IB Diploma Programme: Difference between revisions
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{{International Baccalaureate}} |
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The '''International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme''' ('''IBDP''') is a two-year [[Curriculum|educational programme]] primarily aimed at 16-to-19-year-olds in 140 countries around the world. The programme provides an internationally accepted qualification for entry into higher education and is recognized by many universities worldwide. It was developed in the early-to-mid-1960s in [[Geneva|Geneva, Switzerland]], by a group of international educators. After a six-year pilot programme that ended in 1975, a bilingual diploma was established. |
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The '''International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme''', often colloquially referred to simply as "[[International Baccalaureate|IB]]"<ref>While this term has a widespread use in this context, it is not correct usage, as there are two other [[International Baccalaureate]] programmes besides the Diploma Programme.</ref>, is an [[education]]al programme taught in one of three languages ([[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] or [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) and is intended for students in their final two years of [[secondary school]], often before entering [[university]]. It is taught in 1,921 [[List of International Baccalaureate schools|schools]], to a great extent in [[international school]]s, in 124 countries ([[as of 2007]]). The programme, administered by the [[International Baccalaureate Organization]], is the only widely recognized pre-university educational programmes available the world over. However, it remains less popular than nationally affiliated preparatory programs in most countries, such as that of the [[Advanced Placement]] examination system in the [[United States]] and the [[A Level]] system in the [[United Kingdom]]. |
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Administered by the [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), the IBDP is taught in schools in over 140 countries, in one of five languages: Chinese, English, French, German, or Spanish.<ref>[https://www.ibo.org/globalassets/new-structure/programmes/dp/pdfs/diploma-programme-final-statistical-bulletin-may-2021-assessment-session..pdf Diploma Programme Final Statistical Bulletin May 2021]</ref> To offer the IB diploma, schools must be certified as an IB school. IBDP students complete assessments in six subjects, traditionally one from each of the 6 [[#Subject groups|subject groups]] (although students may choose to forgo a group 6 subject such as Art or music, instead choosing an additional subject from one of the other groups). In addition, they must fulfill the [[#Core requirements and subject groups|three core requirements]], namely CAS, TOK and the Extended Essay. Students are evaluated using both internal and external assessments, and courses finish with an externally assessed series of examinations, usually consisting of two or three timed written tests. Internal assessment varies by subject: there may be oral presentations, practical work, or written work. In most cases, these are initially graded by the classroom teacher, whose grades are then verified or modified, as necessary, by an appointed external moderator. |
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Generally, the IBDP has been well-received. It has been commended for introducing interdisciplinary thinking to students. In the United Kingdom, ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper claims that the IBDP is "more academically challenging and broader than three or four [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-levels]]".<ref name="guardian-2009-02-10">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/feb/10/international-baccalaureate-moved-amsterdam |title=Leap from Cardiff to Amsterdam for Baccalaureate |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Jessica |last=Shepard |date=10 February 2009 |location=London}}</ref> |
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== Bollocks == |
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The Diploma Programme (DP) curriculum consists of completing six courses from six different subject areas, writing an [[Extended Essay]] (EE) of up to 4,000 words, taking part in the [[Theory of Knowledge (IB course)|Theory of Knowledge]] (TOK) class, and fulfilling a requirement of 50 hours in each of the Creative, Active and Service (CAS) pursuits. Grades are awarded from 1 to 7 in each subject, and up to three 'bonus' points may be awarded depending on the grade results of the EE and TOK. Thus, a total of 45 points may be obtained by the candidate for their final diploma. In order to receive an International Baccalaureate Diploma candidates must receive a minimum of 24 points. |
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==History and background== |
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If candidates study in a language other than their native language (i.e. their language A1), they receive a Bilingual Diploma. If students choose not to fulfil all parts of the programme they can receive 'subject certificates' for the IB classes they take. |
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In 1945, the "Conference of Internationally-minded Schools" asked the [[International School of Geneva]] (Ecolint) to create an international schools programme.<ref name="Peterson p. 17">Peterson p. 17</ref><ref>Fox p. 5</ref> When he became director of Ecolint's English division, [[Desmond Cole-Baker]] began to develop the idea, and in 1962, his colleague Robert Leach organized a conference in Geneva, at which the term "International Baccalaureate" was first mentioned.<ref name="Peterson p. 17"/><ref>Hill, 2007 p. 19</ref> An American social studies teacher, Leach organized the conference—with a $2500 grant from [[UNESCO]]—which was attended by observers from European schools and [[UNESCO]]. Writing about the genesis of the International Baccalaureate in ''Schools Across Frontiers'', [[Alec Peterson]] credits Leach as "the original promoter of the International Baccalaureate."<ref>Peterson p. 18</ref> At the end of the conference, Unesco funded the International School Association with an additional $10,000, which was inadequate to do more than produce a few papers, or bring teachers together for meetings.<ref name="Peterson18-26">Peterson p. 18-26</ref> |
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[[File:Ecolintchateau.jpg|thumb|right|Château at [[Ecolint]] where [[International Baccalaureate|IB]] was developed.]] |
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By 1964, international educators such as [[Alec Peterson]] (director of the Department of Education at [[Oxford University]]), [[Harlan Hanson]] (director of the [[Advanced Placement|College Board Advanced Placement Program]]), Desmond Cole (director of [[United Nations International School]] in New York City) and Desmond Cole-Baker (head of the International School of Geneva) founded the International Schools Examination Syndicate (ISES).<ref name="Fox65-75">Fox, pp. 65–75</ref><ref name="Mathews, p. 22">Mathews, p. 22</ref> Cole and Hanson brought experience with college entrance examinations in the United States, and Hanson, in particular, brought his experience from a long relationship with the [[College Board]].<ref name="Mathews, p. 22"/> According to Peterson, "the breakthrough in the history of the IB" came in 1965 with a grant from the [[The Century Foundation|Twentieth Century Fund]], which commissioned [[Martin Mayer (writer)|Martin Mayer]], author of ''The Schools'', to produce a report on the feasibility of establishing a common curriculum and examination for [[international school]]s that would be acceptable for entry to universities worldwide.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/> This led to conferences involving Ecolint, the [[Atlantic College|United World College of the Atlantic]] (Atlantic College), and others in the spring and fall of 1965, at which details about the curriculum for the Diploma Programme were discussed and agreed upon.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/> |
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The Ford Foundation grant, secured in 1966, funded Peterson's study at Oxford University, which focused on three issues: a comparative analysis of "secondary educational programmes in European countries...in cooperation with the Council of Europe"; university expectations for secondary students intending to enter university; and a "statistical comparison of IB pilot examination results with...national school leaving examinations such as [[A-level|British A Levels]] and [[Advanced Placement|US College Board (AP) Tests]]".<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref name="Fox65-75"/> As a result of the study and the curriculum model developed at Atlantic College, Peterson initiated the pattern of combining "general education with specialization", which melded with the curricula of the United States and Canada, and became the "curriculum framework" proposed at the UNESCO conference in Geneva in 1967.<ref name="Fox65-75"/> Late in 1967, ISES was restructured and renamed the IB Council of Foundation, and John Goormaghtigh became the first president in January 1968.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/> In 1967, the group, which by then also included [[Ralph W. Tyler|Ralph Tyler]], identified eight schools to be used for the experimentation of the curriculum.<ref>Peterson pp. 24–27</ref> |
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=== Subject areas === |
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Students pursuing the Diploma take six coursvmes, usually from six different subject areas (detailed below), with three (or four) of them taken at higher level (HL) and the rest at standard level (SL). Higher level subjects require approximately 240 hours of teaching time, and standard level sun,mmb|right|3.,vmctems]] and [[design technology]]. In some countries, such as [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Turkey]], students are allowed to choose three subjects from this group and none from Group 3, as it is required for admission into some universities.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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*'''[[IB Group 5 subjects|Group 5: Mathematics]]''' -.vthermore, ncy allowing those specialising in other subject areas to take a second subject within that Group, but offering nomvnmch option for those favouring the creative arts. The defence often used to counter this point is that candidates can use their 50 'creativity' hours of their CAS programme to enrich this part of themselves. At some schools it is possible to take ecosystems and societies as both a Group 3 and Group 4 subject, giving the possibility of two subjects from Group 6. |
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In 1968, the IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva for the development and maintenance of the IBDP. Alec Peterson became IBO's first director general, and in 1968, twelve schools in twelve countries participated in the IBDP, including Atlantic College in Wales, Ecolint in Geneva, and UNIS of New York City.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref name="Fox65-75"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwc.org/who_we_are/history/international_baccalaureate_development.aspx |work=uwc.org |title=International Baccalaureate history |access-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531030333/http://www.uwc.org/who_we_are/history/international_baccalaureate_development.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Peterson secured an audience with the Shah of Iran in 1969 and secured $100,000 grant for IB.<ref>Hill p. 65 </ref> --><!-- date needed for Hill for a source check --> The aim was to "provide an internationally acceptable university admissions qualification suitable for the growing mobile population of young people whose parents were part of the world of diplomacy, international and multi-national organizations."<ref>Hayden p. 94</ref> |
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=== Extended Essay=== |
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<!-- THIS SECTION IS A SUMMARY. CONSIDER ADDING MATERIAL TO THE 'EXTENDED ESSAY' ARTICLE.--> |
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{{main|Extended Essay}} |
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Students must write an essay of at most 4,000 words in any chosen subject (not necessarily one taken for the final exam) but not across subjects. The topic may be any tutslsece. Each student is paired with a supervisor, who provides insight toward the final product. It is a mandatory obligation to submit an Extended Essay, often abbreviated as EE, or the candidate cannot receive the IB Diploma. |
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The first six years of the IB Diploma Programme, with a limited number of students, are referred to as the "experimental period".<ref>Peterson pp. 61–98</ref> Each school was to be inspected by ISES or IBO and had to be approved by their government.<ref>Peterson, p. 31</ref> The experimental period ended in 1975, and in that year, the International Baccalaureate North America (IBNA) was established as a separate entity, allowing the funding for implementation of the IBDP to remain in the country rather than being sent to Geneva.<ref>Peterson, p. 141</ref> The first official guide to the programme containing its syllabus and official assessment information was published in 1970 and included the theory of knowledge course. The extended essay was introduced in 1978, but [[Creativity, action, service|creativity, action, service (CAS)]], although mentioned in guides beforehand, was not specifically identified in the guide until 1989.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref>Hill pp. 27 et. seq.</ref> |
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=== CAS ===<!-- stDING MATERIAL TO THE 'CREATIVITY, ACTION, SERVICE' ARTICLE.--> |
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{{main|Creativity, Action, Service}} |
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CAS is an acronym for ''Creativityl, Action, Service'' Service, hence a ''de fcto'' requirement of 50 hours of each. The hours of work are to be documentedsuly the school using official forms which are to be d to the IBO uon request. Failing to complete the CAS requirements will re of a candidate from the IB Diploma. Sop://www.readtof Read to Feed]". |
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lgsgjl=== Theory of Knowledge === |
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<!-- THIS SECTION IS A SUMMA,. CONSIDER Anb,nbDDING M,ATERIAL TO THE 'THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE' ARTICLE.--> |
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{{main|Theory of Knowledge (IB c.ourse)}} |
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Each student must complete thtdsuyikowledge'' (TOK) course of approximately 100 hours, which aims to encourage students to be critical thinkers and to teach students basic [[epistemology]]. To complete requirements for TOK, diploma candidates must write a TOK essay of 1200-1600 words on a set title (from a choice of ten issued by the IBO), and present a TOK issue to their class on their choice of topic. |
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In 1980, responding to criticism that the "internationalism" was Eurocentric, the IB hosted a seminar in [[Singapore]] with the goal of incorporating Asian culture and education into the IB curriculum. In 1982, the Standing Conference of Heads of IB Schools took steps to modify the Eurocentrism in the curriculum. The same year, the Japanese government hosted a science conference for IBO "as a token of Japanese interest in the various dimensions of the IB".<ref name="Fox65-75"/> |
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The grades that the student receives from the TOK essay and presentationsrt awarding of 'extra' points for the candidate's Diploma. The candidate may get up to three extra points if both works are of a sufficiently good standard. Without the extra points, it is still possible to achieve the Diploma, but not with the full 45 points. |
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From the start, all subjects of the IB Diploma Programme were available in English and French, and it was mandatory for all students to study both a first and a second language.<ref name="HIll p. 27 et. seq">HIll p. 27 et. seq.</ref> In 1974, bilingual diplomas were introduced that allowed students to take one or more of their humanities or science subjects in a language other than their first. The IB Diploma Programme subjects became available in Spanish in 1983.<ref name="HIll p. 27 et. seq"/> |
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=== Assf/lessment === |
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All subjects are assessed using both internal andt external assessment, including final [[exam]]s given worldwide in May (usually for Northern Hemisphere schools) andkestionsifhk;;lf,h m uk;lg.dylper 2 has extended response questions, and Paper 3 focuses on the 'option' topicsfl/jfljh can vary accojlding to the student's (jl,or school's) preference. Resits for each paper (sat in the next exam session - November or May) are possiblehj for a maximum of three times. |
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==Core requirements and subject groups== |
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Each individual paper can take anywhere from 45 minutes to three hours, but usually they are between one and two hours in duration. Because of the large uflk/mount of /.being examined in one examination sessiodykhj (of less than a month in length), students often have to write multmhgdlkjl.ikjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjd;.yllernjA common practice by schools is to d.kOCKd grades required by IBO prior to assessment. Another common practice ihbrmTWATmight receive lower marks than expected as the boundaries are drawn up, and vice-versa, less successful year groups may receive higher marks than expected. |
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=== Core requirements === |
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To be awarded an IB diploma, candidates must fulfill three core requirements, in addition to passing their subject examinations:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/ |title=Diploma Programme curriculum, core requirements |access-date=7 June 2010 |publisher=[[International Baccalaureate]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185026/http://ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/ |archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref> |
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*Extended essay (EE). Candidates must write an independent research essay of up to 4,000 words<ref name="essay1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/essay/index.cfm |title=Diploma Programme curriculum, extended essay |access-date=6 June 2009 |publisher=[[International Baccalaureate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831040111/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/essay/index.cfm |archive-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in a subject from the list of approved EE subjects.<ref name="Schools p. 9">[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 5.</ref> The candidate may choose to investigate a topic within a subject they are currently studying, although this is not required.<ref name=autogenerated2>[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 9.</ref> The EE may be written on an interdisciplinary topic.<ref name=autogenerated1>[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 6.</ref> |
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== Awards == |
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*[[Theory of knowledge (IB course)|Theory of knowledge]] (TOK). This course introduces students to theories about the nature and limitations of knowledge (basic [[epistemology]]) and provides practice in determining the meaning and validity of knowledge ([[critical thinking]]). It is claimed to be a "flagship element" of the Diploma Programme, and is the one course that all diploma candidates are required to take. TOK requires 100 hours of instruction, the completion of an externally assessed essay of 1600 words (from a choice of six titles prescribed by the IB worth 67%), and an internally assessed exhibition or presentation (worth 33%) on the candidate's chosen topic.<ref name="TOK_Guide">{{cite book |title=Theory of knowledge guide (first examinations 2008) |publisher=[[International Baccalaureate]] |date=March 2006}}</ref> |
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There are two types of award available in the IB Diploma Programme. A student can be awarded the full Diploma or Certificates of Merit in individual subjects. |
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*[[Creativity, activity, service]] (CAS). CAS aims to provide students with opportunities for personal growth, self-reflection, intellectual, physical and creative challenges, and awareness of themselves as responsible members of their communities<ref name="CASguide">Creativity, action, service Guide for students graduating in 2010 and thereafter, Published March 2008 International Baccalaureate</ref> through participation in social or community work (service), athletics or other physical activities (activity), and creative activities (creativity). The guideline for the minimum amount of CAS activity over the two-year programme is approximately 3–4 hours per week, though "hour counting" is not encouraged. Previously, there was a requirement that 150 CAS hours be completed, but this was abolished in 2010. However, some schools still require these hours.<ref name="CASguide" /> |
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=== Subject groups === |
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Students who pursue the IB diploma must take six subjects: one each from Groups 1–5,<ref name="Schools p. 9"/> and either one from Group 6 or a permitted substitute from one of the other groups, as described below.<ref name="Schools p. 11">[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 11.</ref> Three or four subjects must be taken at Higher level (HL) and the rest at Standard level (SL).<ref name="Schools p. 9"/> The IB recommends a minimum of 240 hours of instructional time for HL courses and 150 hours for SL courses.<ref name="Schools p. 9"/> |
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In order to be awarded the full IB Diploma the following requirements must have been met: |
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* at least three subjects are completed at Higher Level (HL) and three at Standard Level (SL). |
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** should four subjects be completed at HL then only two need be completed at SL. |
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* all six subjects have been awarded a numerical grade higher than 1, with a minimum total score of 24. |
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e overall score is greater than or equal to 28, not more than one grade 2 at HL and no more than two grades 2 at SL; altogether, there are no more thanpoints (12 for overall score 24-27; 16 if four HL subjects are taken) have been gained on HL subjects, and 9/8 (6/5 if only two SL subjects are taken) on SL subjects |
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* the final award committee has not judged the candidate to be guilty of malpractice |
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While the IB encourages students to pursue the full IB diploma, the "substantial workload require[s] a great deal of commitment, organization, and initiative". Students may instead choose to register for one or more individual IB subjects, without the core requirements. Such students will not receive the full diploma.<ref name="vanLoo">{{cite web| first = Marc| last = van Loo| date = 20 September 2004| pages = 3| url = http://www.dp-help.com/downloads/parents.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041116200501/http://dp-help.com/downloads/parents.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-date = 16 November 2004| title = The parents guide to the IB Diploma| access-date = 14 June 2009}}</ref> |
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=== Certificates === |
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The six IBDP subject groups and course offerings are summarised below. More information about the subject groups and individual courses can be found at the respective subject group articles: |
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A candidate may also choose not to take the whole Diploma, but to aim for a Certificate in a particular subject. Candidates doing certificates do not have to take part in the extra requirements of the Diploma (the Extended Essay, TOK and CAS). However, if taking World History (social studies certificate), the student is required to complete the Theory of Knowledge. Those candidates who complete extra courses in addition to a Diploma will also receive a Certificate. |
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*[[IB Group 1 subjects|Group 1: Studies in language and literature]]. Taken at either SL or HL, this is generally the student's native [[language]], with over 80 languages available.<ref name="Schools p. 10">[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 10.</ref> As of courses starting in summer 2011, there are two options for Language A (previously A1): Literature, which is very similar to the old course, and Language and Literature, a slightly more challenging adaptation of the former Group 2 Language A2 subjects, which have been withdrawn. The interdisciplinary subject [[IB Group 1 subjects#Literature and performance|literature and performance]] can also be taken at SL. |
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== Recognition== |
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*[[IB Group 2 subjects|Group 2: Language acquisition]]. An additional language, taken at the following levels: [[IB Group 2 subjects#Language B SL and HL|Language B (SL or HL)]], or [[IB Group 2 subjects#Language ab initio SL|Language ab initio (SL only)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 2, Second Language|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=3 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722210036/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> Latin and Classical Greek are also offered and may be taken at SL or HL.<ref name="Schools p. 10"/> Following the replacement of the Language A2 option with the Group 1 Language and Literature offering for courses starting in summer 2011, the Language B syllabus was changed: the coursework is now more rigorous, and at HL, there is the compulsory study of two works of literature (although this is for comprehension rather than analysis and is only assessed through coursework). In addition, B SL students can study one of the texts as a replacement for the optional topics. |
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*[[IB Group 3 subjects|Group 3: Individuals and societies]]. Humanities and social sciences courses offered at both SL and HL: Business Management, [[IB Group 3 subjects#Economics SL & HL|Economics]], [[IB Group 3 subjects#Geography SL .26 HL|Geography]], [[IB Group 3 subjects#History SL .26 HL|History]], [[IB Group 3 subjects#Information technology in a global society (ITGS) SL & HL|Information Technology in a Global Society (ITGS)]], [[IB Group 3 subjects#Philosophy SL .26 HL|Philosophy]], [[IB Group 3 subjects#Psychology SL .26 HL|Psychology]], and [[Social anthropology|Social]] and [[cultural anthropology|Cultural Anthropology]] and Global Politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group3/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 3, Individuals and societies|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=1 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040730/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group3/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> The course [[World religions|World Religions]] is offered at SL and the interdisciplinary course [[IB Group 4 subjects#Environmental systems and societies|Environmental Systems and Societies]] is offered at SL or HL. |
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*[[IB Group 4 subjects|Group 4: Experimental sciences]]. Five courses are offered at both SL and HL: [[IB Group 4 subjects#Chemistry|chemistry]], [[IB Group 4 subjects#Biology|biology]], [[IB Group 4 subjects#Physics|physics]], [[Design and Technology#International Baccalaureate|design technology]] and [[IB Group 4 subjects#Computer science|computer science]]. The course [[IB Group 4 subjects#Sport.2C exercise and health science|Sport, Exercise and Health Science]] is offered at both SL and HL. The interdisciplinary course Nature of Science is offered at SL only, while [[IB Group 4 subjects#Environmental systems and societies|Environmental Systems and Societies]] is offered at SL or HL. |
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*[[IB Group 5 subjects|Group 5: Mathematics]]. All students hoping to graduate with an IB Diploma must take a math class, with courses available at different levels and with different focus. There are two distinct IB Math courses, both available at standard or higher level: ''Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches,'' with an emphasis on algebraic methods and mathematical thinking, and ''Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation'', with an emphasis on modelling and statistics, and with a focus on using technology to solve problems with real-world applications. These curricula were introduced in major changes in 2019 and 2021'','' replacing the previous curricula with a new structure. Under the 2019 course changes, Further Mathematics were dropped entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/university-admission/recognition-of-the-ib-diploma-by-countries-and-universities/latest-curriculum-updates/mathematics-curriculum-changes/|title=Mathematics curriculum changes|website=International Baccalaureate®|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524035047/https://www.ibo.org/university-admission/recognition-of-the-ib-diploma-by-countries-and-universities/latest-curriculum-updates/mathematics-curriculum-changes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Finding the best fit: New DP mathematics courses |url=https://blogs.ibo.org/blog/2019/06/20/mathematics-subject-breakdown/ |website=The IB Community Blog |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003050/https://blogs.ibo.org/blog/2019/06/20/mathematics-subject-breakdown/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brading |first=Gareth |title=Exploring the changes to the DP Mathematics course structure : Secondary: Oxford University Press |url=https://global.oup.com/education/content/secondary/key-issues/new-ib-dp-mathematics-syllabus/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=global.oup.com |language=en}}</ref> Before 2019, of increasing difficulty, the courses offered were [[IB Group 5 subjects#Mathematical Studies SL|Mathematical Studies SL]], [[IB Group 5 subjects#Mathematics SL and HL|Mathematics SL and HL]], and [[IB Group 5 subjects#Further Mathematics HL|Further Mathematics HL]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IB Further Mathematics Subject Guide |url=https://www.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/page-assets/about/administration/offices/registrar/resources/international-baccalaureate/IB-Further-Mathematics.pdf |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729084755/https://www.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/page-assets/about/administration/offices/registrar/resources/international-baccalaureate/IB-Further-Mathematics.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2019 }}</ref> The [[IB Group 5 subjects#Computer science SL and HL|computer science]] elective courses were moved to Group 4 as a full course from first examinations in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group5/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 5, Mathematics and Computer Science|publisher=ibo.com|access-date=3 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721222925/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group5/|archive-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> |
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*[[IB Group 6 subjects|Group 6: The arts]]. There are five Courses offered at both SL and HL: [[Dance]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Music SL & HL|Music]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Theater SL and HL|Theatre]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Visual Arts SL & HL|Visual Arts]], and [[IB Group 6 subjects#Film SL and HL|Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 6, The Arts|publisher=ibo.com|access-date=1 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034850/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Instead of taking a Group 6 course, students may choose to take an additional course from Groups 1–4, or a school-based syllabus course approved by IB.<ref name="Schools p. 11"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/ibnarecognition/diplomaprogrammeinformation/|title=Resources for Universities and Applicants in the US and Canada|work=ibo.org|access-date=21 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918220605/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/ibnarecognition/diplomaprogrammeinformation/|archive-date=18 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The interdisciplinary subject [[IB Group 1 subjects#Literature and performance|literature and performance]] is also offered, although currently only at SL. |
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Environmental Systems and Societies SL or HL is an interdisciplinary course designed to meet the diploma requirements for groups 3 or 4, while literature and performance SL meets the requirements of Groups 1 or 6.<ref name="ibo.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/additional/|title=IB Diploma Programme: Additional subjects: Transdisciplinary subjects|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=21 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721184310/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/additional/|archive-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> |
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Upon completion of the Diploma Programme, students receive the IB Diploma, which is used to obtain admission to institutions of [[higher education]]. This degree is sometimes regarded as a foreign diploma, so its recognition may vary depending on the university.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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=== Online Diploma Programme and pilot courses === |
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In Canada and the United States, some IBDP courses are recognised as equivalent to university/college-level courses, and universities and colleges may award entering students with first-year credit for high IB exam scores. In this regard it is similar to the [[Advanced Placement]] Program, or superior to it, depending on the institute of higher learning in question. |
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The IB is developing an online version of the IBDP and currently offers several online courses to IBDP students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibo.org/announcements/dponlinenowavailable.cfm|title=Diploma courses online now available|access-date=17 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105210838/http://www.ibo.org/announcements/dponlinenowavailable.cfm|archive-date=5 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eventually, it expects to offer online courses to any student who wishes to register.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/development/dponline/index.cfm|title=Diploma Programme Online|access-date=31 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831041259/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/development/dponline/index.cfm|archive-date=31 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, the IB has developed pilot courses that include World Religions; Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Dance, and a transdisciplinary pilot course, literature and performance, Global Politics.<ref name="ibo.org" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/ibnarecognition/diplomaprogrammeinformation/documents/2008DPleaflet.pdf|title=The IB Diploma Programme|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=21 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013434/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/ibnarecognition/diplomaprogrammeinformation/documents/2008DPleaflet.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|title=IB Diploma Programme|work=ibo.org|access-date=21 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034850/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> These pilot courses have now become part of the mainstream courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group3/WorldReligion.cfm|title=World Religions|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035411/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group3/WorldReligion.cfm|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group4/SEHS.cfm|title=Sports, exercise and health science (SEHS)|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033513/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group4/SEHS.cfm|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/dance.cfm|title=Dance (SL and HL)|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040145/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/dance.cfm|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[IB Group 6 subjects]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/individuals-and-societies/global-politics/|title=Studying global politics {{!}} International Baccalaureate®|newspaper=International Baccalaureate|access-date=2016-11-17|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117214418/http://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/individuals-and-societies/global-politics/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Assessment and awards== |
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In the [[United Kingdom]], most universities, including [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], accept the IB Diploma as an alternative to [[A-level]]s and some universities actively prefer it to A-Levels. [[UCAS]] has created a tariff for IB points which will be in use from 2008 university entry onwards. The tariff suggests that a modest score of 30 IB points (419 UCAS points) is roughly equivalent to 3 A-grades at A Level and 1 A-grade at AS Level (420 UCAS points), whereas the maximum score of 45 IB points (768 UCAS points) is roughly equivalent to 6 A-grades at A Level and 1 B-grade at AS Level (770 UCAS points)<ref>[http://www.ucas.com/candq/tariff/index.html The UCAS Tariff]</ref>. The increasing attention being directed at the IB Diploma by universities has led many private schools to offer it in place of A-levels (due to the perennial national debate over A-level standards), though the political impossibility of placing elements of education policy in the hands of an outside body makes it unlikely that the IB would ever replace UK-based qualifications in the majority of schools; instead, there has been talk of creating an equivalent British baccalaureate programme (see the [[Welsh Baccalaureate]], a much-maligned attempt to replicate the IB within Wales, and the [[Mike Tomlinson|Tomlinson Report]], which recommended a new baccalaureate system to replace A-levels).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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All subjects (with the exception of CAS) are evaluated using both internal and external assessors. The externally assessed [[Test (assessment)|examination]]s are given worldwide in May (usually for Northern Hemisphere schools) and in November (usually for Southern Hemisphere schools). Each exam usually consists of two or three papers, generally written on the same or successive weekdays.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 IBO examination schedule|url=http://www.ibo.org/students/documents/MayandNovember2008examinationschedulesEnglish.pdf|publisher=International Baccalaureate|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205081343/http://www.ibo.org/students/documents/MayandNovember2008examinationschedulesEnglish.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The different papers may have different forms of questions, or they may focus on different areas of the subject syllabus. For example, in [[IB Group 4 subjects#Chemistry|Chemistry SL]], paper 1 has [[multiple choice]] questions, paper 2 has extended response questions. Paper 3 focuses on the "Option(s)" selected by the teacher and data analysis questions. The grading of all external assessments is done by independent examiners appointed by the IB.<ref name=assessment>{{cite web|title=Diploma Programme Assessment|access-date=6 June 2009|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/assessment/examiners/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904131837/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/assessment/examiners/|archive-date=4 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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The nature of the internal assessment (IA) varies by subject. There may be oral presentations (used in languages), practical work (in experimental sciences and performing arts), or written work. Internal assessment accounts for 20 to 50 percent of the mark awarded for each subject and is marked by a teacher in the school. A sample of at least five per subject at each level from a school will also be graded by a moderator appointed by the IB, in a process called external moderation of internal assessment. Based on this moderation, the grades of the whole subject from that school will change.<ref name=assessment/> |
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In some countries, such as [[Turkey]] or [[Peru]], the IB Diploma is not considered equivalent to the national end-of-school examination scheme, usually because the IB Diploma is not as specialised, or because certain subjects are not offered. However, in Peru, various universities allow direct entrance to students who succesfully completed the IB. Other countries, such as Germany, set certain conditions for the IB Diploma to be convalidated (German at minimum A2 Standard Level, Mathematic Studies or Mathematics standard level minimum, and Maths or a Science at Higher Level). Some universities, on the other hand, prefer the IB to the certificate which the students usually get in their own country. A list of universities admitting the IB can be found on the IBO web site.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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Points are awarded from 1 to 7,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=Diploma Programme Grade Descriptors |url=https://www.ibo.org/contentassets/0b0b7a097ca2498ea50a9e41d9e1d1cf/dp-grade-descriptors-en.pdf |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206062409/https://ibo.org/contentassets/0b0b7a097ca2498ea50a9e41d9e1d1cf/dp-grade-descriptors-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with 7 being equivalent to an [[A-level]] grade of A*, 6 equal to A, and so on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma {{!}} UCAS Qualification Information Profiles |url=https://qips.ucas.com/qip/international-baccalaureate-ib-diploma |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=qips.ucas.com |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208103140/https://qips.ucas.com/qip/international-baccalaureate-ib-diploma |url-status=live }}</ref> Up to three additional points are awarded depending on the grades achieved in the extended essay and theory of knowledge, so the maximum possible point total in the IBDP is 45.<ref>{{cite web | title = 45 points = 42 plus 3, but very distinguished 3 points | publisher = [[International Baccalaureate]] | url = http://www.ibo.org/newsletter_recognition/march_2006/articlefour | access-date = 14 August 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090904124528/http://www.ibo.org/newsletter_recognition/march_2006/articlefour/ | archive-date = 4 September 2009 | url-status = dead}}</ref> The global pass rate for the IB diploma is approximately 80%.<ref>{{cite web |title=21 Things You Should Know about the IB |url=http://www.ibo.org/facts/21things/documents/21thingsyoushouldknowabouttheIBMarch08.pdf |date=June 2007 |publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205081347/http://www.ibo.org/facts/21things/documents/21thingsyoushouldknowabouttheIBMarch08.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to receive an IB diploma, candidates must receive a minimum of 24 points or an average of four (or C) out of a possible seven points for six subjects. Candidates must also receive a minimum of 12 points from their Higher Level subjects and a minimum of 9 points from their Standard Level subjects. Additionally, candidates must complete all of the requirements for the EE, CAS and TOK. Failing conditions that will prevent a student from being awarded a diploma, regardless of points received, are non-completion of CAS, more than three scores of 3 or below (HL or SL), more than two scores of 2 or below (HL or SL), a score of 1 in any subject (HL or SL), not meeting the specific points required for Higher Level (12) or Standard Level (9) subjects, grade "E" awarded for theory of knowledge and/or the extended essay, or a penalty for academic misconduct from the Final Award Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1611559177/basel/szoxmgau61cey3emc91v/DP-General_regulations.pdf|title=General regulations: Diploma Programme|work=ibo.org|access-date=25 November 2022|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923100145/https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1611559177/basel/szoxmgau61cey3emc91v/DP-General_regulations.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Criticism == |
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Criticism of the Diploma Programme often centres on the limitations of curriculum implementation in the schools. For example, although the IBO may offer many different courses of a particular area, a school may only offer a few, thereby defeating the original intent of the programme.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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Candidates who successfully complete all the requirements of the IB Diploma Programme and one or more of the following combinations are eligible to receive a bilingual diploma: two [[IB Group 1 subjects|Group 1]] subjects (of different languages), a Group 3 or 4 subject taken in a language other than the candidate's Group 1 language, or an Extended Essay in a Group 3 or Group 4 subject written in a language other than the candidate's Group 1 language.<ref>{{cite web |title=A guide to the IBDP for universities and colleges: How to interpret IB grades and transcripts |url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/guide/slidef.cfm |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721162419/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/guide/slidef.cfm |archive-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IB transcripts are issued to indicate completion of diploma courses and exams for non-diploma candidate students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: IB Diploma Programme |url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/diploma_faq.cfm |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901161703/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/diploma_faq.cfm |archive-date=1 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Criticism also stems from the lack of interaction between IB students and other non-IB students in schools where programmes besides the IBDP are offered. This lack of interaction can cause segregation in participating schools. This can come to be interpreted by "non-IB" students as a form of elitism and even [[social Darwinism]]. Schools have addressed this problem by encouraging open access and expanding programs.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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=== Special circumstances === |
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Another negative aspect of the program that may exist in some schools is the unnecessary measures taken to keep control of CAS hours. This can be in the form of proposal forms or excessive logging forms. |
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Where standard assessment conditions could put a student with special educational needs at a disadvantage, special arrangements may be allowed. The ''Candidates with Special Assessment Needs ''publication contains information regarding procedures and arrangements for students with special needs.<ref>[http://www.ibo.org/programmes/pd/special/documents/dpspecialassessment.pdf Candidates with Special Assessment Needs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125230419/http://ibo.org/programmes/pd/special/documents/dpspecialassessment.pdf |date=25 November 2010 }} International Baccalaureate Organization. March 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-29</ref> |
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==Application and authorization== |
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The IB places responsibility for the administration of the program in the Head of School and the school's IB coordinator. Depending on how a school structures its programme, information about the policies and practices originate from the coordinator. The IB school is responsible for interpreting regulations, and final decisions regarding the Diploma Programme are left to the school administration. The IBO will commonly refer students or parents who have issues with the administration of the program back to the school for resolution.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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To offer the IB Diploma Programme, an institution must go through an application process, and during that period the teachers are trained in the IB. At the end of the application process, IB conducts an authorisation visit.<ref name=IBNAfees>{{cite web|title=North America Diploma Programme Application Process and Fees For schools seeking to start implementation in the Fall Term of 2011 and later|url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf|publisher=International Baccalaureate North America|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616002011/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once a school is authorized to offer the programme, an annual fee ensures ongoing support from the IB, legal authorization to display the IB logo, and access to the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC) and the IB Information System (IBIS).<ref name=IBNAfees/> The OCC provides information, resources, and support for IB teachers and coordinators. IBIS is a database employed by IB coordinators.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual School Fees |url=http://www.ibo.org/become/fees/assessmentfees/ |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615164110/http://ibo.org/become/fees/assessmentfees/ |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other IB fees also include student registration and individual diploma subject examination fees.<ref name=IBNAfees/> |
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==University recognition== |
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==In the United States== |
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The IB diploma is accepted in 75 countries at over 2,000 universities, and the IB has a search directory on its website, although it advises students to check recognition policies directly with each university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/directory/index.cfm|work=ibo.org|title=University recognition directory|access-date=29 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324043655/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/directory/index.cfm|archive-date=24 March 2008}}</ref> The IB also maintains a list of universities offering scholarships to IBDP graduates under conditions specified by each institution, including 58 colleges and universities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/scholarships/|work=ibo.org|title=University scholarships for IB diploma holders|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904130132/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/scholarships/|archive-date=4 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following is an overview of university recognition policies in various countries. |
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In the US, the IB Diploma Programme is used to set students at an international standard level. Many colleges recognise participation in (and the passing of) IB examinations as college credits. The national average of candidates that receive their diploma is about 80%. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ |
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|Australia |
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|Although every university in Australia accepts the IB diploma, entry criteria differ from university to university. Some universities accept students on their IB point count, whereas others require the points to be converted. In all states and territories, this is based on the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) converted by their relevant state admission agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vtac.edu.au/pdf/ib_notional_atar.pdf|title=VTAC Notional ATAR Conversion Table|access-date=19 March 2015|archive-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301042624/http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/ib_notional_atar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|Austria |
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|It is considered a foreign secondary school leaving certificate, even if the school issuing the diploma is in the country. Admission decisions are at the discretion of higher education institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Austria¤t_country=AT|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Austria|date=26 May 2006|publisher=ibo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506142356/http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Austria¤t_country=AT|archive-date=6 May 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref> |
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|Canada |
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|IB North America publishes an ''IB Recognition Policy Summary for Canadian Universities.''<ref>[http://www.edu.pe.ca/rural/IB%20website/Files/Canadian%20University%20IB%20Recognition%20Policies.pdf IB Recognition Policy Summary – Canadian Universities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725175904/http://www.edu.pe.ca/rural/IB%20website/Files/Canadian%20University%20IB%20Recognition%20Policies.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }} IB North America Recognition Services. 1–4. March 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2009.</ref> |
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|- |
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|China |
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|The People's Republic of China does not formally accept the IB diploma for university qualification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-schools.org/hong-kong/index.htm|title=International Schools in Hong Kong|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-date=21 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421162319/http://www.english-schools.org/hong-kong/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|Finland |
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|The IB diploma gives the same qualification for matriculation as the national [[Matriculation exam (Finland)|matriculation examination]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oph.fi/koulutus_ja_tutkinnot/lukiokoulutus/eri_vaihtoehtoja_suorittaa_lukio|title=Opetushallitus - Eri vaihtoehtoja suorittaa lukio|website=www.oph.fi|access-date=6 February 2013|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123030950/http://www.oph.fi/koulutus_ja_tutkinnot/lukiokoulutus/eri_vaihtoehtoja_suorittaa_lukio|url-status=dead}}</ref> The core requirements differ very little, although the Finnish degree has more electives and languages are a larger part of the final grading |
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|- |
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|France |
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|The IBDP is one of the foreign diplomas that allow students access into French universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u-bordeaux4.fr/infoglueDeliverLive/digitalAssets/866_decretVAP1985.pdf#search=%22d%C3%A9cret%20minist%C3%A8re%20%C3%A9ducation%20nationale%2023%20ao%C3%BBt%201985%22|title=texte du décret n° 85-906 du 23 août 1985 (in french)}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|Germany |
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|Has set certain conditions for the IB diploma to be accepted. Students must have either Group 1 or 2 (or both) at HL; mathematics Standard Level minimum; and at least one science or mathematics course at Higher Level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Germany¤t_country=DE|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626055058/http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Germany¤t_country=DE|archive-date=26 June 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> German International Baccalaureate students in some schools are able to earn a "bilingual diploma" that gains them access to German universities; half of the classes in this programme are held in German.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.is-hr.de/index.php?id=ib-diploma-programme|title=International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at ISHR|access-date=1 October 2009|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045236/http://www.is-hr.de/index.php?id=ib-diploma-programme|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|Hong Kong |
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|IB diploma students may apply to universities as non-[[JUPAS]] (Joint University Programmes Admissions System).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jupas.edu.hk/jupas/jupasFront.htm|title=Joint University Programmes Admissions System|access-date=1 October 2009|archive-date=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930215821/http://www.jupas.edu.hk/jupas/jupasFront.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|India |
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|The [[Association of Indian Universities]] recognizes the IBDP as an entry qualification to all universities, provided that the applicants include a document from the IB detailing percentage equivalency and that specific course requirements for admission to medical and engineering programs are satisfied.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=India¤t_country=IN|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: India|publisher=ibo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211081456/http://ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=India¤t_country=IN|archive-date=11 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aiuweb.org/evaluation/Grade%20Conversion%20IB.pdf|title=IB Diploma is accepted by Indian colleges|date=April 2012|access-date=2015-07-08|via=online search|archive-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107111933/http://www.aiuweb.org/evaluation/Grade%20Conversion%20IB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|Italy |
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|The Italian Ministry of Education recognizes the IB diploma as academically equivalent to the national diploma, provided the curriculum includes the Italian language and the particular IB programme is accepted for H.E.D. matriculation in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.study-in-italy.it/studying/info-19.html|title=Study in Italy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907060158/http://www.study-in-italy.it/studying/info-19.html|archive-date=7 September 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref> |
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|Peru |
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|[[Peru]]vian universities do not officially accept the IB diploma. However, the Ministry of Education may grant partial equivalence to national diploma for students who have satisfactorily completed the fourth year of high school in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Peru¤t_country=PE|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Peru|publisher=ibo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070327/http://ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Peru¤t_country=PE|archive-date=11 February 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref> |
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|Philippines |
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|Some universities in the Philippines accept the IB diploma in lieu of taking the entrance exams.<ref>{{cite web |title=(IB) Programme |url=https://www.ateneo.edu/ls/undergraduate/apply-ateneo/ib-programme |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411162239/http://www.ateneo.edu/ls/undergraduate/apply-ateneo/ib-programme |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|Russia |
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|According to the IB, there are two universities in Russia that officially recognize the IB diploma subject to certain guidelines. The Russian Ministry of Education considers the IB diploma issued by state-accredited IB schools in Russia equivalent to the certificate of secondary (complete) general education (attestat).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/RU/index.cfm|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Russia|publisher=ibo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608065519/http://www.ibo.org/country/RU/index.cfm|archive-date=8 June 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|Spain |
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|Considers the IB diploma academically equivalent to the "Título de bachillerato español". As of 1 June 2008, IB diploma holders no longer need to pass the University Entrance Examination to be admitted to Spanish universities. |
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|Sweden |
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|IB diploma grades can be converted to a Swedish grade equivalent. After the conversion the IB diploma is treated the same as grades from the Swedish education system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uhr.se/syv/hogskola-med-utlandska-meriter/internationell-baccalaureate-ib/meritvardering/|title=Meritvärdering|website=UHR.se|language=sv|access-date=2019-02-21|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224022/https://www.uhr.se/syv/hogskola-med-utlandska-meriter/internationell-baccalaureate-ib/meritvardering/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|Turkey |
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|Turkish universities accept the IB diploma, but all applicants are required by law to take the university entrance examinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Turkey¤t_country=TR|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Turkey|publisher=ibo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203235719/http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Turkey¤t_country=TR|archive-date=3 December 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|United Kingdom |
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|[[UCAS]] publishes a university entrance tariff table that converts IB and other qualifications into standardised "tariff points",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/tarifftables/|title=UCAS – Tariff tables|publisher=[[UCAS|The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011002346/http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/tarifftables/|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> but these are not binding,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/how|title=UCAS – How does the Tariff work?|publisher=[[UCAS|The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS)]]|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925072614/http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/how|url-status=live}}</ref> so institutions are free to set minimum entry requirements for IB candidates that are not the same as those for [[GCE Advanced Level|A level]] candidates. Most universities in the UK require IB students to take more courses than A-level students—requiring, for instance, four As and two Bs from an IB student, whereas an A-level student will only need an ABB—because each subject taken as a part of the IB gives a less broad coverage of a similar subject taken at A-level. |
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|- |
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|United States |
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|Institutions of higher education set their own admission and credit policies for IB diploma recognition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Peru¤t_country=PE|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: United States|publisher=ibo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070327/http://ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Peru¤t_country=PE|archive-date=11 February 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref> Colorado and Texas have legislation requiring universities to adopt and implement policy which awards college credit to students who have successfully completed the IBDP.<ref>Colorado Revised Statutes 23-1-113.2. Department directive - admission standards for students holding international baccalaureate diplomas.</ref><ref><sup>[NB]</sup>]Texas Education Code Section 51.968(b); this section also requires each institution of higher education that offers freshman-level courses to adopt and implement a policy to grant undergraduate course credit to entering freshman students who have achieved required scores on one or more examinations in the [[Advanced Placement Program]] or the [[College-Level Examination Program]], or who have successfully completed one or more courses offered through [[Dual enrollment|concurrent enrollment in high school and at an institution of higher education]].</ref> |
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==Reception== |
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Many American colleges will only give college credit to students for taking higher level courses. The score required often depends on the competitiveness of the college. Some require a score of 5,6 or 7, while others will accept a 4. Other schools, like Binghamton University, offer up to a year's credit for students who achieve a certain total score on the IB Diploma and will accept high SL scores for students who achieve the diploma. Comparisons are also made with the AP programme. However, it is difficult to compare the two systems because IB is scored out of 7 and AP out of 5, and the stated purpose of AP is to earn university-level credit, while the IB is designed as a baccalaureate. |
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The IBDP was described as "a rigorous, off-the-shelf curriculum recognized by universities around the world" on 10 December 2006, edition of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine, in an article titled "How to bring our schools out of the 20th century".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568480-3,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214153158/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568480-3,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2006|title=How to bring our schools out of the 20th Century|magazine=Time|access-date=16 July 2009|last=Wallis|first=Claudia|date=10 December 2006}}</ref> It was also featured in the summer 2002 edition of ''American Educator,'' where Robert Rothman described it as "a good example of an effective, instructionally sound, exam-based system".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/testworthteaching.html |title=A test worth teaching to |work=American Educator |last=Rothman |first=Robert |date=Summer 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904031506/http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/testworthteaching.html |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Howard Gardner]], a professor of educational psychology at [[Harvard University]], said that the IBDP curriculum is "less parochial than most American efforts" and helps students "think critically, synthesize knowledge, reflect on their own thought processes and get their feet wet in interdisciplinary thinking".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/diploma-for-the-top-of-the-top-international-baccalaureate-gains-favor-in-region.html?pagewanted=all |last=Gross |first=Jane |date=21 June 2003 |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Diploma for the 'Top of the Top'; International Baccalaureate Gains Favor in Region |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119060957/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/diploma-for-the-top-of-the-top-international-baccalaureate-gains-favor-in-region.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> An admissions officer at [[Brown University]] has claimed the IBDP garners widespread respect.<ref name="Lewin"/> |
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In the United Kingdom, the IBDP is "regarded as more academically challenging but broader than three or four [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-levels]]", according to an article in ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="guardian-2009-02-10" /> In 2006, government ministers provided funding so that "every local authority in England could have at least one centre offering [[sixth-formers]] the chance to do the IB".<ref name="guardian-2009-02-10" /> |
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When [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] announced his American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI) he cited the IB programme as crucial to his goals for the initiative.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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In the United States, criticism of the IBDP has centered on the vague claim that it is anti-American, according to parents anonymously quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'', who objected to the program's funding from [[UNESCO]] in its early years. The base cost is considered to be higher than other programs.<ref name="Lewin">{{cite news |title=International Program Catches on in US Schools |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 July 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/03/education/03baccalaureate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1 |access-date=5 July 2010 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040307/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/03/education/03baccalaureate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the school board in [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho]], voted to eliminate all IB programmes in the district because of low participation and high costs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/aug/06/ib-program-booted-coeur-dalene-school-district/ |title=IB program booted from Coeur d'Alene School District |first=Scott |last=Maben |work=The Spokesman Review |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810154247/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/aug/06/ib-program-booted-coeur-dalene-school-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Pre-IB == |
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<!-- Parents in Incline Village, Nevada, defeated the implementation of IB in its schools after an 18 month battle. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tahoebonanza.com/article/20110330/NEWS/110339992/1061&ParentProfile=1050/|title=: International Baccalaureate will no longer be pursued in Incline Village|first=Matthew|last=Renda|work=North Lake Tahoe Bonanza|date=30 March 2011}} </ref> --> |
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== See also == |
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In many schools, one or two years of 'Pre-IB' are administered before admission into the formal IB curriculum. This is not a practice managed by the IBO, but by the schools themselves, and the nature of the Pre-IB studies varies greatly between schools. In many countries, Pre-IB consists of adapting to studying in a foreign language (usually [[English language|English]]), while completing the compulsory courses demanded by the national education authorities (as opposed to the IBO). |
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*[[European Baccalaureate]] |
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For schools in the United States, the 'Pre-IB' curriculum usually consists of more advanced courses than the regular freshman and sophomore classes in order to prepare the student for the rigours of the actual IB curriculum. |
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*[[List of secondary school leaving certificates]] |
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Schools in Canada usually offer a more advanced French language course, or offer an optional language in grade ten, usually Spanish.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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*[[International school]] |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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<references/> |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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== |
== References == |
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<references group=UG2 /> |
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*[[European Baccalaureate]] |
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{{Refbegin|indent=yes}} |
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*[[French Baccalaureate]] |
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*{{cite book|title=International Education: Principles and Practice|editor1=Mary Hayden |editor2=Jeff Thompson|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=0-7494-3616-6|author=Elisabeth Fox|chapter=The Emergence of the International Baccalaureate as an Impetus for Curriculum Reform|pages=65–75}} |
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*[[Advanced Placement Program]] |
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*{{cite book | title=Diploma Programme, Dance draft subject guide 2009 | year=2008 | publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization | ref=refDanceDSG2008 }} |
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*{{cite book | title=Diploma Programme, Handbook of Procedures for the Diploma Program, May and November 2009 examination sessions | year=2008 | publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization | location=Cardiff, Wales, UK | ref=HandProc2008 }} |
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*{{cite book | title=Diploma Programme, Sports, Exercise, and Health Science draft subject guide | year=2007 | publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization | ref=refSportsDSG2007 }} |
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*{{cite book | title=Diploma Programme, Text and Performance draft subject guide 2008 | year=2008 | publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization | location=Geneva, Switzerland | ref=refTextPerfDSG2008 }} |
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*{{cite book | title=Diploma Programme, World Religions draft subject guide, first examinations 2011 | year=2009 | publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization | ref=refWorldRelDSG2009 }} |
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*{{cite book|title=International Education in Practice|editor1=Mary Hayden |editor2=Jeff Thompson |editor3=George Walker|edition=1st|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7494-3835-7|author=Ian Hill|chapter=The History of International Education: An International Baccalaureate Perspective|pages=18–28}} |
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*{{cite book|title=The SAGE handbook of research in international education|editor1=Mary Hayden |editor2=Jeff Thompson |editor3=Jack Levy |publisher=SAGE|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4129-1971-5|chapter=International Education as developed by the International Baccalaureate Organization|author=Ian Hill|pages=27 et seq}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D356tnugGYwC&pg=PA21|title=Supertest: How the International Baccalaureate can Strengthen our Schools|first=Jay|last=Mathews|publisher=Open Court|page=22|year=2005| isbn=978-0-8126-9577-9}} |
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*{{cite book |title=Schools Across Frontiers |last= Peterson|first= A.D.C.|year=2003|edition= 2nd |publisher= Open Court|isbn=0-8126-9505-4 |pages=18–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTUjMNjNo3EC&q=peterson+international+baccalaureate}} |
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*{{cite book | title=Schools' Guide to the Diploma Programme | year=2002 | publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization | location=Geneva, Switzerland | ref=refSchoolGuideDP2002 | url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/documents/schools_guide_diploma.pdf | access-date=3 July 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229142506/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/documents/schools_guide_diploma.pdf | archive-date=29 December 2009}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Wikibooks|Subject:IB Diploma Programme}} |
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{{wikibooks|International Baccalaureate}} |
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*[http://www.ibo.org/diploma The Diploma Programme] |
*[http://www.ibo.org/diploma The Diploma Programme] the IB's official website |
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*[https://tychr.com/a-guide-to-ib-diploma-programme/ A Guide To IB Diploma Program] TYCHR |
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*[http://www.direct.gov.uk/EducationAndLearning/QualificationsExplained/QualificationsExplainedArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=10039027&chk=NngSzT Directgov: International Baccalaureate Diploma] |
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*[http://www.ibscrewed.net ibscrewed.net] — Unofficial student community site |
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*[http://www.ibscrewed.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12468&start=0 ibscrewed group revision thread] — created mainly for 2007 IB students (ibscrewed account required to access) |
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*[http://s19.quicksharing.com/v/1169397/IB_eBook_2007_2.pdf.html '''Free IB e-Book - PDF Format, 25 pages long with lots of useful links and tips.'''] |
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{{Good article}} |
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===Articles=== |
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*[http://www.eagleforum.org/educate/2006/may06/IBSchools.html IB Schools in U.S. Under U.N. Law; International Baccalaureate: An Analysis of Jurisdiction] |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/5156108.stm BBC report: UK exam bodies at odds over IB rankings] |
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*[http://www.edwatch.org/updates06/040706-IBaq.htm Why International Baccalaureate (IB) is UN-American] |
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*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12532678/site/newsweek/ The Complete List: 1,200 Top U.S. Schools] |
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[[Category:International Baccalaureate]] |
[[Category:International Baccalaureate]] |
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[[Category:Secondary school qualifications]] |
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[[Category:Associations of schools]] |
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[[Category:High school course levels]] |
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[[it:Baccellierato Internazionale]] |
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Latest revision as of 08:02, 16 December 2024
Part of a series on the International Baccalaureate |
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The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) is a two-year educational programme primarily aimed at 16-to-19-year-olds in 140 countries around the world. The programme provides an internationally accepted qualification for entry into higher education and is recognized by many universities worldwide. It was developed in the early-to-mid-1960s in Geneva, Switzerland, by a group of international educators. After a six-year pilot programme that ended in 1975, a bilingual diploma was established.
Administered by the International Baccalaureate (IB), the IBDP is taught in schools in over 140 countries, in one of five languages: Chinese, English, French, German, or Spanish.[1] To offer the IB diploma, schools must be certified as an IB school. IBDP students complete assessments in six subjects, traditionally one from each of the 6 subject groups (although students may choose to forgo a group 6 subject such as Art or music, instead choosing an additional subject from one of the other groups). In addition, they must fulfill the three core requirements, namely CAS, TOK and the Extended Essay. Students are evaluated using both internal and external assessments, and courses finish with an externally assessed series of examinations, usually consisting of two or three timed written tests. Internal assessment varies by subject: there may be oral presentations, practical work, or written work. In most cases, these are initially graded by the classroom teacher, whose grades are then verified or modified, as necessary, by an appointed external moderator.
Generally, the IBDP has been well-received. It has been commended for introducing interdisciplinary thinking to students. In the United Kingdom, The Guardian newspaper claims that the IBDP is "more academically challenging and broader than three or four A-levels".[2]
History and background
[edit]In 1945, the "Conference of Internationally-minded Schools" asked the International School of Geneva (Ecolint) to create an international schools programme.[3][4] When he became director of Ecolint's English division, Desmond Cole-Baker began to develop the idea, and in 1962, his colleague Robert Leach organized a conference in Geneva, at which the term "International Baccalaureate" was first mentioned.[3][5] An American social studies teacher, Leach organized the conference—with a $2500 grant from UNESCO—which was attended by observers from European schools and UNESCO. Writing about the genesis of the International Baccalaureate in Schools Across Frontiers, Alec Peterson credits Leach as "the original promoter of the International Baccalaureate."[6] At the end of the conference, Unesco funded the International School Association with an additional $10,000, which was inadequate to do more than produce a few papers, or bring teachers together for meetings.[7]
By 1964, international educators such as Alec Peterson (director of the Department of Education at Oxford University), Harlan Hanson (director of the College Board Advanced Placement Program), Desmond Cole (director of United Nations International School in New York City) and Desmond Cole-Baker (head of the International School of Geneva) founded the International Schools Examination Syndicate (ISES).[8][9] Cole and Hanson brought experience with college entrance examinations in the United States, and Hanson, in particular, brought his experience from a long relationship with the College Board.[9] According to Peterson, "the breakthrough in the history of the IB" came in 1965 with a grant from the Twentieth Century Fund, which commissioned Martin Mayer, author of The Schools, to produce a report on the feasibility of establishing a common curriculum and examination for international schools that would be acceptable for entry to universities worldwide.[7] This led to conferences involving Ecolint, the United World College of the Atlantic (Atlantic College), and others in the spring and fall of 1965, at which details about the curriculum for the Diploma Programme were discussed and agreed upon.[7]
The Ford Foundation grant, secured in 1966, funded Peterson's study at Oxford University, which focused on three issues: a comparative analysis of "secondary educational programmes in European countries...in cooperation with the Council of Europe"; university expectations for secondary students intending to enter university; and a "statistical comparison of IB pilot examination results with...national school leaving examinations such as British A Levels and US College Board (AP) Tests".[7][8] As a result of the study and the curriculum model developed at Atlantic College, Peterson initiated the pattern of combining "general education with specialization", which melded with the curricula of the United States and Canada, and became the "curriculum framework" proposed at the UNESCO conference in Geneva in 1967.[8] Late in 1967, ISES was restructured and renamed the IB Council of Foundation, and John Goormaghtigh became the first president in January 1968.[7] In 1967, the group, which by then also included Ralph Tyler, identified eight schools to be used for the experimentation of the curriculum.[10]
In 1968, the IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva for the development and maintenance of the IBDP. Alec Peterson became IBO's first director general, and in 1968, twelve schools in twelve countries participated in the IBDP, including Atlantic College in Wales, Ecolint in Geneva, and UNIS of New York City.[7][8][11] The aim was to "provide an internationally acceptable university admissions qualification suitable for the growing mobile population of young people whose parents were part of the world of diplomacy, international and multi-national organizations."[12]
The first six years of the IB Diploma Programme, with a limited number of students, are referred to as the "experimental period".[13] Each school was to be inspected by ISES or IBO and had to be approved by their government.[14] The experimental period ended in 1975, and in that year, the International Baccalaureate North America (IBNA) was established as a separate entity, allowing the funding for implementation of the IBDP to remain in the country rather than being sent to Geneva.[15] The first official guide to the programme containing its syllabus and official assessment information was published in 1970 and included the theory of knowledge course. The extended essay was introduced in 1978, but creativity, action, service (CAS), although mentioned in guides beforehand, was not specifically identified in the guide until 1989.[7][16]
In 1980, responding to criticism that the "internationalism" was Eurocentric, the IB hosted a seminar in Singapore with the goal of incorporating Asian culture and education into the IB curriculum. In 1982, the Standing Conference of Heads of IB Schools took steps to modify the Eurocentrism in the curriculum. The same year, the Japanese government hosted a science conference for IBO "as a token of Japanese interest in the various dimensions of the IB".[8]
From the start, all subjects of the IB Diploma Programme were available in English and French, and it was mandatory for all students to study both a first and a second language.[17] In 1974, bilingual diplomas were introduced that allowed students to take one or more of their humanities or science subjects in a language other than their first. The IB Diploma Programme subjects became available in Spanish in 1983.[17]
Core requirements and subject groups
[edit]Core requirements
[edit]To be awarded an IB diploma, candidates must fulfill three core requirements, in addition to passing their subject examinations:[18]
- Extended essay (EE). Candidates must write an independent research essay of up to 4,000 words[19] in a subject from the list of approved EE subjects.[20] The candidate may choose to investigate a topic within a subject they are currently studying, although this is not required.[21] The EE may be written on an interdisciplinary topic.[22]
- Theory of knowledge (TOK). This course introduces students to theories about the nature and limitations of knowledge (basic epistemology) and provides practice in determining the meaning and validity of knowledge (critical thinking). It is claimed to be a "flagship element" of the Diploma Programme, and is the one course that all diploma candidates are required to take. TOK requires 100 hours of instruction, the completion of an externally assessed essay of 1600 words (from a choice of six titles prescribed by the IB worth 67%), and an internally assessed exhibition or presentation (worth 33%) on the candidate's chosen topic.[23]
- Creativity, activity, service (CAS). CAS aims to provide students with opportunities for personal growth, self-reflection, intellectual, physical and creative challenges, and awareness of themselves as responsible members of their communities[24] through participation in social or community work (service), athletics or other physical activities (activity), and creative activities (creativity). The guideline for the minimum amount of CAS activity over the two-year programme is approximately 3–4 hours per week, though "hour counting" is not encouraged. Previously, there was a requirement that 150 CAS hours be completed, but this was abolished in 2010. However, some schools still require these hours.[24]
Subject groups
[edit]Students who pursue the IB diploma must take six subjects: one each from Groups 1–5,[20] and either one from Group 6 or a permitted substitute from one of the other groups, as described below.[25] Three or four subjects must be taken at Higher level (HL) and the rest at Standard level (SL).[20] The IB recommends a minimum of 240 hours of instructional time for HL courses and 150 hours for SL courses.[20]
While the IB encourages students to pursue the full IB diploma, the "substantial workload require[s] a great deal of commitment, organization, and initiative". Students may instead choose to register for one or more individual IB subjects, without the core requirements. Such students will not receive the full diploma.[26]
The six IBDP subject groups and course offerings are summarised below. More information about the subject groups and individual courses can be found at the respective subject group articles:
- Group 1: Studies in language and literature. Taken at either SL or HL, this is generally the student's native language, with over 80 languages available.[27] As of courses starting in summer 2011, there are two options for Language A (previously A1): Literature, which is very similar to the old course, and Language and Literature, a slightly more challenging adaptation of the former Group 2 Language A2 subjects, which have been withdrawn. The interdisciplinary subject literature and performance can also be taken at SL.
- Group 2: Language acquisition. An additional language, taken at the following levels: Language B (SL or HL), or Language ab initio (SL only).[28] Latin and Classical Greek are also offered and may be taken at SL or HL.[27] Following the replacement of the Language A2 option with the Group 1 Language and Literature offering for courses starting in summer 2011, the Language B syllabus was changed: the coursework is now more rigorous, and at HL, there is the compulsory study of two works of literature (although this is for comprehension rather than analysis and is only assessed through coursework). In addition, B SL students can study one of the texts as a replacement for the optional topics.
- Group 3: Individuals and societies. Humanities and social sciences courses offered at both SL and HL: Business Management, Economics, Geography, History, Information Technology in a Global Society (ITGS), Philosophy, Psychology, and Social and Cultural Anthropology and Global Politics.[29] The course World Religions is offered at SL and the interdisciplinary course Environmental Systems and Societies is offered at SL or HL.
- Group 4: Experimental sciences. Five courses are offered at both SL and HL: chemistry, biology, physics, design technology and computer science. The course Sport, Exercise and Health Science is offered at both SL and HL. The interdisciplinary course Nature of Science is offered at SL only, while Environmental Systems and Societies is offered at SL or HL.
- Group 5: Mathematics. All students hoping to graduate with an IB Diploma must take a math class, with courses available at different levels and with different focus. There are two distinct IB Math courses, both available at standard or higher level: Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches, with an emphasis on algebraic methods and mathematical thinking, and Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation, with an emphasis on modelling and statistics, and with a focus on using technology to solve problems with real-world applications. These curricula were introduced in major changes in 2019 and 2021, replacing the previous curricula with a new structure. Under the 2019 course changes, Further Mathematics were dropped entirely.[30][31][32] Before 2019, of increasing difficulty, the courses offered were Mathematical Studies SL, Mathematics SL and HL, and Further Mathematics HL.[33] The computer science elective courses were moved to Group 4 as a full course from first examinations in 2014.[34]
- Group 6: The arts. There are five Courses offered at both SL and HL: Dance, Music, Theatre, Visual Arts, and Film.[35] Instead of taking a Group 6 course, students may choose to take an additional course from Groups 1–4, or a school-based syllabus course approved by IB.[25][36] The interdisciplinary subject literature and performance is also offered, although currently only at SL.
Environmental Systems and Societies SL or HL is an interdisciplinary course designed to meet the diploma requirements for groups 3 or 4, while literature and performance SL meets the requirements of Groups 1 or 6.[37]
Online Diploma Programme and pilot courses
[edit]The IB is developing an online version of the IBDP and currently offers several online courses to IBDP students.[38] Eventually, it expects to offer online courses to any student who wishes to register.[39] Additionally, the IB has developed pilot courses that include World Religions; Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Dance, and a transdisciplinary pilot course, literature and performance, Global Politics.[37][40][41] These pilot courses have now become part of the mainstream courses.[42][43][44][45][46]
Assessment and awards
[edit]All subjects (with the exception of CAS) are evaluated using both internal and external assessors. The externally assessed examinations are given worldwide in May (usually for Northern Hemisphere schools) and in November (usually for Southern Hemisphere schools). Each exam usually consists of two or three papers, generally written on the same or successive weekdays.[47] The different papers may have different forms of questions, or they may focus on different areas of the subject syllabus. For example, in Chemistry SL, paper 1 has multiple choice questions, paper 2 has extended response questions. Paper 3 focuses on the "Option(s)" selected by the teacher and data analysis questions. The grading of all external assessments is done by independent examiners appointed by the IB.[48]
The nature of the internal assessment (IA) varies by subject. There may be oral presentations (used in languages), practical work (in experimental sciences and performing arts), or written work. Internal assessment accounts for 20 to 50 percent of the mark awarded for each subject and is marked by a teacher in the school. A sample of at least five per subject at each level from a school will also be graded by a moderator appointed by the IB, in a process called external moderation of internal assessment. Based on this moderation, the grades of the whole subject from that school will change.[48]
Points are awarded from 1 to 7,[49] with 7 being equivalent to an A-level grade of A*, 6 equal to A, and so on.[50] Up to three additional points are awarded depending on the grades achieved in the extended essay and theory of knowledge, so the maximum possible point total in the IBDP is 45.[51] The global pass rate for the IB diploma is approximately 80%.[52] In order to receive an IB diploma, candidates must receive a minimum of 24 points or an average of four (or C) out of a possible seven points for six subjects. Candidates must also receive a minimum of 12 points from their Higher Level subjects and a minimum of 9 points from their Standard Level subjects. Additionally, candidates must complete all of the requirements for the EE, CAS and TOK. Failing conditions that will prevent a student from being awarded a diploma, regardless of points received, are non-completion of CAS, more than three scores of 3 or below (HL or SL), more than two scores of 2 or below (HL or SL), a score of 1 in any subject (HL or SL), not meeting the specific points required for Higher Level (12) or Standard Level (9) subjects, grade "E" awarded for theory of knowledge and/or the extended essay, or a penalty for academic misconduct from the Final Award Committee.[53]
Candidates who successfully complete all the requirements of the IB Diploma Programme and one or more of the following combinations are eligible to receive a bilingual diploma: two Group 1 subjects (of different languages), a Group 3 or 4 subject taken in a language other than the candidate's Group 1 language, or an Extended Essay in a Group 3 or Group 4 subject written in a language other than the candidate's Group 1 language.[54] IB transcripts are issued to indicate completion of diploma courses and exams for non-diploma candidate students.[55]
Special circumstances
[edit]Where standard assessment conditions could put a student with special educational needs at a disadvantage, special arrangements may be allowed. The Candidates with Special Assessment Needs publication contains information regarding procedures and arrangements for students with special needs.[56]
Application and authorization
[edit]To offer the IB Diploma Programme, an institution must go through an application process, and during that period the teachers are trained in the IB. At the end of the application process, IB conducts an authorisation visit.[57] Once a school is authorized to offer the programme, an annual fee ensures ongoing support from the IB, legal authorization to display the IB logo, and access to the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC) and the IB Information System (IBIS).[57] The OCC provides information, resources, and support for IB teachers and coordinators. IBIS is a database employed by IB coordinators.[58] Other IB fees also include student registration and individual diploma subject examination fees.[57]
University recognition
[edit]The IB diploma is accepted in 75 countries at over 2,000 universities, and the IB has a search directory on its website, although it advises students to check recognition policies directly with each university.[59] The IB also maintains a list of universities offering scholarships to IBDP graduates under conditions specified by each institution, including 58 colleges and universities in the United States.[60] The following is an overview of university recognition policies in various countries.
Australia | Although every university in Australia accepts the IB diploma, entry criteria differ from university to university. Some universities accept students on their IB point count, whereas others require the points to be converted. In all states and territories, this is based on the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) converted by their relevant state admission agencies.[61] |
Austria | It is considered a foreign secondary school leaving certificate, even if the school issuing the diploma is in the country. Admission decisions are at the discretion of higher education institutions.[62] |
Canada | IB North America publishes an IB Recognition Policy Summary for Canadian Universities.[63] |
China | The People's Republic of China does not formally accept the IB diploma for university qualification.[64] |
Finland | The IB diploma gives the same qualification for matriculation as the national matriculation examination.[65] The core requirements differ very little, although the Finnish degree has more electives and languages are a larger part of the final grading |
France | The IBDP is one of the foreign diplomas that allow students access into French universities.[66] |
Germany | Has set certain conditions for the IB diploma to be accepted. Students must have either Group 1 or 2 (or both) at HL; mathematics Standard Level minimum; and at least one science or mathematics course at Higher Level.[67] German International Baccalaureate students in some schools are able to earn a "bilingual diploma" that gains them access to German universities; half of the classes in this programme are held in German.[68] |
Hong Kong | IB diploma students may apply to universities as non-JUPAS (Joint University Programmes Admissions System).[69] |
India | The Association of Indian Universities recognizes the IBDP as an entry qualification to all universities, provided that the applicants include a document from the IB detailing percentage equivalency and that specific course requirements for admission to medical and engineering programs are satisfied.[70][71] |
Italy | The Italian Ministry of Education recognizes the IB diploma as academically equivalent to the national diploma, provided the curriculum includes the Italian language and the particular IB programme is accepted for H.E.D. matriculation in Italy.[72] |
Peru | Peruvian universities do not officially accept the IB diploma. However, the Ministry of Education may grant partial equivalence to national diploma for students who have satisfactorily completed the fourth year of high school in the country.[73] |
Philippines | Some universities in the Philippines accept the IB diploma in lieu of taking the entrance exams.[74] |
Russia | According to the IB, there are two universities in Russia that officially recognize the IB diploma subject to certain guidelines. The Russian Ministry of Education considers the IB diploma issued by state-accredited IB schools in Russia equivalent to the certificate of secondary (complete) general education (attestat).[75] |
Spain | Considers the IB diploma academically equivalent to the "Título de bachillerato español". As of 1 June 2008, IB diploma holders no longer need to pass the University Entrance Examination to be admitted to Spanish universities. |
Sweden | IB diploma grades can be converted to a Swedish grade equivalent. After the conversion the IB diploma is treated the same as grades from the Swedish education system.[76] |
Turkey | Turkish universities accept the IB diploma, but all applicants are required by law to take the university entrance examinations.[77] |
United Kingdom | UCAS publishes a university entrance tariff table that converts IB and other qualifications into standardised "tariff points",[78] but these are not binding,[79] so institutions are free to set minimum entry requirements for IB candidates that are not the same as those for A level candidates. Most universities in the UK require IB students to take more courses than A-level students—requiring, for instance, four As and two Bs from an IB student, whereas an A-level student will only need an ABB—because each subject taken as a part of the IB gives a less broad coverage of a similar subject taken at A-level. |
United States | Institutions of higher education set their own admission and credit policies for IB diploma recognition.[80] Colorado and Texas have legislation requiring universities to adopt and implement policy which awards college credit to students who have successfully completed the IBDP.[81][82] |
Reception
[edit]The IBDP was described as "a rigorous, off-the-shelf curriculum recognized by universities around the world" on 10 December 2006, edition of Time magazine, in an article titled "How to bring our schools out of the 20th century".[83] It was also featured in the summer 2002 edition of American Educator, where Robert Rothman described it as "a good example of an effective, instructionally sound, exam-based system".[84] Howard Gardner, a professor of educational psychology at Harvard University, said that the IBDP curriculum is "less parochial than most American efforts" and helps students "think critically, synthesize knowledge, reflect on their own thought processes and get their feet wet in interdisciplinary thinking".[85] An admissions officer at Brown University has claimed the IBDP garners widespread respect.[86]
In the United Kingdom, the IBDP is "regarded as more academically challenging but broader than three or four A-levels", according to an article in The Guardian.[2] In 2006, government ministers provided funding so that "every local authority in England could have at least one centre offering sixth-formers the chance to do the IB".[2]
In the United States, criticism of the IBDP has centered on the vague claim that it is anti-American, according to parents anonymously quoted in The New York Times, who objected to the program's funding from UNESCO in its early years. The base cost is considered to be higher than other programs.[86] In 2012, the school board in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, voted to eliminate all IB programmes in the district because of low participation and high costs.[87]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Diploma Programme Final Statistical Bulletin May 2021
- ^ a b c Shepard, Jessica (10 February 2009). "Leap from Cardiff to Amsterdam for Baccalaureate". The Guardian. London.
- ^ a b Peterson p. 17
- ^ Fox p. 5
- ^ Hill, 2007 p. 19
- ^ Peterson p. 18
- ^ a b c d e f g Peterson p. 18-26
- ^ a b c d e Fox, pp. 65–75
- ^ a b Mathews, p. 22
- ^ Peterson pp. 24–27
- ^ "International Baccalaureate history". uwc.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ Hayden p. 94
- ^ Peterson pp. 61–98
- ^ Peterson, p. 31
- ^ Peterson, p. 141
- ^ Hill pp. 27 et. seq.
- ^ a b HIll p. 27 et. seq.
- ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum, core requirements". International Baccalaureate. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
- ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum, extended essay". International Baccalaureate. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 5.
- ^ Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 9.
- ^ Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 6.
- ^ Theory of knowledge guide (first examinations 2008). International Baccalaureate. March 2006.
- ^ a b Creativity, action, service Guide for students graduating in 2010 and thereafter, Published March 2008 International Baccalaureate
- ^ a b Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 11.
- ^ van Loo, Marc (20 September 2004). "The parents guide to the IB Diploma" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ a b Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 10.
- ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 2, Second Language". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
- ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 3, Individuals and societies". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ "Mathematics curriculum changes". International Baccalaureate®. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- ^ "Finding the best fit: New DP mathematics courses". The IB Community Blog. ibo.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ Brading, Gareth. "Exploring the changes to the DP Mathematics course structure : Secondary: Oxford University Press". global.oup.com. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "IB Further Mathematics Subject Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 5, Mathematics and Computer Science". ibo.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
- ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 6, The Arts". ibo.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ "Resources for Universities and Applicants in the US and Canada". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ a b "IB Diploma Programme: Additional subjects: Transdisciplinary subjects". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ "Diploma courses online now available". Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ "Diploma Programme Online". Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ "The IB Diploma Programme" (PDF). ibo.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ "IB Diploma Programme". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ "World Religions". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ "Sports, exercise and health science (SEHS)". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ "Dance (SL and HL)". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ IB Group 6 subjects
- ^ "Studying global politics | International Baccalaureate®". International Baccalaureate. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ "2008 IBO examination schedule" (PDF). International Baccalaureate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Diploma Programme Assessment". Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
- ^ "Diploma Programme Grade Descriptors" (PDF). December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ "International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma | UCAS Qualification Information Profiles". qips.ucas.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ "45 points = 42 plus 3, but very distinguished 3 points". International Baccalaureate. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
- ^ "21 Things You Should Know about the IB" (PDF). International Baccalaureate Organization. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "General regulations: Diploma Programme" (PDF). ibo.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ "A guide to the IBDP for universities and colleges: How to interpret IB grades and transcripts". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: IB Diploma Programme". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ Candidates with Special Assessment Needs Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine International Baccalaureate Organization. March 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-29
- ^ a b c "North America Diploma Programme Application Process and Fees For schools seeking to start implementation in the Fall Term of 2011 and later" (PDF). International Baccalaureate North America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Annual School Fees". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
- ^ "University recognition directory". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
- ^ "University scholarships for IB diploma holders". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "VTAC Notional ATAR Conversion Table" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Austria". ibo.org. 26 May 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ IB Recognition Policy Summary – Canadian Universities Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine IB North America Recognition Services. 1–4. March 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "International Schools in Hong Kong". Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ "Opetushallitus - Eri vaihtoehtoja suorittaa lukio". www.oph.fi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ "texte du décret n° 85-906 du 23 août 1985 (in french)" (PDF).[permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Germany". Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at ISHR". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "Joint University Programmes Admissions System". Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: India". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
- ^ "IB Diploma is accepted by Indian colleges" (PDF). April 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015 – via online search.
- ^ "Study in Italy". Archived from the original on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Peru". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "(IB) Programme". Ateneo de Manila University. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Russia". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "Meritvärdering". UHR.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Turkey". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "UCAS – Tariff tables". The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "UCAS – How does the Tariff work?". The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: United States". ibo.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ Colorado Revised Statutes 23-1-113.2. Department directive - admission standards for students holding international baccalaureate diplomas.
- ^ [NB]]Texas Education Code Section 51.968(b); this section also requires each institution of higher education that offers freshman-level courses to adopt and implement a policy to grant undergraduate course credit to entering freshman students who have achieved required scores on one or more examinations in the Advanced Placement Program or the College-Level Examination Program, or who have successfully completed one or more courses offered through concurrent enrollment in high school and at an institution of higher education.
- ^ Wallis, Claudia (10 December 2006). "How to bring our schools out of the 20th Century". Time. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
- ^ Rothman, Robert (Summer 2002). "A test worth teaching to". American Educator. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009.
- ^ Gross, Jane (21 June 2003). "Diploma for the 'Top of the Top'; International Baccalaureate Gains Favor in Region". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ a b Lewin, Tamar (2 July 2010). "International Program Catches on in US Schools". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ Maben, Scott (6 August 2012). "IB program booted from Coeur d'Alene School District". The Spokesman Review. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
References
[edit]- Elisabeth Fox (2001). "The Emergence of the International Baccalaureate as an Impetus for Curriculum Reform". In Mary Hayden; Jeff Thompson (eds.). International Education: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 65–75. ISBN 0-7494-3616-6.
- Diploma Programme, Dance draft subject guide 2009. International Baccalaureate Organization. 2008.
- Diploma Programme, Handbook of Procedures for the Diploma Program, May and November 2009 examination sessions. Cardiff, Wales, UK: International Baccalaureate Organization. 2008.
- Diploma Programme, Sports, Exercise, and Health Science draft subject guide. International Baccalaureate Organization. 2007.
- Diploma Programme, Text and Performance draft subject guide 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: International Baccalaureate Organization. 2008.
- Diploma Programme, World Religions draft subject guide, first examinations 2011. International Baccalaureate Organization. 2009.
- Ian Hill (2002). "The History of International Education: An International Baccalaureate Perspective". In Mary Hayden; Jeff Thompson; George Walker (eds.). International Education in Practice (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 18–28. ISBN 978-0-7494-3835-7.
- Ian Hill (2007). "International Education as developed by the International Baccalaureate Organization". In Mary Hayden; Jeff Thompson; Jack Levy (eds.). The SAGE handbook of research in international education. SAGE. pp. 27 et seq. ISBN 978-1-4129-1971-5.
- Mathews, Jay (2005). Supertest: How the International Baccalaureate can Strengthen our Schools. Open Court. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8126-9577-9.
- Peterson, A.D.C. (2003). Schools Across Frontiers (2nd ed.). Open Court. pp. 18–26. ISBN 0-8126-9505-4.
- Schools' Guide to the Diploma Programme (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: International Baccalaureate Organization. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
External links
[edit]- The Diploma Programme the IB's official website
- A Guide To IB Diploma Program TYCHR