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|commander1 ={{Hungarian Revolution of 1848 participant|Perczel}}
|commander1 ={{Hungarian Revolution of 1848 participant|Perczel}}
|commander2 ={{flagicon image|Croatia-1848.gif|23px}} [[Lazar Mamula]]
|commander2 ={{flagicon image|Croatia-1848.gif|23px}} [[Lazar Mamula]]
|strength1 =3409+? men<br>297 horses<br>8 cannons<ref name="auto0">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2004|pp=114}}.</ref><ref name="Herm1">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=157}}.</ref>
|strength1 =3,409+? men<br>297 horses<br>8 cannons<ref name="auto0">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2004|pp=114}}.</ref><ref name="Herm1">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=157}}.</ref>
|strength2 =~2400 men <br> 2 cannons<ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=157-158}}.</ref>
|strength2 =~2,400 men <br> 2 cannons<ref name="Hermann 2001 157–158">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=157–158}}.</ref>
|casualties1 =3 dead<br>4 wounded<ref name="Herm2">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=158}}.</ref>
|casualties1 =3 dead<br>4 wounded<ref name="Herm2">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=158}}.</ref>
|casualties2 =743 captured<ref name="Herm2"/>
|casualties2 =743 captured<ref name="Herm2"/>
Line 34: Line 34:
}}
}}


The '''Battle of Letenye''' was a battle in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-1849]], fought on 17 October 1848 between the [[Hungarian Revolutionary Army]] under the command of [[General]] [[Mór Perczel] and the Croatian troops under Colonel [[Lazar Mamula]] defending the Muraköz/Međimurje region. Perczel, the leader of the Hungarian brigade which attacked Muraköz, split his troops in two, and his detachment defeated the Croatian troops defending the line of the Mura River. As a result of his victory, together with the victory of the leader of the other column, Major [[András Gáspár]] in the [[Battle of Kotor]], Perczel liberated Muraköz from the Croatian troops.
The '''Battle of Letenye''' took place during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-1849]] on 17 October 1848 between the [[Hungarian Revolutionary Army]] under the command of [[General]] [[Mór Perczel]] and the Croatian troops under Colonel [[Lazar Mamula]] defending the Muraköz/Međimurje region. Perczel, the leader of the Hungarian brigade which attacked Muraköz, split his troops in two, and his detachment defeated the Croatian troops defending the line of the Mura River. As a result of his victory, together with the victory of the leader of the other column, Major [[András Gáspár (general)|András Gáspár]] in the [[Battle of Kotor]], Perczel liberated Muraköz from the Croatian troops.


==Background==
==Background==
At the beginning of October 1848, after the [[Uprising in Nagykanizsa|liberation of Nagykanizsa]], [[Zala County]] and the southwestern border of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] were threatened by two K.u.K. and pro-[[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] groupings. <ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=155}}.</ref> The corps, under the command of [[Field Marshal]] [[Laval Nugent von Westmeath]], who was now in his 72nd year, was then practically a strong brigade of about 2,500 men, and usually consisted of the battalions with the number 4 of each infantry regiments stationing in [[Styria]]. There is no information on the composition and number of its artillery.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=155-156}}.</ref> The total number of these troops was hardly more than 5,000, and the revolutionary movements in Styria, especially the unrest in [[Graz]], prevented them from taking offensive action on the Hungarian border.<ref name="Herm">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=156}}.</ref>
At the beginning of October 1848, after the [[Uprising in Nagykanizsa|liberation of Nagykanizsa]], [[Zala County]] and the southwestern border of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] were threatened by two K.u.K. and pro-[[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] groupings.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=155}}.</ref> The corps, under the command of [[Field Marshal]] [[Laval Nugent von Westmeath]], who was now in his 72nd year, was then practically a strong brigade of about 2,500 men, and usually consisted of the battalions with the number 4 of each infantry regiments stationing in [[Styria]]. There is no information on the composition and number of its artillery.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=155–156}}.</ref> The total number of these troops was hardly more than 5,000, and the revolutionary movements in Styria, especially the unrest in [[Graz]], prevented them from taking offensive action on the Hungarian border.<ref name="Herm">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=156}}.</ref>
[[File:Perczel, Moritz (1811 - 1899).jpg|thumb|left|Perczel, Mór (1811 - 1899)]]
The number of Croatian border guards and imperial troops along the [[Mur (river)a|Mura]] and [[Drava]] rivers in [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]] was much larger.<ref name="Herm"/> Including the units received from the Styrian brigade, it must have numbered between 14 and 15,000 men and had at least 24 guns.<ref name="Herm"/> A serious disadvantage, however, was that the personnel of the corps was made up mostly of [[militia]]s and reserve [[battalion]]s, which were very poorly equipped with small a<ref name="Herm"/>


Four companies of the Hungarian [[Military volunteer|volunteers]] from Zala County went to [[Zalaegerszeg]] for equipment, while the Sándor [[Hussar]]s also camped near the town.<ref name="Zala">Hermann Róbert: [https://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01613/00007/pdf/zm_07_1997_129-140.pdf Kanizsa felszabadítása 1848. október 3-án] Zalai Múzeum 7. Zalaegerszeg, 1997, pp. 135</ref> The [[Somogy County]] [[National Guard]]s, together with part of the Zala County Popular Uprising, kept an eye on the Mura from [[Legrad|Légrád]] to [[Letenye]], trying unsuccessfully to retake the bridges from Kakonya, Légrád, and Letenye from the Croats at 9 am on 7 October. During the attack, both the Somogy and Zala county companies (with one exception) were retreating rather than advancing.<ref name="Zala"/> Profiting from their victory, the Croats crossed the Mura, ransacked the castle of Letenye, and threatened to burn the whole region.<ref name="Zala"/> [[Major (rank)|Major]] Jakab Palocsay, the commander of the Somogy National Guards, did not trust his own forces and even had Kiskanizsa (today is part of Nagykanizsa) surrounded with ramparts in order to repel the enemy who, he feared, might attack again. So he was also sincerely and pleasantly surprised to hear that the enemy had destroyed the bridge and retreated to the [[Međimurje (region)|Muraköz]] (the region between the Drava and the Mura rivers, today part of Croatia, called Međimurje County).<ref name="Zala"/> However, rumors such as that Nugent had crossed the Drava at Dombom with 4,000 men and was preparing to attack Nagykanizsa from the Muraköz, gave cause for concern.<ref name="Zala"/> On the other side, there were similar concerns. On 9 October, [[Lieutenant]] General Dahlen, the commander-in-chief of the [[Zagreb]] commandment in chief, received news that the Hungarians had crossed the Drava at two points and rushed here, but the news proved to be wrong.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2004|pp=91}}.</ref>
The number of Croatian border guards and imperial troops along the [[Mur (river)a|Mura]] and [[Drava]] rivers in [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]] was much larger.<ref name="Herm"/> Including the units received from the Styrian brigade, it must have numbered between 14 and 15 000 men and had at least 24 guns.<ref name="Herm"/> A serious disadvantage, however, was that the personnel of the corps was made up mostly of [[militia]]s and reserve [[battalion]]s, which were very poorly equipped with small a<ref name="Herm"/>

Four companies of the Hungarian [[Military volunteer|volunteers]] from Zala County went to [[Zalaegerszeg]] for equipment, while the Sándor [[Hussar]]s also camped near the town.<ref name="Zala">Hermann Róbert: [https://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01613/00007/pdf/zm_07_1997_129-140.pdf Kanizsa felszabadítása 1848. október 3-án] Zalai Múzeum 7. Zalaegerszeg, 1997, pp. 135</ref> The [[Somogy County]] [[National Guard]]s, together with part of the Zala County Popular Uprising, kept an eye on the Mura from [[Legrad|Légrád]] to [[Letenye]], trying unsuccessfully to retake the bridges from Kakonya, Légrád, and Letenye from the Croats at 9 am on 7 October. During the attack, both the Somogy and Zala county companies (with one exception) were retreating rather than advancing.<ref name="Zala"/> Profiting from their victory, the Croats crossed the Mura, ransacked the castle of Letenye, and threatened to burn the whole region.<ref name="Zala"/> [[Major]] Jakab Palocsay, the commander of the Somogy National Guards, did not trust his own forces and even had Kiskanizsa (today is part of Nagykanizsa) surrounded with ramparts in order to repel the enemy who, he feared, might attack again. So he was also sincerely and pleasantly surprised to hear that the enemy had destroyed the bridge and retreated to the [[Međimurje (region)|Muraköz]] (the region between the Drava and the Mura rivers, today part of Croatia, called Međimurje County).<ref name="Zala"/> However, rumors such as that Nugent had crossed the Drava at Dombom with 4000 men and was preparing to attack Nagykanizsa from the Muraköz, gave cause for concern.<ref name="Zala"/> On the other side, there were similar concerns. On 9 October, [[Lieutenant]] General Dahlen, the commander-in-chief of the [[Zagreb]] commandment in chief, received news that the Hungarians had crossed the Drava at two points and rushed here, but the news proved to be wrong.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hermann|2004|pp=91}}.</ref>


==Prelude==
==Prelude==
After the [[Surrender at Ozora|victory at Ozora]] on 7 October, [[Colonel]] [[Mór Perczel]]'s Hungarian army rested for a few days and then set off for [[Veszprém]].<ref name="auto1">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2004|pp=108}}.</ref> He was originally supposed to move to support the troops pursuing Kuzman Todorović's Croatian troops which were sent home by Lieutenant General [[Josip Jelačić]] after the Hungarian army defeated him on 29 September in the [[Battle of Pákozd]], forcing him to retreat from Hungary towards [[Vienna]].<ref name="Herm1"/> On arriving in Veszprém, however, Perczel decided not to join the main army with his troops, but to march to Nagykanizsa. He justified his decision by the fact that, according to the news he had received, another attack by Colonel Albert Nugent, who had been driven out of Nagykanizsa, was expected at any moment.<ref name="auto1"/> At the time, Perczel believed that the Croatian troops led by Major General Todorović, were also trying to return to Croatia through [[Vas County|Vas]] and Zala counties, and he wanted to prevent this as well.<ref name="auto1"/> Perczel arrived in [[Tapolca]] on 13 October, in [[Keszthely]] on 14 October, in Kiskomárom ([[Zalakomár]]) on 15 October, and in [[Nagykanizsa]] on 16 October.<ref name="Herm1"/> Perczel concentrated his troops here and then moved to liberate the Muraköz.<ref name="auto1"/>
After the [[Surrender at Ozora|victory at Ozora]] on 7 October, [[Colonel]] [[Mór Perczel]]'s Hungarian army rested for a few days and then set off for [[Veszprém]].<ref name="auto1">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2004|pp=108}}.</ref> He was originally supposed to move to support the troops pursuing Kuzman Todorović's Croatian troops which were sent home by Lieutenant General [[Josip Jelačić]] after the Hungarian army defeated him on 29 September in the [[Battle of Pákozd]], forcing him to retreat from Hungary towards [[Vienna]].<ref name="Herm1"/> On arriving in Veszprém, however, Perczel decided not to join the main army with his troops, but to march to Nagykanizsa. He justified his decision by the fact that, according to the news he had received, another attack by Colonel Albert Nugent, who had been driven out of Nagykanizsa, was expected at any moment.<ref name="auto1"/> At the time, Perczel believed that the Croatian troops led by Major General Todorović, were also trying to return to Croatia through [[Vas County|Vas]] and Zala counties, and he wanted to prevent this as well.<ref name="auto1"/> Perczel arrived in [[Tapolca]] on 13 October, in [[Keszthely]] on 14 October, in Kiskomárom ([[Zalakomár]]) on 15 October, and in [[Nagykanizsa]] on 16 October.<ref name="Herm1"/> Perczel concentrated his troops here and then moved to liberate the Muraköz.<ref name="auto1"/>


===Balance of Forces===
Perczel divided his troops into two columns. The column he led was made up of the Hunyadi troop, the volunteers from [[Szabolcs County|Szabolcs]] and [[Zala County|Zala]] counties, the national guards from Nagykanizsa, from the Alexander and Nicholas hussars a company each, and the newly formed [[6-pounder gun|6-pounder]] battery (with eight guns).<ref name="Herm1"/> This crossed the Mura at Letenye. The other column was led by [[András Gáspár]], who was promoted to major after the success at Ozora.<ref name="Herm1"/> The infantry of this column consisted of the Zrínyi troop, the volunteers from [[Sopron]], the Somogy and the [[Szepetnek]] national guards led by Királyi Pál, the cavalry of one company of Nicholas Hussars, and the artillery of 6 guns.<ref name="Herm1"/>
During Perczel's campaign to liberate Muraköz, the following enemy armies were in Croatia and Styria.
Todorović's troops at [[Maribor]] (18 October), with a total of 14,159 men, 80 horses, and 6 cannons; the troops under the command of the Legrad local military commandment, with a total of 10728 men; the troops under the command of the Varaždin local military commandment, with a total of 12,534 men; the Austrian K.u.K. troops stationing in Graz, with a total of 2,365 men and 268 horses; the Austrian K.u.K. troops stationing in [[Ptuj|Pettau]], with a total of 3,443 men and 1,131 horses.<ref name="Aetas">Hermann Róbert: [https://epa.oszk.hu/00800/00861/00009/98_2-3-04.html Perczel Mór fegyverszüneti tárgyalásai 1848. október végén] Aetas 1998, (13) 2</ref>

Against these troops, numbering in total 43,229 men, Perczel commanded the following troops.

{| class="wikitable"
! width=25% | Unit
! width=25% | Companies
! width=25% | Number
! width=25% | Horses
! width=25% | Cannons
|-
|
Hunyadi-troop
| 4
| 1,093
| 6
| -
|-
|
Zrínyi-troop
| 6
| 1,341
| 40
| -
|-
|
Mobile Volunteer National Guards' Battalion of Szabolcs County
| 5
| 740
| 16
| -
|-
|
Mobile Volunteer National Guards' Battalion of Zala County
| 6
| 1,206
| 9
| -
|-
|
1st company of the Colonel's Squadron of the 4th Hussar Regiment
| 1
| 114
| 112
| -
|-
|
Major's Squadron of the 9th Hussar Regiment
| 2
| 206
| 209
| -
|-
|
Mobile Volunteer National Guards' Half Battery of [[Košice|Kassa]]
| -
| 71
| 45
| 4
|-
|
1st 6-pounder Honvéd Battery
| -
| 164
| 88
| 8
|-
|
'''Total'''
| 24
| 4,935
| 525
| 12<ref name="auto0"/>
|}

Perczel divided his troops into two columns. The column he led was made up of the Hunyadi troop, the volunteers from [[Szabolcs County|Szabolcs]] and [[Zala County|Zala]] counties, the national guards from Nagykanizsa, from the Alexander and Nicholas Hussars a company each, and the newly formed [[6-pounder gun|6-pounder]] battery (with eight guns).<ref name="Herm1"/> This crossed the Mura at Letenye. The other column was led by [[András Gáspár (general)|András Gáspár]], who was promoted to major after the success at Ozora.<ref name="Herm1"/> The infantry of this column consisted of the Zrínyi troop, the volunteers from [[Sopron]], the Somogy and the [[Szepetnek]] national guards led by Királyi Pál, the cavalry of one company of Nicholas Hussars, and the artillery of 6 guns.<ref name="Herm1"/>

==Battle==
Perczel's column marched through Kiskanizsa, [[Becsehely]], and Pola to Letenye. Here he was informed that about 200 Croats were working on the left bank of the Mura to rebuild the bridge at Letenye.<ref name="Herm1"/> The bridgehead was defended by two companies of the 27th (Piret) Infantry Line [[Regiment]], two battalions of Croatian Popular Insurgent Battalions totaling 1,000 men, a few [[sapper]]s, and two [[3-pounder gun]]s.<ref name="Herm1"/> The Hussars first pushed back the Croatian outposts, then galloped towards the bridgehead to cut off the retreat of the Croats working on the bridge at the left bank.<ref name="Herm1"/> However, a volley of fire from the [[K.u.K.]] Infantry forced them to stop, and two enemy guns protected by the entrenchments on the opposite bank prevented the Hungarians from advancing again with well-directed fire.<ref name="Herm1"/> [[File:The Mura river between Letenye and Kotor at the end of the 18th century.png|thumb|left|The Mura river between Letenye and Kotor at the end of the 18th century]]
[[File:Lazarus Freiherr von Mamula.jpg|thumb|Lazarus Freiherr von Mamula]]
In the meantime the Hungarian battery also arrived, first with 4, then with 8 guns, firing at the enemy artillery.<ref name="Herm1"/> The firing lasted for about two hours, and as a result of the Hungarian artillery fire, the Croats on guard on the other side of the river began to flee in increasing numbers. Around 11 o'clock the enemy artillery ran out of ammunition, and Captain Saffran, the commander of the bridge guard, together with the sappers, sent the two guns back towards [[Csáktornya]].<ref name="Herm1"/> One Croatian National Insurrectionist battalion followed their example, and the two line regiment companies had no choice but to try to retreat in order.<ref name="Herm1"/>

At this time, a company of Hunyadi troop, who were in the first line of the Hungarian battle order, crossed to the other side of the river on the footbridge mounted by the Croats on the mill’s ships, and, using the timber brought partly from Nagykanizsa, partly found on the other bank of the river, in two hours they built a bridge, on which the infantry, artillery, and cavalry could now cross.<ref name="Herm1"/>

Meanwhile, the enemy rearguard encountered half a company of the 1st ([[Archduke]] John) Dragoon Regiment, two guns, and 50-60 Croatian popular insurgents led by Colonel Lazarus Freiherr von Mamula on the road to Csáktornya.<ref name="Hermann 2001 157–158">{{Harvnb|Hermann|2001|pp=157–158}}.</ref> Mamula ordered his unit of just under 400 men forward but then changed his mind and chose to retreat, arriving in [[Varaždin]] on the morning of the 18th.<ref name="Herm2"/>

During the pursuit, the Hunyadi troop and the Zala volunteers surrounded a battalion of 743 enemy popular insurrectionists, which surrendered.<ref name="Herm2"/> This Croatian unit had the duty to defend the Mura River's line between Letenye and [[Kotoriba|Kottori]], and after the Hungarian crossing, tried to retreat towards Csáktornya.<ref name="Herm2"/>

==Aftermath==
Perczel's total losses were 3 dead, 3 wounded artillerymen, and a captain of the Hunyadi troop.<ref name="Herm2"/> Perczel's column marched through [[Hodošan|Hodosány]] and set up camp beyond the village. On the morning of 18 October, Perczel moved on to Csáktornya, arriving there around noon.<ref name="Herm2"/>


==References==
==References==
Line 52: Line 143:


==Sources==
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Bóna|first=Gábor |title= Tábornokok és törzstisztek a szabadságharcban 1848–49 ''("Generals and Staff Officers in the War of Freedom 1848–1849")''|publisher=Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó|place=Budapest|year=1987|pages=430|isbn=963-326-343-3|language=Hungarian}}
*{{cite book|last=Bóna|first=Gábor |title= Tábornokok és törzstisztek a szabadságharcban 1848–49 ''("Generals and Staff Officers in the War of Freedom 1848–1849")''|publisher=Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó|place=Budapest|year=1987|pages=430|isbn=963-326-343-3|language=Hungarian}}
* {{citation|last=Hermann|first=Róbert|title=1848-1849 a szabadságharc hadtörténete ''("Military History of 1848-1849")''|year=2001|publication-place=Budapest|publisher=Korona|isbn=963-9376-21-3|language=hu}}
* {{citation|last=Hermann|first=Róbert|title=1848-1849 a szabadságharc hadtörténete ''("Military History of 1848-1849")''|year=2001|publication-place=Budapest|publisher=Korona|isbn=963-9376-21-3|language=hu}}
*{{cite book|last=Hermann|first=Róbert |title= Az 1848–1849-es szabadságharc nagy csatái ''("Great battles of the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848–1849")''|publisher=Zrínyi|place=Budapest|year=2004|pages=408|isbn=963-327-367-6|language=hu}}
*{{cite book|last=Hermann|first=Róbert |title= Az 1848–1849-es szabadságharc nagy csatái ''("Great battles of the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848–1849")''|publisher=Zrínyi|place=Budapest|year=2004|pages=408|isbn=963-327-367-6|language=hu}}
* {{Citation |last=Hermann |first=Róbert |date=1997 |url=https://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01613/00007/pdf/zm_07_1997_129-140.pdf |title=Kanizsa felszabadítása 1848. október 3-án ("The Liberation of Kanizsa on 3 October 1848") |magazine=Zalai Múzeum 07|language=hu}}
* {{Citation |last=Hermann |first=Róbert |date=1997 |url=https://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01613/00007/pdf/zm_07_1997_129-140.pdf |title=Kanizsa felszabadítása 1848. október 3-án ("The Liberation of Kanizsa on 3 October 1848") |magazine=Zalai Múzeum 07|language=hu}}
* {{Citation |last=Hermann |first=Róbert |date=1998 |url=https://epa.oszk.hu/00800/00861/00009/98_2-3-04.html |title=Perczel Mór fegyverszüneti tárgyalásai 1848. október végén ("Mór Perczel's Cease-Fire Negotiations on End of October 1848") |magazine=Aetas (13) 2. pp. 74-106|language=hu}}
*{{cite book|last=Schmidt-Brentano|first=Antonio |title= Die k. k. bzw. k. u. k. Generalität 1816-1918 ''("Officers of the K.K and K.u.K. Army")''|publisher=Österreichisches Staatsarchiv|place=Budapest|year=2007|pages=211|isbn=|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Schmidt-Brentano|first=Antonio |title= Die k. k. bzw. k. u. k. Generalität 1816-1918 ''("Officers of the K.K and K.u.K. Army")''|publisher=Österreichisches Staatsarchiv|place=Budapest|year=2007|pages=211|isbn=|language=de}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}
Line 62: Line 155:
{{Wars and battles involving Croatia|state=collapse}}
{{Wars and battles involving Croatia|state=collapse}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|46|27|53.2|N|16|59|39.3|E|display=title}}
{{Coord|46|24|53|N|16|42|11|E|type:event_region:HU|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Letenye}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Letenye}}

Latest revision as of 22:12, 2 February 2024

Battle of Letenye
Part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Date17 October 1848
Location
Letenye, Zala County, Kingdom of Hungary
Result Hungarian victory
Belligerents
 Hungarian Revolutionary Army

Austrian Empire

Commanders and leaders
 Mór Perczel Lazar Mamula
Strength
3,409+? men
297 horses
8 cannons[1][2]		 ~2,400 men
2 cannons[3]
Casualties and losses
3 dead
4 wounded[4]		 743 captured[4]

The Battle of Letenye took place during the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-1849 on 17 October 1848 between the Hungarian Revolutionary Army under the command of General Mór Perczel and the Croatian troops under Colonel Lazar Mamula defending the Muraköz/Međimurje region. Perczel, the leader of the Hungarian brigade which attacked Muraköz, split his troops in two, and his detachment defeated the Croatian troops defending the line of the Mura River. As a result of his victory, together with the victory of the leader of the other column, Major András Gáspár in the Battle of Kotor, Perczel liberated Muraköz from the Croatian troops.

Background

[edit]

At the beginning of October 1848, after the liberation of Nagykanizsa, Zala County and the southwestern border of Hungary were threatened by two K.u.K. and pro-Habsburg groupings.[5] The corps, under the command of Field Marshal Laval Nugent von Westmeath, who was now in his 72nd year, was then practically a strong brigade of about 2,500 men, and usually consisted of the battalions with the number 4 of each infantry regiments stationing in Styria. There is no information on the composition and number of its artillery.[6] The total number of these troops was hardly more than 5,000, and the revolutionary movements in Styria, especially the unrest in Graz, prevented them from taking offensive action on the Hungarian border.[7]

Perczel, Mór (1811 - 1899)

The number of Croatian border guards and imperial troops along the Mura and Drava rivers in Croatia was much larger.[7] Including the units received from the Styrian brigade, it must have numbered between 14 and 15,000 men and had at least 24 guns.[7] A serious disadvantage, however, was that the personnel of the corps was made up mostly of militias and reserve battalions, which were very poorly equipped with small a[7]

Four companies of the Hungarian volunteers from Zala County went to Zalaegerszeg for equipment, while the Sándor Hussars also camped near the town.[8] The Somogy County National Guards, together with part of the Zala County Popular Uprising, kept an eye on the Mura from Légrád to Letenye, trying unsuccessfully to retake the bridges from Kakonya, Légrád, and Letenye from the Croats at 9 am on 7 October. During the attack, both the Somogy and Zala county companies (with one exception) were retreating rather than advancing.[8] Profiting from their victory, the Croats crossed the Mura, ransacked the castle of Letenye, and threatened to burn the whole region.[8] Major Jakab Palocsay, the commander of the Somogy National Guards, did not trust his own forces and even had Kiskanizsa (today is part of Nagykanizsa) surrounded with ramparts in order to repel the enemy who, he feared, might attack again. So he was also sincerely and pleasantly surprised to hear that the enemy had destroyed the bridge and retreated to the Muraköz (the region between the Drava and the Mura rivers, today part of Croatia, called Međimurje County).[8] However, rumors such as that Nugent had crossed the Drava at Dombom with 4,000 men and was preparing to attack Nagykanizsa from the Muraköz, gave cause for concern.[8] On the other side, there were similar concerns. On 9 October, Lieutenant General Dahlen, the commander-in-chief of the Zagreb commandment in chief, received news that the Hungarians had crossed the Drava at two points and rushed here, but the news proved to be wrong.[9]

Prelude

[edit]

After the victory at Ozora on 7 October, Colonel Mór Perczel's Hungarian army rested for a few days and then set off for Veszprém.[10] He was originally supposed to move to support the troops pursuing Kuzman Todorović's Croatian troops which were sent home by Lieutenant General Josip Jelačić after the Hungarian army defeated him on 29 September in the Battle of Pákozd, forcing him to retreat from Hungary towards Vienna.[2] On arriving in Veszprém, however, Perczel decided not to join the main army with his troops, but to march to Nagykanizsa. He justified his decision by the fact that, according to the news he had received, another attack by Colonel Albert Nugent, who had been driven out of Nagykanizsa, was expected at any moment.[10] At the time, Perczel believed that the Croatian troops led by Major General Todorović, were also trying to return to Croatia through Vas and Zala counties, and he wanted to prevent this as well.[10] Perczel arrived in Tapolca on 13 October, in Keszthely on 14 October, in Kiskomárom (Zalakomár) on 15 October, and in Nagykanizsa on 16 October.[2] Perczel concentrated his troops here and then moved to liberate the Muraköz.[10]

Balance of Forces

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During Perczel's campaign to liberate Muraköz, the following enemy armies were in Croatia and Styria. Todorović's troops at Maribor (18 October), with a total of 14,159 men, 80 horses, and 6 cannons; the troops under the command of the Legrad local military commandment, with a total of 10728 men; the troops under the command of the Varaždin local military commandment, with a total of 12,534 men; the Austrian K.u.K. troops stationing in Graz, with a total of 2,365 men and 268 horses; the Austrian K.u.K. troops stationing in Pettau, with a total of 3,443 men and 1,131 horses.[11]

Against these troops, numbering in total 43,229 men, Perczel commanded the following troops.

Unit Companies Number Horses Cannons

Hunyadi-troop

4 1,093 6 -

Zrínyi-troop

6 1,341 40 -

Mobile Volunteer National Guards' Battalion of Szabolcs County

5 740 16 -

Mobile Volunteer National Guards' Battalion of Zala County

6 1,206 9 -

1st company of the Colonel's Squadron of the 4th Hussar Regiment

1 114 112 -

Major's Squadron of the 9th Hussar Regiment

2 206 209 -

Mobile Volunteer National Guards' Half Battery of Kassa

- 71 45 4

1st 6-pounder Honvéd Battery

- 164 88 8

Total

24 4,935 525 12[1]

Perczel divided his troops into two columns. The column he led was made up of the Hunyadi troop, the volunteers from Szabolcs and Zala counties, the national guards from Nagykanizsa, from the Alexander and Nicholas Hussars a company each, and the newly formed 6-pounder battery (with eight guns).[2] This crossed the Mura at Letenye. The other column was led by András Gáspár, who was promoted to major after the success at Ozora.[2] The infantry of this column consisted of the Zrínyi troop, the volunteers from Sopron, the Somogy and the Szepetnek national guards led by Királyi Pál, the cavalry of one company of Nicholas Hussars, and the artillery of 6 guns.[2]

Battle

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Perczel's column marched through Kiskanizsa, Becsehely, and Pola to Letenye. Here he was informed that about 200 Croats were working on the left bank of the Mura to rebuild the bridge at Letenye.[2] The bridgehead was defended by two companies of the 27th (Piret) Infantry Line Regiment, two battalions of Croatian Popular Insurgent Battalions totaling 1,000 men, a few sappers, and two 3-pounder guns.[2] The Hussars first pushed back the Croatian outposts, then galloped towards the bridgehead to cut off the retreat of the Croats working on the bridge at the left bank.[2] However, a volley of fire from the K.u.K. Infantry forced them to stop, and two enemy guns protected by the entrenchments on the opposite bank prevented the Hungarians from advancing again with well-directed fire.[2]

The Mura river between Letenye and Kotor at the end of the 18th century
Lazarus Freiherr von Mamula

In the meantime the Hungarian battery also arrived, first with 4, then with 8 guns, firing at the enemy artillery.[2] The firing lasted for about two hours, and as a result of the Hungarian artillery fire, the Croats on guard on the other side of the river began to flee in increasing numbers. Around 11 o'clock the enemy artillery ran out of ammunition, and Captain Saffran, the commander of the bridge guard, together with the sappers, sent the two guns back towards Csáktornya.[2] One Croatian National Insurrectionist battalion followed their example, and the two line regiment companies had no choice but to try to retreat in order.[2]

At this time, a company of Hunyadi troop, who were in the first line of the Hungarian battle order, crossed to the other side of the river on the footbridge mounted by the Croats on the mill’s ships, and, using the timber brought partly from Nagykanizsa, partly found on the other bank of the river, in two hours they built a bridge, on which the infantry, artillery, and cavalry could now cross.[2]

Meanwhile, the enemy rearguard encountered half a company of the 1st (Archduke John) Dragoon Regiment, two guns, and 50-60 Croatian popular insurgents led by Colonel Lazarus Freiherr von Mamula on the road to Csáktornya.[3] Mamula ordered his unit of just under 400 men forward but then changed his mind and chose to retreat, arriving in Varaždin on the morning of the 18th.[4]

During the pursuit, the Hunyadi troop and the Zala volunteers surrounded a battalion of 743 enemy popular insurrectionists, which surrendered.[4] This Croatian unit had the duty to defend the Mura River's line between Letenye and Kottori, and after the Hungarian crossing, tried to retreat towards Csáktornya.[4]

Aftermath

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Perczel's total losses were 3 dead, 3 wounded artillerymen, and a captain of the Hunyadi troop.[4] Perczel's column marched through Hodosány and set up camp beyond the village. On the morning of 18 October, Perczel moved on to Csáktornya, arriving there around noon.[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b Hermann 2004, pp. 114.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hermann 2001, pp. 157.
  3. ^ a b Hermann 2001, pp. 157–158.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Hermann 2001, pp. 158.
  5. ^ Hermann 2001, pp. 155.
  6. ^ Hermann 2001, pp. 155–156.
  7. ^ a b c d Hermann 2001, pp. 156.
  8. ^ a b c d e Hermann Róbert: Kanizsa felszabadítása 1848. október 3-án Zalai Múzeum 7. Zalaegerszeg, 1997, pp. 135
  9. ^ Hermann 2004, pp. 91.
  10. ^ a b c d Hermann 2004, pp. 108.
  11. ^ Hermann Róbert: Perczel Mór fegyverszüneti tárgyalásai 1848. október végén Aetas 1998, (13) 2

Sources

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  • Bóna, Gábor (1987). Tábornokok és törzstisztek a szabadságharcban 1848–49 ("Generals and Staff Officers in the War of Freedom 1848–1849") (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. p. 430. ISBN 963-326-343-3.
  • Hermann, Róbert (2001), 1848-1849 a szabadságharc hadtörténete ("Military History of 1848-1849") (in Hungarian), Budapest: Korona, ISBN 963-9376-21-3
  • Hermann, Róbert (2004). Az 1848–1849-es szabadságharc nagy csatái ("Great battles of the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848–1849") (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi. p. 408. ISBN 963-327-367-6.
  • Hermann, Róbert (1997), "Kanizsa felszabadítása 1848. október 3-án ("The Liberation of Kanizsa on 3 October 1848")" (PDF), Zalai Múzeum 07 (in Hungarian)
  • Hermann, Róbert (1998), "Perczel Mór fegyverszüneti tárgyalásai 1848. október végén ("Mór Perczel's Cease-Fire Negotiations on End of October 1848")", Aetas (13) 2. pp. 74-106 (in Hungarian)
  • Schmidt-Brentano, Antonio (2007). Die k. k. bzw. k. u. k. Generalität 1816-1918 ("Officers of the K.K and K.u.K. Army") (in German). Budapest: Österreichisches Staatsarchiv. p. 211.


46°24′53″N 16°42′11″E / 46.41472°N 16.70306°E / 46.41472; 16.70306

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