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{{Short description|Public television broadcaster in Romania}}
{{Short description|Public television broadcaster in Romania}}
{{about|the state-owned Romanian television channel|more info|List of Romanian-language television channels}}
{{about|the state-owned Romanian television channel|more info|List of Romanian-language television channels}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| network_name = TVR
| network_name = TVR
| network_logo = TVR logo 2022.svg
| network_logo = TVR 2022.svg
| network_logo_size = 150px
| network_logo_size = 150px
| country = [[Romania]], [[Moldova]] through TVR Moldova
| country = [[Romania]], [[Moldova]] through TVR Moldova
Line 11: Line 12:
| key_people = Dan Cristian Turturică, President and General Chairman
| key_people = Dan Cristian Turturică, President and General Chairman
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1956|12|31|df=y}}
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1956|12|31|df=y}}
| past_names = Radioteleviziunea Românǎ<br><small>(1956-1990; when it was the only radio-television company in the country)</small>
| past_names = Radioteleviziunea Română<br><small>(1956&ndash;1990; when it was the only radio-television company in the country)</small>
| motto = {{lang|ro|Imaginea timpului tău}}<br>("the image of your times")
| motto = {{lang|ro|Imaginea timpului tău}}<br>("the image of your times")
| website = [http://www.tvr.ro www.tvr.ro]
| website = {{URL|http://www.tvr.ro/}}
|}}
|}}


'''Televiziunea Română''' ({{IPA-ro|televiziˈune̯a roˈmɨnə}}),<ref>[https://dexonline.ro/intrare/televiziune/56729/sinteza#meaning162611 Televiziune]</ref> more commonly referred to as '''TVR''' {{IPA-ro|teveˈre|}}, is the short name for '''Societatea Română de Televiziune''' ("Romanian Television Society"; '''SRTV'''), the Romanian public television. It operates seven channels: [[TVR 1]], [[TVR 2]], [[TVR 3]], [[TVR Cultural]], [[TVR Folclor]], [[TVR Info]], [[TVRi]], [[TVR Moldova]] and [[TVR Sport]] along with six regional studios in [[TVR București|Bucharest]], [[TVR Cluj|Cluj-Napoca]], [[TVR Iași|Iași]], [[TVR Timișoara|Timișoara]], [[TVR Craiova|Craiova]] and [[TVR Târgu Mureș|Târgu Mureș]].
'''Televiziunea Română''' ({{IPA|ro|televiziˈune̯a roˈmɨnə}}),<ref>[https://dexonline.ro/intrare/televiziune/56729/sinteza#meaning162611 Televiziune]</ref> more commonly referred to as '''TVR''' {{IPA|ro|teveˈre|}}, is the short name for '''Societatea Română de Televiziune''' ("Romanian Television Society"; '''SRTV'''), the Romanian public television. It operates nine channels: [[TVR 1]], [[TVR 2]], [[TVR 3]], [[TVR Cultural]], [[TVR Folclor]], [[TVR Info]], [[TVRi]], [[TVR Moldova]] and [[TVR Sport]] along with six regional studios in [[TVR București|Bucharest]], [[TVR Cluj|Cluj-Napoca]], [[TVR Iași|Iași]], [[TVR Timișoara|Timișoara]], [[TVR Craiova|Craiova]], and [[TVR Târgu Mureș|Târgu Mureș]].


[[TVR 1]] has a total national coverage of 99.8%, virtually the entire Romanian population, and [[TVR 2]] has 91% national coverage. All of the other channels and networks solely broadcast in major population centers. Even though it does not have the largest audience, due to the dominance of the five private TV networks (which consistently get higher ratings in the urban market segment), it offers a wider variety of services, including webcasts and international viewing via [[TVRi]].
[[TVR 1]] has a total national coverage of 99.8%, virtually the entire Romanian population, and [[TVR 2]] has 91% national coverage. All of the other channels and networks solely broadcast in major population centers. Even though it does not have the largest audience, due to the dominance of the five private TV networks (which consistently get higher ratings in the urban market segment), it offers a wider variety of services, including webcasts and international viewing via [[TVRi]].
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===During the Ceaușescu era===
===During the Ceaușescu era===
====Headquarters and a second channel====
====Headquarters and a second channel====
TVR moved in 1969 to a new building, a purpose-built television center on Dorobanților Avenue. It was designed by well-known architect Tiberiu Ricci, and since then serves as the network headquarters where the main studios and offices are located.
TVR moved in 1969 to a new building, a purpose-built television center on {{ill|Calea Dorobanților|ro}}. It was designed by well-known architect Tiberiu Ricci, and since then serves as the network headquarters where the main studios and offices are located.


A second channel, [[TVR 2]], was created in 1968, initially known as Programul 2, and, in the immediate aftermath, TVR became Programul 1. TVR2 was suspended in 1985, due to the "energy saving program" initiated by [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] (1918–1989) and TVR1 became TVR again, becoming the only television station in Romania at the time, until the [[Romanian Revolution]] in 1989, corresponding with the fall of communism in the remaining Eastern Bloc countries that same year.
A second channel, [[TVR 2]], was created in 1968, initially known as Programul 2, and, in the immediate aftermath, TVR became Programul 1. TVR2 was suspended in 1985, due to the "energy saving program" initiated by [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] (1918–1989) and TVR1 became TVR again, becoming the only television station in Romania at the time, until the [[Romanian Revolution]] in 1989, corresponding with the fall of communism in the remaining [[Eastern Bloc]] countries that same year.


====Program policy====
====Program policy====
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====Color broadcasts and schedule changes====
====Color broadcasts and schedule changes====
In 1983, TVR became the first Romanian channel to broadcast in color. Although the rest of the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries adopted the French, Soviet-backed [[SECAM]] system, TVR chose to implement the West German [[PAL]] system. Plans to introduce color television broadcasting date as far back as 1968, when TVR began trial broadcasts in color. It was, however, deemed too costly at the time to impose color broadcasting, and plans were shelved up to 1983. Even so, by 1990, only some broadcasts were in color and very few people owned a color TV set.
In 1983, TVR became the first Romanian channel to broadcast in color. Although the rest of the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries adopted the French, Soviet-backed [[SECAM]] system, TVR chose to implement the West German [[PAL]] system. Plans to introduce color television broadcasting date as far back as 1968, when TVR began trial broadcasts in color. It was, however, deemed too costly at the time to impose color broadcasting, and plans were shelved up to 1983. Even so, before 1990, only some broadcasts were in color and very few people owned a color TV set. Full-time color television broadcasts were only achieved after the [[Romanian revolution|Romanian Revolution]] (circa 1990).
[[File:Epoca Nicolae Ceausescu TV Show.jpg|thumb|right|Propaganda TV program from 1986, titled ''Nicolae Ceaușescu Era''.]]
[[File:Epoca Nicolae Ceausescu TV Show.jpg|thumb|right|Propaganda TV program from 1986, titled ''Nicolae Ceaușescu Era'']]
Due to the "energy saving program" between 1985 and 1989, TVR's broadcast schedule was severely limited to only about two hours per day, between 20:00 and 22:00, most of which were dedicated to [[Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality]], along with his wife [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]]; with an exception on Saturdays, from 13:00 to 15:00 and 19:00 to 22:30 and Sundays (the same program as Saturdays, but with children's programs between 11:30 and 12:30). The two hours of programming were a combination of Romanian propaganda and general entertainment.
Due to the "energy saving program" between 1985 and 1989, TVR's broadcast schedule was severely limited to only about two hours per day, between 20:00 and 22:00, most of which were dedicated to [[Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality]], along with his wife [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]]; with an exception on Saturdays, from 13:00 to 15:00 and 19:00 to 22:30 and Sundays (the same program as Saturdays, but with children's programs between 11:30 and 12:30). The two hours of programming were a combination of Romanian propaganda and general entertainment.


The schedule during the "energy saving program" (not including the weekend schedules) are as follows:
The schedule during the "energy saving program" (not including the weekend schedules) were as follows:


*'''19:53''' The Socialist Republic of Romania National Anthem ("[[Trei culori]]")
*'''19:53''' The Socialist Republic of Romania National Anthem ("[[Trei culori]]")
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In 1988, the programs increased to three hours per day during weekdays (from 19:00 to 22:00).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=''TVR 60 - ISTORIA ÎN ȘTIRI Două ore de program TV pe zi. "Serialul Bezna"'' (TVR 60 - HISTORY THROUGH NEWSCASTS. Two hours of TV per day. The "Darkness" series) |url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/tvr-60---istoria-in-stiri-doua-ore-de-program-tv-pe-zi--serialul-bezna_80094.html#view |access-date=15 December 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> The US TV series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', introduced in the mid 1980s, became the only Western television program to be aired on the channel in color.
In 1988, the programs increased to three hours per day during weekdays (from 19:00 to 22:00).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=''TVR 60 - ISTORIA ÎN ȘTIRI Două ore de program TV pe zi. "Serialul Bezna"'' (TVR 60 - HISTORY THROUGH NEWSCASTS. Two hours of TV per day. The "Darkness" series) |url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/tvr-60---istoria-in-stiri-doua-ore-de-program-tv-pe-zi--serialul-bezna_80094.html#view |access-date=15 December 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> The US TV series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', introduced in the mid 1980s, became the only Western television program to be aired on the channel in color.
[[File:București - Turnul Televiziunii Române "TVR" (2023).jpg|thumb|[[TVR Tower]], the building of the TVR studios in [[Bucharest]]. ]]
[[File:București - Turnul Televiziunii Române "TVR" (2023).jpg|thumb|[[TVR Tower]], the building of the TVR studios in [[Bucharest]]]]


===During the Romanian Revolution===
===During the Romanian Revolution===
During the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], TVR was an important focal point of events during the revolution. On the afternoon of 22 December 1989, rebels occupied the TVR building and announced that the Ceaușescus had fled. TVR changed its name to "Televiziunea Română Liberă" (TVRL), or Free Romanian Television. On 17 February 1990, TVR2 resumed broadcasting and TVRL became TVR1.
During the [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989, TVR was an important focal point of events during the revolution. On the afternoon of 22 December 1989, rebels occupied the TVR building and announced that the Ceaușescus had fled. TVR changed its name to "Televiziunea Română Liberă" (TVRL), or Free Romanian Television. On 17 February 1990, TVR2 resumed broadcasting and TVRL became TVR1.


====Propaganda under the FSN====
====Propaganda under the FSN====
TVR would remain a propaganda instrument in the hands of the newly created [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN), made up mostly of former second-rank Communists. The FSN used TVRL, by far the most widely penetrating information source at that time in Romania, to discredit protesters who were demanding a Communist-free government, denigrating them as "fascists". This culminated with the June 1990 riots in central [[Bucharest]], crushed by the miners called in by president [[Ion Iliescu]]. After the riots ended, Iliescu was shown on TV congratulating the miners for "restoring law and order". A little while later, following protests from civil society, TVRL abandoned the "L", the designation "Free" and reverted to its previous name of TVR.
TVR would remain a propaganda instrument in the hands of the newly created [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN), made up mostly of former second-rank Communists. The FSN used TVRL, by far the most widely penetrating information source at that time in Romania, to discredit protesters who were demanding a Communist-free government, denigrating them as "fascists". This culminated with the [[June 1990 Mineriad|June 1990 riots]] in central Bucharest, crushed by the miners called in by president [[Ion Iliescu]]. After the riots ended, Iliescu was shown on TV congratulating the miners for "restoring law and order". A little while later, following protests from civil society, TVRL abandoned the "L", the designation "Free" and reverted to its previous name of TVR.


===After the Romanian Revolution===
===After the Romanian Revolution===
====Identity crisis and expansion====
====Identity crisis and expansion====
After 1990, lacking any strategy, TVR fell into a deep identity crisis. TVR changed its identity several times without any particular reason. On 1 January 1993, TVR, as a part of Radioteleviziunea Româna (RTVR), was admitted as a full active member of the [[European Broadcasting Union]], simultaneously with the merger of OIRT and EBU.
After 1990, lacking any strategy, TVR fell into a deep identity crisis. TVR changed its identity several times without any particular reason. On January 1, 1993, TVR, as a part of Radioteleviziunea Româna (RTVR), was admitted as a full active member of the [[European Broadcasting Union]], simultaneously with the merger of OIRT and EBU.


In 1995, [[TVRi]] was launched on [[Great Union Day]] (December 1), the national holiday. In 1998, TVR International was renamed "TV Romania International", with a completely different identity.
In 1995, [[TVRi]] was launched on [[Great Union Day]] (December 1), the national holiday. In 1998, TVR International was renamed "TV Romania International", with a completely different identity.


In an unusual move at the time of the [[1996 Romania general election]], TVR offered a tractor to the districts with the highest rural turnout in each of the seven regions. The offer was aimed at stabilizing support for [[Ion Iliescu]]'s voter base, which was located primarily in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vote in polls and win a tractor or TV set |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19961105-1.2.10.15 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=5 November 1996}}</ref>
⚫
In 2001, TVR2 changed its identity, logo and presentation for the fourth time. The same year, after rebranding three times, TVR1 became "TV Romania 1". The new "Romania 1" changed its identity, including the channel logo, three times in only two years. The following year, [[TVR Cultural]] was launched, which mainly focused on cultural programming until its shutdown 10 years later in September 2012.


⚫
On September 25, 1999, after rebranding three times, TVR1 became "(TV) Romania 1". In March 2000, TVR2 changed its identity, logo and presentation for the fourth time. On March 1, 2001, TVR2 switched to round-the-clock programming, "Romania 1" following suit 9 days later along with a new logo in the [[Flag of Romania|flag]] colors. The following year, [[TVR Cultural]] was launched, which mainly focused on cultural programming until its shutdown 10 years later in September 2012 (revived in late 2022).
⚫
[[File:TVR regional studios.png|thumb|TVR regional studios.]]

⚫
In 2003, the management started a controversial rebranding (a new identity was created by the British agency, English & Pockett). On 11 June 2004, all channels were renamed "TVR" and received the same identity.
⚫
[[File:TVR regional studios.png|thumb|TVR regional studios]]
⚫
In 2003, the management started a controversial rebranding (a new identity was created by the British agency, English & Pockett). On June 11, 2004, all channels were renamed "TVR" and received the same identity.


====Hosting the Eurovision, sports rights, and HD broadcasts====
====Hosting the Eurovision, sports rights, and HD broadcasts====
On 2 December 2006, Romania hosted the international [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]. The Romanian broadcaster was chosen by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) to become the organizer of the 4th edition of the contest.
On 2 December 2006, Romania hosted the international [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]. The Romanian broadcaster was chosen by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) to become the organizer of the 4th edition of the contest.


In August 2008, TVR acquired the broadcasting rights for the [[UEFA Champions League]] in Romania, for the following three seasons (between the 2009–10 and the 2011–12 season).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2008 |title=TVR va transmite Champions League, Pro TV ramane fara fotbal! - Fotbal - HotNews.ro |url=https://sport.hotnews.ro/stiri-fotbal-2701681-tvr-transmite-champions-league-pro-ramane-fara-fotbal.htm |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=Sport.hotnews.ro}}</ref> From the 2012–13 season, it has the second option for the broadcasting rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REALITATEA |url=https://www.realitatea.net/ |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=Realitatea.net}}</ref>
In August 2008, TVR acquired the broadcasting rights for the [[UEFA Champions League]] in Romania, for the following three seasons (between the 2009–10 and the 2011–12 season).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2008 |title=TVR va transmite Champions League, Pro TV rămâne fără fotbal! |url=https://sport.hotnews.ro/stiri-fotbal-2701681-tvr-transmite-champions-league-pro-ramane-fara-fotbal.htm |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=[[HotNews]]}}</ref> From the 2012–13 season, it has the second option for the broadcasting rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Realitatea |url=https://www.realitatea.net/ |access-date=23 August 2019 |work=[[Realitatea TV]]}}</ref>


On 1 June 2008, [[TVR HD]] was launched in high-definition, one the first stations to do so, after [[Pro TV]] launched a high-definition feed two years prior. Sports events such as [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] and the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] were transmitted in HD. A few months later, on October 1, [[TVR 3]] was launched, which broadcast local programming, airing shows and news produced in the various regions of Romania. On 31 December 2008, [[TVR Info]], a "must-carry" channel for all cable operators, was launched. The channel broadcasts traffic information, live feeds from cameras in various cities of Romania, and news.
On 1 June 2008, [[TVR HD]] was launched in high-definition, one the first stations to do so, after [[Pro TV]] launched a high-definition feed two years prior. Sports events such as [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] and the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] were transmitted in HD. A few months later, on October 1, [[TVR 3]] was launched, which broadcast local programming, airing shows and news produced in the various regions of Romania. On 31 December 2008, [[TVR Info]], a "must-carry" channel for all cable operators, was launched. The channel broadcasts traffic information, live feeds from cameras in various cities of Romania, and news.
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====Endangerment of Romanian participation in the Eurovision and debts====
====Endangerment of Romanian participation in the Eurovision and debts====
[[File:TVR logo.svg|thumb|Former TVR logo, used from 2004 until 2022. Horizontal version used from 2008 until 2022]]
[[File:TVR logo.svg|thumb|Former TVR logo, used from 2004 until 2022. Horizontal version used from 2008 until 2022]]
On 19 April 2016, it was reported that Romania's participation in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Eurovision Song Contest]] was in danger owing to TVR's repeated non-payment to the EBU of debts totaling 16 million [[Swiss franc|franc]], or 14.56 million [[euro|euros]], dating back to January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=Romania's Eurovision dream buried by mounting debt |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-20/romania's-eurovision-dream-buried-by-mounting-debt/7341702 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=ABC News}}</ref> The EBU had issued a deadline to the Romanian government requiring it to make satisfactory arrangements to repay the debt by 20 April, or else face exclusion from the contest. Two days later it announced that, following the government's failure to meet the deadline, the EBU had withdrawn all member services from TVR: these included – in addition to TVR's participation in the Song Contest – access to the Eurovision News and Sports News Exchanges, the right to broadcast specific sporting events, and entitlement to benefit from the EBU's legal, technical, research, expertise, and lobbying services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiandani |first=Sanjay |date=22 April 2016 |title=Romania: TVR will not participate in Eurovision 2016 |url=http://esctoday.com/131857/romania-tvr-will-not-participate-eurovision-2016/ |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=Esctoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Royston |first=Benny |date=22 April 2016 |title=Romania expelled from the Eurovision Song Contest |url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/04/22/romania-expelled-from-the-eurovision-song-contest-5833623/ |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=Metro.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2016 |title=EBU withdraws member services from Televiziunea Română (TVR) following repeated non-payment of debt |url=http://www3.ebu.ch/news/2016/04/ebu-withdraws-member-services-fr |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=European Broadcasting Union}}</ref>
On 19 April 2016, it was reported that Romania's participation in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016|Eurovision Song Contest]] was in danger owing to TVR's repeated non-payment to the EBU of debts totaling 16 million [[Swiss franc|franc]], or 14.56 million [[euro|euros]], dating back to January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=Romania's Eurovision dream buried by mounting debt |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-20/romania's-eurovision-dream-buried-by-mounting-debt/7341702 |access-date=19 April 2016 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> The EBU had issued a deadline to the Romanian government requiring it to make satisfactory arrangements to repay the debt by 20 April, or else face exclusion from the contest. Two days later it announced that, following the government's failure to meet the deadline, the EBU had withdrawn all member services from TVR: these included – in addition to TVR's participation in the Song Contest – access to the Eurovision News and Sports News Exchanges, the right to broadcast specific sporting events, and entitlement to benefit from the EBU's legal, technical, research, expertise, and lobbying services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiandani |first=Sanjay |date=22 April 2016 |title=Romania: TVR will not participate in Eurovision 2016 |url=http://esctoday.com/131857/romania-tvr-will-not-participate-eurovision-2016/ |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=Esctoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Royston |first=Benny |date=22 April 2016 |title=Romania expelled from the Eurovision Song Contest |url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/04/22/romania-expelled-from-the-eurovision-song-contest-5833623/ |access-date=22 April 2016 |newspaper=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2016 |title=EBU withdraws member services from Televiziunea Română (TVR) following repeated non-payment of debt |url=http://www3.ebu.ch/news/2016/04/ebu-withdraws-member-services-fr |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]}}</ref>


TVR returned to participate in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017 contest]], after making an agreement with the EBU to pay its debt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oct 2016 |title=Romania: TVR confirms participation in Eurovision 2017 |url=https://esctoday.com/138086/romania-tvr-returns-eurovision-2017-participation-confirmed/ |access-date=2 Oct 2023 |website=Esctoday.com}}</ref>
TVR returned to participate in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|2017 contest]], after making an agreement with the EBU to pay its debt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oct 2016 |title=Romania: TVR confirms participation in Eurovision 2017 |url=https://esctoday.com/138086/romania-tvr-returns-eurovision-2017-participation-confirmed/ |access-date=2 Oct 2023 |website=Esctoday.com}}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
'''TVR''' has six national TV channels: [[TVR 1]], [[TVR 2]], [[TVR 3]], [[TVR Cultural]], [[TVR Folclor]], [[TVR Info]], [[TVRi]], & [[TVR Sport]]. [[TVRi]] is designated for [[Romanian diaspora|overseas Romanians]], the "i" coming from International (''Internațional'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]). Due to the financial crisis in which TVR is immersed, [[TVR Cultural]] and [[TVR Info]] closed in the summer of 2012, however the latter was replaced by [[TVR News]] three months later. Nevertheless, on 21 July 2015, the TVR board decided to shut down also the TVR News channel, which stopped broadcasting on 1 August 2015. <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2015 |title=TVR News și-a încetat emisia sâmbătă, la ora 00.00 |language=ro |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |url=http://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/tvr-news-si-a-incetat-emisia-sambata-la-ora-00-00-14660051 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> However, on 22 June 2022, TVR again relaunched the channel following an internal vote within its administration council. However, on TVR Cultural, it was relaunched on 1st December 2022, and the license was granted by [[National Audiovisual Council|CNA]] on 7th September 2022. It also has six regional TV channels or "studios" ("studiouri teritoriale"): [[TVR București]], [[TVR Cluj]], [[TVR Craiova]], [[TVR Iași]], [[TVR Tîrgu-Mureș]] and [[TVR Timișoara]]. [[TVR HD]] was available from 2008 to 2019 when it was closed due to TVR 1 & TVR 2 launching their own separate high-definition channels.
'''TVR''' has seven national TV channels: [[TVR 1]], [[TVR 2]], [[TVR 3]], [[TVR Cultural]], [[TVR Folclor]], [[TVR Info]] and [[TVR Sport]].<ref name=":1" /> The broadcaster operates TVR Moldova, as well as the international service [[TVRi]]
Due to financial issues, [[TVR Cultural]] and [[TVR Info]] closed in the summer of 2012, however the latter was replaced by [[TVR News]] three months later. Nevertheless, on 21 July 2015, the TVR board decided to shut down also the TVR News channel, which stopped broadcasting on 1 August 2015. <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2015 |title=TVR News și-a încetat emisia sâmbătă, la ora 00.00 |language=ro |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |url=http://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/tvr-news-si-a-incetat-emisia-sambata-la-ora-00-00-14660051 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> On 22 June 2022, TVR again relaunched the channel following an internal vote within its administration council. TVR Cultural was also relaunched on 1 December 2022.
It also has six regional TV channels or "studios" ("studiouri teritoriale"): [[TVR București]], [[TVR Cluj]], [[TVR Craiova]], [[TVR Iași]], [[TVR Tîrgu-Mureș]] and [[TVR Timișoara]]. [[TVR HD]] was available from 2008 to 2019, after which it was replaced by HD simulcasts of TVR 1 and TVR 2.


TVR Moldova broadcasts in [[Moldova]] from the local [[Chișinău]] studio.
TVR Moldova broadcasts in [[Moldova]] from the local [[Chișinău]] studio.
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|-
|-
|[[TVR 1]]
|[[TVR 1]]
|[[File:TVR 1 Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|[[File:TVR 1 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|The main channel of TVR that transmits all kinds of programs: news, documentaries, films, series and sports events.
|The main flagship channel, carrying a [[Generalist channel|generalist]] format of entertainment, factual, news, and public affairs programmes.
|31 December 1956
|31 December 1956
|-
|-
|[[TVR 2]]
|[[TVR 2]]
|[[File:TVR 2 Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|[[File:TVR 2 Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|A secondary generalist channel. From the mid-2010s through TVR Cultural's relaunch in 2022, it had a focus on arts and cultural programming.
|Generalist channel focused on education, arts and culture, movies, documentaries and entertainment programs.
|2 May 1968<br>19 February 1990
|2 May 1968<br>19 February 1990
|-
|-
|[[TVR 3]]
|[[TVR 3]]
|[[File:TVR 3 Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|[[File:TVR 3 Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|Carries a mix of local programmes produced by TVR's six regional channels.
|Channel for regional audiences. It transmits the original programs of the regional studios of the Romanian Television, and informative shows.
|10 October 2008
|10 October 2008
|-
|-
|[[TVR Cultural]]
|[[TVR Cultural]]
|[[File:TVR Cultural Logo 2022.svg|x25px|center]]
|[[File:TVR Cultural Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|Primarily carries new and archive programmes related to the arts and [[Culture of Romania|Romanian culture]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TVR Cultural s-a relansat pe 1 Decembrie |url=http://www.tvr.ro/tvr-cultural-se-relanseaza-pe-1-decembrie_38413.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.tvr.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref>
|Channel exclusively about art and culture, films and documentaries.
|26 April 2002<br>1 December 2022
|26 April 2002<br>1 December 2022
|-
|-
|[[TVR Folclor]]
|[[TVR Folclor]]
|[[File:TVR Folclor Logo 2023.svg|x35px|center]]
⚫
|
|Carries [[Music of Romania|music]] and cultural programming focused on the [[Folklore of Romania|folklore]] and heritage of Romania and its rural regions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=TVR Folclor, al 13-lea post al Societății Române de Televiziune, lansat |url=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/tvr-folclor-al-13-lea-post-al-societatii-romane-de-televiziune-lansat_3153815.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.stiripesurse.ro |language=ro}}</ref>
|Popular music television channel.
|27 November 2023
|Coming Soon
|-
|-
|[[TVR Info]]
|[[TVR Info]]
|[[File:TVR Info Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|[[File:TVR Info Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|TVR's news channel, which carries news, public affairs, and documentary programmes.
|News channel that broadcasts many kinds of news shows.
|31 December 2008<br>22 June 2022
|31 December 2008<br>22 June 2022
|-
|-
|[[TVR International|TVR Internațional]]
|[[TVR International|TVR Internațional]]
|[[File:TVRi Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|[[File:TVR International 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|TVR's international service, which targets [[Romanian diaspora]].
|Channel intended for an audience living outside the country. Streams in simulcast live TVR content.
|1 December 1995
|1 December 1995
|-
|-
|[[TVR Moldova]]
|[[TVR Moldova]]
|[[File:TVR Moldova Logo 2022.svg|x25px|center]]
|[[File:TVR Moldova Logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|TVR's regional television service for [[Moldova]].
|Channel for the audience living east of the [[Prut]] and replaced [[TVR 1]] in Moldova. It's the same as TVR 1 in Romania but has its original content and sometimes movies.
|1 December 2013
|1 December 2013
|-
|-
|[[TVR Sport]]
|[[TVR Sport]]
|[[File:TVR Sport Logo 2023.svg|x35px|center]]
⚫
|
|TVR's sport channel, which carries football, volleyball, swimming, water polo, gymnastics, boxing, snooker, chess, tennis, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=TVR SPORT debutează pe 30 martie |url=https://www.tvr.ro/tvr-sport-debuteaza-pe-30-martie_45067.html}}</ref>
|Sports television channel
⚫
|30 March 2024
|Coming Soon
⚫
|}

==Defunct Channel==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
|[[TVR Cluj]]
!width=10%|Name
|[[File:TVR Cluj 2022 logo.svg|x35px|center]]
!width=20%|Logo
|Regional service targeting the [[Cluj County|Cluj]], [[Alba County|Alba]], [[Bihor County|Bihor]], [[Sălaj County|Sălaj]], [[Bistrița-Năsăud County|Bistrița-Năsăud]], [[Satu Mare County|Satu Mare]], and [[Maramureș County|Maramureș]] counties.
!width=50%|Description
|3 January 1990
!width=15%|Launch date
⚫
|-
!width=15%|Close date
|[[TVR Craiova]]
|[[File:TVR Craiova.svg|x35px|center]]
|Regional service targeting the [[Dolj County|Dolj]], [[Mehedinți County|Mehedinți]], [[Gorj County|Gorj]], [[Vâlcea County|Vâlcea]], [[Olt County|Olt]], [[Argeș County|Argeș]], and [[Teleorman County|Teleorman]] counties.
|1 December 1998
⚫
|-
|[[TVR Iași]]
|[[File:TVR Iași logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|Regional service targeting the Moldova and [[Bukovina]] areas.
|3 November 1991
⚫
|-
|[[TVR Tîrgu Mureș]]
|[[File:TVR Tg. Mures 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|Regional service targeting the [[Mureș County|Mureș]], [[Harghita County|Harghita]], [[Covasna County|Covasna]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], and [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]] counties.
|6 May 2008
|-
|[[TVR Timișoara]]
|[[File:TVR Timișoara logo 2022.svg|x35px|center]]
|Regional service targeting the [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], and [[Arad County|Arad]] counties.
|17 October 1994
|-
|-
|TVR 4
|N/A
|TVR4 Channel was defunct from 1956 to 2020.
|8 July 1956
⚫
|31 March 2020
|}
|}


Line 164: Line 181:


===Airing of an alleged bribe===
===Airing of an alleged bribe===
In October 2007, during its prime-time newscast, TVR aired a video showing [[Government of Romania|Agricultural Minister]] [[Decebal Traian Remeș]] allegedly taking a bribe. In the aftermath, the [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]] at the time, [[Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu]], criticized TVR for carrying out the minister's "public execution", and a heated debate that showed TVR's weakness in defending its independence ensued. The station's own director called the airing incorrect and illegal because it violated the presumption of innocence, while media organizations and the broadcast regulator defended the legitimacy of the airing, which they said served the public interest. Politicians issued intense attacks against TVR, which reorganized its news department into two divisions. One of its most critical journalists, Rodica Culcer, was placed in charge of supervising both divisions, which actually reduced her decision-making; reassignment has been a typical way through which Romanian governments reduce the power of non-loyal individuals, as more overt measures may have attracted charges of censorship. Other independent journalists were moved to afternoon or night newscasts.<ref>Pippa Norris, ''Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform'', p.269-70. World Bank Publications, 2010. {{ISBN|0-8213-8200-4}}.</ref>
In October 2007, during its prime-time newscast, TVR aired a video showing [[Government of Romania|Agricultural Minister]] [[Decebal Traian Remeș]] allegedly taking a bribe. In the aftermath, the [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]] at the time, [[Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu]], criticized TVR for carrying out the minister's "public execution", and a heated debate that showed TVR's weakness in defending its independence ensued. The station's own director called the airing incorrect and illegal because it violated the presumption of innocence, while media organizations and the broadcast regulator defended the legitimacy of the airing, which they said served the public interest. Politicians issued intense attacks against TVR, which reorganized its news department into two divisions. One of its most critical journalists, Rodica Culcer, was placed in charge of supervising both divisions, which actually reduced her decision-making; reassignment has been a typical way through which Romanian governments reduce the power of non-loyal individuals, as more overt measures may have attracted charges of censorship. Other independent journalists were moved to afternoon or night newscasts.<ref>Pippa Norris, ''Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform'', p.269-70. [[World Bank|World Bank Publications]], 2010. {{ISBN|0-8213-8200-4}}.</ref>


===Accusations of submissions to government control and censorship===
===Accusations of submissions to government control and censorship===
TVR's board is appointed by the Romanian government and the Parliament of Romania. In its post-Communist history, TVR has been almost constantly suspected of submitting to government control and censorship.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
TVR's board is appointed by the Romanian government and the [[Parliament of Romania]]. In its post-Communist history, TVR has been almost constantly suspected of submitting to government control and censorship.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}


==References==
==References==
Line 175: Line 192:
{{commons category|Societatea Română de Televiziune}}
{{commons category|Societatea Română de Televiziune}}
* [http://www.tvr.ro TVR official website]
* [http://www.tvr.ro TVR official website]
* {{in lang|ro}} [http://www.ziua.ro/display.php?id=164469 Six TVR journalists accuse censorship] (''Ziua'', 8 December 2004)
* {{in lang|ro}} [http://www.ziua.ro/display.php?id=164469 Six TVR journalists accuse censorship] (''[[Ziua]]'', 8 December 2004)


{{Television in Romania}}
{{Television in Romania}}

Latest revision as of 23:37, 16 November 2024

This article is about the state-owned Romanian television channel. For more info, see List of Romanian-language television channels.

TVR
TypeBroadcast television network
Country
Romania, Moldova through TVR Moldova
MottoImaginea timpului tău
("the image of your times")
OwnerGovernment of Romania
Key people
Dan Cristian Turturică, President and General Chairman
Launch date
31 December 1956; 67 years ago (1956-12-31)
Former names
Radioteleviziunea Română
(1956–1990; when it was the only radio-television company in the country)
Official website
www.tvr.ro

Televiziunea Română (Romanian pronunciation: [televiziˈune̯a roˈmɨnə]),[1] more commonly referred to as TVR [teveˈre], is the short name for Societatea Română de Televiziune ("Romanian Television Society"; SRTV), the Romanian public television. It operates nine channels: TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, TVR Cultural, TVR Folclor, TVR Info, TVRi, TVR Moldova and TVR Sport along with six regional studios in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Craiova, and Târgu Mureș.

TVR 1 has a total national coverage of 99.8%, virtually the entire Romanian population, and TVR 2 has 91% national coverage. All of the other channels and networks solely broadcast in major population centers. Even though it does not have the largest audience, due to the dominance of the five private TV networks (which consistently get higher ratings in the urban market segment), it offers a wider variety of services, including webcasts and international viewing via TVRi.

As of November 2019, TVR 1 and TVR 2 broadcast in full high-definition.

History

Early years

TVR was established in 1956 in the capital city of Bucharest and had its first broadcasts on New Year's Eve, 31 December, from a little building (a deserted cinema studio) on 2 Molière Street. This began a long tradition of hosting the annual New Year special on this channel which also doubles not just as a way to honor the achievements and events of the past year, but also as the anniversary of the beginning of television broadcasting in Romania.

During the Ceaușescu era

Headquarters and a second channel

TVR moved in 1969 to a new building, a purpose-built television center on Calea Dorobanților [ro]. It was designed by well-known architect Tiberiu Ricci, and since then serves as the network headquarters where the main studios and offices are located.

A second channel, TVR 2, was created in 1968, initially known as Programul 2, and, in the immediate aftermath, TVR became Programul 1. TVR2 was suspended in 1985, due to the "energy saving program" initiated by Nicolae Ceaușescu (1918–1989) and TVR1 became TVR again, becoming the only television station in Romania at the time, until the Romanian Revolution in 1989, corresponding with the fall of communism in the remaining Eastern Bloc countries that same year.

Program policy

From 1966 to 1980, TVR had an open program policy. Many films, serials, cartoons and other programs from the West, such as shows from the United States and Western Europe, were broadcast on the two main channels.[2]

Color broadcasts and schedule changes

In 1983, TVR became the first Romanian channel to broadcast in color. Although the rest of the Eastern Bloc countries adopted the French, Soviet-backed SECAM system, TVR chose to implement the West German PAL system. Plans to introduce color television broadcasting date as far back as 1968, when TVR began trial broadcasts in color. It was, however, deemed too costly at the time to impose color broadcasting, and plans were shelved up to 1983. Even so, before 1990, only some broadcasts were in color and very few people owned a color TV set. Full-time color television broadcasts were only achieved after the Romanian Revolution (circa 1990).

Propaganda TV program from 1986, titled Nicolae Ceaușescu Era

Due to the "energy saving program" between 1985 and 1989, TVR's broadcast schedule was severely limited to only about two hours per day, between 20:00 and 22:00, most of which were dedicated to Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality, along with his wife Elena; with an exception on Saturdays, from 13:00 to 15:00 and 19:00 to 22:30 and Sundays (the same program as Saturdays, but with children's programs between 11:30 and 12:30). The two hours of programming were a combination of Romanian propaganda and general entertainment.

The schedule during the "energy saving program" (not including the weekend schedules) were as follows:

  • 19:53 The Socialist Republic of Romania National Anthem ("Trei culori")
  • 19:57 The Frontul Democrației și Unității Socialiste ("Democracy and Socialist Unity Front", FDUS) Anthem ("E scris pe tricolor Unire")
  • 19:59:30 Opening (clock)
  • 20:00 News (Telejurnal)
  • 20:20 Special programs dedicated to Ceaușescu (documentary or musical shows)
  • 21:00 An episode of theatre play, opera or a movie[3]
  • 21:50 News (Telejurnal)
  • 21:58 Closing ("Hora Unirii")

In 1988, the programs increased to three hours per day during weekdays (from 19:00 to 22:00).[4] The US TV series Dallas, introduced in the mid 1980s, became the only Western television program to be aired on the channel in color.

TVR Tower, the building of the TVR studios in Bucharest

During the Romanian Revolution

During the Romanian Revolution of 1989, TVR was an important focal point of events during the revolution. On the afternoon of 22 December 1989, rebels occupied the TVR building and announced that the Ceaușescus had fled. TVR changed its name to "Televiziunea Română Liberă" (TVRL), or Free Romanian Television. On 17 February 1990, TVR2 resumed broadcasting and TVRL became TVR1.

Propaganda under the FSN

TVR would remain a propaganda instrument in the hands of the newly created National Salvation Front (FSN), made up mostly of former second-rank Communists. The FSN used TVRL, by far the most widely penetrating information source at that time in Romania, to discredit protesters who were demanding a Communist-free government, denigrating them as "fascists". This culminated with the June 1990 riots in central Bucharest, crushed by the miners called in by president Ion Iliescu. After the riots ended, Iliescu was shown on TV congratulating the miners for "restoring law and order". A little while later, following protests from civil society, TVRL abandoned the "L", the designation "Free" and reverted to its previous name of TVR.

After the Romanian Revolution

Identity crisis and expansion

After 1990, lacking any strategy, TVR fell into a deep identity crisis. TVR changed its identity several times without any particular reason. On January 1, 1993, TVR, as a part of Radioteleviziunea Româna (RTVR), was admitted as a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union, simultaneously with the merger of OIRT and EBU.

In 1995, TVRi was launched on Great Union Day (December 1), the national holiday. In 1998, TVR International was renamed "TV Romania International", with a completely different identity.

In an unusual move at the time of the 1996 Romania general election, TVR offered a tractor to the districts with the highest rural turnout in each of the seven regions. The offer was aimed at stabilizing support for Ion Iliescu's voter base, which was located primarily in rural areas.[5]

On September 25, 1999, after rebranding three times, TVR1 became "(TV) Romania 1". In March 2000, TVR2 changed its identity, logo and presentation for the fourth time. On March 1, 2001, TVR2 switched to round-the-clock programming, "Romania 1" following suit 9 days later along with a new logo in the flag colors. The following year, TVR Cultural was launched, which mainly focused on cultural programming until its shutdown 10 years later in September 2012 (revived in late 2022).

TVR regional studios

In 2003, the management started a controversial rebranding (a new identity was created by the British agency, English & Pockett). On June 11, 2004, all channels were renamed "TVR" and received the same identity.

Hosting the Eurovision, sports rights, and HD broadcasts

On 2 December 2006, Romania hosted the international Junior Eurovision Song Contest. The Romanian broadcaster was chosen by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) to become the organizer of the 4th edition of the contest.

In August 2008, TVR acquired the broadcasting rights for the UEFA Champions League in Romania, for the following three seasons (between the 2009–10 and the 2011–12 season).[6] From the 2012–13 season, it has the second option for the broadcasting rights.[7]

On 1 June 2008, TVR HD was launched in high-definition, one the first stations to do so, after Pro TV launched a high-definition feed two years prior. Sports events such as Euro 2008 and the 2008 Summer Olympics were transmitted in HD. A few months later, on October 1, TVR 3 was launched, which broadcast local programming, airing shows and news produced in the various regions of Romania. On 31 December 2008, TVR Info, a "must-carry" channel for all cable operators, was launched. The channel broadcasts traffic information, live feeds from cameras in various cities of Romania, and news.

Endangerment of Romanian participation in the Eurovision and debts

Former TVR logo, used from 2004 until 2022. Horizontal version used from 2008 until 2022

On 19 April 2016, it was reported that Romania's participation in the Eurovision Song Contest was in danger owing to TVR's repeated non-payment to the EBU of debts totaling 16 million franc, or 14.56 million euros, dating back to January 2007.[8] The EBU had issued a deadline to the Romanian government requiring it to make satisfactory arrangements to repay the debt by 20 April, or else face exclusion from the contest. Two days later it announced that, following the government's failure to meet the deadline, the EBU had withdrawn all member services from TVR: these included – in addition to TVR's participation in the Song Contest – access to the Eurovision News and Sports News Exchanges, the right to broadcast specific sporting events, and entitlement to benefit from the EBU's legal, technical, research, expertise, and lobbying services.[9][10][11]

TVR returned to participate in the 2017 contest, after making an agreement with the EBU to pay its debt.[12]

Structure

TVR has seven national TV channels: TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, TVR Cultural, TVR Folclor, TVR Info and TVR Sport.[13] The broadcaster operates TVR Moldova, as well as the international service TVRi

Due to financial issues, TVR Cultural and TVR Info closed in the summer of 2012, however the latter was replaced by TVR News three months later. Nevertheless, on 21 July 2015, the TVR board decided to shut down also the TVR News channel, which stopped broadcasting on 1 August 2015. [14] On 22 June 2022, TVR again relaunched the channel following an internal vote within its administration council. TVR Cultural was also relaunched on 1 December 2022.

It also has six regional TV channels or "studios" ("studiouri teritoriale"): TVR București, TVR Cluj, TVR Craiova, TVR Iași, TVR Tîrgu-Mureș and TVR Timișoara. TVR HD was available from 2008 to 2019, after which it was replaced by HD simulcasts of TVR 1 and TVR 2.

TVR Moldova broadcasts in Moldova from the local Chișinău studio.

Name Logo Description Date of launch
TVR 1
The main flagship channel, carrying a generalist format of entertainment, factual, news, and public affairs programmes. 31 December 1956
TVR 2
A secondary generalist channel. From the mid-2010s through TVR Cultural's relaunch in 2022, it had a focus on arts and cultural programming. 2 May 1968
19 February 1990
TVR 3
Carries a mix of local programmes produced by TVR's six regional channels. 10 October 2008
TVR Cultural
Primarily carries new and archive programmes related to the arts and Romanian culture.[15] 26 April 2002
1 December 2022
TVR Folclor
Carries music and cultural programming focused on the folklore and heritage of Romania and its rural regions.[13] 27 November 2023
TVR Info
TVR's news channel, which carries news, public affairs, and documentary programmes. 31 December 2008
22 June 2022
TVR Internațional
TVR's international service, which targets Romanian diaspora. 1 December 1995
TVR Moldova
TVR's regional television service for Moldova. 1 December 2013
TVR Sport
TVR's sport channel, which carries football, volleyball, swimming, water polo, gymnastics, boxing, snooker, chess, tennis, etc.[16] 30 March 2024
TVR Cluj
Regional service targeting the Cluj, Alba, Bihor, Sălaj, Bistrița-Năsăud, Satu Mare, and Maramureș counties. 3 January 1990
TVR Craiova
Regional service targeting the Dolj, Mehedinți, Gorj, Vâlcea, Olt, Argeș, and Teleorman counties. 1 December 1998
TVR Iași
Regional service targeting the Moldova and Bukovina areas. 3 November 1991
TVR Tîrgu Mureș
Regional service targeting the Mureș, Harghita, Covasna, Brașov, and Sibiu counties. 6 May 2008
TVR Timișoara
Regional service targeting the Timiș, Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara, and Arad counties. 17 October 1994

Funding

Until 2017, TVR was funded by a television licence mandatory for all holders of TV sets and also from advertising. This has been deemed unfair competition by the commercial TV stations, which must rely exclusively on revenue from advertisement and cable operators. After removing the 6.5 lei tax, TVR is mainly funded directly by the Romanian government, as well as advertising revenues which continue to fund TVR after 2017.

Controversy

Airing of an alleged bribe

In October 2007, during its prime-time newscast, TVR aired a video showing Agricultural Minister Decebal Traian Remeș allegedly taking a bribe. In the aftermath, the Prime Minister at the time, Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, criticized TVR for carrying out the minister's "public execution", and a heated debate that showed TVR's weakness in defending its independence ensued. The station's own director called the airing incorrect and illegal because it violated the presumption of innocence, while media organizations and the broadcast regulator defended the legitimacy of the airing, which they said served the public interest. Politicians issued intense attacks against TVR, which reorganized its news department into two divisions. One of its most critical journalists, Rodica Culcer, was placed in charge of supervising both divisions, which actually reduced her decision-making; reassignment has been a typical way through which Romanian governments reduce the power of non-loyal individuals, as more overt measures may have attracted charges of censorship. Other independent journalists were moved to afternoon or night newscasts.[17]

Accusations of submissions to government control and censorship

TVR's board is appointed by the Romanian government and the Parliament of Romania. In its post-Communist history, TVR has been almost constantly suspected of submitting to government control and censorship.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Televiziune
  2. ^ "Arheologie Radio📻Tv📺". Tvarheolog.wordpress.com. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  3. ^ "10 Octombrie 1987". Tvarheolog.wordpress.com. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  4. ^ "TVR 60 - ISTORIA ÎN ȘTIRI Două ore de program TV pe zi. "Serialul Bezna" (TVR 60 - HISTORY THROUGH NEWSCASTS. Two hours of TV per day. The "Darkness" series)" (in Romanian). 2 November 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  5. ^ "Vote in polls and win a tractor or TV set". The Straits Times. 5 November 1996. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  6. ^ "TVR va transmite Champions League, Pro TV rămâne fără fotbal!". HotNews. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  7. ^ "Realitatea". Realitatea TV. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  8. ^ "Romania's Eurovision dream buried by mounting debt". ABC News. 19 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  9. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (22 April 2016). "Romania: TVR will not participate in Eurovision 2016". Esctoday.com. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  10. ^ Royston, Benny (22 April 2016). "Romania expelled from the Eurovision Song Contest". Metro. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  11. ^ "EBU withdraws member services from Televiziunea Română (TVR) following repeated non-payment of debt". European Broadcasting Union. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  12. ^ "Romania: TVR confirms participation in Eurovision 2017". Esctoday.com. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  13. ^ a b "TVR Folclor, al 13-lea post al Societății Române de Televiziune, lansat". www.stiripesurse.ro (in Romanian). 27 November 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  14. ^ "TVR News și-a încetat emisia sâmbătă, la ora 00.00" (in Romanian). Mediafax. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  15. ^ "TVR Cultural s-a relansat pe 1 Decembrie". www.tvr.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  16. ^ "TVR SPORT debutează pe 30 martie". 30 March 2024.
  17. ^ Pippa Norris, Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform, p.269-70. World Bank Publications, 2010. ISBN 0-8213-8200-4.
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