Clivia miniata: Difference between revisions

Clivia miniata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily:	Amaryllidoideae
Genus:	Clivia
Species:	C. miniata
Binomial name
	Clivia miniata; (Lindl.) Verschaff.

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Clivia miniata, the Natal lily or bush lily, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Clivia of the family Amaryllidaceae, native to woodland habitats^[2] in South Africa (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces) and Eswatini. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental.

Description

Clivia miniata has a fleshy, mostly underground stem (rhizome) to 2 cm (1 in) in diameter, with numerous fleshy roots. The stem produces long, arching, strap-like leaves growing to about 45 cm (18 in) long, arranged in two opposing rows (distichous). The showy, funnel-shaped flowers are produced in an umbel-shaped inflorescence, colored red, orange or yellow, sometimes with a faint, but very sweet perfume. The fruit is a bright-red spherical berry to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, producing one to a few seeds.^[3]

It is sometimes known in cultivation as "Kaffir lily" (a term considered extremely offensive in South Africa).^[4] The same derogatory name is also applied to the genus Hesperantha (formerly Schizostylis).

It contains small amounts of lycorine, making it poisonous.

The genus Clivia, was named after the Duchess of Northumberland, Lady Charlotte Clive, who first cultivated the plant in England and provided the flowers for the type specimen. The Latin specific epithet miniata means “cinnabar", the color of red lead, referring to the flowers.^[5]

Cultivation

In cooler or temperate regions, C. miniata is normally cultivated as a houseplant. Within US hardiness zones 9–11, or anywhere where frost is not a threat, it may be grown in the ground outdoors, year-round, provided the average temperature is between 5 °C (41 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). Like its relative, C. nobilis, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,^[6] along with the variety C. miniata var. citrina^[7] (confirmed 2017).^[8] In warmer sites, it is frequently seen in public installations and is used in shaded landscapes for its attractive, evergreen foliage and showy sprays of flowers. This clump-forming plant spreads via rhizomes, and is naturally well-suited for tranquil, protected spaces.^[9]

Cultivars include Clivia miniata 'Kirstenbosch Splendour', bred by Graham Duncan, which illustrates the cover of the Kirstenbosch centenary book (2013).^[10]

Gallery

Clivia miniata var. citrina
Clivia miniata var. citrina fruit
Clivia miniata var. citrina seed
Orange flowered form

References

^ "Clivia miniata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^ "The Flowering Plants of South Africa; vol. 1/3". Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ "Information about Kaffir Lily". Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
^ "Clivia miniata - PlantZAfrica". Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Clivia miniata". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Clivia miniata var. 'citrina'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ "Clivia miniata - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
^ Hartigh 2013.

Bibliography

Hartigh, Wilma den (17 January 2013). "Kirstenbosch celebrated in print". Media Club South Africa. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.

External links

This Amaryllidaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[WCSP_302703-1] "Clivia miniata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2016-06-28.

[2] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.

[3] "The Flowering Plants of South Africa; vol. 1/3". Retrieved 2021-03-25.

[4] "Information about Kaffir Lily". Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2011-10-21.

[5] "Clivia miniata - PlantZAfrica". Retrieved 2021-03-25.

[6] "RHS Plant Selector - Clivia miniata". Retrieved 15 April 2020.

[7] "RHS Plant Selector - Clivia miniata var. 'citrina'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.

[8] "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22. Retrieved 24 January 2018.

[9] "Clivia miniata - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[FOOTNOTEHartigh2013-10] Hartigh 2013.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
 {{Speciesbox
-|taxon = Clivia miniata
+|genus = Clivia
+|species = miniata
 |image = Clivia_miniata,_blomme_en_vrugte,_Manie_van_der_Schijff_BT,_a.jpg
 |authority = ([[John Lindley|Lindl.]]) [[Ambroise Verschaffelt|Verschaff.]]<ref name="WCSP_302703">{{cite web |title=''Clivia miniata''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=302703 |access-date=2016-06-28}}</ref>
 |}}
-'''''Clivia miniata''''', the '''Natal lily''' or '''bush lily''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Clivia]]'' of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to woodland habitats<ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> in South Africa (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces) as well as in Eswatini. Given suitable conditions it grows into large clumps and is surprisingly water wise. It is also reportedly naturalized in Mexico.<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=302703 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> It is a popular plant for shady areas and is commonly seen growing in older established suburbs in most Australian states.  It is also popular in [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[China]] and the US, particularly California.
+'''''Clivia miniata''''', the '''Natal lily''' or '''bush lily''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Clivia]]'' of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to woodland habitats<ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> in [[South Africa]] ([[Eastern Cape]], [[Mpumalanga]] and [[KwaZulu-Natal]] provinces) and [[Eswatini]]. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental.
 ==Description==
-The bush lily has a fleshy, mostly underground stem ([[rhizome]]) to {{convert|2|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, with numerous fleshy roots. The stem produces long, arching, strap-like leaves growing to about {{convert|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, arranged in two opposing rows ([[distichous]]). The showy, funnel-shaped flowers are produced in an [[umbel]]-shaped inflorescence, colored red, orange or yellow, sometimes with a faint, but very sweet perfume. The fruit is a bright-red spherical berry to {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, producing one to a few seeds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/62884/62884-h/62884-h.htm |title=The Flowering Plants of South Africa; vol. 1/3 |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
+''Clivia miniata'' has a fleshy, mostly underground stem ([[rhizome]]) to {{convert|2|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, with numerous fleshy roots. The stem produces long, arching, strap-like leaves growing to about {{convert|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, arranged in two opposing rows ([[distichous]]). The showy, funnel-shaped flowers are produced in an [[umbel]]-shaped inflorescence, colored red, orange or yellow, sometimes with a faint, but very sweet perfume. The fruit is a bright-red spherical berry to {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, producing one to a few seeds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/62884/62884-h/62884-h.htm |title=The Flowering Plants of South Africa; vol. 1/3 |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
 It is sometimes known in cultivation as "Kaffir lily" (a term considered extremely offensive in South Africa).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantingflowerbulbs.com/kaffir-lily.htm |title=Information about Kaffir Lily |access-date=2011-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205045449/http://www.plantingflowerbulbs.com/kaffir-lily.htm |archive-date=2017-02-05 }}</ref> The same derogatory name is also applied to the genus ''[[Hesperantha]]'' (formerly ''Schizostylis'').
@@ Line 15: / Line 16: @@
 It contains small amounts of [[lycorine]], making it poisonous.
-The genus, ''Clivia'', was named after the Duchess of Northumberland, Lady Charlotte Clive who first cultivated the plant in England and provided the flowers for the [[Type_(biology)|type specimen]]. The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''miniata'' means “[[cinnabar]]", the color of red lead, referring to the flowers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/clivia-miniata |title=Clivia miniata - PlantZAfrica|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
+The genus ''Clivia'', was named after the Duchess of Northumberland, Lady Charlotte Clive, who first cultivated the plant in England and provided the flowers for the [[Type (biology)|type specimen]]. The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''miniata'' means “[[cinnabar]]", the color of red lead, referring to the flowers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/clivia-miniata |title=Clivia miniata - PlantZAfrica|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
 == Cultivation ==
-With a minimum temperature of {{convert|10|C|F}}, in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions ''C. miniata'' is normally cultivated as a [[houseplant]]. Like its relative [[Clivia nobilis|''C. nobilis'']] it has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]],<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Clivia miniata''|url=
+In cooler or [[temperateness|temperate]] regions, ''C. miniata'' is normally cultivated as a [[houseplant]]. Within US [[hardiness zones]] 9–11, or anywhere where [[frost]] is not a threat, it may be grown in the ground outdoors, year-round, provided the average temperature is between {{convert|5|C|F}} to {{convert|29|C|F}}. Like its relative, [[Clivia nobilis|''C. nobilis'']], it has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]],<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Clivia miniata''|url=
-https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4036/Clivia-miniata/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> along with the [[variety (botany)|variety]] ''C. miniata'' var. ''citrina''<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Clivia miniata'' var. 'citrina'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4039/Clivia-miniata-var-citrina/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> (confirmed 2017).<ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 22 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 24 January 2018}}</ref> In warmer sites, it can grow outdoors and is used in landscapes for its attractive evergreen foliage and showy flowers. This clump-forming plant spreads via rhizomes and is particularly suited for shady areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b549|title=Clivia miniata - Plant Finder|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>
+https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4036/Clivia-miniata/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> along with the [[variety (botany)|variety]] ''C. miniata'' var. ''citrina''<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Clivia miniata'' var. 'citrina'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4039/Clivia-miniata-var-citrina/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> (confirmed 2017).<ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 22 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 24 January 2018}}</ref> In warmer sites, it is frequently seen in public installations and is used in shaded landscapes for its attractive, evergreen foliage and showy sprays of flowers. This clump-forming plant spreads via [[rhizome]]s, and is naturally well-suited for tranquil, protected spaces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b549|title=Clivia miniata - Plant Finder|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>
 [[Cultivars]] include ''Clivia miniata'' 'Kirstenbosch Splendour', bred by [[Graham Duncan (botanist)|Graham Duncan]], which illustrates the cover of the [[Kirstenbosch]] [[centenary]] book (2013).{{sfn|Hartigh|2013}}
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
+File:CliviaMiniata.jpg
-Clivia-GreenPlants.ca.jpg|
+File:Clivia miniata2.jpg
-CliviaMiniata.jpg|
+File:Cliviaminiata2.jpg|{{center|''Clivia miniata'' var. ''citrina''}}
-Clivia miniata2.jpg|
+File:Clivia Miniata.jpg
-Cliviaminiata2.jpg|{{center|''Clivia miniata'' var. ''citrina''}}
-Clivia miniata var. citrina00.jpg|{{center|''Clivia miniata'' var. ''citrina'' fruit}}
+File:Clivia miniata var. citrina00.jpg|{{center|''Clivia miniata'' var. ''citrina'' fruit}}
-Clivia miniata var. citrina02.jpg|{{center|''Clivia miniata'' var. ''citrina'' seed}}
+File:Clivia miniata var. citrina02.jpg|{{center|''Clivia miniata'' var. ''citrina'' seed}}
-Clivia miniata orange-flowered form Flowers.JPG|{{center|Orange flowered form}}
+File:Clivia miniata orange-flowered form Flowers.JPG|{{center|Orange flowered form}}
-Clivia miniata.jpg|
+File:Clivia miniata.jpg
-Flowering Bush Lily.jpg|
+File:Flowering Bush Lily.jpg
-Clivia miniata variegata.jpg|
+File:Clivia miniata variegata.jpg
 </gallery>
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == Bibliography ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 51: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Commons|Clivia miniata|Clivia miniata}}
+{{Commons}}
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20181103025333/http://cliviabase.co.za/
 * http://www.blankees.com/house/plants/k_lily.htm