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Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The term is used in geographic,^[1] history,^[2] and military contexts.^[3]

Geographic definitions

Geographically, Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes Great Britain,^[4] Ireland,^[4] Belgium,^[5] the Netherlands,^[5] Luxembourg,^[6] Northern France,^[5] parts of or all of Germany,^[7]^[6] Denmark,^[4] Norway,^[6] Sweden,^[6] and Iceland.^[2]^[8] In some works, Switzerland, Finland, and Austria are also included as part of Northwestern Europe.^[6]

Under the Interreg program, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, "North-West Europe" (NWE) is a region of European Territorial Cooperation that includes Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands and parts of France and Germany.^[7]

Ethnography

During the Reformation, some parts of Northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism,^[9] in a manner which differentiated the region from its Roman Catholic neighbors elsewhere in Europe.^[10]^[11]

A definition of Northwestern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid-20th century anthropologists, eugenicists, and Nordicists, who used the term as a shorthand term for the part of Europe with a predominantly Nordic population.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] For example, Arthur de Gobineau, the 19th-century aristocrat who published works on the pseudoscience of scientific racism, included parts of Northwestern Europe in what Leon Baradat described as his "Aryan heaven".^[16]

Genetics

There is close genetic affinity among some Northwest European populations,^[17] with some of these populations descending from Bell Beaker populations carrying steppe ancestry.^{[citation needed]} For example, the Beaker people of the lower Rhine overturned 90% of Great Britain's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like neolithic populations present prior.^[18]

References

^ Pounds, Norman J. G. (September 1967). "Northwest Europe in the Ninth Century; Its Geography in Light of the Polyptyques". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 57 (3). Taylor & Francis Ltd: 439–461. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00615.x. JSTOR 2561644.
^ ^a ^b Loveluck, Christopher (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107037632.
^ "North-West Europe campaign (1944–5)". Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780198606963.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barnes, R. J.; Barnes, Richard S. K. (1994). The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521455565. the area covered is northwestern Europe [..including..] the Atlantic coasts of Britain, Ireland and northern France, together with all English Channel coastlines and the fringes of the North Sea as far east as Skagerrak, and as far north as [..] Bergen in Norway
^ ^a ^b ^c Verhulst, Adriaan (1999). The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9782735108176.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Boje, David M. (2015). Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317633105. Northwestern Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Switzerland
^ ^a ^b "Interreg North-West Europe". nweurope.eu. Interreg NWE. Retrieved 17 August 2023. The North-West Europe area [..] programme covers Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland as well as parts of France and Germany
^ The World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2014.^{[not specific enough to verify]}
^ Boettiger, Louis Angelo (1938). Fundamentals of Sociology. Ronald Press. p. 325. Protestantism swept over those countries of northwestern Europe which have large proportions of Nordic elements represented in their populations
^ J. Richard, Carl (2006). The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN 9780742534360. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Most of northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, while most of southwestern Europe remained Catholic. Whether climate or ethnicity (northwestern Europe was more Germanic, southwestern Europe more latin) was the greater factor in this division remains a matter of dispute
^ Ciment, James; Radzilowski, John (2015). American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. Routledge. ISBN 9781317477174. The old immigrants, from northwestern Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German states, and Scandinavia) [..] were primarily Protestants (except the Irish, who were mostly Catholic)
^ Hayes, Patrick J. (2012). The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313392030.
^ Porterfield, Austin Larimore (1953). Wait the Withering Rain?. Leo Potishman Foundation. ISBN 9780912646374. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^ Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. ISBN 9780745631776. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^ d'Alroy Jones, Peter (1975). Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas. Heinemann. ISBN 9780435315252. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^ Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. ISBN 9781317345558. Extending across northwestern Europe, Gobineau's Aryan heaven included Ireland, England, northern France [..], the Benelux countries and Scandinavia
^ Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; et al. (2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature. 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC 2735096. PMID 18758442. A statistical summary of genetic data from 1,387 Europeans based on principal component axis one (PC1) [..] may reflect a special role for this geographic axis in the demographic history of Europeans [..] PC1 aligns north-northwest/south-southeast
^ Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; et al. (2018). "The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 190–196. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..190O. doi:10.1038/nature25738. PMC 5973796. PMID 29466337. migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex [..] was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years

[1] Pounds, Norman J. G. (September 1967). "Northwest Europe in the Ninth Century; Its Geography in Light of the Polyptyques". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 57 (3). Taylor & Francis Ltd: 439–461. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00615.x. JSTOR 2561644.

[Loveluck-2] Loveluck, Christopher (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107037632.

[3] "North-West Europe campaign (1944–5)". Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780198606963.

[Barnes-4] Barnes, R. J.; Barnes, Richard S. K. (1994). The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521455565. the area covered is northwestern Europe [..including..] the Atlantic coasts of Britain, Ireland and northern France, together with all English Channel coastlines and the fringes of the North Sea as far east as Skagerrak, and as far north as [..] Bergen in Norway

[Verhulst-5] Verhulst, Adriaan (1999). The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9782735108176.

[boje-6] Boje, David M. (2015). Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317633105. Northwestern Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Switzerland

[interreg-7] "Interreg North-West Europe". nweurope.eu. Interreg NWE. Retrieved 17 August 2023. The North-West Europe area [..] programme covers Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland as well as parts of France and Germany

[8] The World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2014.^{[not specific enough to verify]}

[9] Boettiger, Louis Angelo (1938). Fundamentals of Sociology. Ronald Press. p. 325. Protestantism swept over those countries of northwestern Europe which have large proportions of Nordic elements represented in their populations

[americanmind-10] J. Richard, Carl (2006). The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN 9780742534360. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Most of northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, while most of southwestern Europe remained Catholic. Whether climate or ethnicity (northwestern Europe was more Germanic, southwestern Europe more latin) was the greater factor in this division remains a matter of dispute

[amimmigration-11] Ciment, James; Radzilowski, John (2015). American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. Routledge. ISBN 9781317477174. The old immigrants, from northwestern Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German states, and Scandinavia) [..] were primarily Protestants (except the Irish, who were mostly Catholic)

[hayes-12] Hayes, Patrick J. (2012). The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313392030.

[13] Porterfield, Austin Larimore (1953). Wait the Withering Rain?. Leo Potishman Foundation. ISBN 9780912646374. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

[14] Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. ISBN 9780745631776. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

[15] 'Alroy Jones, Peter (1975). Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas. Heinemann. ISBN 9780435315252. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

[16] Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. ISBN 9781317345558. Extending across northwestern Europe, Gobineau's Aryan heaven included Ireland, England, northern France [..], the Benelux countries and Scandinavia

[17] Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; et al. (2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature. 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC 2735096. PMID 18758442. A statistical summary of genetic data from 1,387 Europeans based on principal component axis one (PC1) [..] may reflect a special role for this geographic axis in the demographic history of Europeans [..] PC1 aligns north-northwest/south-southeast

[18] Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; et al. (2018). "The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 190–196. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..190O. doi:10.1038/nature25738. PMC 5973796. PMID 29466337. migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex [..] was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years

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 {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
 [[File:Northwestern Europe (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Map of the countries included in a minimum definition of Northwestern Europe]]
-'''Northwestern Europe''', or '''Northwest Europe''', is a loosely defined [[subregion]] of Europe, overlapping [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]].there pretty cool people or as far as I'm told.The term is used in geographic,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Pounds | first = Norman J. G. | title = Northwest Europe in the Ninth Century; Its Geography in Light of the Polyptyques | journal = Annals of the Association of American Geographers | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | date = September 1967 | pages = 439–461 | publisher = Taylor & Francis Ltd | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00615.x | jstor = 2561644}}</ref> history,<ref name="Loveluck"/> and military contexts.<ref>{{cite book | title = Oxford Companion to Military History | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | isbn = 9780198606963 | chapter = North-West Europe campaign (1944–5) }}</ref>
+'''Northwestern Europe''', or '''Northwest Europe''', is a loosely defined [[subregion]] of [[Europe]], overlapping [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]]. The term is used in geographic,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Pounds | first = Norman J. G. | title = Northwest Europe in the Ninth Century; Its Geography in Light of the Polyptyques | journal = Annals of the Association of American Geographers | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | date = September 1967 | pages = 439–461 | publisher = Taylor & Francis Ltd | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00615.x | jstor = 2561644}}</ref> history,<ref name="Loveluck"/> and military contexts.<ref>{{cite book | title = Oxford Companion to Military History | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | isbn = 9780198606963 | chapter = North-West Europe campaign (1944–5) }}</ref>
 ==Geographic definitions==
-[[Geography|Geographically]], Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes [[Great Britain]],<ref name="Barnes">{{cite book|last1= Barnes|first1=R. J.|last2=Barnes|first2=Richard S. K.|title=The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xW2rkp-Yb0C|isbn=9780521455565 | quote = the area covered is northwestern Europe [..including..] the Atlantic coasts of Britain, Ireland and northern France, together with all English Channel coastlines and the fringes of the North Sea as far east as [[Skagerrak]], and as far north as [..] Bergen in Norway }}</ref> [[Ireland]],<ref name="Barnes"/> [[Belgium]],<ref name="Verhulst">{{cite book | title = The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe | first = Adriaan |last = Verhulst | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1999 | isbn = 9782735108176 }}</ref> the [[Netherlands]],<ref name="Verhulst"/> [[Luxembourg]],<ref name="boje"/> Northern [[France]],<ref name="Verhulst"/> parts of [[Germany]],<ref name="interreg"/> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Barnes"/> [[Norway]],<ref name="boje"/> [[Sweden]],<ref name="boje"/> and [[Iceland]].<ref name="Loveluck">{{cite book|last1=Loveluck|first1=Christopher|title=Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT8IAQAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+france|isbn=9781107037632}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World and Its Peoples|date=2014|publisher=Marshall Cavendish}}{{nonspecific|date=August 2023}}</ref> In some works, [[Switzerland]], [[Finland]], and [[Austria]] are also included as part of Northwestern Europe.<ref name="boje">{{cite book|last1=Boje|first1=David M.|title=Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bNhCQAAQBAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+austria&pg=PA181|isbn=9781317633105 | quote = Northwestern Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Switzerland }}</ref>
+[[Geography|Geographically]], Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes [[Great Britain]],<ref name="Barnes">{{cite book|last1= Barnes|first1=R. J.|last2=Barnes|first2=Richard S. K.|title=The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xW2rkp-Yb0C|isbn=9780521455565 | quote = the area covered is northwestern Europe [..including..] the Atlantic coasts of Britain, Ireland and northern France, together with all English Channel coastlines and the fringes of the North Sea as far east as [[Skagerrak]], and as far north as [..] Bergen in Norway }}</ref> [[Ireland]],<ref name="Barnes"/> [[Belgium]],<ref name="Verhulst">{{cite book | title = The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe | first = Adriaan |last = Verhulst | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1999 | isbn = 9782735108176 }}</ref> the [[Netherlands]],<ref name="Verhulst"/> [[Luxembourg]],<ref name="boje"/> Northern [[France]],<ref name="Verhulst"/> parts of or all of [[Germany]],<ref name="interreg"/><ref name="boje"/> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Barnes"/> [[Norway]],<ref name="boje"/> [[Sweden]],<ref name="boje"/> and [[Iceland]].<ref name="Loveluck">{{cite book|last1=Loveluck|first1=Christopher|title=Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT8IAQAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+france|isbn=9781107037632}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World and Its Peoples|date=2014|publisher=Marshall Cavendish}}{{nonspecific|date=August 2023}}</ref> In some works, [[Switzerland]], [[Finland]], and [[Austria]] are also included as part of Northwestern Europe.<ref name="boje">{{cite book|last1=Boje|first1=David M.|title=Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bNhCQAAQBAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+austria&pg=PA181|isbn=9781317633105 | quote = Northwestern Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Switzerland }}</ref>
 Under the [[Interreg]] program, funded by the [[European Regional Development Fund]], "North-West Europe" (NWE) is a region of [[European Territorial Cooperation]] that includes Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands and parts of France and Germany.<ref name="interreg">{{cite web|url = https://www.nweurope.eu/ | website = nweurope.eu| title = Interreg North-West Europe | publisher = Interreg NWE | accessdate = 17 August 2023 | quote = The North-West Europe area [..] programme covers Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland as well as parts of France and Germany }}</ref>
 ==Ethnography==
-During the [[Reformation]], some parts of Northwestern Europe converted to [[Protestant]]ism,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boettiger|first1=Louis Angelo|title=Fundamentals of Sociology|date=1938|publisher=Ronald Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39DAAAAIAAJ | page = 325 | quote = Protestantism swept over those countries of northwestern Europe which have large proportions of Nordic elements represented in their populations }}</ref> in a manner which differentiated the region from its [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] neighbors elsewhere in Europe.<ref name=americanmind>{{cite book|last1=J. Richard|first1=Carl|title=The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV_caPJhT6AC&q=northwestern+europe+protestantism&pg=PA20|access-date=15 April 2015|isbn=9780742534360 | page = 20 | quote = Most of northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, while most of southwestern Europe remained Catholic. Whether climate or ethnicity (northwestern Europe was more Germanic, southwestern Europe more latin) was the greater factor in this division remains a matter of dispute }}</ref><ref name="amimmigration">{{cite book|last1=Ciment|first1=James|last2=Radzilowski|first2=John|title=American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPJnBwAAQBAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+italians+immigration&pg=PA174|isbn=9781317477174 | quote = The old immigrants, from northwestern Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German states, and Scandinavia) [..] were primarily Protestants (except the Irish, who were mostly Catholic)}}</ref>
+During the [[Reformation]], some parts of Northwestern Europe converted to [[Protestant]]ism,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boettiger|first1=Louis Angelo|title=Fundamentals of Sociology|date=1938|publisher=Ronald Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39DAAAAIAAJ | page = 325 | quote = Protestantism swept over those countries of northwestern Europe which have large proportions of Nordic elements represented in their populations }}</ref> in a manner which differentiated the region from its [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] neighbors elsewhere in Europe.<ref name=americanmind>{{cite book|last1=J. Richard|first1=Carl|title=The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV_caPJhT6AC&q=northwestern+europe+protestantism&pg=PA20|access-date=15 April 2015|isbn=9780742534360 | page = 20 | quote = Most of northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, while most of southwestern Europe remained Catholic. Whether climate or ethnicity (northwestern Europe was more Germanic, southwestern Europe more latin) was the greater factor in this division remains a matter of dispute }}</ref><ref name="amimmigration">{{cite book|last1=Ciment|first1=James|last2=Radzilowski|first2=John|title=American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPJnBwAAQBAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+italians+immigration&pg=PA174|isbn=9781317477174 | quote = The old immigrants, from northwestern Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German states, and Scandinavia) [..] were primarily Protestants (except the Irish, who were mostly Catholic)}}</ref>
-A definition of Northwestern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century [[anthropologists]], [[eugenicists]], and [[Nordicist]]s, who used the term as a shorthand term for those regions of Europe in which members of the [[Nordic race]] were concentrated.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Patrick J.|title=The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313392030|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GVqXgCkkmgC&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Porterfield|first1=Austin Larimore|title=Wait the Withering Rain?|date=1953|publisher=Leo Potishman Foundation|isbn=9780912646374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r8OAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Christopher|title=Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk|date=2005|publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745631776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWDyVPi6pHgC&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&pg=PA108|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=d'Alroy Jones|first1=Peter|title=Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas|date=1975|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=9780435315252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8IAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> For example, [[Arthur de Gobineau]], the 19th-century aristocrat who published works on [[scientific racism]], included parts of Northwestern Europe in what Leon Baradat described as his "Aryan heaven".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baradat|first1=Leon P.|title=Political Ideologies |date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317345558|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqO9CgAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+aryan+france&pg=PT359 | quote = Extending across northwestern Europe, Gobineau's Aryan heaven included Ireland, England, northern France [..], the Benelux countries and Scandinavia }}</ref>
+A definition of Northwestern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid-20th century [[anthropologists]], [[eugenicists]], and [[Nordicist]]s, who used the term as a shorthand term for the part of Europe with a predominantly [[Nordic race|Nordic]] population.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Patrick J.|title=The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313392030|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GVqXgCkkmgC&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Porterfield|first1=Austin Larimore|title=Wait the Withering Rain?|date=1953|publisher=Leo Potishman Foundation|isbn=9780912646374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r8OAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Christopher|title=Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk|date=2005|publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745631776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWDyVPi6pHgC&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&pg=PA108|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=d'Alroy Jones|first1=Peter|title=Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas|date=1975|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=9780435315252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8IAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> For example, [[Arthur de Gobineau]], the 19th-century aristocrat who published works on the [[pseudoscience]] of [[scientific racism]], included parts of Northwestern Europe in what Leon Baradat described as his "Aryan heaven".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baradat|first1=Leon P.|title=Political Ideologies |date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317345558|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqO9CgAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+aryan+france&pg=PT359 | quote = Extending across northwestern Europe, Gobineau's Aryan heaven included Ireland, England, northern France [..], the Benelux countries and Scandinavia }}</ref>
 ==Genetics==
-There is close genetic affinity among Northwest European populations,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature07331|pmid = 18758442| pmc=2735096| title=Genes mirror geography within Europe| journal=Nature| volume=456| issue=7218| pages=98–101| year=2008| last1=Novembre| first1=John| last2=Johnson| first2=Toby| last3=Bryc| first3=Katarzyna| last4=Kutalik| first4=Zoltán| last5=Boyko| first5=Adam R.| last6=Auton| first6=Adam| last7=Indap| first7=Amit| last8=King| first8=Karen S.| last9=Bergmann| first9=Sven| last10=Nelson| first10=Matthew R.| last11=Stephens| first11=Matthew| last12=Bustamante| first12=Carlos D.| display-authors=4 |bibcode = 2008Natur.456...98N}}</ref> with some of these populations descending from related [[Corded Ware]] and [[Bell Beaker]] populations carrying large amounts of [[steppe ancestry]].{{fact|date=August 2023}} For example, the Beaker people of the lower Rhine  overturned 90% of Great Britain's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like [[Early European Farmers|neolithic populations]] present prior.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature25738|pmid = 29466337| pmc=5973796| title=The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe| journal=Nature| volume=555| issue=7695| pages=190–196| year=2018| last1=Olalde| first1=Iñigo| last2=Brace| first2=Selina| last3=Allentoft| first3=Morten E.| last4=Armit| first4=Ian| last5=Kristiansen| first5=Kristian| last6=Booth| first6=Thomas| last7=Rohland| first7=Nadin| last8=Mallick| first8=Swapan| last9=Szécsényi-Nagy| first9=Anna| last10=Mittnik| first10=Alissa| last11=Altena| first11=Eveline| last12=Lipson| first12=Mark| last13=Lazaridis| first13=Iosif| last14=Harper| first14=Thomas K.| last15=Patterson| first15=Nick| last16=Broomandkhoshbacht| first16=Nasreen| last17=Diekmann| first17=Yoan| last18=Faltyskova| first18=Zuzana| last19=Fernandes| first19=Daniel| last20=Ferry| first20=Matthew| last21=Harney| first21=Eadaoin| last22=De Knijff| first22=Peter| last23=Michel| first23=Megan| last24=Oppenheimer| first24=Jonas| last25=Stewardson| first25=Kristin| last26=Barclay| first26=Alistair| last27=Alt| first27=Kurt Werner| last28=Liesau| first28=Corina| last29=Ríos| first29=Patricia| last30=Blasco| first30=Concepción| display-authors=4|bibcode = 2018Natur.555..190O | quote = migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex [..] was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years }}</ref>
+There is close genetic affinity among some Northwest European populations,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature07331|pmid = 18758442| pmc=2735096| title=Genes mirror geography within Europe| journal=Nature| volume=456| issue=7218| pages=98–101| year=2008| last1=Novembre| first1=John| last2=Johnson| first2=Toby| last3=Bryc| first3=Katarzyna| last4=Kutalik| first4=Zoltán| last5=Boyko| first5=Adam R.| last6=Auton| first6=Adam| last7=Indap| first7=Amit| last8=King| first8=Karen S.| last9=Bergmann| first9=Sven| last10=Nelson| first10=Matthew R.| last11=Stephens| first11=Matthew| last12=Bustamante| first12=Carlos D.| display-authors=4 |bibcode = 2008Natur.456...98N | quote = A statistical summary of genetic data from 1,387 Europeans based on principal component axis one (PC1) [..] may reflect a special role for this geographic axis in the demographic history of Europeans [..] PC1 aligns north-northwest/south-southeast }}</ref> with some of these populations descending from [[Bell Beaker]] populations carrying [[steppe ancestry]].{{fact|date=August 2023}} For example, the Beaker people of the lower Rhine overturned 90% of Great Britain's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like [[Early European Farmers|neolithic populations]] present prior.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature25738|pmid = 29466337| pmc=5973796| title=The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe| journal=Nature| volume=555| issue=7695| pages=190–196| year=2018| last1=Olalde| first1=Iñigo| last2=Brace| first2=Selina| last3=Allentoft| first3=Morten E.| last4=Armit| first4=Ian| last5=Kristiansen| first5=Kristian| last6=Booth| first6=Thomas| last7=Rohland| first7=Nadin| last8=Mallick| first8=Swapan| last9=Szécsényi-Nagy| first9=Anna| last10=Mittnik| first10=Alissa| last11=Altena| first11=Eveline| last12=Lipson| first12=Mark| last13=Lazaridis| first13=Iosif| last14=Harper| first14=Thomas K.| last15=Patterson| first15=Nick| last16=Broomandkhoshbacht| first16=Nasreen| last17=Diekmann| first17=Yoan| last18=Faltyskova| first18=Zuzana| last19=Fernandes| first19=Daniel| last20=Ferry| first20=Matthew| last21=Harney| first21=Eadaoin| last22=De Knijff| first22=Peter| last23=Michel| first23=Megan| last24=Oppenheimer| first24=Jonas| last25=Stewardson| first25=Kristin| last26=Barclay| first26=Alistair| last27=Alt| first27=Kurt Werner| last28=Liesau| first28=Corina| last29=Ríos| first29=Patricia| last30=Blasco| first30=Concepción| display-authors=4|bibcode = 2018Natur.555..190O | quote = migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex [..] was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years }}</ref>
 ==See also==

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany Czech Republic
Other	IdRef