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[[File:Wojciech Gerson - Zjawa Barbary Radziwiłłówny.jpg|thumb|''The Ghost of [[Barbara Radziwiłł]]'' by [[Wojciech Gerson]]. Ghosts are a common form of the undead.]]
[[File:Wojciech Gerson - Zjawa Barbary Radziwiłłówny.jpg|thumb|''The Ghost of [[Barbara Radziwiłł]]'' by [[Wojciech Gerson]]. Ghosts are a common form of the undead.]]


The '''undead''' are beings in [[mythology]], [[legend]], or [[fiction]] that are deceased but behave as if alive. Most commonly the term refers to [[Human body|corporeal]] forms of formerly alive humans, such as [[mummy (undead)|mummies]], [[vampire]]s, and [[zombie]]s, who have been reanimated by supernatural means, technology, or disease. In some cases (for example in ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''), the term also includes [[Incorporeality|incorporeal]] forms of the dead, such as [[ghost]]s.
The '''undead''' are beings in mythology, legend, or fiction that are deceased but behave as if they were alive. A common example of an undead being is a [[cadaver|corpse]] reanimated by [[supernatural]] forces, by the application of either the deceased's own [[Energy (esotericism)|life force]] or that of a supernatural being (such as a [[demon]], or other evil spirits). The undead may be [[Incorporeality|incorporeal]] ([[ghost]]s) or [[Human body|corporeal]] ([[mummy (undead)|mummies]], [[vampire]]s, [[skeleton (undead)|skeletons]], and [[zombie]]s).


The undead are featured in the belief systems of most cultures, and appear in many works of [[fantasy fiction|fantasy]] and [[horror fiction]]. The term is also occasionally used for real-life attempts to [[Resurrection#Technological resurrection|resurrect the dead with science and technology]], from early experiments like [[Robert E. Cornish]]'s to future sciences such as "chemical brain preservation" and "[[cryonics]]."
The undead are featured in the belief systems of most cultures, and appear in many works of [[fantasy fiction|fantasy]] and [[horror fiction]]. The term is also occasionally used for real-life attempts to [[Resurrection#Technological resurrection|resurrect the dead with science and technology]], from early experiments like [[Robert E. Cornish]]'s to future sciences such as "chemical brain preservation" and "[[cryonics]]." While the term usually refers to corporeal entities, in some cases (for example, in ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''), the term also includes [[Incorporeality|incorporeal]] forms of the dead, such as [[ghost]]s.


== History ==
== History ==
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[[Bram Stoker]] considered using the title, ''The Un-Dead'', for his novel ''[[Dracula]]'' (1897), and use of the term in the novel is mostly responsible for the modern sense of the word. The word does appear in English before Stoker but with the more literal sense of "alive" or "not dead", for which citations can be found in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. In one passage of ''Dracula'', ''[[nosferatu (word)|Nosferatu]]'' is given as an "Eastern European" synonym for "un-dead".<ref>*{{cite book | last = Stoker | first = Bram | editor = Leonard Wolf | title = The Annotated Dracula | publisher = Crown | year = 1975 | orig-year =1897 | isbn = 978-0-517-52017-8 | page= 193 }}</ref>
[[Bram Stoker]] considered using the title, ''The Un-Dead'', for his novel ''[[Dracula]]'' (1897), and use of the term in the novel is mostly responsible for the modern sense of the word. The word does appear in English before Stoker but with the more literal sense of "alive" or "not dead", for which citations can be found in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. In one passage of ''Dracula'', ''[[nosferatu (word)|Nosferatu]]'' is given as an "Eastern European" synonym for "un-dead".<ref>*{{cite book | last = Stoker | first = Bram | editor = Leonard Wolf | title = The Annotated Dracula | publisher = Crown | year = 1975 | orig-year =1897 | isbn = 978-0-517-52017-8 | page= 193 }}</ref>


Stoker's use of the term "undead" refers only to [[vampires]]; the extension to other types of supernatural beings arose later. Most commonly, it is now taken to refer to supernatural beings who had at one point been alive and continue to display some aspects of life after death, but the usage is highly variable.<ref>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216141734/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BieCans.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 | archive-date=2003-02-16 | url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BieCans.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 | title=Can Such Things Be | publisher=Etext.virginia.edu | access-date=2012-07-31 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Stoker's use of the term "undead" refers only to vampires; the extension to other types of supernatural beings arose later. Most commonly, it is now taken to refer to supernatural beings which had at one point been alive and continue to display some aspects of life after death, but the usage is highly variable.<ref>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216141734/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BieCans.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 | archive-date=2003-02-16 | url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BieCans.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 | title=Can Such Things Be | publisher=Etext.virginia.edu | access-date=2012-07-31 | url-status=dead }}</ref>


Reanimation or the creation of zombies through non-supernatural means has become a trope since at least the 19th century. ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) used unspecified technological means, the influential ''[[I Am Legend (novel)|I Am Legend]]'' (1954) blamed a germ, ''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]'' (1985) depicted a toxic gas, and ''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' (2002) featured a bioweapon.
Reanimation or the creation of zombies through non-supernatural means has become a trope since at least the 19th century. ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) used unspecified technological means, the influential ''[[I Am Legend (novel)|I Am Legend]]'' (1954) blamed a germ, ''[[Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)|Night of the Living Dead]]'' (1968) proposed radiation from a downed space probe, ''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]'' (1985) depicted a toxic gas, and ''[[Resident Evil (1996 video game)|Resident Evil]]'' (1996) featured a bioweapon.


The undead have become popular adversaries in fantasy and horror settings, featuring prominently in many [[role-playing game]]s, [[role-playing video game]]s, [[MMORPG]]s and [[strategy games]].
The undead have become popular adversaries in fantasy and horror settings, featuring prominently in many [[role-playing game]]s, [[role-playing video game]]s, [[MMORPG]]s and [[strategy games]].
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=== Physical corpses ===
=== Physical corpses ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Anchimayen]]
* [[Ahkiyyini]]
* [[Ahkiyyini]]
* [[Draugr]]
* [[Anchimayen]]
* [[Drekavac]]
* [[Chupacabra]]
* [[Deildegast]]
* [[Deildegast]]
* [[Dhampir]]
* [[Dhampir]]
⚫
* [[Draugr]]
⚫
* [[Drekavac]]
* [[Fext]]
* [[Fext]]
⚫
* [[Ghoul]]
* [[Gashadokuro]]
* [[Gashadokuro]]
⚫
* [[Ghoul]]
* [[Gjenganger]]
* [[Gjenganger]]
* [[Hone-onna]]
* [[Hone-onna]]
* [[Jiangshi]]
* [[Jiangshi]]
* [[Kukudh]]
* [[Kukudh]]
⚫
* [[Lich]]
* [[Langsuyar]]
* [[Langsuyar]]
⚫
* [[Lich]]
⚫
* [[Lugat]]
* [[Mummy (undead)|Mummy]]
* [[Mummy (undead)|Mummy]]
* [[Nachzehrer]]
* [[Nachzehrer]]
⚫
* [[Orek]]
* [[Qutrub]]
* [[Qutrub]]
* [[Revenant]]
* [[Revenant]]
* [[Ro-langs]]
* [[Ro-langs]]
* [[Orek]]
* [[Rusalka]]
* [[Skeleton (undead)|Skeleton]]
* [[Skeleton (undead)|Skeleton]]
⚫
* [[Rusalka]]
* [[Strzyga]]
* [[Strzyga]]
⚫
* [[Upiór]]
* [[Vampire]]
* [[Vampire]]
⚫
* [[Vetala]]
* [[Vrykolakas]]
* [[Vrykolakas]]
* [[Vetala]]
* [[Wiedergänger]]
* [[Wight]]
* [[Wight]]
* [[Wiedergänger]]
* [[Wendigo]]
⚫
* [[Wurdulac]]
* [[Zombie]]
* [[Zombie]]
* [[Zombie animal]]
* [[Zombie animal]]
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{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Ayakashi (yōkai)|Ayakashi]]
* [[Ayakashi (yōkai)|Ayakashi]]
⚫
* [[Bal-Bal]]
* [[Banshee]]
* [[Banshee]]
* [[Baykok]]
* [[Baykok]]
⚫
* [[Bal-Bal]]
* [[Bhoot (ghost)|Bhoot]]
* [[Bhoot (ghost)|Bhoot]]
* [[Dullahan]]
* [[Dullahan]]
* [[Dunnie]]
* [[Dunnie]]
* [[Dybbuk]]
* [[Funayūrei]]
* [[Funayūrei]]
* [[Ghost]], phantom, or spectre
* [[Ghost]], phantom, or spectre
* [[Goryō]]
* [[Goryō]]
⚫
* The [[Personifications of death|Grim Reaper]]
⚫
* [[Headless Horseman]]
* [[Hitodama]]
* [[Hortdan]]
* [[Hupia]]
* [[Hupia]]
⚫
* [[Hitodama]]
⚫
* [[Headless Horseman]]
⚫
* [[Inugami]]
* [[Ikiryō]]
* [[Ikiryō]]
* [[Inugami]]
⚫
* The [[Death (personification)|Grim Reaper]]
* [[Jikininki]]
* [[Jikininki]]
* [[Korean Virgin Ghost]]
* [[Korean Virgin Ghost]]
Line 90: Line 97:
* [[Lietuvēns]]
* [[Lietuvēns]]
* [[Mavka]]
* [[Mavka]]
⚫
* [[Moroi]]
⚫
* [[Mononoke]]
* [[Mogwai (Chinese culture)|Mogwai]]
* [[Mogwai (Chinese culture)|Mogwai]]
* [[Mononoke]]
* [[Moroi]]
* [[Myling]]
* [[Myling]]
* [[Noppera-bō]]
* [[Noppera-bō]]
* [[Onryō]]
* [[Onryō]]
⚫
* [[Poltergeist]]
* [[Pocong]]
* [[Pocong]]
⚫
* [[Poltergeist]]
* [[Preta]]
* [[Preta]]
* [[Sluagh]]
* [[Pricolici]]
* [[Sayona]]
* [[Shade (mythology)|Shade]]
* [[Shade (mythology)|Shade]]
* [[Shiryō]]
* [[Shadow person]]
* [[Shikigami]]
* [[Shikigami]]
* [[Sayona]]
* [[Shiryō]]
* [[Sluagh]]
* [[Strigoi]]
* [[Strigoi]]
* [[Shadow person]]
⚫
* [[Umibōzu]]
* [[Ubume]]
* [[Ubume]]
* [[Umibōzu]]
* [[Vengeful ghost]]
* [[Vengeful ghost]]
⚫
* [[Yūrei]]
* [[Yuki-onna]]
* [[Yuki-onna]]
* [[Yūrei]]
* [[Ghosts in European culture#Terminology|Wraith]]
* [[Ghosts in European culture#Terminology|Wraith]]
* [[Will-o'-the-wisp]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

=== Mixed ===
=== Mixed ===
* [[Dying-and-rising deity]]
* [[Dying-and-rising deity]]
Line 119: Line 129:


* [[Afterlife]]
* [[Afterlife]]
* [[Death (personification)]]
* [[Personifications of death|Death (personification)]]
* [[Grógaldr]]
* [[Grógaldr]]
* [[Immortality]]
* [[Immortality]]

Latest revision as of 20:34, 13 November 2024

For other uses, see Undead (disambiguation).
The Ghost of Barbara Radziwiłł by Wojciech Gerson. Ghosts are a common form of the undead.

The undead are beings in mythology, legend, or fiction that are deceased but behave as if they were alive. A common example of an undead being is a corpse reanimated by supernatural forces, by the application of either the deceased's own life force or that of a supernatural being (such as a demon, or other evil spirits). The undead may be incorporeal (ghosts) or corporeal (mummies, vampires, skeletons, and zombies).

The undead are featured in the belief systems of most cultures, and appear in many works of fantasy and horror fiction. The term is also occasionally used for real-life attempts to resurrect the dead with science and technology, from early experiments like Robert E. Cornish's to future sciences such as "chemical brain preservation" and "cryonics." While the term usually refers to corporeal entities, in some cases (for example, in Dungeons & Dragons), the term also includes incorporeal forms of the dead, such as ghosts.

History

[edit]

Bram Stoker considered using the title, The Un-Dead, for his novel Dracula (1897), and use of the term in the novel is mostly responsible for the modern sense of the word. The word does appear in English before Stoker but with the more literal sense of "alive" or "not dead", for which citations can be found in the Oxford English Dictionary. In one passage of Dracula, Nosferatu is given as an "Eastern European" synonym for "un-dead".[1]

Stoker's use of the term "undead" refers only to vampires; the extension to other types of supernatural beings arose later. Most commonly, it is now taken to refer to supernatural beings which had at one point been alive and continue to display some aspects of life after death, but the usage is highly variable.[2]

Reanimation or the creation of zombies through non-supernatural means has become a trope since at least the 19th century. Frankenstein (1818) used unspecified technological means, the influential I Am Legend (1954) blamed a germ, Night of the Living Dead (1968) proposed radiation from a downed space probe, The Return of the Living Dead (1985) depicted a toxic gas, and Resident Evil (1996) featured a bioweapon.

The undead have become popular adversaries in fantasy and horror settings, featuring prominently in many role-playing games, role-playing video games, MMORPGs and strategy games.

Literature

[edit]
The Dead Lovers, ca. 1470 (Strasbourg, Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame)

In Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, Van Helsing describes the Un-Dead as the following:

‘Before we do anything, let me tell you this. It is out of the lore and experience of the ancients and of all those who have studied the powers of the UnDead. When they become such, there comes with the change the curse of immortality. They cannot die but must go on age after age adding new victims and multiplying the evils of the world. For all that die from the preying of the Undead become themselves Undead, and prey on their kind. And so the circle goes on ever widening, like as the ripples from a stone thrown in the water... But of the most blessed of all, when this now UnDead be made to rest as true dead, then the soul of the poor lady whom we love shall again be free. Instead of working wickedness by night and growing more debased in the assimilating of it by day, she shall take her place with the other Angels. So that, my friend, it will be a blessed hand for her that shall strike the blow that sets her free.

— Van Helsing, Dr. Seward's Diary, 29 September; Dracula, Chapter 16

Other notable 19th-century stories about the avenging undead included Ambrose Bierce's The Death of Halpin Frayser,[3] and various Gothic Romanticism tales by Edgar Allan Poe. Though their works could not be properly considered zombie fiction, the supernatural tales of Bierce and Poe would prove influential on later writers such as H. P. Lovecraft, by Lovecraft's own admission.[4] In Russia, the undead was the theme of Alexander Belyaev's novel Professor Dowell's Head (1925), in which a mad scientist performs experimental head transplants on bodies stolen from the morgue, and reanimates the corpses.

Utagawa Yoshiiku, Specter frightening a young woman

List of undead forms

[edit]

Physical corpses

[edit]

Incorporeal spirits (Non-physical)

[edit]

Mixed

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ *Stoker, Bram (1975) [1897]. Leonard Wolf (ed.). The Annotated Dracula. Crown. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-517-52017-8.
  2. ^ "Can Such Things Be". Etext.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on 2003-02-16. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  3. ^ "Can Such Things Be". Etext.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  4. ^ "Supernatural Horror in Literature (1927, 1933–1935) by H.P. Lovecraft". Gaslight.mtroyal.ca. 1988-01-01. Archived from the original on 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
[edit]
  • Quotations related to Undead at Wikiquote
  • Media related to Undead at Wikimedia Commons
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