Sa'ad ad-Din II: Difference between revisions

Names
	Sa'ad ad-Din II

Sa'ad ad-Din II
سعد الدين الثاني
Sa'ad ad-Din II; سعد الدين الثاني
Sultan of the Sultanate of Ifat ; Lord of Jabarta
Reign	1386/7 – 1402/3 or 1410 CE; (788 – 805 or 817 AH)
Predecessor	Haqq ad-Din II
Successor	Sabr ad-Din III
Died	1403 or 1410; Zeila Archipelago
Names
Names
	Sa'ad ad-Din II
Dynasty	Walashma dynasty
Religion	Islam

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Sa'ad ad-Din II (Arabic: سعد الدين الثاني), reigned c. 1386 – c. 1403 or c. 1410,^[2] was a Sultan of the Ifat Sultanate. He was the brother of Haqq ad-Din II, and the father of Mansur ad-Din, Sabr ad-Din II and Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din. The historian Richard Pankhurst describes him as "the last great ruler of Ifat."^[3]^[4]

Reign

Sa'ad ad-Din II was born at the court of the Ethiopian Emperor Newaya Krestos.^[5] He and his brother Haqq ad-Din II revolted against the Ethiopian Emperor and moved their capital to Adal which was outside the sphere of Abyssinian control in the Harar plateau.^[6] Pankhurst adds that Sa'ad ad-Din also fought against the kingdom of the Hadiya and a pastoral people called the Zalan, both of whom were Christian allies.^[7] However, as Taddesse Tamrat notes, these successes were short-lived, and in response to the growing Muslim power in the region Emperor Dawit I strengthened the Ethiopian defenses along the border and established his court at Tilq in Fatagar.

Despite these steps, Sa'ad ad-Din's practice of making quick raids into Ethiopian territory presented a difficult challenge to the Ethiopian Emperor, there were several fights between the Abyssinians and it was not until the Sultan was pursued deep into Ifat territory that the Ethiopians would face him on in a pitched battle. After a battle between Sa'ad ad-Din and the Ethiopian general Barwa, in which the Ifat army was defeated and "no less than 400 elders, each of whom carried an iron bar as his insignia of office" were killed, Sa'ad ad-Din with his remaining supporters were chased to furthest part of Zeila^[7] There, the Ethiopian army besieged Zeila, finally capturing the city and killing Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din on the island, Medieval Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi narrates:

the Amhara pursued Sa'd al-Din as far as the peninsula of Zeila, in the ocean, where he took refuge. The Amhara besieged him there, and deprived him of water; at last one of the impious showed them a way by which they could reach him. When they came upon him a battle ensued; and after three days the water failed. Sa'd al Din was wounded in the forehead and fell to the ground, whereupon they pierced him with their swords. But he died happily, falling in God's cause.^[8]

With Sa'ad ad-Din's death, the Walashma dynasty adopted the title of "kings of Adal".^[9] His ten sons took refuge in Yemen at the court of King Ahmad bin al-Ashraf.^[10]

Legacy

Sa'ad ad-Din's tomb stood as a hallowed site for centuries in Zeila. It was visited by Richard Burton the explorer in 1854, who described it as "a mound of rough stones surrounding an upright pole" near the cemetery, decorated with "the remains of votive banquets, broken stones, dried garbage, and stones blackened by the fire" showing how he was "properly venerated" as the current favorite saint of Zeila.^[11] Trimingham notes that at the time he wrote his book (circa 1950), the tomb had been destroyed by the encroaching sea.^[12]

Additionally, the Saad ad-Din Islands in northern Somalia, off the coast of Zeila, are named in Sa'ad ad-Din's honour.

According to the chronicle "Conquest of Abyssinia" by Arab Faqīh, Harla clans descendant from Sa'ad ad-Din II participated in the sixteenth century Ethiopian–Adal War.^[13]

Notes

^ Cerulli, Enrico (2013). Islam: Yesterday and Today. p. 333.
^ Trimingham, J. Spencer (2013) [1952]. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9781136970221. Trimingham reports that he died either in 805 AH / 1402-3 CE during the reign of Dawit I (according to al-Maqrizi) or in 817 AH / 1414-5 during the reign of Yeshaq I (according to a History of the Walashmaʿ edited by Cerulli 1931, p. 45).
^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 50.
^ Asafa Jalata, State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements In North-east Africa page 3-4
^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 147.
^ Baba, Tamon. NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN YEMEN AND NORTHEAST AFRICA DURING THE 13–15TH CENTURIES (PDF). Kyushu University. pp. 81–82.
^ ^a ^b Pankhurst, Borderlands, p. 51
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. p. 57. ISBN 9783515032049.
^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 n.7.
^ Trimingham, p. 74.
^ Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, 1856; edited with additional material by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 75.
^ Trimingham, p. 250.
^ Chekroun, Amélie. Le" Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din. Université Panthéon-Sorbonn. pp. 197–198.

Preceded by Haqq ad-Din II	Walashma dynasty	Succeeded by Sabr ad-Din II

[1] Cerulli, Enrico (2013). Islam: Yesterday and Today. p. 333.

[2] Trimingham, J. Spencer (2013) [1952]. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9781136970221. Trimingham reports that he died either in 805 AH / 1402-3 CE during the reign of Dawit I (according to al-Maqrizi) or in 817 AH / 1414-5 during the reign of Yeshaq I (according to a History of the Walashmaʿ edited by Cerulli 1931, p. 45).

[3] Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 50.

[4] Asafa Jalata, State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements In North-east Africa page 3-4

[5] Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 147.

[6] Baba, Tamon. NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN YEMEN AND NORTHEAST AFRICA DURING THE 13–15TH CENTURIES (PDF). Kyushu University. pp. 81–82.

[Pankhurst-51-7] Pankhurst, Borderlands, p. 51

[8] Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. p. 57. ISBN 9783515032049.

[9] J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 n.7.

[10] Trimingham, p. 74.

[11] Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, 1856; edited with additional material by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 75.

[12] Trimingham, p. 250.

[13] Chekroun, Amélie. Le" Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din. Université Panthéon-Sorbonn. pp. 197–198.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
-{{Infobox monarch
+{{Infobox royalty
-| name            =Sa'ad ad-Din II<br> سعد الدين زنكي
-| title           =[[Sultan]] of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]]
+| name         = Sa'ad ad-Din II<br> سعد الدين الثاني
+| title        = [[Sultan]] of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]] <br> {{noitalic|[[Lord]] of Jabarta}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Islam: Yesterday and Today |date=2013 |page=333 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Islam.html?id=Hl3LwQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
-| image           =
-| caption         =
+| image        =
+| caption      =
-| reign           ={{nowrap|1386/7 – 1402/3 or 1415 [[Common era|CE]]}}<br>(788 – 805 or 817 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])
+| reign        = {{nowrap|1386/7 – 1402/3 or 1410 [[Common era|CE]]}}<br>(788 – 805 or 817 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])
-| coronation      =
-| full name       =Sa'ad ad-Din II
+| coronation   =
-| predecessor     =[[Haqq ad-Din II]]
+| full name    = Sa'ad ad-Din II
-| successor       =[[Sabr ad-Din III]]
+| predecessor  = [[Haqq ad-Din II]]
-| dynasty         =[[Walashma dynasty]]
+| successor    = [[Sabr ad-Din III]]
+| dynasty      = [[Walashma dynasty]]
-| birth_date   =
-| birth_place  =
+| birth_date   =
-| death_date   = 1403 or 1415
+| birth_place  =
+| death_date   = 1403 or 1410
 | death_place  = [[Zeila Archipelago]]
-| religion     =[[Islam]]
+| religion     = [[Islam]]
 }}
-'''Sa'ad ad-Din II''' ({{lang-ar|سعد الدين زنكي}}), reigned {{circa|1386}} – c. 1403 or c. 1415,<ref>{{cite book |last=Trimingham |first=J. Spencer |author-link= J. Spencer Trimingham |date=2013 |orig-date= 1952|title=Islam in Ethiopia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=74 |isbn=9781136970221}} Trimingham reports that he died either in 805 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] / 1402-3 [[Common era|CE]] during the reign of [[Dawit I]] (according to [[al-Maqrizi]]) or in 817 AH / 1414-5 during the reign of [[Yeshaq I]] (according to a History of the Walashmaʿ edited by {{harvnb|Cerulli|1931|p=45}}).</ref> was a [[Sultan]] of the [[Ifat Sultanate]]. He was the son of [[Ahmad ibn Ali]] and brother of [[Haqq ad-Din II]], and the father of [[Mansur ad-Din of Adal|Mansur ad-Din]], [[Sabr ad-Din II]], [[Jamal ad-Din II]] and [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din]]. The historian [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]] describes him as "the last great ruler of Ifat."<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 50.</ref><ref>Asafa Jalata, State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements In North-east Africa page 3-4</ref>
+'''Sa'ad ad-Din II''' ({{langx|ar|سعد الدين الثاني}}), reigned {{circa|1386}} – c. 1403 or c. 1410,<ref>{{cite book |last=Trimingham |first=J. Spencer |author-link= J. Spencer Trimingham |date=2013 |orig-date= 1952|title=Islam in Ethiopia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=74 |isbn=9781136970221}} Trimingham reports that he died either in 805 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] / 1402-3 [[Common era|CE]] during the reign of [[Dawit I]] (according to [[al-Maqrizi]]) or in 817 AH / 1414-5 during the reign of [[Yeshaq I]] (according to a History of the Walashmaʿ edited by {{harvnb|Cerulli|1931|p=45}}).</ref> was a [[Sultan]] of the [[Ifat Sultanate]]. He was the brother of [[Haqq ad-Din II]], and the father of [[Mansur ad-Din of Adal|Mansur ad-Din]], [[Sabr ad-Din II]] and [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din]]. The historian [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]] describes him as "the last great ruler of Ifat."<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 50.</ref><ref>Asafa Jalata, State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements In North-east Africa page 3-4</ref>
 ==Reign==
-Sa'ad ad-Din II was born in [[Zelia]] or the court of the Ethiopian Emperor [[Newaya Krestos]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat,  ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 147.</ref> He and his brother [[Haqq ad-Din II]] fought against the Ethiopian Emperor and moved their capital to [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baba |first1=Tamon |title=NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN YEMEN AND NORTHEAST AFRICA DURING THE 13–15TH CENTURIES |publisher=Kyushu University |pages=81-82 |url=http://www.cdmy.org/cmyhs/cmyhs01.pdf}}</ref>  Pankhurst adds that Sa'ad ad-Din also fought against the kingdom of the [[Hadiya Kingdom|Hadiya]] and a pastoral people called the Zalan, both of whom were Christian allies.<ref name=Pankhurst-51>Pankhurst, ''Borderlands'', p. 51</ref>The Gadla Marqorewos records that he "easily destroyed" an army of Emperor Dawit I.<ref> Taddesse Tamrat, p. 151</ref>
+Sa'ad ad-Din II was born at the court of the Ethiopian Emperor [[Newaya Krestos]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat,  ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 147.</ref> He and his brother [[Haqq ad-Din II]] revolted against the Ethiopian Emperor and moved their capital to [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]] which was outside the sphere of Abyssinian control in the [[Harar]] plateau.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baba |first1=Tamon |title=NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN YEMEN AND NORTHEAST AFRICA DURING THE 13–15TH CENTURIES |publisher=Kyushu University |pages=81–82 |url=http://www.cdmy.org/cmyhs/cmyhs01.pdf}}</ref>  Pankhurst adds that Sa'ad ad-Din also fought against the kingdom of the [[Hadiya Kingdom|Hadiya]] and a pastoral people called the Zalan, both of whom were Christian allies.<ref name=Pankhurst-51>Pankhurst, ''Borderlands'', p. 51</ref> However, as Taddesse Tamrat notes, these successes were short-lived, and in response to the growing [[Muslim]] power in the region Emperor [[Dawit I]] strengthened the Ethiopian defenses along the border and established his court at Tilq in [[Fatagar]].
-The Egyptian encyclopedist Ahmad al-Qalqashandi (died 1418) also praises Sa'ad ad-Din's victories against the Ethiopians.<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, p. 152</ref>
+Despite these steps, Sa'ad ad-Din's practice of making quick raids into Ethiopian territory presented a difficult challenge to the Ethiopian Emperor, there were several fights between the Abyssinians and it was not until the Sultan was pursued deep into Ifat territory that the Ethiopians would face him on in a pitched battle. After a battle between Sa'ad ad-Din and the Ethiopian general Barwa, in which the Ifat army was defeated and "no less than 400 elders, each of whom carried an iron bar as his insignia of office" were killed, Sa'ad ad-Din with his remaining supporters were chased to furthest part of [[Zeila]]<ref name=Pankhurst-51/> There, the Ethiopian army besieged Zeila, finally capturing the city and killing Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din on the island, Medieval Egyptian historian [[Al-Maqrizi]] narrates:
-Sultan Sa’ad ad-Din won 20 battle against the Abyssinians, Sa’ad-Din’s long and elusive campaigns were directed not only against the "infidels" (as the Christians and pagans were called in Muslim literature), but also against the Muslim collaborators with the Christian emperors.<ref> The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History, 1570-1860 p.g 18</ref>Taddesse Tamrat notes,in response to the growing [[Muslim]] power in the region Emperor [[Dawit I]] strengthened the Ethiopian defenses along the border and established his court at [[Tilq]] in [[Fatagar]].
-Despite these steps, Sa'ad ad-Din's practice of making quick raids into Ethiopian territory presented a difficult challenge to the Ethiopian Emperor, there were several fights between the Abyssinians which were won by the Sultan and it was not until the Sultan was pursued deep into Ifat territory that the Ethiopians would face him on in a pitched battle. After a battle between Sa'ad ad-Din and the Ethiopian general Barwa, in which the Ifat army was defeated and "no less than 400 elders, each of whom carried an iron bar as his insignia of office" were killed, Sa'ad ad-Din with his remaining supporters were chased to furthest part of [[Zeila]]<ref name=Pankhurst-51/> There, the Ethiopian army stormed Zeila, finally killing Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din on the island, Medieval Egyptian historian [[Al-Maqrizi]] narrates:
 :the [[Amhara people|Amhara]] pursued Sa'd al-Din as far as the peninsula of [[Zeila]], in the ocean, where he took refuge. The Amhara besieged him there, and deprived him of water; at last one of the impious showed them a way by which they could reach him. When they came upon him a battle ensued; and after three days the water failed. Sa'd al Din was wounded in the forehead and fell to the ground, whereupon they pierced him with their swords. But he died happily, falling in God's cause.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History Of Ethiopian Towns |page=57 |isbn=9783515032049 }}</ref>
+With Sa'ad ad-Din's death, the [[Walashma dynasty]] adopted the title of "kings of [[Adal Sultanate|Adal]]".<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 n.7.</ref> His ten sons took refuge in [[Yemen]] at the court of King [[Al-Nasir Ahmad ibn Isma'il|Ahmad bin al-Ashraf]].<ref>Trimingham, p. 74.</ref>
-==Death==
-With Sa'ad ad-Din's death, the [[Walashma dynasty]] adopted the title of "kings of [[Adal Sultanate|Adal]]".<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 n.7.</ref> His ten sons took refuge in [[Yemen]] at the court of King [[Ahmad bin al-Ashraf]] of the [[Rasulid dynasty]].<ref>Trimingham, p. 74.</ref>
 ==Legacy==
-According to al Shardi, Ali ben Omar may have encountered [[coffee]] during his stay with the [[Adal Sultanate|Adal]] king Sadadin's companions in 1401.<ref name="encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ḳawah|editor5-first=E.|accessdate=January 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA635&dq=coffee+history+brill#v=onepage&q=coffee%20history%20brill&f=false|isbn=978-90-04-09790-2|page=631|volume=IV|publisher=E.J. Brill|encyclopedia=First Encyclopedia of Islam|editor5-last=Lévi-Provençal|editor1-last=Houtsma|editor4-first=W.|editor4-last=Heffening|editor3-first=T. W.|editor3-last=Arnold|editor2-first=A. J.|editor2-last=Wensinck|editor1-first=M. Th.|year=1993}}</ref>Famous 16th-century Islamic scholar [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] notes in his writings a beverage called qahwa([[coffee]]) developed from a tree in the [[Zeila]] region.<ref name=encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah/>
 Sa'ad ad-Din's tomb stood as a hallowed site for centuries in Zeila. It was visited by [[Richard Burton]] the explorer in 1854, who described it as "a mound of rough stones surrounding an upright pole" near the cemetery, decorated with "the remains of votive banquets, broken stones, dried garbage, and stones blackened by the fire" showing how he was "properly venerated" as the current favorite saint of Zeila.<ref>Burton, ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', 1856; edited with additional material by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 75.</ref> Trimingham notes that at the time he wrote his book (circa 1950), the tomb had been destroyed by the encroaching sea.<ref>Trimingham, p. 250.</ref>
-The [[Adal Sultanate]] was also called Bar Sa'ad ad-din meaning "The country of Sa'ad ad-din" in honour of the Sultan.
 Additionally, the [[Saad ad-Din Islands]] in northern [[Somalia]], off the coast of [[Zeila]], are named in Sa'ad ad-Din's honour.
-According to the chronicle ''"Conquest of Abyssinia"'' by Arab faqih, [[Harla]] clans descendant from Sa'ad ad-Din II participated in the sixteenth century [[Ethiopian–Adal War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chekroun |first1=Amélie |title=Le" Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din |publisher=Université Panthéon-Sorbonn |pages=197–198 |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01134623/document}}</ref>
+According to the chronicle ''"Conquest of Abyssinia"'' by [[Shihab al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Sālim ibn ʿUthmān|Arab Faqīh]], [[Harla]] clans descendant from Sa'ad ad-Din II participated in the sixteenth century [[Ethiopian–Adal War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chekroun |first1=Amélie |title=Le" Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din |publisher=Université Panthéon-Sorbonn |pages=197–198 |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01134623/document}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 *[[Walashma dynasty]]
 ===Works cited===
 *{{cite journal|last1=Cerulli|first1=Enrico|author1-link=Enrico Cerulli|date=1931|title=Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Etiopia|journal=Memorie della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei|volume=6|issue=4|pages=39–101|oclc=4178469}}
@@ Line 60: / Line 53: @@
 [[Category:Sultans of Ifat]]
 [[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]]
-[[Category:15th-century Somalian people]]
+[[Category:15th-century Somali people]]
 [[Category:Somalian Muslims]]
 [[Category:Year of birth missing]]