaceship Earth at EPCOT Center in Walt Disney World.[44] Disney designer John Hench expanded on Biosphere's three-quarter-sphere to create a full sphere appearing to be balanced on legs.[44]

[edit]

The structure was used prominently in the original Battlestar Galactica television series episode "Greetings from Earth". Scenes for Robert Altman's post-apocalyptic ice age film Quintet were shot on site as well.

The Biosphere appears in the 2003 animated Jacob Two-Two TV episode "Jacob Two-Two and the Notorious Knit Knapper", in which it is used as the headquarters for a group of seniors who plan on knitting a giant tea cosy to cover Montreal.

The Biosphere made an appearance during the finales of The Amazing Race: Family Edition and The Amazing Race Canada 4.[45][46]

The Biosphere appears in the game Civilization VI (in the New Frontiers DLC) as a World Wonder, where it increases the appeal of marsh and rainforest tiles, and boosts renewable power and tourism.[47]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "U.S.'s Canada fair exhibit plans outlined". Minneapolis Tribune. 27 June 1965 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ Rebecca Dalvesco (October 2017). "R. Buckminster Fuller, the Expo '67 Pavilion and the Atoms for Peace Program". Leonardo. 50 (5): 486. JSTOR 26808487.
  3. ^ "Groundwork gets started on U.S. Expo pavilion". The Montreal Star. 20 December 1965 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ John Mahoney (28 April 1967). "Oh, wowee! C'est magnifique! It's turned on! It's Expo!". Rutland Daily Herald – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Douglas S. Crocket (30 October 1967). "Montreal's mayor plans to keep Expo". The Boston Globe – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ ""Building going up" is common cry now at Canada's Exposition 1967". Transcript-Telegram. Holyoke, MA. New York Times News Service. 16 November 1966 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ a b "Escalator snarls U.S. pavilion tour". The Montreal Star. 28 April 1967 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "10 years after the first step into space, it's all on display by U.S. and Soviet". The Gazette. Montreal. 28 April 1967 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Frances Spatz Leighton (23 April 1967). "7 men in a bubble". The Des Moines Register – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ John Uri (25 August 2021). "55 Years Ago: Apollo AS-202, Final Test Flight Before Planned First Crew Mission". NASA. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  11. ^ "The American Spirit" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the United States Commissioner General, Canadian World Exhibition, Montreal, 1967. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  12. ^ Douglas S. Crocket (24 April 1967). "U.S. Expo '67 exhibit draws laughs". The Boston Globe – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ Sylvie Reice (12 June 1967). "Cheers for our pavilion!". Transcript-Telegram. Holyoke, MA. Hall Syndicate – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Robert Mayer (28 April 1967). "U.S. pavilion: striking outside, but a 'sterile disaster' inside". The Buffalo News – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Brian Real (2022). "Designing Diplomacy: Jack Masey and Multiscreen Cinema at Expo 67". Journal of E-Media Studies. 6 (1). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  16. ^ "U.S. movie is hit of Expo '67". Janesville Daily Gazette. Janesville, WI. 26 July 1967 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Dave MacDonald (21 July 1967). "Expo site future still anyone's guess". Star-Phoenix. Saskatoon – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b "Expo 67 now 'Man and His World'". Detroit American. 5 May 1968 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Cynthia Gunn (17 May 1968). "Biosphere guaranteed to be "show-stopper"". The Montreal Star – via Newspapers.com. (Part 2 of article)
  20. ^ Hubert Bauch (14 April 1971). "Fun, folklore for fair". The Gazette. Montreal – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Al Borcover (18 July 1971). "Where it's at in Scandinavia". Chicago Tribune – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "M&HW's Biosphere to return to nature theme this year". The Gazette. Montreal. 3 August 1972 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "Children's adventure land featured at Biosphere". The Montreal Star. 3 August 1972 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ Brian Moore (20 June 1973). "$700,000 ecology exhibit unveiled". The Montreal Star – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "What's On". The Montreal Star. 24 August 1973 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ Bolton, KC (31 January 2009). "Photo du jour – Biosphere Burning". Spacing Montreal. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  27. ^ "No ruling on future of burned Biosphere". The Montreal Star. 28 August 1976 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Expo dome to become Man at Play". Calgary Herald. 3 September 1977 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "City to clean up charred Biosphere". The Gazette. Montreal. 28 May 1980 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ A View On Cities (2007). "Biosphere, Montreal". Montréal Attractions. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  31. ^ a b Environment Canada (24 January 2006). "A Short History of the Biosphère". The Sphere. Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  32. ^ Henry Lehmann (4 June 1995). "Biosphere's back". The Gazette. Montreal – via Newspapers.com. (Part 2 of article)
  33. ^ Peggy Curran (7 June 1995). "The Toopes are remembered as far away as Newfoundland". The Gazette. Montreal – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ Rowe, Daniel J. (5 April 2020). "Biosphere will follow the rainbow and shine multi-colour display". Montreal. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  35. ^ Carpenter, Lorraine (5 June 2022). "Montreal marks World Environment Day". Cult MTL. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  36. ^ "Governments of Canada and Quebec and City of Montréal commit to the Biosphere's future" (Press release). Ministry of the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  37. ^ "Montréal Biosphère has officially reopened". The Suburban. 15 August 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  38. ^ Langdon, David (25 November 2014). "AD Classics: Montreal Biosphere / Buckminster Fuller". ArchDaily. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  39. ^ a b c Massey, Jonathan (2012). "Buckminster Fuller's Reflexive Modernism". Design and Culture. 4 (3): 325–344. doi:10.2752/175470812X13361292229159. S2CID 144621805.
  40. ^ "USA PAVILION AT EXPO video newsreel film". Newsreel. British Pathe. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  41. ^ Soller, Kurt; Snyder, Michael (2 August 2021). "The 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  42. ^ John Lownsbrough (2012). The Best Place To Be: Expo 67 and Its Time. Toronto: Allen Lane. p. 118.
  43. ^ J.E. Baggott (1994). Perfect Symmetry: The Accidental Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58.
  44. ^ a b John Hench (2003). Designing Disney: Imagineering and the Art of the Show. Disney Editions. p. 54.
  45. ^ Sellers, Andrea (14 December 2005). "The Linz Family wins CBS' 'The Amazing Race: Family Edition'". Reality TV World. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  46. ^ "Steph and Kristen Win Season 4 of CTV's THE AMAZING RACE CANADA". Newswire. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  47. ^ "Civilization VI – Byzantium & Gaul Pack". Firaxis Games. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
[edit]
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