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{{Short description|King of Goguryeo from 179 to 197}}
{{Short description|9th King of Goguryeo (r. 179–197)}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Gogukcheon<br>고국천
|title=[[Taewang]]
|succession=[[List of Korean monarchs#Goguryeo|King of Goguryeo]]
|reign=December 179 – May 197 A.D.
|coronation=December 176 A.D.
|predecessor=[[Sindae of Goguryeo|Sindae]]
|successor=[[Sansang of Goguryeo|Sansang]]
|birth_name=Go Nammu
|birth_date=March 176 A.D.
|birth_place=[[Gungnae|Gungnae Seong]]
|death_date=May 197 A.D.
|death_place=[[Gungnae|Gungnae Seong]]
|burial_place=Gogukcheon Won
|posthumous name=Gogukcheon Taewang<br>Gugyang Taewang
|father=[[Sindae of Goguryeo|Sindae]]
|occupation=King
|succession1=Crown Prince of [[Goguryeo]]
|reign-type1=Crown Prince
|reign1=March 176 – December 179 A.D.
|coronation1=March 176 A.D.
|predecessor1=Go Aig
|successor1=[[Dongcheon of Goguryeo|Uwigo]]
|queen=[[Queen U of Goguryeo|Lady Wu]]
|royal house=Go
|dynasty=[[Goguryeo]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=고국천왕, 국양왕
|hangul={{linktext|고|국|천|왕}}, {{linktext|국|양|왕}}
|hanja={{linktext|故|國|川|王}}, {{linktext|國|壤|王}}
|hanja={{linktext|故|國|川|王}}, {{linktext|國|壤|王}}
|rr=Gogukcheon-wang, Gugyang-wang
|rr=Gogukcheon-wang, Gugyang-wang
|mr=Kogukch'ŏn-wang, Kugyang-wang
|mr=Kogukch'ŏn-wang, Kugyang-wang
|hangulborn={{linktext|고|남|무}}
|hangulborn=고남무
|hanjaborn={{linktext|高|男|武}}
|hanjaborn=高男武
|rrborn=Go Nammu
|rrborn=Go Nammu
|mrborn=Ko Nammu
|mrborn=Ko Nammu
}}
}}
{{Goguryeo monarchs}}
{{Goguryeo monarchs}}
[[File:Goguryeo-monarchs(6-11).PNG | thumb | right | alt=Genealogy of Goguryeo, 6th King ~ 11th King | Genealogy of Goguryeo, 6th King ~ 11th King]]
King '''Gogukcheon of Goguryeo''' (died 197, r. 179–197)<ref name="Samguk Sagi">{{cite web|title=Samguk Sagi |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sg&setId=242539&position=8 |website=Korean History Data Base |publisher=Kim Bu-sik |accessdate=29 January 2016 |ref='''故國川王''' 或云國襄., 諱男武 或云伊夷謨, 新大王伯固之第二子. 伯固薨, 國人以長子拔竒不肖, 共立伊夷謨爲王. 漢献帝建安初, 拔竒怨爲兄而不得立, 與消奴加各将下户三萬餘口, 詣公孫康降, 還住沸流水上. 王身長九尺, 姿表雄偉, 力能扛鼎, 蒞事聽斷, 寬猛得中. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004160626/http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sg |archivedate=4 October 2015 }}</ref> was the ninth [[monarch]] of [[Goguryeo]], one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]].
King '''Gogukcheon''' (died 197, r. 179–197)<ref name="Samguk sagi">{{cite web|title=Samguk sagi |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sg&setId=242539&position=8 |website=Korean History Data Base |publisher=Kim Bu-sik |accessdate=29 January 2016 |ref='''故國川王''' 或云國襄., 諱男武 或云伊夷謨, 新大王伯固之第二子. 伯固薨, 國人以長子拔竒不肖, 共立伊夷謨爲王. 漢献帝建安初, 拔竒怨爲兄而不得立, 與消奴加各将下户三萬餘口, 詣公孫康降, 還住沸流水上. 王身長九尺, 姿表雄偉, 力能扛鼎, 蒞事聽斷, 寬猛得中. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004160626/http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sg |archivedate=4 October 2015 }}</ref> was the ninth [[monarch]] of [[Goguryeo]], one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]].


==Family==
==Family==
*Father: [[Sindae of Goguryeo|King Sindae]] (신대왕, 新大王)
*Father: [[Sindae of Goguryeo|King Sindae]] ({{Korean|hangul=신대왕|hanja=新大王|labels=no}})
*Consort: ''[[Queen U of Goguryeo|Queen]]'', of the U clan (왕후 우씨, 王后 于氏); daughter of U So (우소, 于素) – No issue.
*Consort: ''[[Queen U of Goguryeo|Queen]]'', of the U clan ({{Korean|hangul=왕후 우씨|hanja=王后 于氏|labels=no}}); daughter of U So ({{Korean|hangul=우소|hanja=于素|labels=no}}) – No issue.


== Background and reign==
== Background and reign==
Gogukcheon was the second son of Goguryeo's eighth king, [[Sindae of Goguryeo|Sindae]].<ref name="KBS">{{cite web|title=King Gogukcheon|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No=10036576|website=KBS Radio|publisher=KBS|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> Though his older brother, Go Balgi (고발기), was originally the crown prince, the court officials supported Gogukcheon, who was made crown prince in 176.
Gogukcheon was the second son of Goguryeo's eighth king, [[Sindae of Goguryeo|Sindae]].<ref name="KBS">{{cite web|title=King Gogukcheon|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No=10036576|website=KBS Radio|publisher=[[Korean Broadcasting System]]|accessdate=29 January 2016|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411175208/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No=10036576|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though his older brother, Go Balgi ({{Korean|hangul=고발기|labels=no}}), was originally the crown prince, the court officials supported Gogukcheon, who was made crown prince in 176.


However, this record is an error caused by Kim Busik's erroneous quotation of 《Tongdian》, who thought that I-imo was the same person as King Gogukcheon, and the established theory in the Korean history academia is that King Gogukcheon's older brother Gobalgi[拔奇] and King Sansang's older brother Gobalgi[發岐] are the same person. And it is believed in the Korean history academia that King Gogukcheon was not the second son of King Sindae, but the first son of King Sindae.<ref> 한국사데이터베이스 삼국사기 고국천왕 원년 Refer to footnote 3 to 5.</ref>
However, this record is an error caused by Kim Busik's erroneous quotation of 《Tongdian》, who thought that I-imo was the same person as King Gogukcheon, and the established theory in the Korean history academia is that King Gogukcheon's older brother Gobalgi[拔奇] and King Sansang's older brother Gobalgi[發岐] are the same person. And it is believed in the Korean history academia that King Gogukcheon was not the second son of King Sindae, but the first son of King Sindae.<ref>한국사데이터베이스 삼국사기 고국천왕 원년 Refer to footnote 3 to 5.</ref>


In 180, Gogukcheon married Lady U, the daughter of U So of the Jena-bu, further consolidating central power.<ref name="Yi">Pae-yong Yi, 《Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들》, Ewha Womans University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|8973007726}}, pp.122-123</ref> Lady U remained queen after her husband's death due to her marriage with Gogukcheon's brother and subsequent king [[Sansang of Goguryeo|Sansang]].<ref name="Yi" /> During his reign, the names of five 'bu', or powerful regional clans, become names of districts of the central kingdom, and rebellions by the aristocracy were suppressed, notably in 191.<ref name="KBS" />
In 180, Gogukcheon married Lady U, the daughter of U So of the Jena-bu, further consolidating central power.<ref name="Yi">Pae-yong Yi, 《Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들》, Ewha Womans University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|8973007726}}, pp.122-123</ref> Lady U remained queen after her husband's death due to her marriage with Gogukcheon's brother and subsequent king [[Sansang of Goguryeo|Sansang]].<ref name="Yi" /> During his reign, the names of five 'bu', or powerful regional clans, become names of districts of the central kingdom, and rebellions by the aristocracy were suppressed, notably in 191.<ref name="KBS" />


In 184, Gogukcheon sent his younger brother, Prince Gye-su to fight Chinese [[Han Dynasty]] invasion force of the governor of [[Liaodong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=11979|title=계수|publisher=Doopedia|accessdate=2016-03-07|language=Korean}}</ref> Though Prince Gye-Su was able to block the army, the king later directly led his armies to repel Han forces in 184. In 191, King Gogukcheon adopted a meritocratic system for selecting government officials.<ref name="KBS" /> As a result, he discovered many talented people from all over [[Goguryeo]], the greatest of them being [[Eul Pa-So]], who was given the position of Prime Minister.<ref name="KBS" /><ref>Kim Bu-sik, 《Samguk Sagi》, 〈髙句麗本紀 第四〉: 十三年, 夏四月, 聚衆攻王都. 王徴幾校勘 013内兵馬平之, 遂下令日校勘 014, “近者官以寵授, 位非徳進, 毒流百姓, 動我王家. 此寡人不明所致也. 今汝四部, 各舉賢良在下者.” 於是, 四部共舉東部晏留. 王徴之, 委以國政, 晏留言於王曰, “微臣庸愚, 固不足以叅大政. 西鴨渌谷左勿村乙巴素者, 琉璃王大臣乙素之孫也, 性質剛毅, 智慮淵深, 不見用於丗校勘 015, 力田自給. 大王若欲理國, 非此人則不可.” 王遣使, 以卑辭重禮聘之, 拜中畏大夫, 加爵爲于台, 謂曰, “孤叨承先業, 處臣民之上, 德薄材短, 未濟於理. 先生藏用晦明, 窮處草澤者久矣. 今不我棄, 幡然而來, 非獨孤之喜幸, 社㮨校勘 016生民之福也. 請安承教, 公其盡心.” 巴素意雖許國, 謂所受職不足以濟事, 乃對曰, “臣之駑蹇, 不敢當嚴命. 願大王選賢良, 授髙官以成大業.” 王知其意, 乃除爲國相, 令知政事. 於是, 朝臣國戚, 謂素以新閒舊, 疾之. 王有教曰, “無貴賤, 苟不從國相者, 族之.” 素退而告人曰, “不逢時則隱, 逢時則仕, 士之常也. 今上待我以厚意, 其可復念舊隠乎.” 乃以至誠奉國, 明政教, 慎賞罰, 人民以安, 内外無事.</ref>
In 184, Gogukcheon sent his younger brother, Prince Gye-su to fight the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] invasion force of the governor of [[Liaodong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=11979|script-title=ko:계수|publisher=[[Doopedia]]|accessdate=2016-03-07|language=Korean}}</ref> Though Prince Gye-Su was able to block the army, the king later directly led his armies to repel Han forces in 184. In 191, King Gogukcheon adopted a meritocratic system for selecting government officials.<ref name="KBS" /> As a result, he discovered many talented people from all over [[Goguryeo]], the greatest of them being [[Ŭl P'a-so]], who was given the position of Prime Minister.<ref name="KBS" /><ref>Kim Bu-sik, 《Samguk sagi》, 〈髙句麗本紀 第四〉: 十三年, 夏四月, 聚衆攻王都. 王徴幾校勘 013内兵馬平之, 遂下令日校勘 014, "近者官以寵授, 位非徳進, 毒流百姓, 動我王家. 此寡人不明所致也. 今汝四部, 各舉賢良在下者." 於是, 四部共舉東部晏留. 王徴之, 委以國政, 晏留言於王曰, "微臣庸愚, 固不足以叅大政. 西鴨渌谷左勿村乙巴素者, 琉璃王大臣乙素之孫也, 性質剛毅, 智慮淵深, 不見用於丗校勘 015, 力田自給. 大王若欲理國, 非此人則不可." 王遣使, 以卑辭重禮聘之, 拜中畏大夫, 加爵爲于台, 謂曰, "孤叨承先業, 處臣民之上, 德薄材短, 未濟於理. 先生藏用晦明, 窮處草澤者久矣. 今不我棄, 幡然而來, 非獨孤之喜幸, 社㮨校勘 016生民之福也. 請安承教, 公其盡心." 巴素意雖許國, 謂所受職不足以濟事, 乃對曰, "臣之駑蹇, 不敢當嚴命. 願大王選賢良, 授髙官以成大業." 王知其意, 乃除爲國相, 令知政事. 於是, 朝臣國戚, 謂素以新閒舊, 疾之. 王有教曰, "無貴賤, 苟不從國相者, 族之." 素退而告人曰, "不逢時則隱, 逢時則仕, 士之常也. 今上待我以厚意, 其可復念舊隠乎." 乃以至誠奉國, 明政教, 慎賞罰, 人民以安, 内外無事.</ref>


The ancient text [[Samguk Sagi]] says that Gogukcheon went hunting one day in 194 and encountered a starving village. He gave some of his clothes and food to one of the villagers, and felt that the starvation of his people was his responsibility.<ref>Jeon ho-tae, 〈Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride〉, Dongbuka History Foundation, 2007. {{ISBN|8991448836}} p.13</ref> Gogukcheon worked to improve the lives of farmers and peasants in his kingdom. ''Jindae'' law is a grain loan system enacted by Gogukcheon in 194.<ref name="KBS" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|title=World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317451662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xe1nBwAAQBAJ&q=gogukcheon&pg=PT895|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> This system allowed people to borrow grain from March to July and pay back in October. This system was maintained by the age of Joseon dynasty as "Hwangok", which indicates the law was highly preserved more than a thousand years.<ref name="KBS" />
The ancient text ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' says that Gogukcheon went hunting one day in 194 and encountered a starving village. He gave some of his clothes and food to one of the villagers, and felt that the starvation of his people was his responsibility.<ref>Jeon ho-tae, 〈Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride〉, Dongbuka History Foundation, 2007. {{ISBN|8991448836}} p.13</ref> Gogukcheon worked to improve the lives of farmers and peasants in his kingdom. ''Jindae'' law is a grain loan system enacted by Gogukcheon in 194.<ref name="KBS" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|title=World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317451662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xe1nBwAAQBAJ&q=gogukcheon&pg=PT895|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> This system allowed people to borrow grain from March to July and pay back in October. This system was maintained by the age of Joseon dynasty as "Hwangok", which indicates the law was highly preserved more than a thousand years.<ref name="KBS" />


== Death and succession ==
== Death and succession ==
Though Gogukcheon's ascension signaled a change from [[fraternal succession]] to father-son succession by [[primogeniture]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yang|first1=S. C.|title=The South and North Korean political systems: A comparative analysis|year=1999|publisher=Hollym|location=Seoul|isbn=1-56591-105-9|page=15}}</ref> he was succeeded by his brother [[Sansang of Goguryeo|Sansang]]. Gogukcheon's posthumous name was derived from his burial area, Gogukcheon-won (故國川原,고국천원).<ref>Kim Bu-sik, 《Samguk Sagi》, 〈髙句麗本紀 第四〉: 夏五月, 王薨. 葬于故國川原, 號爲故國川王.</ref>
Though Gogukcheon's ascension signaled a change from [[fraternal succession]] to father-son succession by [[primogeniture]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yang|first1=S. C.|title=The South and North Korean political systems: A comparative analysis|year=1999|publisher=Hollym|location=Seoul|isbn=1-56591-105-9|page=15}}</ref> he was succeeded by his brother [[Sansang of Goguryeo|Sansang]]. Gogukcheon's posthumous name was derived from his burial area, Gogukcheon-won (故國川原,고국천원).<ref>Kim Bu-sik, 《Samguk sagi》, 〈髙句麗本紀 第四〉: 夏五月, 王薨. 葬于故國川原, 號爲故國川王.</ref>


==In Popular Culture==
==In Popular Culture==
* Portrayed by [[Ji Chang-wook]] in the 2024 TVING original series ''[[Queen Woo]]''


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 04:26, 21 November 2024

Gogukcheon
고국천
Taewang
King of Goguryeo
ReignDecember 179 – May 197 A.D.
CoronationDecember 176 A.D.
PredecessorSindae
SuccessorSansang
Crown Prince of Goguryeo
Crown PrinceMarch 176 – December 179 A.D.
CoronationMarch 176 A.D.
PredecessorGo Aig
SuccessorUwigo
BornGo Nammu
March 176 A.D.
Gungnae Seong
DiedMay 197 A.D.
Gungnae Seong
Burial
Gogukcheon Won
ConsortLady Wu
Posthumous name
Gogukcheon Taewang
Gugyang Taewang
HouseGo
DynastyGoguryeo
FatherSindae
OccupationKing
Gogukcheon of Goguryeo
Hangul
고국천왕, 국양왕
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGogukcheon-wang, Gugyang-wang
McCune–ReischauerKogukch'ŏn-wang, Kugyang-wang
Birth name
Hangul
고남무
Hanja
高男武
Revised RomanizationGo Nammu
McCune–ReischauerKo Nammu
Monarchs of Korea
Goguryeo
  1. Chumo c. 37–19 BC
  2. Yuri 19 BC–18 AD
  3. Daemusin 18–44
  4. Minjung 44–48
  5. Mobon 48–53
  6. Taejodae 53–146
  7. Chadae 146–165
  8. Sindae 165–179
  9. Gogukcheon 179–197
  10. Sansang 197–227
  11. Dongcheon 227–248
  12. Jungcheon 248–270
  13. Seocheon 270–292
  14. Bongsang 292–300
  15. Micheon 300–331
  16. Gogugwon 331–371
  17. Sosurim 371–384
  18. Gogugyang 384–391
  19. Gwanggaeto the Great 391–413
  20. Jangsu 413–491
  21. Munja 491–519
  22. Anjang 519–531
  23. Anwon 531–545
  24. Yangwon 545–559
  25. Pyeongwon 559–590
  26. Yeongyang 590–618
  27. Yeongnyu 618–642
  28. Bojang 642–668
Genealogy of Goguryeo, 6th King ~ 11th King
Genealogy of Goguryeo, 6th King ~ 11th King

King Gogukcheon (died 197, r. 179–197)[1] was the ninth monarch of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Family

[edit]
  • Father: King Sindae (신대왕; 新大王)
  • Consort: Queen, of the U clan (왕후 우씨; 王后 于氏); daughter of U So (우소; 于素) – No issue.

Background and reign

[edit]

Gogukcheon was the second son of Goguryeo's eighth king, Sindae.[2] Though his older brother, Go Balgi (고발기), was originally the crown prince, the court officials supported Gogukcheon, who was made crown prince in 176.

However, this record is an error caused by Kim Busik's erroneous quotation of 《Tongdian》, who thought that I-imo was the same person as King Gogukcheon, and the established theory in the Korean history academia is that King Gogukcheon's older brother Gobalgi[拔奇] and King Sansang's older brother Gobalgi[發岐] are the same person. And it is believed in the Korean history academia that King Gogukcheon was not the second son of King Sindae, but the first son of King Sindae.[3]

In 180, Gogukcheon married Lady U, the daughter of U So of the Jena-bu, further consolidating central power.[4] Lady U remained queen after her husband's death due to her marriage with Gogukcheon's brother and subsequent king Sansang.[4] During his reign, the names of five 'bu', or powerful regional clans, become names of districts of the central kingdom, and rebellions by the aristocracy were suppressed, notably in 191.[2]

In 184, Gogukcheon sent his younger brother, Prince Gye-su to fight the Chinese Han dynasty invasion force of the governor of Liaodong.[5] Though Prince Gye-Su was able to block the army, the king later directly led his armies to repel Han forces in 184. In 191, King Gogukcheon adopted a meritocratic system for selecting government officials.[2] As a result, he discovered many talented people from all over Goguryeo, the greatest of them being Ŭl P'a-so, who was given the position of Prime Minister.[2][6]

The ancient text Samguk sagi says that Gogukcheon went hunting one day in 194 and encountered a starving village. He gave some of his clothes and food to one of the villagers, and felt that the starvation of his people was his responsibility.[7] Gogukcheon worked to improve the lives of farmers and peasants in his kingdom. Jindae law is a grain loan system enacted by Gogukcheon in 194.[2][8] This system allowed people to borrow grain from March to July and pay back in October. This system was maintained by the age of Joseon dynasty as "Hwangok", which indicates the law was highly preserved more than a thousand years.[2]

Death and succession

[edit]

Though Gogukcheon's ascension signaled a change from fraternal succession to father-son succession by primogeniture,[9] he was succeeded by his brother Sansang. Gogukcheon's posthumous name was derived from his burial area, Gogukcheon-won (故國川原,고국천원).[10]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Samguk sagi". Korean History Data Base. Kim Bu-sik. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "King Gogukcheon". KBS Radio. Korean Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  3. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 삼국사기 고국천왕 원년 Refer to footnote 3 to 5.
  4. ^ a b Pae-yong Yi, 《Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들》, Ewha Womans University Press, 2008. ISBN 8973007726, pp.122-123
  5. ^ 계수 (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  6. ^ Kim Bu-sik, 《Samguk sagi》, 〈髙句麗本紀 第四〉: 十三年, 夏四月, 聚衆攻王都. 王徴幾校勘 013内兵馬平之, 遂下令日校勘 014, "近者官以寵授, 位非徳進, 毒流百姓, 動我王家. 此寡人不明所致也. 今汝四部, 各舉賢良在下者." 於是, 四部共舉東部晏留. 王徴之, 委以國政, 晏留言於王曰, "微臣庸愚, 固不足以叅大政. 西鴨渌谷左勿村乙巴素者, 琉璃王大臣乙素之孫也, 性質剛毅, 智慮淵深, 不見用於丗校勘 015, 力田自給. 大王若欲理國, 非此人則不可." 王遣使, 以卑辭重禮聘之, 拜中畏大夫, 加爵爲于台, 謂曰, "孤叨承先業, 處臣民之上, 德薄材短, 未濟於理. 先生藏用晦明, 窮處草澤者久矣. 今不我棄, 幡然而來, 非獨孤之喜幸, 社㮨校勘 016生民之福也. 請安承教, 公其盡心." 巴素意雖許國, 謂所受職不足以濟事, 乃對曰, "臣之駑蹇, 不敢當嚴命. 願大王選賢良, 授髙官以成大業." 王知其意, 乃除爲國相, 令知政事. 於是, 朝臣國戚, 謂素以新閒舊, 疾之. 王有教曰, "無貴賤, 苟不從國相者, 族之." 素退而告人曰, "不逢時則隱, 逢時則仕, 士之常也. 今上待我以厚意, 其可復念舊隠乎." 乃以至誠奉國, 明政教, 慎賞罰, 人民以安, 内外無事.
  7. ^ Jeon ho-tae, 〈Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride〉, Dongbuka History Foundation, 2007. ISBN 8991448836 p.13
  8. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317451662. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  9. ^ Yang, S. C. (1999). The South and North Korean political systems: A comparative analysis. Seoul: Hollym. p. 15. ISBN 1-56591-105-9.
  10. ^ Kim Bu-sik, 《Samguk sagi》, 〈髙句麗本紀 第四〉: 夏五月, 王薨. 葬于故國川原, 號爲故國川王.
Gogukcheon of Goguryeo
 Died: 197
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Goguryeo
179–197 		Succeeded by
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