Kinen-sai: Difference between revisions

Kinen-sai (祈年祭, also read as Toshigoi no Matsuri)^[1]^: 32 is a harvest festival that was celebrated every year in ancient Japan on February 4.^[2] It was held to pray for a good harvest,^[2]^[1]^: 32^[3]^: 33 as reflected in its name.^[3]^: 33 It is sometimes contrasted with Niiname-no-Matsuri or the fall festival.^[4]^[1]^: 72

It is now celebrated yearly all across Japan^[5] including at Meiji Jingu,^[6] and Isonokami Shrine.

History

Emperor Tenmu started the festival in 675 AD. All shrines of the Engishiki Jinmyocho had to perform the ceremony.^[2]

In ancient times, people held domestic rites called Kinen-sai in the February or April and Niinamesai in November. During these rites, people worshiped their ancestors, the god of food, and the hearth deity. They believed the spirits of their ancestors (Oyagami) came to them through the rice.^[7]

Although agricultural in origin, it quickly developed into a general celebration of imperial power.^[3]^: 34Tribute was offered to the gods, and the ceremony was attended by high-ranking officials, although the emperor did not participate. In the Heian period, the festival declined and was celebrated only in the Department of Divinities.^[2]

The festival was not longer celebrated in the late Muromachi period due to military conflict. It was revived in a form called sairō by Shirakawa house, the ruling clan of the Department of Divinities. But this form was abbreviated.

Kinen-sai was fully revived in the Meiji Restoration.^[2]

The Engishiki specified imperial involvement with four festivals, the Kinen-sai, the two Ōharae-shikis and Niiname-no-Matsuri for tribute.^[1]^: 36

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c This is an example name. There are three such festivals per year that celebrate the three most recent former emperors after the most recent former emperor.
^ This is an example name. The name changes as it celebrates the mother of the previous emperor.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hardacre, Helen (2016-11-11). Shinto: A History (Illustrated ed.). New York (N.Y.): Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fujimori, Kaoru. "Kinensai". Kokugakuin University encyclopedia of shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c "A New History of Shinto | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "Kinen-sai (Ceremony for praying for the harvest), Tauchi-mai Shinji (Shinto rituals to pray for a good harvest for the year) | Samukawa-jinja Shrine". Samukawa-jinja Shrine Official Website. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
^ "Jinja-Honcho -CIVILIZATION OF THE DIVINE FOREST-". www.jinjahoncho.or.jp. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ "Rites & Events｜Meiji Jingu". www.meijijingu.or.jp. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ "Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細". 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-04-15.

[example-1] This is an example name. There are three such festivals per year that celebrate the three most recent former emperors after the most recent former emperor.

[example2-2] This is an example name. The name changes as it celebrates the mother of the previous emperor.

[Hardacre-2016-3] Hardacre, Helen (2016-11-11). Shinto: A History (Illustrated ed.). New York (N.Y.): Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.

[Fujimori-4] Fujimori, Kaoru. "Kinensai". Kokugakuin University encyclopedia of shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.

[Wiley.com-5] "A New History of Shinto | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.

[6] "Kinen-sai (Ceremony for praying for the harvest), Tauchi-mai Shinji (Shinto rituals to pray for a good harvest for the year) | Samukawa-jinja Shrine". Samukawa-jinja Shrine Official Website. Retrieved 2023-05-13.

[7] "Jinja-Honcho -CIVILIZATION OF THE DIVINE FOREST-". www.jinjahoncho.or.jp. Retrieved 2023-11-01.

[8] "Rites & Events｜Meiji Jingu". www.meijijingu.or.jp. Retrieved 2023-11-01.

[9] "Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細". 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-04-15.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Japanese festival}}
-{{Copy edit|date=November 2023}}
 {{Japanese Imperial Rituals}}
-{{nihongo|'''Kinen-sai'''|祈年祭|4=also read as Toshigoi no Matsuri}}<ref name="Hardacre-2016">{{Cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |title=Shinto: A History |date=2016-11-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062171-1 |edition=Illustrated |location=New York (N.Y.) |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|32}} is a festival that was celebrated every year in [[History of Japan|ancient Japan]] on February 4. It was an important observance of the government.<ref name="Fujimori" /> It was held to pray for a good harvest.<ref name="Fujimori" /><ref name="Hardacre-2016" />{{rp|32}}<ref name="Wiley.com">{{Cite web |title=A New History of Shinto {{!}} Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/A+New+History+of+Shinto-p-9781405155151 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Wiley.com |language=en-us}}</ref>{{rp|33}} reflected in its name.<ref name="Wiley.com" />{{rp|33}} [[Emperor Tenmu]] started the festival in 675. All the shrines of the [[Engishiki Jinmyocho]] had to do the ceremony.<ref name="Fujimori">{{Cite web |last=Fujimori |first=Kaoru |title=Kinensai |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314175900/https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9300 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=[[Kokugakuin University]] encyclopedia of shinto}}</ref>
+{{nihongo|'''Kinen-sai'''|祈年祭|4=also read as Toshigoi no Matsuri}}<ref name="Hardacre-2016">{{Cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |title=Shinto: A History |date=2016-11-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062171-1 |edition=Illustrated |location=New York (N.Y.) |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|32}} is a harvest festival that was celebrated every year in [[History of Japan|ancient Japan]] on February 4.<ref name="Fujimori" /> It was held to pray for a good harvest,<ref name="Fujimori" /><ref name="Hardacre-2016" />{{rp|32}}<ref name="Wiley.com">{{Cite web |title=A New History of Shinto {{!}} Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/A+New+History+of+Shinto-p-9781405155151 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Wiley.com |language=en-us}}</ref>{{rp|33}} as reflected in its name.<ref name="Wiley.com" />{{rp|33}} It is sometimes contrasted with [[Niiname-no-Matsuri]] or the fall festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinen-sai (Ceremony for praying for the harvest), Tauchi-mai Shinji (Shinto rituals to pray for a good harvest for the year) {{!}} Samukawa-jinja Shrine |url=https://samukawajinjya.jp/en/festival/kinen-tauchimai.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Samukawa-jinja Shrine Official Website |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hardacre-2016" />{{rp|72}}
+It is now celebrated yearly all across Japan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jinja-Honcho -CIVILIZATION OF THE DIVINE FOREST- |url=https://www.jinjahoncho.or.jp/en/publications/invitation/index.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.jinjahoncho.or.jp}}</ref> including at [[Meiji Jingu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rites & Events｜Meiji Jingu |url=https://www.meijijingu.or.jp/en/whattosee/rites/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.meijijingu.or.jp}}</ref> and [[Isonokami Shrine]].
-Although agricultural in origin, it quickly developed into a general economic celebration of imperial power.<ref name="Wiley.com" />{{rp|34}}
+== History ==
-During the festival, tribute was offered to the gods, and the ceremony was attended by high-ranking officials, but the emperor himself did not participate. In the [[Heian period]], the festival declined and was only celebrated in the [[Department of Divinities]].<ref name="Fujimori" />
+[[Emperor Tenmu]] started the festival in 675 AD. All shrines of the [[Engishiki Jinmyocho]] had to perform the ceremony.<ref name="Fujimori">{{Cite web |last=Fujimori |first=Kaoru |title=Kinensai |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314175900/https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9300 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=[[Kokugakuin University]] encyclopedia of shinto}}</ref>
+In ancient times, people held domestic rites called Kinen-sai in the February or April and [[Niiname-no-Matsuri|Niinamesai]] in November. During these rites, people worshiped their ancestors, the god of food, and the hearth deity. They believed the spirits of their ancestors ([[Oyagami]]) came to them through the rice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9664 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref>
-However, the festival stopped being celebrated in the late [[Muromachi period]] due to military conflict. It was later revived in a form called sairō by Shirakawa house, the ruling clan of the [[Department of Divinities]]. But this form was quite abbreviated. Kinensai would later be revived in the [[Meiji Restoration]].<ref name="Fujimori" />
+Although agricultural in origin, it quickly developed into a general celebration of imperial power.<ref name="Wiley.com" />{{rp|34}}Tribute was offered to the gods, and the ceremony was attended by high-ranking officials, although the emperor did not participate. In the [[Heian period]], the festival declined and was celebrated only in the [[Department of Divinities]].<ref name="Fujimori" />
-It is sometimes contrasted with {{ill|Niiname-no-Matsuri|en}} or the fall festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinen-sai (Ceremony for praying for the harvest), Tauchi-mai Shinji (Shinto rituals to pray for a good harvest for the year) {{!}} Samukawa-jinja Shrine|url=https://samukawajinjya.jp/en/festival/kinen-tauchimai.html|access-date=2023-05-13|website=Samukawa-jinja Shrine Official Website|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hardacre-2016" />{{rp|72}}
+The festival was not longer celebrated in the late [[Muromachi period]] due to military conflict. It was revived in a form called ''sairō'' by Shirakawa house, the ruling clan of the [[Department of Divinities]]. But this form was abbreviated.
-The Engishiki specified imperial involvement with four festivals, the Kinen-sai, the two [[Ōharae-shiki]]s and [[Niiname-no-Matsuri]] for tribute.<ref name="Hardacre-2016" />{{rp|36}}
+Kinen-sai was fully revived in the [[Meiji Restoration]].<ref name="Fujimori" />
-In ancient times, people held domestic rites called Kinen-sai in the February or April and [[Niiname-no-Matsuri|Niinamesai]] in November. During these rites, people worshiped their ancestors, the god of food, and the hearth deity. They believed the spirits of their ancestors ([[Oyagami]]) came to them through the rice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9664 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref>
+The Engishiki specified imperial involvement with four festivals, the Kinen-sai, the two [[Ōharae-shiki]]s and [[Niiname-no-Matsuri]] for tribute.<ref name="Hardacre-2016" />{{rp|36}}
-It is now celebrated yearly all across Japan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jinja-Honcho -CIVILIZATION OF THE DIVINE FOREST- |url=https://www.jinjahoncho.or.jp/en/publications/invitation/index.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.jinjahoncho.or.jp}}</ref> including at [[Meiji Jingu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rites & Events｜Meiji Jingu |url=https://www.meijijingu.or.jp/en/whattosee/rites/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.meijijingu.or.jp}}</ref> and [[Isonokami Shrine]].
 ==Notes==