Jump to content

Malik: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tag: Reverted
m →Given name: Rm addition without an article = No inclusion
 
(38 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{other uses}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{SpecialChars|fix=Help:Special characters# Assyrian and Phoenician}}
{{SpecialChars|fix=Help:Special characters# Assyrian and Phoenician}}
[[File:'מלך אמון' כת"י לייפציג B.H. 3 עמוד 144א.jpg|thumb|Page from a [[Rosh Hashanah]] prayerbook with Hebrew {{Script/Hebrew|מלך}} (''melekh'') in large red text.]]
{{wikt|malik}}
'''Malik''', '''Mallik''', '''Melik''', '''Malka''', '''Malek''', '''Maleek''', '''Malick''', '''Mallick''', or '''Melekh''' ({{lang-phn|[[wikt:𐤌𐤋𐤊#Phoenician|𐤌𐤋𐤊]]}}; {{lang-ar|[[wikt:ملك#Arabic|ملك]]}}; {{lang-he|[[wikt:מלך#Hebrew|מֶלֶךְ]]}}) is the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] term translating to "[[king (title)|king]]", recorded in [[East Semitic]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and as '''mlk''' in [[Northwest Semitic]] during the [[Late Bronze Age]] (e.g. [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite language|Canaanite]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]).
'''Malik''' ({{langx|phn|[[wikt:𐤌𐤋𐤊#Phoenician|𐤌𐤋𐤊]]}}; {{langx|he|[[wikt:מלך#Hebrew|מֶלֶךְ]]}}; {{langx|ar|[[wikt:ملك#Arabic|ملك]]}}; variously Romanized ''Mallik'', ''Melik'', ''Malka'', ''Malek'', ''Maleek'', ''Malick'', ''Mallick'', ''Melekh'') is the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] term translating to "[[king (title)|king]]", recorded in [[East Semitic]] and [[Arabic]], and as '''mlk''' in [[Northwest Semitic]] during the [[Late Bronze Age]] (e.g. [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite language|Canaanite]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]).


Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic speakers of [[the Levant]], [[Canaan]], and [[Mesopotamia]], it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively [[Islamization|Islamized]] or [[Arabization|Arabized]] non-Semitic [[Languages of Asia|Asian languages]] for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere.
Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic speakers of [[the Levant]], [[Canaan]], and [[Mesopotamia]], it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively [[Islamization|Islamized]] or [[Arabization|Arabized]] non-Semitic [[Languages of Asia|Asian languages]] for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere.
It is also sometimes used in derived meanings.
It is also sometimes used in derived meanings.


The female version of Malik is '''Malikah''' ({{lang-ar|[[wikt:ملكة#Arabic|ملكة]]}}; or its various spellings such as '''[[wikt:ملکه#Persian|Malekeh]]''' or '''Melike'''), meaning "queen".
The female version of Malik is '''Malikah''' ({{langx|ar|[[wikt:ملكة#Arabic|ملكة]]}}; or its various spellings such as ''[[wikt:ملکه#Persian|Malekeh]]'' or ''Melike''), meaning "queen".


The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic speakers such as the indigenous ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] of [[Iraq]], [[Amorites]], [[Jews]], [[Arameans]], [[Mandeans]], [[Assyrian people|Syriacs]], and pre-Islamic [[Arabs]]. It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and [[South Asia]]. [[Maalik|Malik]] is also an [[angel]] in the [[Quran]], who never smiled since the day the hellfire was created.
The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic speakers such as the indigenous ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] of [[Iraq]], [[Amorites]], [[Jews]], [[Arameans]], [[Mandeans]], other [[Syriac language|Syriac]] speaking ethnic groups, and pre-Islamic [[Arabs]]. It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and [[South Asia]].

Malik is also a common name for boys in [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]], meaning "ocean wave".<ref>{{cite news| last=Knippel | first=L.O. | title=Grønlandsk kunst udsprunget af et savn | url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/gamletillaeg/kulturweekend/ECE3264348/Gr%C3%B8nlandsk-kunst-udsprunget-af-et-savn/ | date=12 March 1999 | publisher=JyllandsPosten | access-date=30 January 2022 }}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
{{further|Moloch}}
{{further|Moloch}}
The earliest form of the name ''Maloka'' was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the [[East Semitic languages|East Semitic]] [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] language of the [[Mesopotamian]] states of [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]], [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Chaldea]].<ref>F.Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia</ref>{{fcn|date=September 2021}} The Northwest Semitic ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/malk-|mlk]]'' was the title of the rulers of the primarily [[Amorite]], [[Suteans|Sutean]], [[Canaan]]ite, [[Phoenicia]]n and [[Arameans|Aramean]] city-states of the [[Levant]] and [[Canaan]] from the [[Late Bronze Age]]. Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandic and Arabic forms: ''Malik'', ''Malek'', ''Mallick'', ''Malkha'', ''Malka'', ''Malkai'' and the [[Hebrew]] form ''Melek''.
The earliest form of the name ''Maloka'' was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the [[East Semitic languages|East Semitic]] [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] language of the [[Mesopotamian]] states of [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]], [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Chaldea]].<ref>F.Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2021}} The Northwest Semitic ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/malk-|mlk]]'' was the title of the rulers of the primarily [[Amorite]], [[Suteans|Sutean]], [[Canaan]]ite, [[Phoenicia]]n and [[Arameans|Aramean]] city-states of the [[Levant]] and [[Canaan]] from the [[Late Bronze Age]]. Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandaic and Arabic forms: ''Malik'', ''Malek'', ''Mallick'', ''Malkha'', ''Malka'', ''Malkai'' and the [[Hebrew]] form ''Melek''.


''[[Moloch]]'' has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like [[Baal]] was an epithet "the master" and [[Adon]] an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as ''Moleḵ'' instead of ''Meleḵ'' using the vowels of Hebrew ''bosheth'' "shame".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = Molech | encyclopedia = Britannica Online Encyclopedia | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year = 2008 | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053271/Moloch | access-date = 2008-03-22 }}</ref>
''[[Moloch]]'' has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like [[Baal]] was an epithet "the master" and [[Adon]] an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as ''Moleḵ'' instead of ''Meleḵ'' using the vowels of Hebrew ''bosheth'' "shame".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = Molech | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia | year = 2008 | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053271/Moloch | access-date = 2008-03-22 }}</ref>


==Political==
==Political==
Line 27: Line 25:


Some [[Arab]] kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik:
Some [[Arab]] kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik:
* [[Bahrain]], formerly under a ''[[Hakim (title)|hakim]]'', or "ruler", until 16 August 1971, then under an ''[[emir]]'', or "prince", and since 14 February 2002 under a ''malik''.
*[[Bahrain]], formerly under a ''[[Hakim (title)|hakim]]'', or "ruler", until 16 August 1971, then under an ''[[emir]]'', or "prince", and since 14 February 2002 under a ''malik''.
* [[Jordan]], formerly the [[Emirate]] of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]];
*[[Jordan]], formerly the [[Emirate]] of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]];
* [[Morocco]], formerly a [[Sultanate]];
*[[Morocco]], formerly a [[Sultanate]];
* [[Saudi Arabia]]. On 10 June 1916 the [[Grand Sharif]] of [[Mecca]] assumed the title of King of the [[Hejaz]]; from 29 October 1916 "King of the Arabs and [[Commander of the Faithful]]"; from 6 November 1916 recognized by the allied powers only as King of the [[Hejaz]], [[Commander of the Faithful]], [[Grand Sharif]] and [[emir]] of Mecca; also assumed the title of [[Caliph]] on 11 March 1924; from 3 October 1924: King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca. In 1925 [[Nejd]] conquered Hijaz, so the Sultan of Nejd added the title "King of Hijaz". On 22 September 1932 Nejd and Hejaz were renamed as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, full style: ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-'Arabiyya as-Sa'udiyya'' ("King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"); from 1986 prefixed to the name: ''[[Khadim al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn]]'' ("Servant (i.e. [[Protector (title)|Protector]]) of the Two Exalted Holy Places [Mecca and Medina]").
*[[Saudi Arabia]]. On 10 June 1916, the [[Grand Sharif]] of [[Mecca]] assumed the title of King of the [[Hejaz]]; from 29 October 1916 "King of the Arabs and [[Commander of the Faithful]]"; from 6 November 1916 recognized by the allied powers only as King of the [[Hejaz]], [[Commander of the Faithful]], [[Grand Sharif]] and [[emir]] of Mecca; also assumed the title of [[Caliph]] on 11 March 1924; from 3 October 1924: King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca. In 1925 [[Nejd]] conquered Hijaz, so the Sultan of Nejd added the title "King of Hijaz". On 22 September 1932 Nejd and Hejaz were renamed as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, full style: ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-'Arabiyya as-Sa'udiyya'' ("King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"); from 1986 prefixed to the name: ''[[Khadim al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn]]'' ("Servant (i.e. [[Protector (title)|Protector]]) of the Two Exalted Holy Places [Mecca and Medina]").


Other historic realms under a Malik include:
Other historic realms under a Malik include:
* [[Egypt]] – the former [[Khedivate of Egypt|khedivate]] and subsequently [[Sultanate of Egypt|independent sultanate]] was ruled by ''Malik Misr'' ("[[King of Egypt]]") from 1922 to 1951; and ''Malik Misr wa's Sudan'' ("[[King of Egypt and the Sudan]]") from 16 October 1951 until the proclamation of the republic on 18 June 1953
*[[Egypt]] – the former [[Khedivate of Egypt|khedivate]] and subsequently [[Sultanate of Egypt|independent sultanate]] was ruled by ''Malik Misr'' ("[[King of Egypt]]") from 1922 to 1951; and ''Malik Misr wa's Sudan'' ("[[King of Egypt and the Sudan]]") from 16 October 1951 until the proclamation of the republic on 18 June 1953
* [[Iraq]] – between 23 August 1921 and 2 May 1958, Iraq was ruled by a Hashemite ''[[List of Kings of Iraq|Malik al-'Iraq]]'' ("King of Iraq"). Among the indigenous [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Kurdish Jews]], the term has been (and still is) used since pre-Arab and pre-Islamic times for the title of tribal chief, for example [[Malik Khoshaba]] of the Bit-[[Tyareh]] tribe.
*[[Iraq]] – between 23 August 1921 and 2 May 1958, Iraq was ruled by a Hashemite ''[[List of Kings of Iraq|Malik al-'Iraq]]'' ("King of Iraq"). Among the indigenous [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Kurdish Jews]], the term has been (and still is) used since pre-Arab and pre-Islamic times for the title of tribal chief, for example [[Malik Khoshaba]] of the Bit-[[Tyareh]] tribe.
* [[Libya]] – [[Idris I of Libya|Idris I]] (1890–1983) (Sayyid Muhammad Idris [[as-Sanusi]], heir of a Muslim sect's dynasty) reigned as ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida'' ("King of the United Libyan Kingdom") from 24 December 1951 through 25 April 1963 and ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya'' ("King of the Libyan Kingdom") until 1 September 1969.
*[[Libya]] – [[Idris I of Libya|Idris I]] (1890–1983) (Sayyid Muhammad Idris [[as-Sanusi]], heir of a Muslim sect's dynasty) reigned as ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida'' ("King of the United Libyan Kingdom") from 24 December 1951 through 25 April 1963 and ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya'' ("King of the Libyan Kingdom") until 1 September 1969.
* [[Maldives]] – between 1965 and 1968, [[Muhammad Fareed Didi]] ruled the Maldives as ''Jala'ala ul-Malik'' ("King" and the style of "His Majesty"); previous rulers were styled Sultan of Land and Sea and Lord of the twelve-thousand islands, holding both the Arabic title of Sultan and the more ancient [[Dhivehi language|Divehi]] title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege.
*[[Maldives]] – between 1965 and 1968, [[Muhammad Fareed Didi]] ruled the Maldives as ''Jala'ala ul-Malik'' ("King" and the style of "His Majesty"); previous rulers were styled Sultan of Land and Sea and Lord of the twelve-thousand islands, holding both the Arabic title of Sultan and the more ancient [[Dhivehi language|Divehi]] title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege.
* [[Oman]] – the [[Nabhani dynasty]] ruled Oman between 1154 and 1470; later it was an [[imamate]] / Sultanate.
*[[Oman]] – the [[Nabhani dynasty]] ruled Oman between 1154 and 1470; later it was an [[imamate]] / Sultanate.
* [[Tunisia]], formerly ruled by maliks (1 year).
*[[Tunisia]] was formerly ruled by maliks (1 year).
* [[Yemen]] – between 1918 and 27 September 1962, and in dissidence to March 1970, the imamate of Yemen was ruled by ''[[Imams of Yemen|Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin, Malik al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-Yamaniyya]]'' ("Imam of the Muslims, [[Commander of the Faithful]], King of the Mutawakkilite Yemeni Kingdom").
*[[Yemen]] – between 1918 and 27 September 1962, and in dissidence to March 1970, the imamate of Yemen was ruled by ''[[Imams of Yemen|Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin, Malik al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-Yamaniyya]]'' ("Imam of the Muslims, [[Commander of the Faithful]], King of the Mutawakkilite Yemeni Kingdom").
* [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] – The [[Muslim]] rulers bestowed the title of ''Malik'' on loyal tribal leaders and chieftains in [[South Asia]]. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and colonial [[India]], the princely state of [[Zainabad, Vanod]] was ruled by a '''Malek Shri''' ([[Sri|Shri]] is an emphatical [[honorific]]).
*[[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] – The [[Muslim]] rulers bestowed the title of ''Malik'' on loyal tribal leaders and chieftains in [[South Asia]]. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and colonial [[India]], the princely state of [[Zainabad, Vanod]] was ruled by a '''Malek Shri''' ([[Sri|Shri]] is an emphatical [[honorific]]).


The '''title Malik''' has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic [[loanword]]s (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various [[prince]]ly or lower ranks and functions.
'''Malik''' has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic [[loanword]]s (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various [[prince]]ly or lower ranks and functions.
* In [[Armenia]], the title of Melik was bestowed upon princes who ruled various [[Principality|principalities]], often referred to as Melikdoms.
* In [[Armenia]], the title of Melik was bestowed upon princes who ruled various [[Principality|principalities]], often referred to as Melikdoms.
* In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], among the numerous Grandees, often related to Armenia:
* In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], among the numerous Grandees, often related to Armenia:
Line 53: Line 51:
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2013}}
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2013}}
*The sacrament of [[Holy Leaven]] in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = Malka or Malca | last = Bowker | first = John | title = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | via = Oxford Reference | date = 2003 | access-date = 30 July 2016 | chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-4537 | isbn = 9780191727221 }}</ref>
*The sacrament of [[Holy Leaven]] in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = Malka or Malca | last = Bowker | first = John | title = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | via = Oxford Reference | date = 2003 | access-date = 30 July 2016 | chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-4537 | isbn = 9780191727221 }}</ref>
*It is also one of the [[Names of God in Islam]], and is then ''al-Malik'' (الملك) or ''The King, Lord of the Worlds'' in the absolute sense (denoted by the definite article), meaning the [[King of Kings]], above all earthly rulers.
*It is also one of the [[Names of God in Islam]], and is then ''al-Malik'' (الملك) or ''The King, Lord of the Worlds'' in the absolute sense (denoted by the definite article), meaning the [[King of Kings in Islam|King of Kings]], above all earthly rulers.
**Hence, Abdelmelik ("servant of [Allah] the King") is an Arabic male name.
**Hence, Abdelmelik ("servant of [Allah] the King") is an Arabic male name.
*In Biblical Hebrew, [[Moloch]] is either the name of a god or the name of a particular kind of sacrifice associated historically with Phoenician and related cultures in North Africa and the Levant.
*In Biblical Hebrew, [[Moloch]] is either the name of a god or a particular kind of sacrifice associated historically with Phoenician and related cultures in North Africa and the Levant.
*[[Melqart]] ("king of the city") was a Phoenician and Punic god.
*[[Melqart]] ("king of the city") was a Phoenician and Punic god.
*The [[Melkite]]s (from Syriac ''malkāyâ'', ܡܠܟܝܐ, "imperial") are the members of several Christian churches of the Middle East, originally those who sided with the Byzantine emperor.
*The [[Melkite]]s (from Syriac ''malkāyâ'', ܡܠܟܝܐ, "imperial") are the members of several Christian churches of the Middle East, originally those who sided with the Byzantine emperor.
Line 65: Line 63:


The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition):
The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition):
*'''- ul-Mulk''' (or '''ul-Molk'''): - of the kingdom; e.g. Malik Usman Khan, who served the [[Sultan]] of [[Gujarat]] as Governor of [[Lahore]], received the title of ''Zubdat ul-Mulk'' 'best of the kingdom' as a hereditary distinction, which was retained as part of the style of his heirs, the ruling [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]s (only since 1910 promoted to [[Nawab]]) of [[Palanpur]].
*'''- ul-Mulk''' (or '''ul-Molk'''): – of the kingdom; e.g. Malik Usman Khan, who served the [[Sultan]] of [[Gujarat]] as Governor of [[Lahore]], received the title of ''Zubdat ul-Mulk'' 'best of the kingdom' as a hereditary distinction, which was retained as part of the style of his heirs, the ruling [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]s (only since 1910 promoted to [[Nawab]]) of [[Palanpur]].
*'''- ul-Mamaluk''' (plural of ''ul-mulk''): - of the kingdoms.
*'''- ul-Mamaluk''' (plural of ''ul-mulk''): – of the kingdoms.


In the great Indian Muslim [[salute state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], a first rank- vassal of the Mughal [[padshah]] (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word '''Molk''' became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s court, in fact the third in rank, only below [[Jah]] (the highest) and [[Umara]], but above [[Al-Dawla|Daula]], [[Khan (title)|Jang]], [[Nawab]], [[Khan (title)|Khan Bahadur]] and [[Khan (title)|Khan]]; for the Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant.
In the great Indian Muslim [[salute state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], a first rank- vassal of the Mughal [[padshah]] (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word '''Molk''' became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s court, in fact the third in rank, only below [[Jah]] (the highest) and [[Umara]], but above [[Al-Dawla|Daula]], [[Khan (title)|Jang]], [[Nawab]], [[Khan (title)|Khan Bahadur]] and [[Khan (title)|Khan]]; for the Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant.
Line 75: Line 73:


=== Pashtun usage ===
=== Pashtun usage ===
The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for "[[tribal chieftain]]" in the [[tribe|tribal]] areas of northwestern [[Pakistan]]. In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan the Maliks serve as ''de facto'' arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national ''jirgas'' as well as to Parliament.
The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for "[[tribal chieftain]]" in the [[tribe|tribal]] areas of northwestern [[Pakistan]]. In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan, the Maliks serve as ''de facto'' arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national ''jirgas'' and Parliament.


===Punjabi usage===
===Punjabi usage===
In the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], "Malik", literally meaning "King" or "[[tribal chieftain]]" is a title used by some well-reputed specific Punjabi aristocrat bloodlines with special lineage, more formally known as [[Zamindar]]s. The Actual clan to hold and originate this esteemed title is the "[[Awan (tribe)|Awan]]" Tribe, a Martial Warrior Tribe which is also associated with different aspects throughout different generations and periods of history, It is believed that they originated as a clan of warriors who later on settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors.
In the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], "Malik", literally meaning "King" or "[[Lord]]" is a title used by some well-reputed specific Punjabi aristocrat bloodlines with special lineage, more formally known as [[Zamindar]]s. The Actual clans to hold and originate this esteemed title are the "[[Awan (tribe)|Awan]]" Tribe, They are Martial Warrior Tribes which are also associated with different aspects throughout different generations and periods of history, It is believed that they originated as a clan of warriors who later on settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors.


The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan and the Sikh Malik in India. The Malik are also known as the Gathwala. The Gathwala are now designating themselves as Maliks. Due to popularity of the Malik title many Punjabi sub-castes such as [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] and many others have adapted the title to gain acceptance in the [[Punjab]]i caste system.
The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan, and the Sikh Malik are settled in India. The Malik are also known as the Gathwala. The Gathwala are now designating themselves as Maliks. Due to the popularity of the Malik title, many Punjabi sub-castes, such as Gujarati⠀Punjabis and many others, have adopted title to gain acceptance in the [[Punjab]]i caste system.


===General usage===
===General usage===
Malik or Malek is a common element in first and family names, usually without any aristocratic meaning.
Malik or Malek is a common element in first and family names, usually without any aristocratic meaning.


==List of notable name-bearers==
==Given name==
{{compact TOC|name=no|side=yes|top=yes|i=|l=|q=|u=|v=|x=}}
===First name===

* [[Malik Ambar]], Ethiopian military leader for the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
===A===
* [[Malik Shakeel Awan]], Pakistani politician
*[[Malik Ambar]], Ethiopian military leader for the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
* [[Malik Basit]] or Malik B (1972–2020), American rapper
*[[Malik Al Nasir]], British author and poet
* [[Malik Bendjelloul]], Swedish Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker, journalist, and child actor
* [[Malik Davis]] (born 1998), American football player
*[[Malik Shakeel Awan]], Pakistani politician

* [[Malik Dixon]], American basketball player, [[Israeli Basketball Premier League Statistical Leaders|top scorer in the 2005 Israel Basketball Premier League]]
===B===
* [[Malik Gabdullin]], Kazakh] writer, philologist and a professor, [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Malik Gaisin]] (born 1959), Russian businessman
*[[Malik Basit]] or Malik B (1972–2020), American rapper
* [[Malik Heath]] (born 2000), American football player
*[[Malik Beasley]] (born 1996), American basketball player
*[[Malik Bendjelloul]], Swedish Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker, journalist, and child actor
* [[Phife Dawg|Malik Izaak Taylor]] (aka Phife Dawg), American rapper and a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest

* [[Malik Ata Muhammad Khan]], Chieftain of Malik-Awan Clan, A Renowned feudal lords and states man
===C===
* [[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan]], Nawab of Kalabagh, Patriarch of Malik-Awan Tribe
*[[Malik Carney]] (born 1995), American football player
* [[Feroz Khan Noon|Malik Feroz Khan Noon]], former Prime Minister of Pakistan
*[[Malik Clements]] (born 1996), American football player
* [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], Punjab Unionist party Premier of the Punjab
* [[Malik Khoshaba]], Assyrian tribal leader of the Tyareh tribe
*[[Malik Cunningham]] (born 1998), American football player

* [[Malik Knowles]] (born 2000), American football player
===D===
* [[Malik Monk]] (born 1998), American professional basketball player
*[[Malik Newman]] (born 1997), American basketball player
*[[Malik Davis]] (born 1998), American football player
* [[Malik Peiris]], Sri Lankan scientist
*[[Malik Dixon]] (born 1975), American basketball player

* [[Malik Riaz]], Pakistani businessman and a real estate investor
===E===
* [[Malik Shabazz]] (1925-1965), also known as Malcolm X, an American Muslim leader and human rights activist
* [[Malik Willis]] (born 1999), American football player
*[[Malik Ellison]] (born 1996), American basketball player
* [[Malik Yoba]] (born 1967), American actor and occasional singer
*[[Malik Evans]] (born 1980), American politician

* [[Malik Leary]] (born 1990s), American writer, actor, and thinker. Maybe one of the greatest.
===F===
*[[Malik Fitts]] (born 1997), American basketball player
*[[Malik Flowers]] (born 1999), American football player
*[[Malik Frikah]] (born 2006 or 2007), French actor and breakdancer

===G===
*[[Malik Gabdullin]], Kazakh writer
*[[Malik Gaines]] (born 1973), American artist
*[[Malik Gaisin]] (born 1959), Russian businessman
*[[Malik Golden]] (born 1993), American football player

===H===
*[[Malik Hairston]] (born 1987), American basketball player
*[[Malik Hamm]] (born 2000), American football player
*[[Malik Harris]] (born 1997), German singer
*[[Malik Harrison]] (born 1998), American football player
*[[Malik Heath]] (born 2000), American football player
*[[Malik Henry]] (born 1997), American football player
*[[Malik Herring]] (born 1997), American football player
*[[Malik Hooker]] (born 1996), American football player

===J===
*[[Malik Jackson (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Malik Jefferson]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Malik Johnson (basketball)]] (born 1997), American basketball player
*[[Malik Johnson (soccer)]] (born 1998), Canadian soccer player

===K===
*[[Malik Ata Muhammad Khan]], Chieftain of Malik-Awan Clan, A Renowned feudal lords and states man
*[[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan]], Nawab of Kalabagh, Patriarch of Malik-Awan Tribe
*[[Feroz Khan Noon|Malik Feroz Khan Noon]], former Prime Minister of Pakistan
*[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], Punjab Unionist party Premier of the Punjab
*[[Malik Khoshaba]], Assyrian tribal leader of the Tyareh tribe
*[[Malik Knowles]] (born 2000), American football player

===M===
*[[Malik McDowell]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Malik Monk]] (born 1998), American basketball player
*[[Malik Mothersille]] (born 2003), English footballer

===N===
*[[Malik Nabers]] (born 2003), American football player
*[[Malik Newman]] (born 1997), American basketball player

===O===
*[[Malik Obama]] (born 1958), Kenyan-American businessman
*[[Malik Osborne]] (born 1998), American basketball player

===P===
*[[Malik Peiris]], Sri Lankan scientist
*[[Malik Pinto]] (born 2002), American soccer player
*[[Malik Pope]] (born 1996), American basketball player

===R===
*[[Malik Rahim]] (born 1948), American activist
*[[Malik Reaves]] (born 1995), American football player
*[[Malik Reed]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Malik Reneau]] (born 2003), American basketball player
*[[Malik Riaz]], Pakistani businessman and a real estate investor
*[[Malik Rose]] (born 1974), American basketball player
*[[Malik Rosier]] (born 1995), American football player

===S===
*[[Malik Scott]] (born 1980), American boxer
*[[Malik Sealy]] (1970–2000), American basketball player
*[[Malik Sekou]] (born 1964), American lawyer
*[[Malik Shabazz]] (1925–1965), also known as Malcolm X, an American Muslim leader and human rights activist
*[[Malik Stanley]] (born 1996), American football player

===T===
*[[Malik Taylor]] (born 1995), American football player
*[[Malik Tchokounté]] (born 1988), French footballer
*[[Malik Tillman]] (born 2002), American soccer player
*[[Malik Turner]], American rapper
*[[Malik Turner (American football)]] (born 1996), American football player

===W===
*[[Malik Washington]] (born 2001), American football player
*[[Malik Williams]] (born 1998), American basketball player
*[[Malik Willis]] (born 1999), American football player

===Y===
*[[Malik Yoba]] (born 1967), American actor and occasional singer

===Z===
*[[Malik Zaire]] (born 1995), American football player


===Surname===
===Surname===
* [[Abdul Malik (physician)|Abdul Malik]], Brigadier (rtd.), first Pakistani cardiologist, founder of [[National Heart Foundation (Bangladesh)|National Heart Foundation]]
*[[Abdul Malik (physician)|Abdul Malik]], Brigadier (rtd.), first Pakistani cardiologist, founder of [[National Heart Foundation (Bangladesh)|National Heart Foundation]]
* [[Anu Malik]], Indian singer and music director
*[[Anu Malik]], Indian singer and music director
* [[Armaan Malik]], Indian singer
*[[Armaan Malik]], Indian singer
* [[Art Malik]], Pakistan-born British actor
*[[Art Malik]], Pakistan-born British actor
* [[Humaima Malik]], Pakistan-born Pakistani actress
*[[Humaima Malik]], Pakistan-born Pakistani actress
* [[Feroze Malik]] , Pakistan-born Pakistani actor, originally known as Feroze Khan
*[[Feroze Malik]], Pakistan-born Pakistani actor, originally known as Feroze Khan
* [[Kenan Malik]] (born 1960), Indian-born British science writer
*[[Kenan Malik]] (born 1960), Indian-born British science writer
* [[Nikunj Malik]], Indian actress
*[[Nikunj Malik]], Indian actress
* [[Rami Malek]], American actor
*[[Rami Malek]], American actor
* [[Shoaib Malik]], Pakistani cricket player
*[[Shoaib Malik]], Pakistani cricket player
* [[Steve Malik]] (born c. 1965), American businessman and sports team owner
*[[Steve Malik]] (born c. 1965), American businessman and sports team owner
* [[Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik|Tashfeen Malik]], Arab American terrorist
*[[Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik|Tashfeen Malik]], Pakistani American terrorist
* [[Terrence Malick]] (born 1943), American film director, screenwriter, producer
*[[Terrence Malick]] (born 1943), Assyrian-American film director, screenwriter, producer
* [[Veena Malik]], Pakistani actress, TV host and model
*[[Veena Malik]], Pakistani actress, TV host and model
* [[Wendie Malick]], American actress, former model
*[[Wendie Malick]], American actress, former model
* [[Yakov Malik]], Soviet diplomat
*[[Yakov Malik]], Soviet diplomat
* [[Yasin Malik]], Kashmiri politician
*[[Yasin Malik]], Kashmiri politician
* [[Zayn Malik]] (born 1993), English singer
*[[Zayn Malik]] (born 1993), English singer


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Malak (disambiguation)]], a Semitic word meaning "angel"

* [[Melech (name)]], a given name of Hebrew origin that means 'king'.
* {{annotated link|Maalik}}
* [[Maluku islands]], an archipelago in Indonesia whose name is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for the region, Jazirat al-Muluk ('the island of many kings').<ref name="RICKLEFSp24">{{cite book
*[[Malak (disambiguation)]], a Semitic word meaning "angel"
| last =Ricklefs | first =M.C. | title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition | publisher =MacMillan | year =1991 | location =London | pages =24 | isbn = 0-333-57689-6 }}</ref>
* [[Minicoy]], an island in India that was the ancient capital of [[Lakshadweepa]], whose local name (Maliku) is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for it, Jazirat al-Maliku ('the island of the king').<ref>Lutfy, Mohamed Ibrahim. Thaareekhuge therein Lakshadheebu</ref>
*[[Maluku islands]], an archipelago in Indonesia whose name is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for the region, Jazirat al-Muluk ('the island of many kings')
*[[Melech (name)]], a given name of Hebrew origin that means 'king'.
*{{annotated link|Maalik}}
*[[Minicoy]], an island in India that was the ancient capital of [[Lakshadweepa]], whose local name (Maliku) is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for it, Jazirat al-Maliku ('the island of the king').<ref>Lutfy, Mohamed Ibrahim. Thaareekhuge therein Lakshadheebu</ref>
*[[Mleccha]], a Sanskrit term referring to those of an incomprehensible speech, foreign or barbarous invaders as contra-distinguished from Aryan Vedic tribes


==References==
==References==
Line 144: Line 230:


==External links==
==External links==
{{wiktionary|malik}}
*[https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=malik Malik Family History] at 'ancestry.com'
*[https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=malik Malik Family History] at 'ancestry.com'

{{Portal|Islam}}


[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Feudalism]]
Line 160: Line 245:
[[Category:Semitic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Semitic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Moloch]]
[[Category:Moloch]]
[[Category:Melqart]]

Latest revision as of 18:52, 3 December 2024

For other uses, see Malik (disambiguation).

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Page from a Rosh Hashanah prayerbook with Hebrew מלך‎ (melekh) in large red text.

Malik (Phoenician: 𐤌𐤋𐤊; Hebrew: מֶלֶךְ; Arabic: ملك; variously Romanized Mallik, Melik, Malka, Malek, Maleek, Malick, Mallick, Melekh) is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic, and as mlk in Northwest Semitic during the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Aramaic, Canaanite, Hebrew).

Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic speakers of the Levant, Canaan, and Mesopotamia, it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively Islamized or Arabized non-Semitic Asian languages for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere. It is also sometimes used in derived meanings.

The female version of Malik is Malikah (Arabic: ملكة; or its various spellings such as Malekeh or Melike), meaning "queen".

The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic speakers such as the indigenous ethnic Assyrians of Iraq, Amorites, Jews, Arameans, Mandeans, other Syriac speaking ethnic groups, and pre-Islamic Arabs. It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia.

Etymology

[edit]
Further information: Moloch

The earliest form of the name Maloka was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the East Semitic Akkadian language of the Mesopotamian states of Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia and Chaldea.[1][full citation needed] The Northwest Semitic mlk was the title of the rulers of the primarily Amorite, Sutean, Canaanite, Phoenician and Aramean city-states of the Levant and Canaan from the Late Bronze Age. Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandaic and Arabic forms: Malik, Malek, Mallick, Malkha, Malka, Malkai and the Hebrew form Melek.

Moloch has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like Baal was an epithet "the master" and Adon an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as Moleḵ instead of Meleḵ using the vowels of Hebrew bosheth "shame".[2]

Political

[edit]

Primarily a malik is the ruling monarch of a kingdom, called mamlaka; that term is however also used in a broader sense, like realm, for rulers with another, generally lower titles, as in Sahib al-Mamlaka. Malik is also used for tribal leaders, e.g. among the Pashtuns.

Some Arab kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik:

Other historic realms under a Malik include:

Malik has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic loanwords (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various princely or lower ranks and functions.

  • In Armenia, the title of Melik was bestowed upon princes who ruled various principalities, often referred to as Melikdoms.
  • In Georgia, among the numerous Grandees, often related to Armenia:

The word Malik is sometimes used in Arabic to render roughly equivalent titles of foreign rulers, for instance the chronicler Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad refers to King Richard I of England as Malik al-Inkitar.

Religious

[edit]
  • The sacrament of Holy Leaven in the Assyrian Church of the East[3]
  • It is also one of the Names of God in Islam, and is then al-Malik (الملك) or The King, Lord of the Worlds in the absolute sense (denoted by the definite article), meaning the King of Kings, above all earthly rulers.
    • Hence, Abdelmelik ("servant of [Allah] the King") is an Arabic male name.
  • In Biblical Hebrew, Moloch is either the name of a god or a particular kind of sacrifice associated historically with Phoenician and related cultures in North Africa and the Levant.
  • Melqart ("king of the city") was a Phoenician and Punic god.
  • The Melkites (from Syriac malkāyâ, ܡܠܟܝܐ, "imperial") are the members of several Christian churches of the Middle East, originally those who sided with the Byzantine emperor.

Compound and derived titles

[edit]
  • Malika is the female derivation, a term of Arabic origin used in Persia as the title for a Queen consort. Frequently also used as part of a lady's name, e.g. Malika-i-Jahan 'Queen of the World'.
  • Sahib us-Sumuw al-Malik (female Sahibat us-Sumuw al-Malik) is an Arabic title for His/Her Royal Highness, notably for Princes in the dynasty of the Malik of Egypt.

The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition):

  • - ul-Mulk (or ul-Molk): – of the kingdom; e.g. Malik Usman Khan, who served the Sultan of Gujarat as Governor of Lahore, received the title of Zubdat ul-Mulk 'best of the kingdom' as a hereditary distinction, which was retained as part of the style of his heirs, the ruling Diwans (only since 1910 promoted to Nawab) of Palanpur.
  • - ul-Mamaluk (plural of ul-mulk): – of the kingdoms.

In the great Indian Muslim salute state of Hyderabad, a first rank- vassal of the Mughal padshah (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word Molk became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling Nizam's court, in fact the third in rank, only below Jah (the highest) and Umara, but above Daula, Jang, Nawab, Khan Bahadur and Khan; for the Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant.

Usage in South Asia

[edit]
Further information: Kakazai, Malik (Punjab), Malik (Bihar), and Malik (Jat)

Pashtun usage

[edit]

The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for "tribal chieftain" in the tribal areas of northwestern Pakistan. In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan, the Maliks serve as de facto arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national jirgas and Parliament.

Punjabi usage

[edit]

In the Punjab, "Malik", literally meaning "King" or "Lord" is a title used by some well-reputed specific Punjabi aristocrat bloodlines with special lineage, more formally known as Zamindars. The Actual clans to hold and originate this esteemed title are the "Awan" Tribe, They are Martial Warrior Tribes which are also associated with different aspects throughout different generations and periods of history, It is believed that they originated as a clan of warriors who later on settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors.

The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan, and the Sikh Malik are settled in India. The Malik are also known as the Gathwala. The Gathwala are now designating themselves as Maliks. Due to the popularity of the Malik title, many Punjabi sub-castes, such as Gujarati⠀Punjabis and many others, have adopted title to gain acceptance in the Punjabi caste system.

General usage

[edit]

Malik or Malek is a common element in first and family names, usually without any aristocratic meaning.

Given name

[edit]

A

[edit]

B

[edit]
  • Malik Basit or Malik B (1972–2020), American rapper
  • Malik Beasley (born 1996), American basketball player
  • Malik Bendjelloul, Swedish Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker, journalist, and child actor

C

[edit]

D

[edit]

E

[edit]

F

[edit]

G

[edit]

H

[edit]

J

[edit]

K

[edit]

M

[edit]

N

[edit]

O

[edit]

P

[edit]

R

[edit]

S

[edit]

T

[edit]

W

[edit]

Y

[edit]
  • Malik Yoba (born 1967), American actor and occasional singer

Z

[edit]

Surname

[edit]

See also

[edit]
  • Maalik – In Islam, an angel of hell (Jahannam)
  • Malak (disambiguation), a Semitic word meaning "angel"
  • Maluku islands, an archipelago in Indonesia whose name is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for the region, Jazirat al-Muluk ('the island of many kings')
  • Melech (name), a given name of Hebrew origin that means 'king'.
  • Minicoy, an island in India that was the ancient capital of Lakshadweepa, whose local name (Maliku) is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for it, Jazirat al-Maliku ('the island of the king').[4]
  • Mleccha, a Sanskrit term referring to those of an incomprehensible speech, foreign or barbarous invaders as contra-distinguished from Aryan Vedic tribes

References

[edit]
  1. ^ F.Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia
  2. ^ "Molech". Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  3. ^ Bowker, John (2003). "Malka or Malca". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191727221. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via Oxford Reference.
  4. ^ Lutfy, Mohamed Ibrahim. Thaareekhuge therein Lakshadheebu
[edit]
Look up malik in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malik&oldid=1261000435"