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| surname = Přemyslid dynasty
| surname = Přemyslid dynasty
| coat of arms = [[File:COA Premyslid.svg|200px]]
| coat of arms = [[File:COA Premyslid.svg|200px]]
| country = {{Flagicon image|Banner of Přemyslid family.svg}} [[Duchy of Bohemia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bohemia (colorful).svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Banner of the Margraviate of Moravia.svg|border=no}} [[Margraviate of Moravia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of Mdina, Malta.svg}} [[Duchy of Troppau|Duchy of Opava]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Banner of the Duchy of Silesia.svg}} [[Duchies of Silesia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Poland]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of Austria (1-1).png}} [[Duchy of Austria]]
| country = {{Flagicon image|Banner of Přemyslid family.svg}} [[Duchy of Bohemia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bohemia (colorful).svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Banner of the Margraviate of Moravia.svg|border=no}} [[Margraviate of Moravia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of Mdina, Malta.svg}} [[Duchy of Troppau|Duchy of Opava]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Banner of the Duchy of Silesia.svg}} [[Duchies of Silesia]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Poland]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of Austria (1-1).svg}} [[Duchy of Austria]]
| titles = *[[List of rulers of Bohemia|King and Duke of Bohemia]] ([[Czech language|Czech]]: [[:cs:Český král|Český král]])
| titles = *[[List of rulers of Bohemia|King and Duke of Bohemia]] ([[Czech language|Czech]]: [[:cs:Český král|Český král]])
*[[King of Hungary]]
*[[King of Hungary]]
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**Opavian (1255-1521)
**Opavian (1255-1521)
}}
}}
The '''Přemyslid dynasty''' or '''House of Přemysl''' ({{lang-cs|Přemyslovci}}, {{lang-de|Premysliden}}, {{lang-pl|Przemyślidzi}}) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the [[Duchy of Bohemia]] and later [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] and [[Margraviate of Moravia]] (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of [[Poland]] (including [[Silesia]]), [[Hungary]] and [[Austria]].
The '''Přemyslid dynasty''' or '''House of Přemysl''' ({{langx|cs|Přemyslovci}}, {{langx|de|Premysliden}}, {{langx|pl|Przemyślidzi}}) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the [[Duchy of Bohemia]] and later [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] and [[Margraviate of Moravia]] (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of [[Poland]] (including [[Silesia]]), [[Hungary]] and [[Austria]].


==Origin and growth of the Přemyslid dynasty==
==Origin and growth of the Přemyslid dynasty==

The dynasty's origin dates back to the 9th century,<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty">{{cite web | url=http://www.czech.cz/en/66299-the-premyslid-dynasty | title=Přemyslid Dynasty | publisher=Czech Republic Government | access-date=2013-06-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142003/http://www.czech.cz/en/66299-the-premyslid-dynasty | archive-date=2018-06-12 | url-status=dead }}</ref> when the Přemyslids ruled a tiny territory around [[Prague]], populated by a tribe of the [[Western Slavs]]. Gradually they expanded, conquering much of the region of [[Bohemia]], located in the Bohemian basin where it was not threatened by the expansion of the [[Frankish Empire]]. The first historically-documented Přemyslid duke was [[Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia|Bořivoj I]] (867).<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/> DNA testing on the remains of his son, [[Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia|Spytihněv I]], reveal the family's [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-haplogroup]] to be [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], common to Western Europe and Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dotyk {{!}} Odkud přišli Přemyslovci? Analýza DNA byla pro vědce velkým překvapením |url=https://www.dotyk.cz/magazin/premyslovci-dna-30000216.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.dotyk.cz |language=cs}}</ref>
The dynasty's origin dates back to the 9th century,<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty">{{cite web | url=http://www.czech.cz/en/66299-the-premyslid-dynasty | title=Přemyslid Dynasty | publisher=Czech Republic Government | access-date=2013-06-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142003/http://www.czech.cz/en/66299-the-premyslid-dynasty | archive-date=2018-06-12 | url-status=dead }}</ref> when the Přemyslids ruled a tiny territory around [[Prague]], populated by a tribe of the [[Western Slavs]]. Their name comes from the mythical ancestor figure of [[Přemysl the Ploughman]]. Gradually they expanded, conquering much of the region of [[Bohemia]], located in the Bohemian basin where it was not threatened by the expansion of the [[Frankish Empire]]. The first historically-documented Přemyslid duke was [[Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia|Bořivoj I]] (867).<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/> DNA testing on the remains of his son, [[Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia|Spytihněv I]], reveal the family's [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-haplogroup]] to be [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], second most common haplogroup in Czech republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dotyk {{!}} Odkud přišli Přemyslovci? Analýza DNA byla pro vědce velkým překvapením |url=https://www.dotyk.cz/magazin/premyslovci-dna-30000216.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.dotyk.cz |language=cs}}</ref>


In the following century, the Přemyslids also ruled over Silesia and founded the city of [[Wroclaw]]{{fact|date=May 2022}} (Czech: ''Vratislav''; German: ''Breslau''), derived from the name of a Bohemian duke, [[Vratislaus I of Bohemia|Vratislaus I]], father of [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Saint Wenceslaus]]. Under the reign of Prince [[Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus I the Cruel]] (935) and his son [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus II the Pious]] (972), the Přemyslids ruled territory stretching to today's [[Belarus]].<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/>
In the following century, the Přemyslids also ruled over Silesia and founded the city of [[Wroclaw]]{{fact|date=May 2022}} (Czech: ''Vratislav''; German: ''Breslau''), derived from the name of a Bohemian duke, [[Vratislaus I of Bohemia|Vratislaus I]], father of [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Saint Wenceslaus]]. Under the reign of Prince [[Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus I the Cruel]] (935) and his son [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus II the Pious]] (972), the Přemyslids ruled territory stretching to today's [[Belarus]].<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/>
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The dynasty controlled vital trade routes during this time. The Bohemian lands and Prague were an important center of trade where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller [[Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub]]. He wrote, "Prague is a city from the stone, the richest of all states north of the Alps." After their rise to prominence, however, struggles within the family set in motion a decline in power and, in 1002, the Polish duke [[Boleslaus I of Poland|Boleslaus the Brave]] occupied Prague.<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/> Boleslaus III, son of Boleslaus II, escaped from Bohemia; decades of confusion and anarchy ensued.
The dynasty controlled vital trade routes during this time. The Bohemian lands and Prague were an important center of trade where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller [[Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub]]. He wrote, "Prague is a city from the stone, the richest of all states north of the Alps." After their rise to prominence, however, struggles within the family set in motion a decline in power and, in 1002, the Polish duke [[Boleslaus I of Poland|Boleslaus the Brave]] occupied Prague.<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/> Boleslaus III, son of Boleslaus II, escaped from Bohemia; decades of confusion and anarchy ensued.


The decline ended in the reign of Prince [[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus I]], grandson of Boleslaus II. He in turn looted [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]], including the cities of [[Krakow]] and Gniezno (1038), where he obtained the relics of [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert]]. He sought the establishment of the Prague archbishopric and a royal title. His son and successor [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]] became the first King of Bohemia in 1085.
The decline ended in the reign of Prince [[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus I]], grandson of Boleslaus II. He in turn looted [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]], including the cities of [[Kraków]] and Gniezno (1038), where he obtained the relics of [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert]]. He sought the establishment of the Prague archbishopric and a royal title. His son and successor [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]] became the first King of Bohemia in 1085.


Vratislav's son [[Sobeslav I of Bohemia|Sobeslaus I]] destroyed the Imperial army of King [[Lothar III]] in the [[Battle of Chlumec]] in 1126. This allowed a further strengthening of Bohemia, culminating during the reign of Vratislav's grandson, King [[Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]] (1158). Vladislav II founded many monasteries and built the first stone bridge across the [[Vltava]] river, one of the earliest in Central and Northern Europe. Once again, internal struggles started the decline of the Přemyslids. Many leaders from the dynasty alternated on the Bohemian throne, leading to their eventual bankruptcy. Finally, on his ascension to the throne, [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] began a series of changes that brought Bohemia out of crisis, and began a period of success<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/> that lasted for nearly 220 years.
Vratislaus' son [[Soběslav I of Bohemia|Soběslav I]] destroyed the Imperial army of King [[Lothar III]] in the [[Battle of Chlumec]] in 1126. This allowed a further strengthening of Bohemia, culminating during the reign of Vratislav's grandson, King [[Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]] (1158). Vladislav II founded many monasteries and built the first stone bridge across the [[Vltava]] river, one of the earliest in Central and Northern Europe. Once again, internal struggles started the decline of the Přemyslids. Many leaders from the dynasty alternated on the Bohemian throne, leading to their eventual bankruptcy. Finally, on his ascension to the throne, [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] began a series of changes that brought Bohemia out of crisis, and began a period of success<ref name="Přemyslid Dynasty"/> that lasted for nearly 220 years.


==At the height of its power==
==At the height of its power==
[[Image:Premyslovci premyslovci.jpg|thumb|left|Last three Přemyslid kings according to illumination from the ''[[Chronicon Aulae regiae]]'': [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Přemysl Ottokar II]] (one crown – Bohemia), [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II]] (two crowns – Bohemia and Poland) and [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus III]] (three crowns – Hungary, Bohemia and Poland)]]
[[File:Premyslovci premyslovci.jpg|thumb|right|Last three Přemyslid kings according to illumination from the ''[[Chronicon Aulae regiae]]'': [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Přemysl Ottokar II]] (one crown – Bohemia), [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II]] (two crowns – Bohemia and Poland) and [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus III]] (three crowns – Hungary, Bohemia and Poland)]]
[[Image:WaclawII.jpg|thumb|left|Bohemian king Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland, a romantic drawing by [[Jan Matejko]] (1892)]]
[[File:Waclaw II (275117).jpg|thumb|right|Bohemian king Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland, a romantic drawing by [[Jan Matejko]] (1892)]]


[[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] became the third King of Bohemia in the year 1198 but was the first King of Bohemia to acquire a hereditary royal title. This began significant growth of the Přemyslids' dynastic power. There was also a large urban and crafts development in Bohemia.
[[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] became the third King of Bohemia in the year 1198 but was the first King of Bohemia to acquire a hereditary royal title. This began significant growth of the Přemyslids' dynastic power. There was also a large urban and crafts development in Bohemia.
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In 1085, Duke [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]], and, in 1158, Duke [[Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]], were crowned [[King of Bohemia#Kings|King of Bohemia]] as a personal award from the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The title, however, was not hereditary.
In 1085, Duke [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]], and, in 1158, Duke [[Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]], were crowned [[King of Bohemia#Kings|King of Bohemia]] as a personal award from the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The title, however, was not hereditary.


*[[Bořivoj I of Bohemia|Bořivoj I]] (c.870–889)
*[[Bořivoj I of Bohemia|Bořivoj I]] ({{circa|870}}–889)
*[[Spytihněv I of Bohemia|Spytihněv I]] (895–915)
*[[Spytihněv I of Bohemia|Spytihněv I]] (895–915)
*[[Vratislaus I of Bohemia|Vratislaus I]] (915–921)
*[[Vratislaus I of Bohemia|Vratislaus I]] (915–921)
*[[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Saint Wenceslaus]] ([[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia]]) (921–935)
*[[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I]] (St. Wenceslaus) (921–935)
*[[Boleslaus I of Bohemia|Boleslaus I the Cruel]] (935–972)
*[[Boleslaus I of Bohemia|Boleslaus I the Cruel]] (935–972)
*[[Boleslaus II of Bohemia|Boleslaus II the Pious]] (972–999)
*[[Boleslaus II of Bohemia|Boleslaus II the Pious]] (972–999)
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*[[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus I]] (1035–1055)
*[[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus I]] (1035–1055)
*[[Spytihněv II of Bohemia|Spytihněv II]] (1055–1061)
*[[Spytihněv II of Bohemia|Spytihněv II]] (1055–1061)
*[[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]] (1061–1092), '''king''' (1085–1092) as Vratislav I.
*[[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]] (1061–1092), '''king''' (1085–1092) as Vratislaus I.
*[[Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia|Conrad I of Brno]] (1092)
*[[Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia|Conrad I of Brno]] (1092)
*[[Bretislaus II of Bohemia|Bretislaus II]] (1092–1100)
*[[Bretislaus II of Bohemia|Bretislaus II]] (1092–1100)
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*Bořivoj II (1117–1120)
*Bořivoj II (1117–1120)
*Vladislaus I (1120–1125)
*Vladislaus I (1120–1125)
*[[Sobeslav I of Bohemia|Sobeslaus I]] (1125–1140)
*[[Soběslav I of Bohemia|Soběslav I]] (1125–1140)
*[[Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]] (1140–1172), '''king''' (1158–1172) as Vladislaus I
*[[Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]] (1140–1172), '''king''' (1158–1172) as Vladislaus I
*[[Frederick, Duke of Bohemia|Frederick]] (1172–1173)
*[[Frederick, Duke of Bohemia|Frederick]] (1172–1173)
*[[Sobeslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Sobeslaus II]] (1173–1178)
*[[Soběslav II]] (1173–1178)
*Frederick (1178–1189)
*Frederick (1178–1189)
*[[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia|Conrad II Otto]] (1189–1191)
*[[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia|Conrad II Otto]] (1189–1191)
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==Kings of Bohemia==
==Kings of Bohemia==
[[Image:Duernkrut3.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Maximum extent of the kingdom under Ottokar II,<br>c. 1276]]
[[Image:Duernkrut3.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Maximum extent of the kingdom under Ottokar II,<br>c. 1276]]
Bohemia was the only princedom in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] which was raised to the status of kingdom prior to the [[Napoleonic wars]]. The reason for this was strength: as soon as Bohemia overcame its civil strife, the Bohemian duke became the principal ally for any candidate for the Imperial throne. The emperor could thus use Bohemian forces to punish any rebels who were Bohemian neighbours simply by raiding their lands. This is evinced by the Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] naming Prince [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia]] the first king of Bohemia, Vratislav I, in 1085. He was raised to this prominent position not long after his father [[Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Bretislaus]] pacified Bohemia after years of civil conflict. The kingship was disputed whenever Bohemian internal conflict increased. It was fixed, however, after the position of the emperor in Germany weakened.
Bohemia was the only princedom in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] which was raised to the status of kingdom prior to the [[Napoleonic wars]]. The reason for this was strength: as soon as Bohemia overcame its civil strife, the Bohemian duke became the principal ally for any candidate for the Imperial throne. The emperor could thus use Bohemian forces to punish any rebels who were Bohemian neighbours simply by raiding their lands. This is evinced by the Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] naming Prince [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia]] the first king of Bohemia, Vratislaus I, in 1085. He was raised to this prominent position not long after his father [[Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Bretislaus]] pacified Bohemia after years of civil conflict. The kingship was disputed whenever Bohemian internal conflict increased. It was fixed, however, after the position of the emperor in Germany weakened.


In 1198, Duke [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] again gained the title of King of Bohemia as an ally of [[Philip of Swabia]]. This title was reconfirmed by [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] and later on in [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]'s [[Golden Bull of Sicily]] (1212).
In 1198, Duke [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] again gained the title of King of Bohemia as an ally of [[Philip of Swabia]]. This title was reconfirmed by [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] and later on in [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]'s [[Golden Bull of Sicily]] (1212).


*[[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I (czech Přemysl Otakar I.)]] (1198–1230)
*[[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I (Czech Přemysl Otakar I.)]] (1198–1230)
*[[Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I (czech Václav I.)]] (1230–1253)
*[[Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I (Czech Václav I.)]] (1230–1253)
*[[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II (czech Přemysl Otakar II.)]] (1253–1278)
*[[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II (Czech Přemysl Otakar II.)]] (1253–1278)
*[[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II (czech Václav II.)]] (1278–1305)
*[[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II (Czech Václav II.)]] (1278–1305)
*[[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus III (czech Václav III.)]] (1305–1306)
*[[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus III (Czech Václav III.)]] (1305–1306)


==Kings of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, rulers of Austria==
==Kings of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, rulers of Austria==
[[Image:WenceslausIImap-en.png|thumb|150px|Territory under the control of the Přemyslids, c. 1301:
[[Image:WenceslausIImap-en.png|thumb|200px|Territory under the control of the Přemyslids, c. 1301:
{{legend|#EEAA88|Kingdom of Bohemia}}
{{legend|#EEAA88|Kingdom of Bohemia}}
{{legend|#EEEE88|Kingdom of Poland}}
{{legend|#EEEE88|Kingdom of Poland}}
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==Dukes of Opava, Krnov, Ratibor and Münsterberg==
==Dukes of Opava, Krnov, Ratibor and Münsterberg==
In 1269, [[Nicholas I of Bohemia|Nicholas]], bastard son of King Ottokar II who was legitimized by pope [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]] in 1260, became [[Duchy of Opava|Duke of Opava]]. In 1337, his son [[Nicholas II, Duke of Opava|Nicholas II]] inherited the [[Duchy of Ratibor]]. His four sons divided the Duchy of Opava (the Duchy of Ratibor was inherited only by the eldest, [[John I, Duke of Opava-Ratibor|John]]). Thus started the partition of a once-unified land between the descendants of Nicholas II. In 1443, [[William, Duke of Opava]] gained the [[Duchy of Münsterberg]], which was held by Přemyslids until 1456. This line of Opavian Přemyslids ended in 1521, with the death of [[Valentine of Racibórz|Valentine]], Duke of Ratibor.
In 1269, [[Nicholas I of Bohemia|Nicholas]], bastard son of King Ottokar II who was legitimized by Pope [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]] in 1260, became [[Duchy of Opava|Duke of Opava]]. In 1337, his son [[Nicholas II, Duke of Opava|Nicholas II]] inherited the [[Duchy of Ratibor]]. His four sons divided the Duchy of Opava (the Duchy of Ratibor was inherited only by the eldest, [[John I, Duke of Opava-Ratibor|John]]). Thus started the partition of a once-unified land between the descendants of Nicholas II. In 1443, [[William, Duke of Opava]] gained the [[Duchy of Münsterberg]], which was held by Přemyslids until 1456. This line of Opavian Přemyslids ended in 1521, with the death of [[Valentine of Racibórz|Valentine]], Duke of Ratibor.


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
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******* [[Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia|Konrád of Brno]] (Conradian, earlier Duke of [[Moravia]])
******* [[Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia|Konrád of Brno]] (Conradian, earlier Duke of [[Moravia]])
******* [[Luitpold, Duke of Moravia, part of Znojmo|Litolt of Znojmo]] (Conradian, earlier Duke of [[Moravia]])
******* [[Luitpold, Duke of Moravia, part of Znojmo|Litolt of Znojmo]] (Conradian, earlier Duke of [[Moravia]])
******** [[Ulrich I, Duke of Brno|Oldřich of Brno]] (Cobradian, Duke of Moravia, part of Brno)
******** [[Ulrich I, Duke of Brno|Oldřich of Brno]] (Conradian, Duke of Moravia, part of Brno)
******** Konrád of Znojmo (Conradian, earlier Duke of [[Moravia]])
******** Konrád of Znojmo (Conradian, earlier Duke of [[Moravia]])
********* [[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia|Konrád II Ota of Brno and Znojmo]] (Conradian)
********* [[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia|Konrád II Ota of Brno and Znojmo]] (Conradian)
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />


{{Monarchs of Bohemia|state=collapsed}}
{{Monarchs of Bohemia|state=collapsed}}

Latest revision as of 21:55, 15 November 2024

Přemyslid dynasty
Country Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia
Margraviate of Moravia
Duchy of Opava
Duchies of Silesia
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Duchy of Austria
Founded867
FounderBořivoj I
Final rulerWenceslaus III of Bohemia
Titles
Dissolution1306 (Royal branch)
1521 (Opavian branch)
Cadet branchesIn order of seniority:
  • Bretislian
    • Conradian:
      • Znojmo (1035-1191)
      • Brno (1035-1200)
    • Olomouc (1045-1227)
    • Děpoltian (1123-1247)
    • Opavian (1255-1521)

The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Premysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria.

Origin and growth of the Přemyslid dynasty

[edit]

The dynasty's origin dates back to the 9th century,[1] when the Přemyslids ruled a tiny territory around Prague, populated by a tribe of the Western Slavs. Their name comes from the mythical ancestor figure of Přemysl the Ploughman. Gradually they expanded, conquering much of the region of Bohemia, located in the Bohemian basin where it was not threatened by the expansion of the Frankish Empire. The first historically-documented Přemyslid duke was Bořivoj I (867).[1] DNA testing on the remains of his son, Spytihněv I, reveal the family's Y-haplogroup to be R1b, second most common haplogroup in Czech republic.[2]

In the following century, the Přemyslids also ruled over Silesia and founded the city of Wroclaw[citation needed] (Czech: Vratislav; German: Breslau), derived from the name of a Bohemian duke, Vratislaus I, father of Saint Wenceslaus. Under the reign of Prince Boleslaus I the Cruel (935) and his son Boleslaus II the Pious (972), the Přemyslids ruled territory stretching to today's Belarus.[1]

The dynasty controlled vital trade routes during this time. The Bohemian lands and Prague were an important center of trade where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub. He wrote, "Prague is a city from the stone, the richest of all states north of the Alps." After their rise to prominence, however, struggles within the family set in motion a decline in power and, in 1002, the Polish duke Boleslaus the Brave occupied Prague.[1] Boleslaus III, son of Boleslaus II, escaped from Bohemia; decades of confusion and anarchy ensued.

The decline ended in the reign of Prince Bretislaus I, grandson of Boleslaus II. He in turn looted Poland, including the cities of Kraków and Gniezno (1038), where he obtained the relics of St. Adalbert. He sought the establishment of the Prague archbishopric and a royal title. His son and successor Vratislaus II became the first King of Bohemia in 1085.

Vratislaus' son Soběslav I destroyed the Imperial army of King Lothar III in the Battle of Chlumec in 1126. This allowed a further strengthening of Bohemia, culminating during the reign of Vratislav's grandson, King Vladislaus II (1158). Vladislav II founded many monasteries and built the first stone bridge across the Vltava river, one of the earliest in Central and Northern Europe. Once again, internal struggles started the decline of the Přemyslids. Many leaders from the dynasty alternated on the Bohemian throne, leading to their eventual bankruptcy. Finally, on his ascension to the throne, Ottokar I began a series of changes that brought Bohemia out of crisis, and began a period of success[1] that lasted for nearly 220 years.

At the height of its power

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Last three Přemyslid kings according to illumination from the Chronicon Aulae regiae: Přemysl Ottokar II (one crown – Bohemia), Wenceslaus II (two crowns – Bohemia and Poland) and Wenceslaus III (three crowns – Hungary, Bohemia and Poland)
Bohemian king Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland, a romantic drawing by Jan Matejko (1892)

Ottokar I became the third King of Bohemia in the year 1198 but was the first King of Bohemia to acquire a hereditary royal title. This began significant growth of the Přemyslids' dynastic power. There was also a large urban and crafts development in Bohemia.

In the second half of the 13th century, the Přemyslids were one of the most powerful dynasties in Central Europe.[3] King Přemysl Ottokar II, son of Wenceslas I, earned the nickname "Iron and Golden King" because of his military power and wealth.[1] After several victorious wars with the Hungarian Kingdom, he acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, extending Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea.

King Ottokar II aspired to the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. His ambitions started the conflict with the House of Habsburg, which had been composed of little-known counts, and suited the interests of German noble houses better than the mighty King Ottokar. The Habsburg representative, Rudolf, was elected as King of the Romans. In the Battle of Marchfeld (1278), Ottokar clashed with the Imperial and Hungarian armies, only to be killed.[1] The Habsburgs then acquired Austria and retained it until the 20th century.

Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II was just seven when he came to the throne of Bohemia. Over time, thanks to deft diplomacy, he gained the Polish crown for himself and the crown of Hungary for his son.[1] Wenceslas II brought together a vast empire stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Danube River and established numerous cities, among them Plzeň in 1295. Bohemia became a wealthy nation during his reign thanks to a large vein of silver at Kutná Hora.[1] He introduced the silver Prague groschen,[1] which was an important unit of currency in Europe for centuries, and planned to build the first university in Central Europe.

The power and wealth of the Kingdom of Bohemia gave rise to great respect, but also to the hostility of other European royal families. The dynasty began to collapse following the untimely death of Wenceslaus II (1305), and the assassination of his only son, Wenceslaus III in 1306, which ended their rule.[1][3]

On the distaff side, however, the dynasty continued, and in 1355, Bohemian king Charles IV, the grandson of Wenceslaus II, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.

Legendary rulers

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The name of the dynasty, according to Cosmas in his Chronica Boemorum (1119), comes from its legendary founder, Přemysl, husband of duchess Libuše.[4]

Dukes of Bohemia

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The first historical Přemyslid was Duke Bořivoj I, baptised in 874 by Saint Methodius. In 895, Bohemia gained independence from Great Moravia. Between 1003 and 1004, Bohemia was controlled by Boleslaus the Brave, Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty, grandson of Boleslaus I the Cruel.

In 1085, Duke Vratislaus II, and, in 1158, Duke Vladislaus II, were crowned King of Bohemia as a personal award from the Holy Roman Emperor. The title, however, was not hereditary.

Kings of Bohemia

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Maximum extent of the kingdom under Ottokar II,
c. 1276

Bohemia was the only princedom in the Holy Roman Empire which was raised to the status of kingdom prior to the Napoleonic wars. The reason for this was strength: as soon as Bohemia overcame its civil strife, the Bohemian duke became the principal ally for any candidate for the Imperial throne. The emperor could thus use Bohemian forces to punish any rebels who were Bohemian neighbours simply by raiding their lands. This is evinced by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV naming Prince Vratislaus II of Bohemia the first king of Bohemia, Vratislaus I, in 1085. He was raised to this prominent position not long after his father Bretislaus pacified Bohemia after years of civil conflict. The kingship was disputed whenever Bohemian internal conflict increased. It was fixed, however, after the position of the emperor in Germany weakened.

In 1198, Duke Ottokar I again gained the title of King of Bohemia as an ally of Philip of Swabia. This title was reconfirmed by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and later on in Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor's Golden Bull of Sicily (1212).

Kings of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, rulers of Austria

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Territory under the control of the Přemyslids, c. 1301:
  Kingdom of Bohemia
  Kingdom of Poland
  Probable extent of territory under control of Wenceslaus III in Hungary
  Vassals

In 1269-1276, King Ottokar II of Bohemia was the first in history to rule the lands of today's Austria together (except for Tyrol and Salzburg). He also founded the Hofburg Palace in Vienna.

In 1300, King Wenceslaus II was crowned King of Poland. Prior to this, he held the title "High Duke of Poland (Duke of Kraków)" since 1291 and became its overlord upon the death of Przemysł II of Poland in 1296.

The royal line ended in 1306 with the death of King Wenceslaus III. The Bohemian throne went to the Luxembourgs, and the Polish throne returned to the Piasts.

Dukes of Opava, Krnov, Ratibor and Münsterberg

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In 1269, Nicholas, bastard son of King Ottokar II who was legitimized by Pope Alexander IV in 1260, became Duke of Opava. In 1337, his son Nicholas II inherited the Duchy of Ratibor. His four sons divided the Duchy of Opava (the Duchy of Ratibor was inherited only by the eldest, John). Thus started the partition of a once-unified land between the descendants of Nicholas II. In 1443, William, Duke of Opava gained the Duchy of Münsterberg, which was held by Přemyslids until 1456. This line of Opavian Přemyslids ended in 1521, with the death of Valentine, Duke of Ratibor.

Family tree

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Premyslid Dynasty Family Tree
Premyslid Dynasty Family Tree

Bořivoj I. + Saint Ludmila

Family tree of Elisabeth of Bohemia and Jagiellonians and Habsburgs

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Přemyslid Dynasty". Czech Republic Government. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  2. ^ "Dotyk | Odkud přišli Přemyslovci? Analýza DNA byla pro vědce velkým překvapením". www.dotyk.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  3. ^ a b "House of Přemysl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  4. ^ Peter Demetz. Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City. Hill and Wang, 1997. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8090-1609-9
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