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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Peru}}
{{AfC submission|t||ts=20231012201424|u=Rowndhead|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->

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{{short description|Archaeological site in Peru}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Wilamaya Patjxa
| name = Wilamaya Patjxa
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| builder =
| builder =
| material =
| material =
| built = 9,000 [[Before Present|BP]]<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>
| built = 9,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>
| abandoned =
| abandoned =
| epochs = Early to Middle Archaic periods
| epochs = Early to Middle Archaic periods
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'''Wilamaya Patjxa'''<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> is an ancestral [[Aymara people|Aymara]]<ref>Lindo et al. 2018</ref> archaeological site located on the [[Andean]] [[Altiplano]] in the [[Lake Titicaca]] Basin, [[Puno Province|Puno]], [[Peru]]. Mobile forager populations occupied the high-altitude (3,925 m) site approximately 9,000 years ago. The site represents the earliest directly dated evidence of human occupation of the [[Titicaca Basin]] and thus offers insights into the behaviors and practices of some of the earliest humans to live in the cold, [[Hypoxia_(environmental)|hypoxic]] high-altitude environment<ref>Aldenderfer 2006; Haas 2023</ref>.
'''Wilamaya Patjxa'''<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> is an ancestral [[Aymara people|Aymara]]<ref>Lindo et al. 2018</ref> archaeological site located on the [[Andean]] [[Altiplano]] in the [[Lake Titicaca]] Basin, [[Puno Province|Puno]], [[Peru]]. Mobile [[hunter-gatherer|forager]] populations occupied the high-altitude (3,925 m) site approximately 9,000 years ago. The site represents the earliest directly dated evidence of human occupation of the [[Lake Titicaca|Titicaca Basin]] and thus offers insights into the behaviors and practices of some of the earliest humans to live in the cold, [[Hypoxia (environmental)|hypoxic]] high-altitude environment.<ref>Aldenderfer 2006; Haas 2023</ref>


[[File:Wilamaya Patjxa excavations.png|thumb|2019 Excavations at Wilamaya Patjxa, Puno, Peru]]
[[File:Wilamaya Patjxa excavations.png|thumb|2019 Excavations at Wilamaya Patjxa, Puno, Peru]]


The site is located on a small hill and covers approximately 1.6 ha. Artifacts include abundant [[lithic]] materials, [[groundstone]], large-mammal bone, and [[red ocher]]. Notably absent are [[ceramics]] and permanent architecture, indicating that the inhabitants were residentially mobile. Archaeological excavations in 2018 revealed a series of cultural pit features including human burial pits containing six individuals. [[Radiocarbon dates]] on two individuals establish occupation sometime between 9,000--8,700 B.P.<ref>Haas et al. 2020; Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>
The site is located on a small hill and covers approximately 1.6 ha. Artifacts include abundant [[Stone tool|lithic]] materials, [[groundstone]], large-mammal bone, and [[red ocher]]. Notably absent are [[ceramics]] and permanent architecture, indicating that the inhabitants were residentially mobile. Archaeological excavations in 2018 revealed a series of cultural pit features including human burial pits containing six individuals. [[Radiocarbon dates]] on two individuals establish occupation sometime between 9,000–8,700 [[Before Present|BP]]<ref>Haas et al. 2020; Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>
[[File:Wilamaya Patjxa Map.png|thumb|Wilamaya Patjxa Map]]
[[File:Wilamaya Patjxa Map.png|thumb|Wilamaya Patjxa Map]]


The most prominent discoveries at Wilamaya Patjxa are a female burial (WMP 6) and a male burial (WMP 1), each interred with large-mammal hunting tools<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>. Aymara community members have since named these individuals, Warawara and Phaxsi, respectively. The findings suggest that both the female and male individuals were large-mammal hunters and contribute to a series of empirical challenges to the [[Man the Hunter]] hypothesis<ref>Bebber et al. 2023; Ocobock and Lacy 2023; Lacy and Ocobock 2023; Anderson et al. 2023</ref>, which envisions pronounced [[sexual division of labor]] among ancestral human populations as suggested by such divisions among recent [[Hunter-gatherer|forager]] populations<ref>Kelly 2013</ref>.
The most prominent discoveries at Wilamaya Patjxa are a female burial (WMP 6) and a male burial (WMP 1), each interred with large-mammal hunting tools.<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref> Aymara community members have since named these individuals, Warawara and Phaxsi, respectively. The findings suggest that both the female and male individuals were large-mammal hunters and contribute to a series of empirical challenges to the [[Man the Hunter]] hypothesis,<ref>Bebber et al. 2023; Ocobock and Lacy 2023; Lacy and Ocobock 2023; Anderson et al. 2023</ref> which envisions pronounced [[sexual division of labor]] among ancestral human populations as suggested by such divisions among recent [[Hunter-gatherer|forager]] populations.<ref>Kelly 2013</ref> On December 2, 2021, the [[Ministry of Culture (Peru)|Peruvian Ministry of Culture]] declared Warawara's and Phaxsi's tools Cultural Patrimony of the Nation.<ref>Ministerio de Cultura 2021</ref>


==Warawara==
==Warawara==
'''Warawara''' was a young-adult female ceremoniously interred with a hunting toolkit 9,000 years ago at the site of [[Wilamaya Patjxa]] <ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>. Warawara is the name [[Aymara people|Aymara]] community members gave to the individual identified initially as burial Individual 6 (WMP 6). Warawara means "star" in [[Aymara language]].
'''Warawara''' was a young-adult female ceremoniously interred with a hunting toolkit 9,000 years ago at the site of Wilamaya Patjxa.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> Warawara is the name [[Aymara people|Aymara]] community members gave to the individual identified initially as burial Individual 6 (WMP 6). Warawara means "star" in [[Aymara language]].


Two [[radiocarbon dates]] on bone [[collagen]] establish that the burial occurred sometime between 9,000--8,700 years ago. [[Proteomic]] and [[osteological]] analyses shows that the individual was female and approximately 17--19 years old at the time of death<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>.
Two [[radiocarbon dates]] on bone [[collagen]] establish that the burial occurred sometime between 9,000–8,700 years ago. [[Proteomic]] and [[osteological]] analyses shows that the individual was female and approximately 17–19 years old at the time of death.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>


[[File:Warawara.png|thumb|Warawara, Wilamaya Patjxa burial Individual 6 (WMP6). Warawara was a young adult female interred with a large-mammal hunting toolkit 9000 years ago at the archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>]]
[[File:Warawara.png|thumb|Warawara, Wilamaya Patjxa burial Individual 6 (WMP6). Warawara was a young adult female interred with a large-mammal hunting toolkit 9000 years ago at the archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>]]
[[File:Warawara Reconstruction.png|thumb|An artistic reconstruction of Warawara hunting [[vicuña]]. The reconstruction is based on archaeological findings and other archaeological evidence from the region<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>. Artwork by Matthew Verdolivo in consultation with Randy Haas.]]
[[File:Warawara Reconstruction.png|thumb|An artistic reconstruction of Warawara hunting [[vicuña]]. The reconstruction is based on archaeological findings, rock art, and other archaeological evidence from the region.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> Artwork by Matthew Verdolivo in consultation with Randy Haas.]]
The burial assemblage is by far the richest of the burials excavated at Wilamaya Patjxa and the nearby site of [[Soro Mik'aya Patjxa]]. The toolkit likely represents a large-mammal [[hunting]] toolkit <ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>. Five complete [[projectile points]] were likely used to dispatch large mammals including [[vicuña]] and [[taruca]] as indicated by the site's [[faunal]] assemblage. Microscopic examination of the [[projectile points]] confirm that they were indeed used as [[projectile points]] and not solely as knives or grave goods. The other tools in the kit include stone [[Scraper_(archaeology)|hide scrapers]], [[lithic flake|flakes]], a knife, choppers, cobbles, and [[red ocher]], all of which were likely used for animal processing <ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>. The association of large-mammal hunting tools with a female individual suggests that the individual was likely a hunter<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>. This conclusion follows from a previous cross-cultural study, which found that the tools people used in life tend to be those that accompany them to the grave <ref>Binford 1971</ref>.
The burial assemblage is by far the richest of the burials excavated at Wilamaya Patjxa and the nearby site of [[Soro Mik'aya Patjxa]]. The toolkit likely represents a large-mammal [[hunting]] toolkit.<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref> Five complete [[projectile points]] were likely used to dispatch large mammals including [[vicuña]] and [[taruca]] as indicated by the site's [[faunal]] assemblage. Microscopic examination of the [[projectile points]] confirm that they were indeed used as [[projectile points]] and not solely as knives or grave goods. The other tools in the kit include stone [[Scraper (archaeology)|hide scrapers]], [[lithic flake|flakes]], a knife, choppers, cobbles, and [[red ocher]], all of which were likely used for animal processing.<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref> The association of large-mammal hunting tools with a female individual suggests that the individual was likely a hunter.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> This conclusion follows from a previous cross-cultural study, which found that the tools people used in life tend to be those that accompany them to the grave.<ref>Binford 1971</ref>


Stable [[oxygen isotope]] readings from the bone indicate that Warawara was a permanent resident of the highlands. Stable [[isotopes_of_carbon|carbon]] and [[nitrogen isotope]] readings show that they consumed a mixed diet of plants and animals<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>.
Stable [[oxygen isotope]] readings from the bone indicate that Warawara was a permanent resident of the highlands.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> Stable [[isotopes of carbon|carbon]] and [[nitrogen isotope]] readings combined with archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data show that their diet was largely plant based with meat comprising approximately 20% of the diet.<ref>Chen et al. 2024</ref>


==Phaxsi==
==Phaxsi==
'''Phaxsi''' was an adult male ceremoniously interred 9,000 years ago at the site of [[Wilamaya Patjxa]] <ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>. Phaxsi is the name [[Aymara people|Aymara]] community members gave to the individual initially identified as burial Individual 1 (WMP 1). The name means "moon" in [[Aymara language]].
'''Phaxsi''' was an adult male ceremoniously interred 9,000 years ago at the site of Wilamaya Patjxa.<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref> Phaxsi is the name [[Aymara people|Aymara]] community members gave to the individual initially identified as burial Individual 1 (WMP 1). The name means "moon" in [[Aymara language]].


A [[radiocarbon date]] on bone [[collagen]] establishes that the burial occurred sometime between 9,000--8,700 years ago and thus was roughly contemporaneous with Warawara <ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>. [[Proteomic]] and [[osteological]] analyses shows that Phaxsi was male and approximately 25--30 years old at the time of death<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>.
A [[radiocarbon date]] on bone [[collagen]] establishes that the burial occurred sometime between 9,000–8,700 years ago and thus was roughly contemporaneous with Warawara.<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref> [[Proteomic]] and [[osteological]] analyses shows that Phaxsi was male and approximately 25–30 years old at the time of death.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>


The individual was associated with two [[projectile points]], though it is unclear if the artifacts were funerary objects or homicide weapons. Microscopic examination of the projectile points confirm that both artifacts were used as [[projectile points]] and that one was also used as a knife <ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>.
The individual was associated with two [[projectile points]], though it is unclear if the artifacts were funerary objects or homicide weapons. Microscopic examination of the projectile points confirm that both artifacts were used as [[projectile points]] and that one was also used as a knife.<ref>Smallwood et al. 2023</ref>


[[File:Phaxsi.png|thumb|Phaxsi, Wilamaya Patjxa burial Individual 1 (WMP1). Phaxsi was an adult male individual buried 9,000 years ago at the archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa. The individual was associated with two lithic projectile points<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>.]]
[[File:Phaxsi.png|thumb|Phaxsi, Wilamaya Patjxa burial Individual 1 (WMP1). Phaxsi was an adult male individual buried 9,000 years ago at the archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa. The individual was associated with two lithic projectile points.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>]]


Stable [[oxygen isotope]] readings from the bone indicate that Phaxsi was a permanent resident of the highlands. Stable [[isotopes_of_carbon|carbon]] and [[nitrogen isotope]] readings show that they consumed a mixed diet of plants and animals<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>.
Stable [[oxygen isotope]] readings from the bone indicate that Phaxsi was a permanent resident of the highlands.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> Stable [[isotopes of carbon|carbon]] and [[nitrogen isotope]] readings combined with archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data show that their diet was largely plant based with meat comprising approximately 20% of the diet.<ref>Chen et al. 2024</ref>

==Dietary reconstruction==
[[Isotope_analysis_in_archaeology|Stable isotope bone chemistry]], [[Paleoethnobotany|archaeobotanical]], and [[zooarchaeology|zooarchaeological]] analyses were used to reconstruct the diets of individuals at Wilamaya Patjxa and [[Soro Mik'aya Patjxa]].<ref>Chen et al. 2024</ref> The stable isotope chemistry of seven adult individuals from Wilamaya Patjxa reveals that the average diet consisted of approximately 80% plant matter and 20% meat. Burnt plant remains recovered by [[Glossary_of_archaeology#flotation|flotation]] indicate that tubers–likely wild potatoes–comprised the major plant food. Animal bone recovered from the site is principally camelid bone (e.g., [[vicuña]]) with lesser amounts of deer (e.g., [[taruca]]). Fish, birds, and small mammals are notably absent from the faunal assemblage. The sum of the data indicate that plant foods were the dietary staple with large mammals playing a secondary role in the Wilamaya Patjxa subsistence economy approximately 9,000 years ago in the Andean highlands.


==History of investigation==
==History of investigation==
During the 2013 excavations of [[Soro Mik'aya Patjxa]], Albino Pilco Quispe ([[Aymara people|Aymara]] community of Mulla Fasiri and long-time archaeology collaborator) informed archaeologist, Randy Haas ([[University of Wyoming]]) of an artifact concentration on his agricultural land in Mulla Fasiri<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref>. Inspection of the artifacts revealed that the site had an Early Archaic Period (11.7--9.0 ka) component and thus potential to reveal insights into the earliest human populations of the [[Titicaca Basin]]. With support from the [[University of California, Davis]], archaeologists and members of the community of Mulla Fasiri conducted excavations in 2018 and 2019. The site derives its name from the [[Aymara language|Aymara]] name of the land on which it occurs.
During the 2013 excavations of [[Soro Mik'aya Patjxa]], Albino Pilco Quispe ([[Aymara people|Aymara]] community of Mulla Fasiri and long-time archaeology collaborator) informed archaeologist, Randy Haas ([[University of Wyoming]]) of an artifact concentration on his agricultural land in Mulla Fasiri.<ref>Haas et al. 2020</ref> Inspection of the artifacts revealed that the site had an Early Archaic Period (11.7--9.0 ka) component and thus potential to reveal insights into the earliest human populations of the [[Lake Titicaca|Titicaca Basin]]. With support from the [[University of California, Davis]], archaeologists and members of the community of Mulla Fasiri conducted excavations in 2018 and 2019. The site derives its name from the [[Aymara language|Aymara]] name of the land on which it occurs.


==Media coverage==
==Media coverage==
The findings at Wilamaya Patjxa received widespread media coverage from hundreds of news outlets<ref>Altmetric 2023</ref> including the New York Times<ref>Gorman 2020</ref>, El País<ref>Ángel Criado 2020</ref>, National Geographic<ref>Wei-Haas 2020</ref>, and National Public Radio's Science Friday<ref>Lim 2020</ref>. National Geographic wrote that "Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions"<ref>Wei-Haas 2020</ref>. Forbes concluded, "Don’t Blame Gender Inequity On Our Ancestors, Ancient Women Were Big-Game Hunters Too"<ref>Elsesser 2020</ref>. The New York Times reported that "Ancient Remains in Peru Reveal Young, Female Big-Game Hunter" but "Scientists are divided on broader implications of the find for ancient gender roles" <ref>Gorman 2020</ref>. [[UC Davis]] [[Unfold podcast]] declared, "she was a badass"<ref>Quinton and Kerlin 2021</ref>.
The findings at Wilamaya Patjxa received widespread media coverage from hundreds of news outlets<ref>Altmetric 2023</ref> including the New York Times,<ref>Gorman 2020</ref> El País,<ref>Ángel Criado 2020</ref> National Geographic,<ref>Wei-Haas 2020</ref> and National Public Radio.<ref>Lim 2020</ref> National Geographic wrote that "Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions".<ref>Wei-Haas 2020</ref> Forbes concluded, "Don’t Blame Gender Inequity On Our Ancestors, Ancient Women Were Big-Game Hunters Too".<ref>Elsesser 2020</ref> The New York Times reported that "Ancient Remains in Peru Reveal Young, Female Big-Game Hunter" but "Scientists are divided on broader implications of the find for ancient gender roles".<ref>Gorman 2020</ref> [[UC Davis]] Unfold podcast declared, "she was a badass."<ref>Quinton and Kerlin 2021</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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===References===
===References===
* Aldenderfer, Mark S. (2006) "Modelling plateau peoples: the early human use of the world's high plateaux." World Archaeology 38(3):357--370. doi:[http://www.doi.org/10.1080/00438240600813285 10.1080/00438240600813285]
* Aldenderfer, Mark S. (2006) "Modelling plateau peoples: the early human use of the world's high plateaux." World Archaeology 38(3):357–370. [[doi:10.1080/00438240600813285]]
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*"[https://scienceadvances.altmetric.com/details/93720617/ Altmetric: Female hunter's of the early Americas]". Retrieved 31 October 2023.

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*Anderson, Abigail; Chilczuk, Sophia; Nelson, Kaylie; Ruther, Roxanne; Wall-Scheffler, Cara (2023) "The myth of man the hunter: women's contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts." PLoS ONE 18(6):e0287101. [[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287101]].
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*"[https://scienceadvances.altmetric.com/details/93720617/ Altmetric: Female hunter's of the early Americas]". Access date: 31 Oct 2023.
*Ángel Criado, Miguel (2020) "[https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-11-04/las-mujeres-prehistoricas-tambien-cazaban-grandes-animales.html Las mujeres prehistóricas también cazaban grandes animales]." El País. Retrieved 31 October 2023.

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*Binford, Lewis R. (1971) "Mortuary practices: their study and their potential". Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology 25:6--29. [[doi:10.1017/s0081130000002525]].
⚫
*Anderson, Abigail; Chilczuk, Sophia; Nelson, Kaylie; Ruther, Roxanne; Wall-Scheffler, Cara (2023) "The myth of man the hunter: women's contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts." PLoS ONE 18(6):e0287101. doi:[http://www.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287101 10.1371/journal.pone.0287101].
*Chen, Jennifer C.; Aldenderfer, Mark S.; Eerkens, Jelmer W.; Langlie, BrieAnna S.; Viviano Llave, Carlos; Watson, James T.; Haas, Randall (2024) "Stable isotope chemistry reveals plant-dominant diet among early foragers on the Andean Altiplano, 9.0–6.5 cal. ka." PLoS ONE 19(1): e0296420. [[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296420]].

*Ángel Criado, Miguel (2020) "[https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-11-04/las-mujeres-prehistoricas-tambien-cazaban-grandes-animales.html Las mujeres prehistóricas también cazaban grandes animales]." El País. Retreived 31 October 2023
*Elsesser, Kim (2020) "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2020/11/16/dont-blame-gender-inequity-on-our-ancestors-ancient-women-were-big-game-hunters-too/ Don’t Blame Gender Inequity On Our Ancestors, Ancient Women Were Big-Game Hunters Too]." Forbes. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
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*Gorman, James (2020) "[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/science/ancient-female-hunter.html Ancient Remains in Peru Reveal Young, Female Big-Game Hunter]." Trilobites, New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2023.

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*Haas, Randall (2023) "Early settlement of the High Andes." Oxford Research Encyclopedia. [[doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.444]]
⚫
*Binford, Lewis R. (1971) "Mortuary practices: their study and their potential". Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology 25:6--29. doi:[http://www.doi.org/10.1017/s0081130000002525 10.1017/s0081130000002525].
⚫
*Haas, Randall; Watson, James; Buonasera, Tammy; Southon, John; Chen, Jennifer C.; Noe, Sarah; Smith, Kevin; Viviano Llave, Carlos; Eerkens, Jelmer; Parker, Glendon. [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 "Female hunters of the early Americas"]. Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 6 (45): eabd0310. [[doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd0310]].

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*Lacy, Sarah; Ocobock, Cara (2023) "Woman the hunter: The archaeological evidence." American Anthropologist. [[doi:10.1111/aman.13914]].
*Elsesser, Kim (2020) "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2020/11/16/dont-blame-gender-inequity-on-our-ancestors-ancient-women-were-big-game-hunters-too/ Don’t Blame Gender Inequity On Our Ancestors, Ancient Women Were Big-Game Hunters Too]." Forbes. Retreived 31 October 2023
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*Lim, Alexa (2020) "[https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/female-big-game-hunters/ Ancient Big Game Hunters May Have Included Women]." Science Friday, National Public Radio. Retrieved 31 October 2023.

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*Lindo, John; Haas, Randall; Hofman, Courtney; Apata, Mario; Moraga, Mauricio; Verdugo, Ricardo A.; Watson, James T.; Viviano Llave, Carlos; Witonsky, David; Beall, Cynthia; Warinner, Christina; Novembre, John; Aldenderfer, Mark; Di Rienzo, Anna (2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years [[before present|BP]] though European contact". Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 4 (11): eaau4921. [[doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4921]].
⚫
*Gorman, James (2020) "Ancient Remains in Peru Reveal Young, Female Big-Game Hunter." Trilobites, New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/science/ancient-female-hunter.html

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*Haas, Randall (2023) "Early settlement of the High Andes." Oxford Research Encyclopedia. doi: [http://www.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.444 10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.444]

⚫
*Haas, Randall; Watson, James; Buonasera, Tammy; Southon, John; Chen, Jennifer C.; Noe, Sarah; Smith, Kevin; Viviano Llave, Carlos; Eerkens, Jelmer; Parker, Glendon. "Female hunters of the early Americas". Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 6 (45): eabd0310. doi:[http://www.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 10.1126/sciadv.abd0310].

⚫
*Lacy, Sarah; Ocobock, Cara (2023) "Woman the hunter: The archaeological evidence." American Anthropologist. doi:[http://www.doi.org/10.1111/aman.13914 10.1111/aman.13914].

⚫
*Lim, Alexa (2020) "[https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/female-big-game-hunters/ Ancient Big Game Hunters May Have Included Women]." Science Friday, National Public Radio.

⚫
*Lindo, John; Haas, Randall; Hofman, Courtney; Apata, Mario; Moraga, Mauricio; Verdugo, Ricardo A.; Watson, James T.; Viviano Llave, Carlos; Witonsky, David; Beall, Cynthia; Warinner, Christina; Novembre, John; Aldenderfer, Mark; Di Rienzo, Anna (2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years BP though European contact". Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 4 (11): eaau4921. doi:[http://www.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4921 10.1126/sciadv.aau4921].

*Kelly, Robert L. (2013) ''The lifeways of hunter-gatherers: the foraging spectrum''. Cambridge University Press.
*Kelly, Robert L. (2013) ''The lifeways of hunter-gatherers: the foraging spectrum''. Cambridge University Press.
*Ministerio de Cultura, Peru (2021) [https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/2655882/RVM%20281-2021-VMPCIC-MC.pdf.pdf Resolución Viceministerial N° 000281-2021-VMPCIC/MC].
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*Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (2023) "Woman the hunter: The physiological evidence." American Anthropologist. [[doi:10.1111/aman.13915]].
⚫
*Quinton, Amy; Kerlin, Kat (2021) "[https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/podcasts-and-shows/unfold/was-she-badass *Was* She a Badass?]" UC Davis Unfold Podcast. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
⚫
*Smallwood, Ashley; Haas, Randall; Jennings, Thomas (2023) "Lithic usewear analysis confirms the function of Wilamaya Patjxa projectile points." Scientific Reports 2023. [[doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45743-7]].


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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Peru]]
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*Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (2023) "Woman the hunter: The physiological evidence." American Anthropologist. doi: [http://www.doi.org/10.1111/aman.13915 10.1111/aman.13915].
[[Category:Andean preceramic]]

[[Category:Aymara]]
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*Quinton, Amy; Kerlin, Kat (2021) "*Was* She a Badass?" UC Davis Unfold Podcast. https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/podcasts-and-shows/unfold/was-she-badass
[[Category:Archaic period in the Americas]]

[[Category:Gender roles]]
⚫
*Smallwood, Ashley; Haas, Randall; Jennings, Thomas (2023) "Lithic usewear analysis confirms the function of Wilamaya Patjxa projectile points." Scientific Reports (in press).
[[Category:High-altitude archaeology]]

[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of South America]]
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{{Archaeological sites in Peru}}
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Andes]]
[[Category:Lithics]]
[[Category:Prehistoric burials]]

Latest revision as of 16:46, 9 October 2024

Wilamaya Patjxa
Location in Peru
Location in Peru
Location in Peru
Alternative nameIlave 13014
LocationMulla Fasiri, Puno, Peru
RegionIlave Basin, Lake Titicaca Basin, Andean Altiplano
Coordinates16°12′S 69°42′W / 16.200°S 69.700°W / -16.200; -69.700
Altitude3,925 m (12,877 ft)
Typeopen-air seasonal residential site
Area1.6 ha
History
Founded9,000 BP.[1]
PeriodsEarly to Middle Archaic periods
CulturesAncestral Aymara[2]
Associated withforagers (a.k.a., hunter–gatherers)

Wilamaya Patjxa[3] is an ancestral Aymara[4] archaeological site located on the Andean Altiplano in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Puno, Peru. Mobile forager populations occupied the high-altitude (3,925 m) site approximately 9,000 years ago. The site represents the earliest directly dated evidence of human occupation of the Titicaca Basin and thus offers insights into the behaviors and practices of some of the earliest humans to live in the cold, hypoxic high-altitude environment.[5]

2019 Excavations at Wilamaya Patjxa, Puno, Peru

The site is located on a small hill and covers approximately 1.6 ha. Artifacts include abundant lithic materials, groundstone, large-mammal bone, and red ocher. Notably absent are ceramics and permanent architecture, indicating that the inhabitants were residentially mobile. Archaeological excavations in 2018 revealed a series of cultural pit features including human burial pits containing six individuals. Radiocarbon dates on two individuals establish occupation sometime between 9,000–8,700 BP[6]

Wilamaya Patjxa Map

The most prominent discoveries at Wilamaya Patjxa are a female burial (WMP 6) and a male burial (WMP 1), each interred with large-mammal hunting tools.[7] Aymara community members have since named these individuals, Warawara and Phaxsi, respectively. The findings suggest that both the female and male individuals were large-mammal hunters and contribute to a series of empirical challenges to the Man the Hunter hypothesis,[8] which envisions pronounced sexual division of labor among ancestral human populations as suggested by such divisions among recent forager populations.[9] On December 2, 2021, the Peruvian Ministry of Culture declared Warawara's and Phaxsi's tools Cultural Patrimony of the Nation.[10]

Warawara

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Warawara was a young-adult female ceremoniously interred with a hunting toolkit 9,000 years ago at the site of Wilamaya Patjxa.[11] Warawara is the name Aymara community members gave to the individual identified initially as burial Individual 6 (WMP 6). Warawara means "star" in Aymara language.

Two radiocarbon dates on bone collagen establish that the burial occurred sometime between 9,000–8,700 years ago. Proteomic and osteological analyses shows that the individual was female and approximately 17–19 years old at the time of death.[12]

Warawara, Wilamaya Patjxa burial Individual 6 (WMP6). Warawara was a young adult female interred with a large-mammal hunting toolkit 9000 years ago at the archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa[13]
An artistic reconstruction of Warawara hunting vicuña. The reconstruction is based on archaeological findings, rock art, and other archaeological evidence from the region.[14] Artwork by Matthew Verdolivo in consultation with Randy Haas.

The burial assemblage is by far the richest of the burials excavated at Wilamaya Patjxa and the nearby site of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa. The toolkit likely represents a large-mammal hunting toolkit.[15] Five complete projectile points were likely used to dispatch large mammals including vicuña and taruca as indicated by the site's faunal assemblage. Microscopic examination of the projectile points confirm that they were indeed used as projectile points and not solely as knives or grave goods. The other tools in the kit include stone hide scrapers, flakes, a knife, choppers, cobbles, and red ocher, all of which were likely used for animal processing.[16] The association of large-mammal hunting tools with a female individual suggests that the individual was likely a hunter.[17] This conclusion follows from a previous cross-cultural study, which found that the tools people used in life tend to be those that accompany them to the grave.[18]

Stable oxygen isotope readings from the bone indicate that Warawara was a permanent resident of the highlands.[19] Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope readings combined with archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data show that their diet was largely plant based with meat comprising approximately 20% of the diet.[20]

Phaxsi

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Phaxsi was an adult male ceremoniously interred 9,000 years ago at the site of Wilamaya Patjxa.[21] Phaxsi is the name Aymara community members gave to the individual initially identified as burial Individual 1 (WMP 1). The name means "moon" in Aymara language.

A radiocarbon date on bone collagen establishes that the burial occurred sometime between 9,000–8,700 years ago and thus was roughly contemporaneous with Warawara.[22] Proteomic and osteological analyses shows that Phaxsi was male and approximately 25–30 years old at the time of death.[23]

The individual was associated with two projectile points, though it is unclear if the artifacts were funerary objects or homicide weapons. Microscopic examination of the projectile points confirm that both artifacts were used as projectile points and that one was also used as a knife.[24]

Phaxsi, Wilamaya Patjxa burial Individual 1 (WMP1). Phaxsi was an adult male individual buried 9,000 years ago at the archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa. The individual was associated with two lithic projectile points.[25]

Stable oxygen isotope readings from the bone indicate that Phaxsi was a permanent resident of the highlands.[26] Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope readings combined with archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data show that their diet was largely plant based with meat comprising approximately 20% of the diet.[27]

Dietary reconstruction

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Stable isotope bone chemistry, archaeobotanical, and zooarchaeological analyses were used to reconstruct the diets of individuals at Wilamaya Patjxa and Soro Mik'aya Patjxa.[28] The stable isotope chemistry of seven adult individuals from Wilamaya Patjxa reveals that the average diet consisted of approximately 80% plant matter and 20% meat. Burnt plant remains recovered by flotation indicate that tubers–likely wild potatoes–comprised the major plant food. Animal bone recovered from the site is principally camelid bone (e.g., vicuña) with lesser amounts of deer (e.g., taruca). Fish, birds, and small mammals are notably absent from the faunal assemblage. The sum of the data indicate that plant foods were the dietary staple with large mammals playing a secondary role in the Wilamaya Patjxa subsistence economy approximately 9,000 years ago in the Andean highlands.

History of investigation

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During the 2013 excavations of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa, Albino Pilco Quispe (Aymara community of Mulla Fasiri and long-time archaeology collaborator) informed archaeologist, Randy Haas (University of Wyoming) of an artifact concentration on his agricultural land in Mulla Fasiri.[29] Inspection of the artifacts revealed that the site had an Early Archaic Period (11.7--9.0 ka) component and thus potential to reveal insights into the earliest human populations of the Titicaca Basin. With support from the University of California, Davis, archaeologists and members of the community of Mulla Fasiri conducted excavations in 2018 and 2019. The site derives its name from the Aymara name of the land on which it occurs.

Media coverage

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The findings at Wilamaya Patjxa received widespread media coverage from hundreds of news outlets[30] including the New York Times,[31] El País,[32] National Geographic,[33] and National Public Radio.[34] National Geographic wrote that "Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions".[35] Forbes concluded, "Don’t Blame Gender Inequity On Our Ancestors, Ancient Women Were Big-Game Hunters Too".[36] The New York Times reported that "Ancient Remains in Peru Reveal Young, Female Big-Game Hunter" but "Scientists are divided on broader implications of the find for ancient gender roles".[37] UC Davis Unfold podcast declared, "she was a badass."[38]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  2. ^ Lindo et al. 2018
  3. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  4. ^ Lindo et al. 2018
  5. ^ Aldenderfer 2006; Haas 2023
  6. ^ Haas et al. 2020; Smallwood et al. 2023
  7. ^ Smallwood et al. 2023
  8. ^ Bebber et al. 2023; Ocobock and Lacy 2023; Lacy and Ocobock 2023; Anderson et al. 2023
  9. ^ Kelly 2013
  10. ^ Ministerio de Cultura 2021
  11. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  12. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  13. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  14. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  15. ^ Smallwood et al. 2023
  16. ^ Smallwood et al. 2023
  17. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  18. ^ Binford 1971
  19. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  20. ^ Chen et al. 2024
  21. ^ Smallwood et al. 2023
  22. ^ Smallwood et al. 2023
  23. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  24. ^ Smallwood et al. 2023
  25. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  26. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  27. ^ Chen et al. 2024
  28. ^ Chen et al. 2024
  29. ^ Haas et al. 2020
  30. ^ Altmetric 2023
  31. ^ Gorman 2020
  32. ^ Ángel Criado 2020
  33. ^ Wei-Haas 2020
  34. ^ Lim 2020
  35. ^ Wei-Haas 2020
  36. ^ Elsesser 2020
  37. ^ Gorman 2020
  38. ^ Quinton and Kerlin 2021

References

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