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{{about|the European air defense initiative|other uses|Sky Shield (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Air defense system project}}
{{Short description|Air defense system project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox
⚫
[[File:Teilnehmer European Sky Shield 2023-2.png|thumb|{{legend|#2d672c|Founding members (2022)}}{{legend|#30b82e|Joined in 2023}}]]
| title = European Sky Shield Initiative
| image = [[File:Teilnehmer European Sky Shield 2024-2.png|220px]]
⚫
| caption = {{legend|#2d672c|Founding members (2022)}}{{legend|#30b82e|Joined in 2023/2024}}
| label1 = Type
| data1 = Regional Military Initiative
| label2 = Established on
| data2 = {{start date and age|2022|10|13|df=dmy}}
| label3 = Members
| data3 = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=22 countries|{{flaglist|Austria}}|{{flaglist|Belgium|state}}|{{flaglist|Bulgaria}}|{{flaglist|Czech Republic}}|{{flaglist|Denmark}}|{{flaglist|Estonia}}|{{flaglist|Finland}}|{{flaglist|Germany}}|{{flaglist|Greece}}|{{flaglist|Hungary}}|{{flaglist|Latvia}}|{{flaglist|Lithuania}}|{{flaglist|Netherlands}}|{{flaglist|Norway}}|{{flaglist|Poland}}|{{flaglist|Romania}}|{{flaglist|Slovakia}}|{{flaglist|Slovenia}}|{{flaglist|Sweden}}|{{flaglist|Switzerland}}|{{flaglist|Turkey}}|{{flaglist|United Kingdom}}}}
| label4 = Area
| data4 = {{convert|3,697,779.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| label5 = Population
| data5 = 382,234,470
}}


'''European Sky Shield Initiative''' ('''ESSI''') is a project to build a ground-based integrated [[Europe|European]] [[air defense]] system which includes [[anti-ballistic missile]] capability. As of July 2023, nineteen European states participate in the initiative.
The '''European Sky Shield Initiative''' ('''ESSI''') is a project to build a ground-based integrated European [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defence]] system which includes [[anti-ballistic missile]] capability.<ref>{{Cite news |title=European countries are banding together on missile defence |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/07/25/european-countries-are-banding-together-on-missile-defence |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> {{As of|2024|7|post=,}} 22 European states participate in the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=How would a European Iron Dome work and why is it controversial? |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/07/28/how-sky-shield-europes-proposed-iron-dome-would-work-and-why-its-becoming-controversial |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Push for 'European sky shield' gains momentum: What is it? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/push-for-european-sky-shield-gains-momentum-what-is-it-13774485.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
The initiative was originally proposed by the [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Olaf Scholz]] in August 2022.<ref name="scholz-proposal">{{cite web|title=Scholz revives vision for German-led air defense network in Europe|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/08/29/scholz-revives-vision-for-german-led-air-defense-network-in-europe/
The initiative was originally proposed by the [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Olaf Scholz]] in August 2022.<ref name="scholz-proposal">{{cite web |last=Sprenger |first=Sebastian |date=29 August 2022 |title=Scholz revives vision for German-led air defense network in Europe |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/08/29/scholz-revives-vision-for-german-led-air-defense-network-in-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240216003106/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/08/29/scholz-revives-vision-for-german-led-air-defense-network-in-europe/ |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=Defense News}}</ref> The proposal was made during the [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure]] and amid increased concerns about the limited European capability to defend against such threats as the Russian [[9K720 Iskander]] [[ballistic missile]] systems deployed in [[Kaliningrad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=We have reached a defining moment in our support for Ukraine|url=https://eda.europa.eu/webzine/issue24/cover-story/we-have-reached-a-defining-moment-in-our-support-for-ukraine|access-date=8 July 2023|website=[[European Defence Agency]]|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708182704/https://eda.europa.eu/webzine/issue24/cover-story/we-have-reached-a-defining-moment-in-our-support-for-ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scholz-proposal"/>
⚫
|date=29 August 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|website=Defense News}}</ref> The proposal was made during the [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure]] and amid increased concerns about the limited European capability to defend against such threats as the Russian [[9K720 Iskander]] [[ballistic missile]] systems deployed in [[Kaliningrad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=We have reached a defining moment in our support for Ukraine|url=https://eda.europa.eu/webzine/issue24/cover-story/we-have-reached-a-defining-moment-in-our-support-for-ukraine|access-date=8 July 2023|website=[[European Defence Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="scholz-proposal"/> In October 2022, fifteen European states ([[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Romania]], the [[United Kingdom]]) signed a declaration to join the German-led initiative.<ref name="essi-declaration">{{cite web|title=Germany, 14 NATO allies agree to procure air defense systems|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-14-nato-allies-agree-to-procure-air-defense-systems/a-63423028|date=13 October 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> It would involve joint procurement of the air defense systems.<ref name="essi-declaration"/> All founding states are also members of [[NATO]] (with Finland joining the alliance in 2023), and the initiative also aims to strengthen the [[NATO Integrated Air Defense System]].<ref>{{cite web|title=14 NATO Allies and Finland agree to boost European air defence capabilities|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_208103.htm|date=13 October 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|website=NATO}}</ref>


⚫
In October 2022, fifteen European states ([[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Romania]], the [[United Kingdom]]) signed a declaration to join the German-led initiative.<ref name="essi-declaration">{{cite web|title=Germany, 14 NATO allies agree to procure air defense systems|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-14-nato-allies-agree-to-procure-air-defense-systems/a-63423028|date=13 October 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|website=Deutsche Welle|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705175302/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-14-nato-allies-agree-to-procure-air-defense-systems/a-63423028|url-status=live}}</ref> It would involve joint procurement of the air defence systems.<ref name="essi-declaration"/> As of 2024, all founding states are members of [[NATO]], with Finland's accession into the alliance occurring in 2023. The initiative also aims to strengthen the [[NATO Integrated Air Defense System|NATO Integrated Air Defence System]].<ref>{{cite web|title=14 NATO Allies and Finland agree to boost European air defence capabilities|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_208103.htm|date=13 October 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|website=NATO|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113901/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_208103.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2024, the German government announced that Greece and Turkey would join the initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drozdiak |first=Natalia |last2=Milligan |first2=Ellen |date=2024-02-15 |title=Germany Says Turkey and Greece to Join Missile-Defense Project |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/germany-says-turkey-and-greece-to-join-missile-defense-project |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
In February 2023, [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]] joined the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Sky Shield Initiative gains two more participants|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_211687.htm|date=15 February 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|website=NATO}}</ref> In July 2023, [[Neutral and Non-Aligned European States|neutral]] states [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]] signed the declaration to join the initiative, raising questions about the future and practicalities of their [[Neutral country|policy of neutrality]].<ref name="bbc-essi">{{cite web|title=Neutral Swiss and Austrians join Europe's Sky Shield defence|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66130857|date=7 July 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|website=BBC News}}</ref>


⚫
In February 2023, [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]] joined the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Sky Shield Initiative gains two more participants|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_211687.htm|date=15 February 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|website=NATO|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709110058/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_211687.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, [[Neutral and Non-Aligned European States|neutral]] states [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]] signed the declaration to join the initiative, the later passed the application with supplement in October 2024,<ref name="SRF-Joint air defense">{{cite web |date=19 October 2024|title=Switzerland signs declaration of accession to "Sky Shield" | url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/gemeinsame-luftabwehr-schweiz-unterzeichnet-beitrittserklaerung-zu-sky-shield |url-status=live | archive-url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/foreign-affairs/switzerland-joins-the-european-sky-shield-initiative/87755757 |archive-date=18 October 2024 |website= Swissinfo}}</ref> raising questions about the future and practicalities of their [[Neutral country|policy of neutrality]].<ref name="bbc-essi">{{cite web |last=Foulkes |first=Imogen |date=7 July 2023 |title=Neutral Swiss and Austrians join Europe's Sky Shield defence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66130857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707173858/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66130857 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref>
⚫
[[France]], on the other hand, has been challenging the initiative, citing too much reliance in German plans on equipment and technology produced outside Europe. It was suggested that Paris is dissatisfied that the French-Italian [[Aster (missile family)|SAMP-T]] system is excluded from ESSI.<ref>{{cite web|title=France summons allies in challenge to German-led air defence plan|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6fdcc9e6-969b-4f07-aaed-d3702790b926|date=19 June 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> In June 2023, France made a counter-proposal and has been calling for other countries to examine the alternatives.<ref>{{cite web|title=France outlines counter-offer to Germany's anti-missile defense project|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/19/france-outlines-counter-offer-to-germany-s-anti-missile-defense-project_6034034_4.html|date=19 June 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref> As of July 2023, several major European states, namely France, [[Poland]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] did not make a decision to join the ESSI.

⚫
[[France]] has been challenging the initiative, citing too much reliance in current plans on non-European equipment and technology. It was suggested that the French government is dissatisfied that the French-Italian [[Aster (missile family)|SAMP-T]] system is excluded from ESSI.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abboud |first=Leila |last2=Pitel |first2=Laura |last3=Foy |first3=Henry |date=19 June 2023 |title=France summons allies in challenge to German-led air defence plan |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6fdcc9e6-969b-4f07-aaed-d3702790b926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708182703/https://www.ft.com/content/6fdcc9e6-969b-4f07-aaed-d3702790b926 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> In June 2023, France made a counter-proposal and has been calling for other countries to examine the alternatives.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=Elise |last2=Ricard |first2=Philippe |date=19 June 2023 |title=France outlines counter-offer to Germany's anti-missile defense project |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/19/france-outlines-counter-offer-to-germany-s-anti-missile-defense-project_6034034_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708182703/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/19/france-outlines-counter-offer-to-germany-s-anti-missile-defense-project_6034034_4.html |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |publisher=Le Monde}}</ref> {{As of|2023|07|post=,}} several major European states, namely France, [[Poland]], [[Italy]], and [[Spain]] did not make a decision to join the ESSI. In April 2024, PM Donald Tusk expressed that Poland plans to join a project to develop a European-wide air defense system to deter potential drone and missile attacks.<ref> https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-15/poland-plans-to-join-europe-s-iron-dome-like-air-defense-plan </ref>


== Capability ==
== Capability ==
[[File:Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch.jpg|thumb|Launch of an Arrow 3 missile]]
The ESSI will use multi-layered defence, with the following systems planned:<ref name="bbc-essi"/>
The ESSI will use multi-layered defence, with the following systems planned:<ref name="bbc-essi"/>
* Short range: [[Skyranger 30]]
* Medium range: primarily [[IRIS-T|IRIS-T SLM]]
* Medium range: primarily [[IRIS-T|IRIS-T SLM]]
* Long range: [[MIM-104 Patriot]]
* Long range: [[MIM-104 Patriot]]
* Very long range ([[exoatmospheric]]): [[Arrow 3]]
* Very long range ([[Exosphere|exoatmospheric]]): [[Arrow 3]]

⚫
In December 2022, the German Chancellor expressed a hope that the system will be developed in the next five years.<ref>{{cite web |last=More |first=Rachel |date=8 December 2022 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Miranda |title=Germany's Scholz wants air defence shield in next five years - Funke |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germanys-scholz-wants-air-defence-shield-next-five-years-funke-2022-12-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708185623/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germanys-scholz-wants-air-defence-shield-next-five-years-funke-2022-12-08/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref> In June 2023, the German [[Bundestag]] authorized nearly €4 billion for the acquisition of Arrow 3 anti-ballistic missile system from [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany OKs Israeli Air Defense System Procurement|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/06/15/germany-israeli-air-defense/|date=15 June 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|website=The Defense Post|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708193715/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/06/15/germany-israeli-air-defense/|url-status=live}}</ref> The contract was signed in November 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel signs Arrow contract with Germany|date=24 November 2023|access-date=10 April 2024|website=Janes.com|first=Nicholas|last=Fiorenza|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/israel-signs-arrow-contract-with-germany}}</ref>


<gallery>
⚫
In December 2022, the German Chancellor expressed a hope that the system will be developed in the next five years.<ref>{{citation|title=Germany's Scholz wants air defence shield in next five years - Funke|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germanys-scholz-wants-air-defence-shield-next-five-years-funke-2022-12-08/|date=8 December 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|website=Reuters}}</ref> In June 2023, the German [[Bundestag]] authorized nearly €4bn for the acquisition of Arrow 3 anti-ballistic missile system from [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany OKs Israeli Air Defense System Procurement|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/06/15/germany-israeli-air-defense/|date=15 June 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|website=The Defense Post}}</ref>
IRIS-T SLM launcher ILA-2022.jpg|[[Diehl Defence|Diehl]] [[IRIS-T|IRIS-T SLM]]-Launcher
IRIS-T SLM radar unit TRML-4D ILA-2022.jpg|[[Hensoldt]] Radar [[TRML-4D]] for IRIS-T SLM
Maintenance check on a Patriot missile.jpg|[[MIM-104 Patriot]]-Launcher with [[MIM-104 Patriot#PAC-3 MSE|PAC-3 MSE]]-Rockets
Raytheons GaN-based AESA Radar Prototype.jpg|[[RTX Corporation|Raytheon]] [[LTAMDS]]-Radar for MIM-104 Patriot
Arrow2launcher.jpg|[[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]] [[Arrow 3]]-Launcher
ELM-2080-2080S 1 825x515 0.jpg|[[EL/M-2080 Green Pine]]-Radar for Arrow 3
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System]]
* [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System]]
* [[Iron Dome]]
* [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]
* [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]
* [[National Missile Defence]]
* [[National Missile Defence]]

Latest revision as of 13:54, 14 November 2024

This article is about the European air defense initiative. For other uses, see Sky Shield (disambiguation).

European Sky Shield Initiative
  Founding members (2022)
  Joined in 2023/2024
TypeRegional Military Initiative
Established on13 October 2022; 2 years ago (2022-10-13)
Members
22 countries
Area3,697,779.6 km2 (1,427,720.7 sq mi)
Population382,234,470

The European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) is a project to build a ground-based integrated European air defence system which includes anti-ballistic missile capability.[1] As of July 2024, 22 European states participate in the initiative.[2][3]

Background

[edit]

The initiative was originally proposed by the Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz in August 2022.[4] The proposal was made during the 2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure and amid increased concerns about the limited European capability to defend against such threats as the Russian 9K720 Iskander ballistic missile systems deployed in Kaliningrad.[5][4]

In October 2022, fifteen European states (Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, the United Kingdom) signed a declaration to join the German-led initiative.[6] It would involve joint procurement of the air defence systems.[6] As of 2024, all founding states are members of NATO, with Finland's accession into the alliance occurring in 2023. The initiative also aims to strengthen the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.[7] In February 2024, the German government announced that Greece and Turkey would join the initiative.[8]

In February 2023, Denmark and Sweden joined the project.[9] In July 2023, neutral states Austria and Switzerland signed the declaration to join the initiative, the later passed the application with supplement in October 2024,[10] raising questions about the future and practicalities of their policy of neutrality.[11]

France has been challenging the initiative, citing too much reliance in current plans on non-European equipment and technology. It was suggested that the French government is dissatisfied that the French-Italian SAMP-T system is excluded from ESSI.[12] In June 2023, France made a counter-proposal and has been calling for other countries to examine the alternatives.[13] As of July 2023, several major European states, namely France, Poland, Italy, and Spain did not make a decision to join the ESSI. In April 2024, PM Donald Tusk expressed that Poland plans to join a project to develop a European-wide air defense system to deter potential drone and missile attacks.[14]

Capability

[edit]

The ESSI will use multi-layered defence, with the following systems planned:[11]

In December 2022, the German Chancellor expressed a hope that the system will be developed in the next five years.[15] In June 2023, the German Bundestag authorized nearly €4 billion for the acquisition of Arrow 3 anti-ballistic missile system from Israel.[16] The contract was signed in November 2023.[17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "European countries are banding together on missile defence". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  2. ^ "How would a European Iron Dome work and why is it controversial?". euronews. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  3. ^ "Push for 'European sky shield' gains momentum: What is it?". Firstpost. 24 May 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Sprenger, Sebastian (29 August 2022). "Scholz revives vision for German-led air defense network in Europe". Defense News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  5. ^ "We have reached a defining moment in our support for Ukraine". European Defence Agency. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Germany, 14 NATO allies agree to procure air defense systems". Deutsche Welle. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  7. ^ "14 NATO Allies and Finland agree to boost European air defence capabilities". NATO. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  8. ^ Drozdiak, Natalia; Milligan, Ellen (15 February 2024). "Germany Says Turkey and Greece to Join Missile-Defense Project". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  9. ^ "European Sky Shield Initiative gains two more participants". NATO. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  10. ^ "Switzerland signs declaration of accession to "Sky Shield"". Swissinfo. 19 October 2024. Archived from the original on 18 October 2024.
  11. ^ a b Foulkes, Imogen (7 July 2023). "Neutral Swiss and Austrians join Europe's Sky Shield defence". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  12. ^ Abboud, Leila; Pitel, Laura; Foy, Henry (19 June 2023). "France summons allies in challenge to German-led air defence plan". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  13. ^ Vincent, Elise; Ricard, Philippe (19 June 2023). "France outlines counter-offer to Germany's anti-missile defense project". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  14. ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-15/poland-plans-to-join-europe-s-iron-dome-like-air-defense-plan
  15. ^ More, Rachel (8 December 2022). Murray, Miranda (ed.). "Germany's Scholz wants air defence shield in next five years - Funke". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  16. ^ "Germany OKs Israeli Air Defense System Procurement". The Defense Post. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  17. ^ Fiorenza, Nicholas (24 November 2023). "Israel signs Arrow contract with Germany". Janes.com. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
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