Sodium bisulfite: Difference between revisions
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| IUPACName = Sodium hydrogen sulfite |
| IUPACName = Sodium hydrogen sulfite |
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| OtherNames = |
| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list|E222|sodium bisulphite}} |
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| CASNo = 7631-90-5 |
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'''Sodium bisulfite''' (or '''sodium bisulphite''', '''sodium hydrogen sulfite''') is a [[chemical]] mixture with the approximate [[chemical formula]] NaHSO<sub>3</sub>. Sodium bisulfite |
'''Sodium bisulfite''' (or '''sodium bisulphite''', '''sodium hydrogen sulfite''') is a [[chemical]] mixture with the approximate [[chemical formula]] NaHSO<sub>3</sub>. Sodium bisulfite is not a real compound,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed080p1482|bibcode=2003JChEd..80.1482T|title=New Methods to Estimate Lattice Energies: Application to the Relative Stabilities of Bisulfite (HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and Metabisulfite (S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub><sup>2-</sup>) Salts|year=2003|last1=Tudela|first1=David|last2=Jenkins|first2=H. Donald B.|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|volume=80|issue=12|pages=1482|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed080p1482|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and [[bisulfite]] ions. It appears in form of white or yellowish-white crystals with an odor of [[sulfur dioxide]]. Regardless of its ill-defined nature, sodium bisulfite is used in many different industries such as a [[food additive]] with [[E number]] E222 in the food industry, a [[reducing agent]] in the cosmetic industry, and a [[Chemical decomposition|decomposer]] of residual hypochlorite used in the bleaching industry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=EFSA Panel on Food additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) |date=2016 |title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of sulfur dioxide (E 220), sodium sulfite (E 221), sodium bisulfite (E 222), sodium metabisulfite (E 223), potassium metabisulfite (E 224), calcium sulfite (E 226), calcium bisulfite (E 227) and potassium bisulfite (E 228) as food additives |journal=[[EFSA Journal]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4438|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Synthesis== |
==Synthesis== |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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===Cosmetics=== |
===Cosmetics=== |
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The safety of cosmetic products is constantly in question as the components are always changing or being discovered as a possibly harmful substance. The sulfite components of cosmetic ingredients, such as sodium bisulfite, underwent clinical trials to find out their safety in cosmetic formulations. Sodium bisulfite functions as a [[reducing agent]] and furthermore as a hair-waiving/straightening agent.<ref>{{ |
The safety of cosmetic products is constantly in question as the components are always changing or being discovered as a possibly harmful substance. The sulfite components of cosmetic ingredients, such as sodium bisulfite, underwent clinical trials to find out their safety in cosmetic formulations. Sodium bisulfite functions as a [[reducing agent]] and furthermore as a hair-waiving/straightening agent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leite |first1=Marcella Gabarra Almeida |last2=Garbossa |first2=Wanessa Almeida Ciancaglio |last3=Campos |first3=Patricia Maria Berardo Gonçalves Maia |date=2018-11-29 |title=Hair straighteners: an approach based on science and consumer profile |journal=Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=54 |issue=3 |doi=10.1590/s2175-97902018000317339 |issn=2175-9790|doi-access=free }}</ref> As of 1998, sodium bisulfite was used in 58 different cosmetic products including hair conditioners, moisturizers, and hair dyes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherian |first1=Priya |last2=Zhu |first2=Jinqiu |last3=Bergfeld |first3=Wilma F. |last4=Belsito |first4=Donald V. |last5=Hill |first5=Ronald A. |last6=Klaassen |first6=Curtis D. |last7=Liebler |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Marks |first8=James G. |last9=Shank |first9=Ronald C. |last10=Slaga |first10=Thomas J. |last11=Snyder |first11=Paul W. |date=2020 |title=Amended Safety Assessment of Parabens as Used in Cosmetics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581820925001 |journal=[[International Journal of Toxicology]] |volume=39 |issue=1_suppl |pages=5S–97S |doi=10.1177/1091581820925001 |pmid=32723119 |s2cid=220850521 |issn=1091-5818}}</ref> |
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In a cosmetic context, the reducing ability of sodium bisulfite is used to prevent discoloration, bleach food starches, and delay spoilage of the product. Since the sulfite molecule was used in so many compounds in the 1990s, the EPA, FDA, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists established a working place threshold limit value for sulfur dioxide of 2ppm averaged over 8 hours, and a 3-hour level of 5ppm. Even with this threshold established, the FDA recognized sodium bisulfite as a "generally recognized as safe" compound.<ref name=":0" /> |
In a cosmetic context, the reducing ability of sodium bisulfite is used to prevent discoloration, bleach food starches, and delay spoilage of the product. Since the sulfite molecule was used in so many compounds in the 1990s, the EPA, FDA, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists established a working place threshold limit value for sulfur dioxide of 2ppm averaged over 8 hours, and a 3-hour level of 5ppm. Even with this threshold established, the FDA recognized sodium bisulfite as a "generally recognized as safe" compound.<ref name=":0" /> |
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A final examination on the carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, oral toxicity, and cellular toxicity on consumed sodium bisulfite was conducted using living subjects such as mice and rats. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was inadequate evidence that sodium bisulfite was [[Carcinogen|carcinogenic]].<ref name=":0" /> Under specific conditions such as acidity and concentration level, sodium bisulfite was able to cause negative alterations to the genome such as catalyzing [[transamination]], and induce [[Sister chromatids|sister-chromatid]] exchanges suggesting possible [[genotoxicity]].<ref>{{ |
A final examination on the carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, oral toxicity, and cellular toxicity on consumed sodium bisulfite was conducted using living subjects such as mice and rats. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was inadequate evidence that sodium bisulfite was [[Carcinogen|carcinogenic]].<ref name=":0" /> Under specific conditions such as acidity and concentration level, sodium bisulfite was able to cause negative alterations to the genome such as catalyzing [[transamination]], and induce [[Sister chromatids|sister-chromatid]] exchanges suggesting possible [[genotoxicity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abe |first1=Syuiti |last2=Sasaki |first2=Motomichi |date=1977 |title=Chromosome Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Chinese Hamster Cells Exposed to Various Chemicals 2 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jnci/58.6.1635|url-access=subscription |journal=[[Journal of the National Cancer Institute]] |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1635–1641 |doi=10.1093/jnci/58.6.1635 |pmid=864744 |issn=1460-2105}}</ref> In a study using Osbourne-Mendel strain rats, it was concluded that oral toxicity was not significant if the consumed concentration was less than 0.1% (615ppm as SO2).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonker |first1=D. |last2=Woutersen |first2=R.A. |last3=van Bladeren |first3=P.J. |last4=Til |first4=H.P. |last5=Feron |first5=V.J. |date=1990 |title=4-Week oral toxicity study of a combination of eight chemicals in rats: Comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/027869159090170R |url-access=subscription|journal=[[Food and Chemical Toxicology]] |language=en |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=623–631 |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(90)90170-R|pmid=2272560 }}</ref> A study done by Servalli, Lear, and Cottree in 1984 found that sodium bisulfite did not produce membrane fusion in [[Liver|hepatic]] and [[Murinae|murine]] [[Glia|glial cells]] and human [[Fibroblast|fibroblasts]] so there is no oral toxicity. These clinical studies concluded that sodium bisulfite was safe to use in cosmetic formulations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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===Food industry=== |
===Food industry=== |
||
Similar to the cosmetic industry, the European Commission requested the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) to review and determine if the use of sulfites as food additives was still safe in light of new scientific technology and information. Since sodium bisulfite is a known sulfonating compound, it underwent the experimentation. Based on clinical experiments using rats and mice, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives came to the conclusion that 0-0.7mg of sulfur dioxide equivalent/kg of body weight per day will cause no harm to an individual consuming this compound as a food additive. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity were examined just as in the cosmetic trials and in both cases, no potential for concern with respect to the sulfites were found.<ref name=":2" /> |
Similar to the cosmetic industry, the European Commission requested the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) to review and determine if the use of sulfites as food additives was still safe in light of new scientific technology and information. Since sodium bisulfite is a known sulfonating compound, it underwent the experimentation. Based on clinical experiments using rats and mice, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives came to the conclusion that 0-0.7mg of sulfur dioxide equivalent/kg of body weight per day will cause no harm to an individual consuming this compound as a food additive. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity were examined just as in the cosmetic trials and in both cases, no potential for concern with respect to the sulfites were found.<ref name=":2" /> |
||
The production of sodium bisulfite used as a food additive can be described by the combination of [[sulfur dioxide]] gas with aqueous [[sodium hydroxide]] solution in usual absorber apparatuses. In order to analyze the amount of free sulfites in food as a result of the sulfonation of sodium bisulfite, multiple methods can be used including the Monier-Williams type procedure,<ref>{{ |
The production of sodium bisulfite used as a food additive can be described by the combination of [[sulfur dioxide]] gas with aqueous [[sodium hydroxide]] solution in usual absorber apparatuses. In order to analyze the amount of free sulfites in food as a result of the sulfonation of sodium bisulfite, multiple methods can be used including the Monier-Williams type procedure,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reevaluation of Monier-Williams method for determining sulfite in food |url=https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-abstract/69/1/3/5697566 |access-date=2022-09-20 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|journal=[[Journal of AOAC International]]}}</ref> [[High-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC]] after extraction, and [[Flow injection analysis|Flow Injection]] analysis. Overall, the use of sodium bisulfite in the food industry as an additive and antioxidant is safe and beneficial to the lifespan of processed foods.<ref name=":2" /> |
||
===Textile industry=== |
===Textile industry=== |
||
An [[antichlor]] is a substance used to decompose residual [[hypochlorite]] or chlorine after [[Chlorine-based bleach|chlorine-based bleaching]], in order to prevent ongoing reactions with, and therefore damage to, the material that has been bleached. Sodium bisulfite is an example of an antichlor. Historically, sodium bisulfite has been used in the textile industry, cosmetic industry, food industry, and more.<ref name=":0">{{ |
An [[antichlor]] is a substance used to decompose residual [[hypochlorite]] or chlorine after [[Chlorine-based bleach|chlorine-based bleaching]], in order to prevent ongoing reactions with, and therefore damage to, the material that has been bleached. Sodium bisulfite is an example of an antichlor. Historically, sodium bisulfite has been used in the textile industry, cosmetic industry, food industry, and more.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |date=2003-06-01 |title=Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Sulfite, Potassium Sulfite, Ammonium Sulfite, Sodium Bisulfite, Ammonium Bisulfite, Sodium Metabisulfite and Potassium Metabisulfite |url=http://ijt.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1080/10915810390239478 |journal=[[International Journal of Toxicology]] |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1080/10915810305077X |pmid=14555420 |issn=1091-5818|last1=Nair |first1=B. |last2=Elmore |first2=A. R. |author3=Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |last1=Periyasamy |first1=A.P. |title=Denim processing and health hazards |date=2017 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780081020432000071 |work=Sustainability in Denim |pages=161–196 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-102043-2.00007-1 |isbn=978-0-08-102043-2 |access-date=2022-05-11 |last2=Militky |first2=J.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
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Antichlors are very useful in the textile industry because bleaching of compounds using chlorine is a standard practice. However, the use of sodium bisulfite in the decomposition of excess hypochlorite can lead to harmful byproducts when it comes into contact with water at the concentrations present for industrial use.<ref name=":1" /> Contact with these dangerous byproducts or even strong concentrations of sodium bisulfite can be harmful to the environment and contact with the skin. Strong concentrations of these compounds can contaminate ecosystems, harm animals, and cause contact dermatitis with industrial workers.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{ |
Antichlors are very useful in the textile industry because bleaching of compounds using chlorine is a standard practice. However, the use of sodium bisulfite in the decomposition of excess hypochlorite can lead to harmful byproducts when it comes into contact with water at the concentrations present for industrial use.<ref name=":1" /> Contact with these dangerous byproducts or even strong concentrations of sodium bisulfite can be harmful to the environment and contact with the skin. Strong concentrations of these compounds can contaminate ecosystems, harm animals, and cause contact dermatitis with industrial workers.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagayama |first1=Hirotoshi |last2=Hatamochi |first2=Atsushi |last3=Shinkai |first3=Hiroshi |date=1997 |title=A Case of Contact Dermatitis Due to Sodium Bisulfite in an Ophthalmic Solution |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02315.x|url-access=subscription |journal=The Journal of Dermatology|language=en |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=675–677 |doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02315.x|pmid=9375469 |s2cid=21945156 }}</ref> The concentrations that could result in these outcomes are much stronger than the concentrations discussed in the cosmetic and food industry. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 23:09, 30 July 2024
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| |
| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Sodium hydrogen sulfite
| |
Other names
| |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.680 |
| E number | E222 (preservatives) |
PubChem CID
|
|
| RTECS number |
|
| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| NaHSO3 | |
| Molar mass | 104.061 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Odor | Slight sulfurous odor |
| Density | 1.48 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K) |
| Boiling point | 315 °C (599 °F; 588 K) |
| 42 g/100 mL | |
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.526 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| |
| H302 | |
| P301+P312+P330 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
|
none[1] |
REL (Recommended)
|
TWA 5 mg/m3[1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
|
N.D.[1] |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
|
Sodium sulfite Sodium metabisulfite Sodium biselenite |
Other cations
|
Potassium bisulfite |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Sodium bisulfite (or sodium bisulphite, sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical mixture with the approximate chemical formula NaHSO3. Sodium bisulfite is not a real compound,[2] but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions. It appears in form of white or yellowish-white crystals with an odor of sulfur dioxide. Regardless of its ill-defined nature, sodium bisulfite is used in many different industries such as a food additive with E number E222 in the food industry, a reducing agent in the cosmetic industry, and a decomposer of residual hypochlorite used in the bleaching industry.[3][4][5]
Synthesis
[edit]Sodium bisulfite solutions can be prepared by treating a solution of suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate with sulfur dioxide.
- SO2 + NaOH → NaHSO3
- SO2 + NaHCO3 → NaHSO3 + CO2
Attempts to crystallize the product yield sodium metabisulfite (also called sodium disulfite), Na2S2O5.[6]
Upon dissolution of the metabisulfite in water, bisulfite is regenerated:
- Na2S2O5 + H2O → 2 Na+ + 2 HSO3−
Sodium bisulfite is formed during the Wellman-Lord process.[7]
Uses
[edit]Cosmetics
[edit]The safety of cosmetic products is constantly in question as the components are always changing or being discovered as a possibly harmful substance. The sulfite components of cosmetic ingredients, such as sodium bisulfite, underwent clinical trials to find out their safety in cosmetic formulations. Sodium bisulfite functions as a reducing agent and furthermore as a hair-waiving/straightening agent.[8] As of 1998, sodium bisulfite was used in 58 different cosmetic products including hair conditioners, moisturizers, and hair dyes.[9]
In a cosmetic context, the reducing ability of sodium bisulfite is used to prevent discoloration, bleach food starches, and delay spoilage of the product. Since the sulfite molecule was used in so many compounds in the 1990s, the EPA, FDA, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists established a working place threshold limit value for sulfur dioxide of 2ppm averaged over 8 hours, and a 3-hour level of 5ppm. Even with this threshold established, the FDA recognized sodium bisulfite as a "generally recognized as safe" compound.[3]
A final examination on the carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, oral toxicity, and cellular toxicity on consumed sodium bisulfite was conducted using living subjects such as mice and rats. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was inadequate evidence that sodium bisulfite was carcinogenic.[3] Under specific conditions such as acidity and concentration level, sodium bisulfite was able to cause negative alterations to the genome such as catalyzing transamination, and induce sister-chromatid exchanges suggesting possible genotoxicity.[10] In a study using Osbourne-Mendel strain rats, it was concluded that oral toxicity was not significant if the consumed concentration was less than 0.1% (615ppm as SO2).[11] A study done by Servalli, Lear, and Cottree in 1984 found that sodium bisulfite did not produce membrane fusion in hepatic and murine glial cells and human fibroblasts so there is no oral toxicity. These clinical studies concluded that sodium bisulfite was safe to use in cosmetic formulations.[3]
Food industry
[edit]Similar to the cosmetic industry, the European Commission requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to review and determine if the use of sulfites as food additives was still safe in light of new scientific technology and information. Since sodium bisulfite is a known sulfonating compound, it underwent the experimentation. Based on clinical experiments using rats and mice, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives came to the conclusion that 0-0.7mg of sulfur dioxide equivalent/kg of body weight per day will cause no harm to an individual consuming this compound as a food additive. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity were examined just as in the cosmetic trials and in both cases, no potential for concern with respect to the sulfites were found.[5]
The production of sodium bisulfite used as a food additive can be described by the combination of sulfur dioxide gas with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in usual absorber apparatuses. In order to analyze the amount of free sulfites in food as a result of the sulfonation of sodium bisulfite, multiple methods can be used including the Monier-Williams type procedure,[12] HPLC after extraction, and Flow Injection analysis. Overall, the use of sodium bisulfite in the food industry as an additive and antioxidant is safe and beneficial to the lifespan of processed foods.[5]
Textile industry
[edit]An antichlor is a substance used to decompose residual hypochlorite or chlorine after chlorine-based bleaching, in order to prevent ongoing reactions with, and therefore damage to, the material that has been bleached. Sodium bisulfite is an example of an antichlor. Historically, sodium bisulfite has been used in the textile industry, cosmetic industry, food industry, and more.[3][4]
Antichlors are very useful in the textile industry because bleaching of compounds using chlorine is a standard practice. However, the use of sodium bisulfite in the decomposition of excess hypochlorite can lead to harmful byproducts when it comes into contact with water at the concentrations present for industrial use.[4] Contact with these dangerous byproducts or even strong concentrations of sodium bisulfite can be harmful to the environment and contact with the skin. Strong concentrations of these compounds can contaminate ecosystems, harm animals, and cause contact dermatitis with industrial workers.[4][13] The concentrations that could result in these outcomes are much stronger than the concentrations discussed in the cosmetic and food industry.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0561". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Tudela, David; Jenkins, H. Donald B. (2003). "New Methods to Estimate Lattice Energies: Application to the Relative Stabilities of Bisulfite (HSO3−) and Metabisulfite (S2O52-) Salts". Journal of Chemical Education. 80 (12): 1482. Bibcode:2003JChEd..80.1482T. doi:10.1021/ed080p1482.
- ^ a b c d e Nair, B.; Elmore, A. R.; Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel (2003-06-01). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Sulfite, Potassium Sulfite, Ammonium Sulfite, Sodium Bisulfite, Ammonium Bisulfite, Sodium Metabisulfite and Potassium Metabisulfite". International Journal of Toxicology. 22 (2 Suppl): 63–88. doi:10.1080/10915810305077X. ISSN 1091-5818. PMID 14555420.
- ^ a b c d Periyasamy, A.P.; Militky, J. (2017), "Denim processing and health hazards", Sustainability in Denim, Elsevier, pp. 161–196, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102043-2.00007-1, ISBN 978-0-08-102043-2, retrieved 2022-05-11
- ^ a b c EFSA Panel on Food additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) (2016). "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of sulfur dioxide (E 220), sodium sulfite (E 221), sodium bisulfite (E 222), sodium metabisulfite (E 223), potassium metabisulfite (E 224), calcium sulfite (E 226), calcium bisulfite (E 227) and potassium bisulfite (E 228) as food additives". EFSA Journal. 14 (4). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4438.
- ^ Johnstone, H. F. (1946). "Sulfites and Pyrosulfites of the Alkali Metals". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 2. pp. 162–167. doi:10.1002/9780470132333.ch49. ISBN 9780470132333.
- ^ Kohl, Arthur L.; Nielsen, Richard B. (1997). "Sulfur Dioxide Removal". Gas Purification. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 554–555. ISBN 978-0-88415-220-0.
- ^ Leite, Marcella Gabarra Almeida; Garbossa, Wanessa Almeida Ciancaglio; Campos, Patricia Maria Berardo Gonçalves Maia (2018-11-29). "Hair straighteners: an approach based on science and consumer profile". Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 54 (3). doi:10.1590/s2175-97902018000317339. ISSN 2175-9790.
- ^ Cherian, Priya; Zhu, Jinqiu; Bergfeld, Wilma F.; Belsito, Donald V.; Hill, Ronald A.; Klaassen, Curtis D.; Liebler, Daniel C.; Marks, James G.; Shank, Ronald C.; Slaga, Thomas J.; Snyder, Paul W. (2020). "Amended Safety Assessment of Parabens as Used in Cosmetics". International Journal of Toxicology. 39 (1_suppl): 5S–97S. doi:10.1177/1091581820925001. ISSN 1091-5818. PMID 32723119. S2CID 220850521.
- ^ Abe, Syuiti; Sasaki, Motomichi (1977). "Chromosome Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Chinese Hamster Cells Exposed to Various Chemicals 2". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 58 (6): 1635–1641. doi:10.1093/jnci/58.6.1635. ISSN 1460-2105. PMID 864744.
- ^ Jonker, D.; Woutersen, R.A.; van Bladeren, P.J.; Til, H.P.; Feron, V.J. (1990). "4-Week oral toxicity study of a combination of eight chemicals in rats: Comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 28 (9): 623–631. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(90)90170-R. PMID 2272560.
- ^ "Reevaluation of Monier-Williams method for determining sulfite in food". Journal of AOAC International. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
- ^ Nagayama, Hirotoshi; Hatamochi, Atsushi; Shinkai, Hiroshi (1997). "A Case of Contact Dermatitis Due to Sodium Bisulfite in an Ophthalmic Solution". The Journal of Dermatology. 24 (10): 675–677. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02315.x. PMID 9375469. S2CID 21945156.