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Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961: Difference between revisions

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No need to link 'Addis Ababa' and 'Nairobi' twice in the lead, per [[MOS:LINKONCE
 
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 HIJACKED
| name = Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
| image = Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 767-200ER; ET-AIZ@FRA, May 1996.jpg
| image = ET-AIZ, at London Heathrow, England July 1996.jpg
| image_upright = 1.50
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_size = 270px
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = ET-AIZ, the aircraft involved, pictured six months before the crash
| caption = ET-AIZ, the aircraft involved, pictured four months before the accident
| occurrence_type = Hijacking/Accident
| occurrence_type = Hijacking
| date = {{start date|1996|11|23|df=y}}
| date = {{start date|1996|11|23|df=yes}}
| summary = [[Aircraft hijacking|Hijacking]] leading to unsuccesful ditching attempt and crash caused by [[Fuel starvation|fuel exhaustion]]
| summary = [[Aircraft hijacking|Hijacking]] leading to [[Fuel starvation|fuel exhaustion]], subsequent [[ditching]]
| site = [[Grande Comore]], Comoros
| site = [[Grande Comore]], Comoros
| coordinates = {{coord|11|22|22|S|43|18|25|E|region:Africa_type:landmark_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|11|22|22|S|43|18|25|E|region:Africa_type:landmark_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
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| origin = [[Bole International Airport]]<br/>[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
| origin = [[Bole International Airport]]<br/>[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
| stopover0 = [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport|Jomo Kenyatta Int'l Airport]]<br/>[[Nairobi]], Kenya
| stopover0 = [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport|Jomo Kenyatta Int'l Airport]]<br/>[[Nairobi]], Kenya
| stopover1 = [[Maya-Maya Airport]]<br/>{{nowrap|[[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo]]}}
| stopover1 = [[Maya-Maya Airport]]<br/>[[Brazzaville]], Republic of the Congo
| last_stopover = [[Murtala Mohammed International Airport|Murtala Mohammed Int'l Airport]]<br/>[[Lagos]], Nigeria
| last_stopover = [[Murtala Mohammed International Airport|Murtala Mohammed Int'l Airport]]<br/>[[Lagos]], Nigeria
| destination = [[Port Bouet Airport]]<br/>[[Abidjan]], Côte d'Ivoire
| destination = [[Port Bouet Airport]]<br/>[[Abidjan]], Côte d'Ivoire
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| survivors = 50
| survivors = 50
}}
}}
'''[[Ethiopian]] [[Ethiopian Airlines|Airlines]] Flight 961''' was a scheduled flight serving the route [[Addis Ababa]]–[[Nairobi]]–[[Brazzaville]]–[[Lagos]]–[[Abidjan]]. On 23 November 1996, the aircraft serving the flight, a [[Boeing 767-200ER]], was hijacked<ref name="1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals"/> en route from [[Addis Ababa]] to [[Nairobi]]<ref name="ECAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996|date=4 May 1998|publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015746/http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> by three [[Ethiopians]] seeking [[asylum in Australia]].<ref name="ASN">{{ASN accident|id= 19961123-0|type= Hijacking|title=|accessdate=24 May 2011}}</ref> The plane [[Emergency landing|crash-landed]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] near [[Grande Comore]], [[Comoro Islands|Comoros Islands]], due to [[fuel exhaustion]]; 125 of the 175 passengers and [[Aircrew member|crew]] on board, including the three hijackers, died.<ref name="ASN"/> This is the first recorded instance of a partially successful [[water landing|ditching]] utilizing a [[wide-body aircraft]].
'''[[Ethiopian Airlines]] Flight 961''' was a scheduled international flight serving the route [[Addis Ababa]]–[[Nairobi]]–[[Brazzaville]]–[[Lagos]]–[[Abidjan]]. On 23 November 1996, the aircraft serving the flight, a [[Boeing 767-200ER]], was [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]]<ref name="1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals"/> en route from Addis Ababa to Nairobi<ref name="ECAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996|date=4 May 1998|publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015746/http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> by three [[Ethiopians]] seeking [[asylum in Australia]].<ref name="ASN">{{ASN accident|id= 19961123-0|type= Hijacking|title=|access-date=24 May 2011}}</ref> The plane [[Emergency landing|crash-landed]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] near [[Grande Comore]], [[Comoro Islands|Comoros Islands]], due to [[fuel exhaustion]]; 125 of the 175 passengers and [[Aircrew member|crew]] on board, including the three hijackers, died.<ref name="ASN"/> This is the first recorded instance of a [[water landing|ditching]] utilizing a [[wide-body aircraft]].


==Background==
==Aircraft and crew==
=== Aircraft ===
=== Aircraft ===
The aircraft involved in the crash was a [[Boeing 767-200ER|Boeing 767-260ER]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] ET-AIZ, [[Manufacturer's serial number|c/n]] 23916, that had its maiden flight on 17 September 1987.<ref name="Airfleets.net">{{cite web|title= Boeing 767 – MSN 23916|url= http://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b767-23916.htm|work= Airfleets.net|access-date= 3 January 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170441/http://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b767-23916.htm|archive-date= 22 February 2014}}</ref> Powered by two [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D|Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4E]] engines, it was delivered new to Ethiopian Airlines on 22 October 1987.<ref name="Airfleets.net"/><ref>{{cite web|title= Accident information : Boeing 767 Ethiopian Airlines ET-AIZ|url= http://www.airfleets.net/crash/crash_report_EthiopianAirlines_ET-AIZ.htm|work= Airfleets.net|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170438/http://www.airfleets.net/crash/crash_report_EthiopianAirlines_ET-AIZ.htm|archive-date= 22 February 2014}}</ref> Except for a short period between {{Start date|df=yes|1991|5}} and {{Start date|df=yes|1992|2}} when it was leased to [[Air Tanzania]], the airplane spent its life in the Ethiopian Airlines fleet.<ref name="Airfleets.net"/> It was nine years old at the time the incident took place.
The aircraft involved was a [[Boeing 767-200ER|Boeing 767-260ER]], [[Aircraft registration|registered]] ET-AIZ, [[Manufacturer's serial number|c/n]] 23916,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident Boeing 767-260ER ET-AIZ, Saturday 23 November 1996 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/324329 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref><ref name="ECAA" /> that [[Maiden flight|first flew]] on 17 September 1987. Powered by two [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D|Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4E]] engines, it was delivered new to [[Ethiopian Airlines]] on 22 October 1987.<ref name="ECAA" /> Except for a short period between {{Start date|df=yes|1991|5}} and {{Start date|df=yes|1992|2}} when it was leased to [[Air Tanzania]], the airplane spent its life in the Ethiopian Airlines fleet. It was nine years old at the time the hijacking took place.


=== Crew ===
=== Crew ===
Captain Leul Abate (42), an experienced pilot with over 11,500 total flight hours (including 4,067 hours in the [[Boeing 757]]/[[Boeing 767|767]]), was the [[pilot-in-command]]. The first officer on the flight was Yonas Mekuria (34). He had flown more than 6,500&nbsp;hours, 3,042 of them in the Boeing 757/767.<ref name="ECAA" />
In command was [[Pilot in command|Captain]] Leul Abate (42), an experienced pilot with over 11,500 total [[Flight time|flight hours]] (including 4,067 hours in the [[Boeing 757]]/[[Boeing 767|767]]), was the [[pilot-in-command]]. The [[First officer (aviation)|first officer]] on the flight was Yonas Mekuria (34). He had flown more than 6,500&nbsp;hours, 3,042 of them in the Boeing 757/767.<ref name="ECAA" />


Prior to the crash, Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names-->{{efn|[[Ethiopian names]] do not have [[family names]], so Ethiopian people are addressed by their [[given names]].|name=|group=}} had experienced two previous hijackings.<ref name=Mayday>[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]] series, season 3, episode 13: African Hijack (Ocean Landing)</ref> The first occurred 12 April 1992 on Flight ETH574, a [[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-260]]. Two hijackers with hand [[grenade]]s demanded to be taken to Nairobi and onwards to Canada. After a five-hour standoff at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]] the hijackers surrendered.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19920412-0|type=Hijacking|title=ETH574|accessdate=19 March 2020}}</ref> The second occurred on 17 March 1995, flying a [[Boeing 737-260]].<!--- The flight number is missing ---> Five hijackers demanded to be taken to Libya, and the airplane was diverted to [[El Obeid]], Sudan. There the hijackers changed their mind and wanted to fly to Sweden instead. However, the Sudanese authorities refused to refuel the aircraft, and after several hours of standoff the hijackers surrendered.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19950317-1|type=Hijacking|title=17 March 1995|accessdate=19 March 2020}}</ref> In both cases, the aircraft were undamaged and nobody was injured or killed.<ref name=Mayday/>
Prior to the crash, Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names-->{{efn|[[Ethiopian names]] do not have [[family names]], so Ethiopian people are addressed by their [[given names]]. "Abate" is Leul's father's name, and "Mekuria" is Yonas's father's name. Some news articles from previous eras refer to them by their fathers' names.|name=|group=}} had experienced two previous hijackings.<ref name="AfricanHijack" /> The first occurred 12 April 1992 on Flight ETH574, a [[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-260]]. Two hijackers with hand [[grenade]]s demanded to be taken to [[Nairobi]] and onwards to [[Canada]]. After a five-hour standoff at [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]], the hijackers surrendered.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19920412-0|type=Hijacking|title=ETH574|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> The second occurred on 17 March 1995, flying a [[Boeing 737-260]].<!--- The flight number is missing ---> Five hijackers demanded to be taken to [[Libya]], and the airplane was diverted to [[El Obeid]], [[Sudan]]. There the hijackers changed their mind and wanted to fly to [[Sweden]] instead. However, the Sudanese authorities refused to refuel the aircraft, and after several hours of standoff the hijackers surrendered.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19950317-1|type=Hijacking|title=17 March 1995|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> In both cases, the aircraft were undamaged and no one was injured or killed.<ref name="AfricanHijack" />


==Description==
==Incident==
=== Departure ===
=== Departure ===
The flight had been delayed in order to wait for a connecting flight. The aircraft took off at 08:09 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] from [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|3}}
The flight had been delayed in order to wait for a connecting flight. The aircraft took off at 08:09 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] from [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=3}}


===Hijacking===
===Hijacking===
At about 08:29 UTC,<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|3}} when the aircraft, referred to as ''Zulu'' by Ethiopian Airlines' pilots, after the last letter of its registration,<ref name="AfricanHijack">"African Hijack"/"Ocean Landing", ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'', season 3, episode 13.</ref> was 20 minutes into the flight, three Ethiopian men charged the [[cockpit]] and [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked the aircraft]] after taking an axe and a fire extinguisher from the cockpit.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|1}} Ethiopian state-operated radio later identified the hijackers as two unemployed high-school graduates and a nurse; their names were Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay, and Sultan Ali Hussein (they did not say who had which description).<ref>{{cite news
At about 08:29 UTC,<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=3}} when the aircraft, referred to as ''Zulu'' by Ethiopian Airlines' pilots after the last letter of its registration,<ref name="AfricanHijack">{{Cite episode |title=African Hijack/Ocean Landing |series=Mayday |series-link=Mayday (Canadian TV series) |season=3 |number=13}}</ref> was 20 minutes into the flight, three Ethiopian men charged the [[cockpit]] and [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked the aircraft]] after taking an [[Fire axe|axe]] and a [[fire extinguisher]] from the cockpit.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=1}} Ethiopian state-operated radio later identified the hijackers as two unemployed high-school graduates and a nurse; their names were Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay, and Sultan Ali Hussein (they did not say who had which description).<ref>{{cite news
|work=[[Minnesota Daily]]
|work=[[Minnesota Daily]]
|title=Government Names Ethiopian Airlines Hijackers
|title=Government Names Ethiopian Airlines Hijackers
Line 57: Line 56:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


The men threatened to blow the plane up in flight if the pilots did not obey their demands.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|10}} The hijackers said that there were eleven of them when in fact there were only three.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|4}}<ref name="AfricanHijack" /> After assaulting and forcing first officer Yonas Mekuria<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> into the cabin, they made an announcement. Over the intercom, they declared in [[Amharic]], [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] that if anyone tried to interfere, they had a bomb and they would use it to blow up the plane.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|4}}<ref name="AfricanHijack" /> Authorities later determined that the purported bomb was actually a covered bottle of [[Distilled beverage|liquor]].<ref name="Telegraph" />
The men threatened to blow up the plane in flight if the pilots did not obey their demands.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=10}} The hijackers claimed that there were 11 of them when in fact there were only three.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=4}}<ref name="AfricanHijack" /> After assaulting and forcing first officer Yonas Mekuria<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> into the [[Aircraft cabin|cabin]], they made an announcement. Over the [[intercom]], they declared in [[Amharic]], [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] that if anyone tried to interfere, they had a bomb and they would use it to blow up the plane.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=4}}<ref name="AfricanHijack" /> Authorities later determined that the purported bomb was actually a covered bottle of [[Distilled beverage|liquor]].<ref name="Telegraph" />


The hijackers demanded the plane be flown to [[Australia]].<ref name="ASN"/> Leul<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> tried to explain they had only taken on the fuel needed for the Addis Ababa to [[Nairobi]] sector and thus could not even make a quarter of the journey to Australia, but the hijackers did not believe him.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> One of them pointed out a statement in the airline's in-flight magazine that the maximum flying time of the 767 was 11&nbsp;hours.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|4}}
The hijackers demanded the plane be flown to [[Australia]].<ref name="ASN"/> Leul<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> tried to explain they had only taken on the fuel needed for the Addis Ababa to [[Nairobi]] sector and thus could not even make a quarter of the journey to Australia, but the hijackers did not believe him.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> One of them pointed to a statement in the fleet page of the airline's in-flight magazine that the maximum flying time of the 767 was 11&nbsp;hours.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=4}}


Captain Leul later commented:
Leul later commented:


{{Quote|text=[The hijackers] knew they wouldn't make it to Australia - they just wanted us to crash. They should be dead. The way they were talking they didn't want to live.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Walling|first=Michael G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGp_gsR-5agC&q=luel+abate+knew&pg=PT89|title=In the Event of a Water Landing|date=2010|publisher=Cutter Publishing|isbn=978-0-9828553-0-0|language=en}}</ref>|sign=|source=|title=}}
{{Blockquote|text=[The hijackers] knew they wouldn't make it to Australia – they just wanted us to crash. They should be dead. The way they were talking they didn't want to live.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Walling|first=Michael G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGp_gsR-5agC&q=luel+abate+knew&pg=PT89|title=In the Event of a Water Landing|date=2010|publisher=Cutter Publishing|isbn=978-0-9828553-0-0|language=en}}</ref>|sign=|source=|title=}}


Instead of flying towards Australia, the captain followed the African coastline southward. The hijackers noticed that land was still visible and forced the pilot to steer east. Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> secretly headed for the [[Comoro Islands]], which lie midway between [[Madagascar]] and the African mainland. During this time two of the hijackers went into the cabin, with the lead hijacker (as stated in the report) staying in the cockpit.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>
Instead of flying towards Australia, the captain followed the African coastline southward. The hijackers noticed that land was still visible and forced the pilot to steer east. Leul secretly headed for the [[Comoro Islands]], which lie midway between [[Madagascar]] and the African mainland. During this time, two of the hijackers went into the cabin, with the lead hijacker (as stated in the report) staying in the cockpit.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>


===Crash landing===
===Ditching===
[[File:Ditching of Ethiopian Airlines Flt 961.JPG|thumb|Sequence showing the ditching of the aircraft; this was recorded by a South African tourist.]]
[[File:Ditching of Ethiopian Airlines Flt 961.JPG|thumb|Sequence showing the ditching of the aircraft; this was recorded by a South African tourist.]]
The plane was nearly out of fuel as it approached the island group, but the hijackers continued to ignore the captain's warnings. Out of options, Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> began to circle the area, hoping to land the plane at the Comoros' main airport. This forced Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> to land at more than {{convert|175|kn|km/h mph}}.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>
The plane was nearly out of fuel as it approached the island group, but the hijackers continued to ignore the captain's warnings. Out of options, Leul began to circle the area, hoping to land the plane at the Comoros' main airport. This forced Leul to land at more than {{convert|175|kn|km/h mph}}.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>


At 11:41 UTC the right engine [[Flameout|flamed out]]. The hijacker briefly exited into the cabin to talk with the other hijackers. Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> took this opportunity to make use of the aircraft's public address system and made the following announcement:<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|8}}
At 11:41 UTC, the right engine [[Flameout|flamed out]]. The hijacker briefly exited the cabin to talk with the other hijackers. Leul took this opportunity to make use of the aircraft's public address system and made the following announcement:<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=8}}


{{Quote|text=Ladies and gentlemen this is your pilot, we have run out of fuel and we are losing one engine [at] this time, and we are expecting [a] crash landing and that is all I have to say. We have lost already one engine, and I ask all passengers to react&nbsp;... to the hijackers|sign=|source=}}
{{Blockquote|text=Ladies and gentlemen this is your pilot, we have run out of fuel and we are losing one engine [at] this time, and we are expecting [a] crash landing and that is all I have to say. We have lost already one engine, and I ask all passengers to react&nbsp;... to the hijackers|sign=|source=}}


Hearing this, the lead hijacker returned to the cockpit and knocked Leul's microphone<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> out of his hand.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|8}} Shortly after this, the left engine flamed out, forcing the 767 to glide. The [[cockpit voice recorder]] (CVR) then recorded the following (lowercase words were spoken in Amharic while words typed in uppercase were spoken in English):<!--The full CVR transcript can be found in Appendix B of the report-->
Hearing this, the lead hijacker returned to the cockpit and knocked Leul's microphone out of his hand.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=8}} Shortly after this, the left engine flamed out, forcing the 767 to glide. The [[cockpit voice recorder]] (CVR) then recorded the following (lowercase words were spoken in Amharic while words typed in uppercase were spoken in English):<!--The full CVR transcript can be found in Appendix B of the report-->


{{Quote|text=''Leul:'' "For the sake of my responsibility AT LEAST the passengers must know the condition.<br/> ''Hijacker:'' "Descend it increase the speed further."<br/>
{{Blockquote|text=''Leul:'' "For the sake of my responsibility AT LEAST the passengers must know the condition.<br/> ''Hijacker:'' "Descend it increase the speed further."<br/>
''Leul:'' "It doesn't have any difference. PLEASE. All the same. We are going to die. Why don't you – I thought there is no need to. For the passengers – "<br/>
''Leul:'' "It doesn't have any difference. PLEASE. All the same. We are going to die. Why don't you – I thought there is no need to. For the passengers – "<br/>
End of recording|sign=|source=}}
End of recording|sign=|source=}}


Leul's sentence was cut off as the CVR and [[flight data recorder]] (FDR) both stopped recording at this point due to both engines having flamed out.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|17–21}}
Leul's sentence was cut off as the CVR and [[flight data recorder]] (FDR) both stopped recording at this point due to both engines having flamed out.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=9}}


Leul<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> tried to make an emergency landing at [[Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport]] on [[Grande Comore]], but a fight with the hijackers at the last minute caused him to lose his visual point of reference, leaving him unable to locate the airport. While still fighting with the hijackers, he tried to ditch the aircraft in shallow waters {{convert|500|yd|m ft|abbr=}} off Le Galawa Beach Hotel, near [[Mitsamiouli]] at the northern end of [[Grande Comore]] island. Leul<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> attempted to land parallel with the waves instead of against the waves in an effort to smooth the landing. Seconds prior to contacting the water, the aircraft was banked left some ten degrees;<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities" /> the left engine and wingtip struck the water first. The engine acted as a scoop and struck a [[coral reef]], slowing that side of the aircraft quickly and causing the Boeing 767 to suddenly tilt left. The rest of the aircraft then entered the water unevenly, causing it to break apart. Except for the rear part of the airframe, the broken portions of the fuselage sank rapidly.<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities" /> Many passengers died because they prematurely inflated their [[life jacket]]s in the cabin,<ref name="Telegraph" /> causing them to be trapped inside by the sinking plane.
Leul tried to make an emergency landing at [[Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport]] on [[Grande Comore]], but a fight with the hijackers at the last minute caused him to lose his visual point of reference, leaving him unable to locate the airport. While still fighting with the hijackers, he tried to ditch the aircraft in shallow waters {{convert|500|yd|m ft|abbr=}} off Le Galawa Beach Hotel, near [[Mitsamiouli]] at the northern end of [[Grande Comore]] island. Leul<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> attempted to land parallel with the waves instead of against the waves in an effort to smooth the landing. Seconds prior to contacting the water, the aircraft was banked left some ten degrees;<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities" /> the left engine and [[Wing tip|wingtip]] struck the water first. The engine acted as a scoop and struck a [[coral reef]], slowing that side of the aircraft quickly and causing the Boeing 767 to suddenly tilt left. The rest of the aircraft then entered the water unevenly, causing it to break apart. Except for the rear part of the airframe, the broken portions of the fuselage sank rapidly.<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities" /> Many passengers died because they prematurely inflated their [[life jacket]]s in the cabin,<ref name="Telegraph" /> causing them to be trapped inside by the sinking plane.


Island residents and tourists, including a group of [[scuba set|scuba]] divers and some French and Indian doctors on vacation, came to the aid of crash survivors.<ref name="Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons"/><ref name="AfricanHijack"/> A tourist recorded a video of ET-AIZ crashing. She said that she had begun taping because she initially believed that the 767 formed a part of an air show for tourists.<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash" />
Island residents and tourists, including a group of [[scuba set|scuba]] divers and some French and Indian doctors on vacation, came to the aid of crash survivors.<ref name="Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons"/><ref name="AfricanHijack"/> A tourist recorded a video of ET-AIZ crashing. She said that she had begun taping because she initially believed that the 767 formed a part of an air show for tourists.<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash" />


===Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies===
===Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies===
Survivors were initially taken to Mitsamiouli Hospital. The crash site was less than {{convert|2|km|mi nmi|abbr=}} away from this hospital. The passengers were transferred to El-Maarouf Regional Hospital Centre ({{Lang-fr|Centre Hospitalier National El Maarouf}}) in [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] the same day.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|25}} The two French people who survived and 19 injured were transported to [[Réunion]].<ref name="ECAA" /> In Réunion, one of the injured died, making the death toll 125.<ref name="ECAA" /> Excluding those transported to Réunion, survivors were transported to [[Kenya]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="ECAA" />
Survivors were initially taken to Mitsamiouli Hospital. The crash site was fewer than {{convert|2|km|mi nmi|abbr=}} away from this hospital. The passengers were transferred to El-Maarouf Regional Hospital Centre ({{Langx|fr|Centre Hospitalier National El Maarouf}}) in [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] the same day.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=25}} The two French people who survived and 19 injured were transported to [[Réunion]].<ref name="ECAA" /> In Réunion, one of the injured died, making the death toll 125.<ref name="ECAA" /> Excluding those transported to Réunion, survivors were transported to [[Kenya]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="ECAA" />


At the time there was no mortuary in Moroni, so cold rooms were used to store 124 bodies.<ref name="ECAA" />
At the time, there was no [[Morgue|mortuary]] in Moroni, so cold rooms were used to store 124 bodies.<ref name="ECAA" />


===Investigation===
===Investigation===
{{Expand section|date=December 2018}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2018}}
On 3 December 1996 the ''[[General Directorate of Civil Aviation of the Comoros]]'' ({{Lang-fr|Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile des Comores}}) agreed to delegate the investigation of ET961 to the [[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] (ECAA).<ref name="ECAA" /> The [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] (AAIB) analysed the flight recorders.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|17}}
On 3 December 1996, the [[General Directorate of Civil Aviation of the Comoros]] ({{Langx|fr|Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile des Comores}}) agreed to delegate the investigation of ET961 to the [[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] (ECAA).<ref name="ECAA" /> The [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] (AAIB) analysed the [[Flight recorder|flight recorders]].<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=17}}


==Fate of the passengers and crew==
==Fate of the passengers and crew==
The final accident report includes a listing of surviving and dead passengers and crew. All 12 crew members were Ethiopians. Six survived, including the pilot and copilot.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|61}}
The final accident report includes a listing of surviving and dead passengers and crew. All 12 [[Aircrew|crew members]] were Ethiopians. Six survived, including the captain.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=61}}


The passengers originated from 36 countries.
The passengers originated from 36 countries.


The passenger manifest (including hijackers but not crew members) follows:
The [[passenger manifest]] (including hijackers but not crew members) follows:
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"
|-
|-
!Nationality!!Number on board!!Fatalities!!Survivors
!Nationality!!Number on board!!Fatalities!!Survivors
|-
|-
|align=left|Austria||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Austria]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Belgium||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Belgium]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Benin||2||2||0
|align=left|[[Benin]]||2||2||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Cameroon||2||2||0
|align=left|[[Cameroon]]||2||2||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Canada||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Canada]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Chad||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Chad]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Congo ||5||3||2
|align=left|[[Republic of the Congo|Congo]]||5||3||2
|-
|-
|align=left|Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Djibouti||2||0||2
|align=left|[[Djibouti]]||2||0||2
|-
|-
|align=left|Egypt||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Egypt]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Ethiopia||19||16||3
|align=left|[[Ethiopia]]||19||16||3
|-
|-
|align=left|France||4||2||2
|align=left|[[France]]||4||2||2
|-
|-
|align=left|Germany||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Germany]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Hungary||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Hungary]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|India||20||14||6
|align=left|[[India]]||20||14||6
|-
|-
|align=left|Israel||8||7||1
|align=left|[[Israel]]||8||7||1
|-
|-
|align=left|Italy||4||0||4
|align=left|[[Italy]]||4||0||4
|-
|-
|align=left|Japan||2||1||1
|align=left|[[Japan]]||2||1||1
|-
|-
|align=left|Kenya||14||8||6
|align=left|[[Kenya]]||14||8||6
|-
|-
|align=left|South Korea||1||1||0
|align=left|[[South Korea]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Lesotho||1||0||1
|align=left|[[Lesotho]]||1||0||1
|-
|-
|align=left|Liberia||2||2||0
|align=left|[[Liberia]]||2||2||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Mali||12||9||3
|align=left|[[Mali]]||12||9||3
|-
|-
|align=left|Nigeria||23||19||4
|align=left|[[Nigeria]]||23||19||4
|-
|-
|align=left|Pakistan||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Pakistan]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Sierra Leone||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Sierra Leone]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Somalia||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Somalia]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Sri Lanka||9||9||0
|align=left|[[Sri Lanka]]||9||9||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Sweden||2||2||0
|align=left|[[Sweden]]||2||2||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Switzerland||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Switzerland]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Uganda||1||0||1
|align=left|[[Uganda]]||1||0||1
|-
|-
|align=left|Ukraine||4||1||3
|align=left|[[Ukraine]]||4||1||3
|-
|-
|align=left|United Kingdom||7||5||2
|align=left|[[United Kingdom]]||7||5||2
|-
|-
|align=left|United States||5||2||3
|align=left|[[United States]]||5||2||3
|-
|-
|align=left|Yemen||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Yemen]]||1||1||0
|-
|-
|align=left|Zaire{{efn|Now known as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].|name=|group=}}||1||1||0
|align=left|[[Zaire|Zaire{{efn|Now known as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].|name=|group=}}]]||1||1||0
|- class="unsortable"
|- class="unsortable"
! Total !! 163 !! 119 !! 44
! Total !! 163 !! 119 !! 44
Line 182: Line 181:


[[File:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 seating plan.svg|thumb|400px|Seat map showing dead and surviving passengers and crew]]
[[File:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 seating plan.svg|thumb|400px|Seat map showing dead and surviving passengers and crew]]
The dead passenger count includes the three hijackers.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|61,}} Of the passengers, 42 originated in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], including:<ref name="NYT"/>
The dead passenger count includes the three hijackers.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=61}} Of the passengers, 42 originated in [[Mumbai]], including:<ref name="NYT"/>
* 3 Americans
* 3 Americans
* 9 Nigerians
* 9 Nigerians
Line 190: Line 189:
The rest of the passengers originated in Addis Ababa.
The rest of the passengers originated in Addis Ababa.


Of the 175 passengers and crew members, 125 were killed, including the three hijackers. According to the accident report, all six surviving crew members and 38 passengers received serious injuries, two passengers received minor injuries, and four passengers received no injuries.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|10}} One passenger, an Ethiopian, was identified as a child on the manifest; this passenger was among the dead.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Rp|66}}
Of the 175 passengers and crew members, 125 were killed, including the three hijackers. According to the accident report, all six surviving crew members and 38 passengers received serious injuries, two passengers received minor injuries, and four passengers received no injuries.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=10}} One passenger, an Ethiopian, was identified as a child on the manifest; this passenger was among the dead.<ref name="ECAA" />{{Reference page|page=66}}


Many of the passengers survived the initial crash, but they had disregarded or did not hear Leul's warning not to inflate their [[Personal flotation device|life jackets]] inside the aircraft, causing them to be pushed against the ceiling of the fuselage by the inflated life jackets when water flooded in. Unable to escape, they drowned. An estimated 60 to 80 passengers, strapped to their seats, presumably drowned.<ref name="Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off East Africa"/><ref name="Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50"/>
Many of the passengers survived the initial crash, but they had disregarded, did not understand, or did not hear Leul's warning not to inflate their [[Personal flotation device|life jackets]] inside the aircraft, causing them to be pushed against the ceiling of the fuselage by the inflated life jackets when water flooded in. Unable to escape, they drowned. An estimated 60 to 80 passengers, strapped to their seats, presumably drowned.<ref name="Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off East Africa"/><ref name="Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50"/>


Leul and Yonas<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> both survived. For his actions, Leul was awarded the Flight Safety Foundation Professionalism in Flight Safety Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightsafety.org/aviation-awards/fsf-professionalism-award-flight-safety|title=Flight Safety Foundation Award in Flight Professionalism|access-date=8 October 2009|work=Flight Safety Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521071136/http://flightsafety.org/aviation-awards/fsf-professionalism-award-flight-safety|archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>
Leul and Yonas<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> both survived. For his actions, Leul was awarded the [[Flight Safety Foundation]] Professionalism in Flight Safety Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightsafety.org/aviation-awards/fsf-professionalism-award-flight-safety|title=Flight Safety Foundation Award in Flight Professionalism|access-date=8 October 2009|work=Flight Safety Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521071136/http://flightsafety.org/aviation-awards/fsf-professionalism-award-flight-safety|archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>


===Notable passengers===
===Notable passengers===
Among those killed was [[Mohamed Amin]], a wartime photojournalist and publisher of ''Selamta'', Ethiopian Airlines' in-flight magazine.<ref>Episode Seven, ''[[Mo & Me]]'': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XLbaOfqM6I Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6m-d2GWY1M Part 2]</ref> He was believed to be standing near the entrance to the cockpit arguing or negotiating with the hijacker presumed to be guarding the cockpit during the final moments of the flight.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Among those killed was [[Mohamed Amin]], a wartime [[Photojournalism|photojournalist]] and publisher of ''Selamta'', Ethiopian Airlines' in-flight magazine.<ref>Episode Seven, ''[[Mo & Me]]'': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XLbaOfqM6I Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6m-d2GWY1M Part 2]</ref> He was believed to be standing near the entrance to the cockpit arguing or negotiating with the hijacker presumed to be guarding the cockpit during the final moments of the flight.<ref name="AfricanHijack" />


[[Franklin Huddle]], the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai|U.S. Consul General of Bombay]] at the time, and his wife both survived the crash.<ref name="FinishedLife">{{cite news|date=25 November 1996|title='I Thought I Had Finished My Life' – Tale Depicts Drunken Abductors Who Fought With Pilot – Survivors Tell of Terror As Jetliner Tumbles Across Ocean's Surface|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|agency=Associated Press|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961125&slug=2361682|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925142410/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961125&slug=2361682|archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> Huddle said that he chose to fly on Ethiopian Airlines while planning a [[safari]] trip to [[Kenya]] because of the airline's reputation; it was one of the few airlines in Africa to have [[Federal Aviation Administration]] certification. Huddle wanted a flight during the day, reasoning that flying during the day was "safer".<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> He credits his and his wife's survival to a last-minute upgrade to business class.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web|url= http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/may/june-2002/no-resting-place.html|title= No Resting Place|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090213173928/http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/may/june-2002/no-resting-place.html|archive-date= 13 February 2009|publisher= [[Brown University]] Alumni Magazine|date= May–June 2002}}</ref>
[[Franklin Huddle]], the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai|U.S. Consul General of Bombay]] at the time, and his wife both survived the crash.<ref name="FinishedLife">{{cite news|date=25 November 1996|title='I Thought I Had Finished My Life' – Tale Depicts Drunken Abductors Who Fought With Pilot – Survivors Tell of Terror As Jetliner Tumbles Across Ocean's Surface|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|agency=Associated Press|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19961125/2361682/i-thought-i-had-finished-my-life----tale-depicts-drunken-abductors-who-fought-with-pilot----survivors-tell-of-terror-as-jetliner-tumbles-across-oceans-surface|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925142410/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961125&slug=2361682|archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> Huddle said that he chose to fly on Ethiopian Airlines while planning a [[safari]] trip to [[Kenya]] because of the airline's reputation; it was one of the few airlines in Africa to have [[Federal Aviation Administration]] certification. Huddle wanted a flight during the day, reasoning that flying during the day was "safer".<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> He credits his and his wife's survival to a last-minute upgrade to business class.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web|url= http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/may/june-2002/no-resting-place.html|title= No Resting Place|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090213173928/http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/may/june-2002/no-resting-place.html|archive-date= 13 February 2009|publisher= [[Brown University]] Alumni Magazine|date= May–June 2002}}</ref>


==Maps==
==Maps==
<!--This is confirmed by p. 62 of 99 of the crash report-->
{|
<!--Final report states it was 11 degrees 22 S latitude and 43 degrees 18 E longitude PAGE 2 (pdf document: 8/99)-->
|-
<mapframe latitude="0.615223" longitude="16.787109" zoom="3" width="425" height="500" text="Location of the crash and the airports" align="left">{
|{{Location map many
"type": "FeatureCollection",
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|label1 = Addis Ababa
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|label1_size = <!-- or: label_size -->
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|lat1_dir = N
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==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
A memorial service was held in Galawa on 30 November 1996.<ref name="ECAA" />
A memorial service was held in Galawa on 30 November 1996.<ref name="ECAA" />


The incident has become a well-known hijacking because of the videotape.<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash"/> This was one of very few large airliner [[water landing]]s, and was the first hijacked water landing. Both the captain and first officer of the flight received aviation awards, and both continued to fly for Ethiopian Airlines,<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> although Leul considers Yonas, the first officer, the real hero. Yonas fought the hijackers while he himself was bruised and bleeding, giving time for Leul to land the airplane. "He was a life-saver", Leul said.<ref name=":1" />
The incident has become a well-known hijacking because of the videotape.<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash"/> This was one of very few large [[airliner]] [[water landing]]s, and it was the first water landing due to hijacking. Both the captain and first officer of the flight received aviation awards, and both continued to fly for Ethiopian Airlines,<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> although Leul considers Yonas, the first officer, the real hero. Yonas fought the hijackers while he himself was bruised and bleeding, giving time for Leul to land the airplane. "He was a life-saver", Leul said.<ref name=":1" />


==In the media==
==In the media==
The crash was featured in an episode of the TV show ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'' with the title "Ocean Landing"; the episode is from season 3, episode 12.
In 2005, the crash was featured in an episode of the TV show ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'' with the title "Ocean Landing"; the episode is from season 3, episode 12.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22) |url=http://archive.org/details/mayday-aci |access-date=2024-02-16}}</ref>


It was also featured in a 2010 episode of the [[Biography Channel]] series ''[[I Survived...]]'', in which a survivor told his story of what happened on the plane.<ref name="I Survived">{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/tv/i-survived/episodes/37-franklinjeff-and-frankconnie|title=37 – Franklin/Jeff and Frank/Connie|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902054058/http://www.biography.com/tv/i-survived/episodes/37-franklinjeff-and-frankconnie|archive-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>
It was also featured in a 2010 episode of the [[Biography Channel]] series ''[[I Survived...]]'', in which a survivor told his story of what happened on the plane.<ref name="I Survived">{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/tv/i-survived/episodes/37-franklinjeff-and-frankconnie|title=37 – Franklin/Jeff and Frank/Connie|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902054058/http://www.biography.com/tv/i-survived/episodes/37-franklinjeff-and-frankconnie|archive-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Africa|Aviation|1990s}}
{{Portal|Ethiopia|Africa|Aviation|1990s}}
* [[Gimli Glider|Air Canada Flight 143]]
* [[Gimli Glider|Air Canada Flight 143]]
* [[1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions]]
* [[1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions]]
Line 344: Line 325:


<!-- -->
<!-- -->
<ref name="Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50">{{cite news |title=Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50 |location=Moroni |publisher=CNN |date=23 November 1996 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/hijack.ethiopia.pm/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095030/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/hijack.ethiopia.pm/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50">{{cite news |title=Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50 |location=Moroni |work=CNN|date=23 November 1996 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/hijack.ethiopia.pm/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095030/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/hijack.ethiopia.pm/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<!-- -->
<!-- -->
<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities">{{cite journal |title = Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities |journal = Flight International |date = 4–10 December 1996 |page = 8 |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%203180.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510075005/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%203180.html |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities">{{cite journal |title = Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities |journal = Flight International |date = 4–10 December 1996 |page = 8 |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%203180.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510075005/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%203180.html |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<!-- + -->
<!-- + -->
<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash">{{cite news |title = Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash |work=[[CNN]] |date = 26 November 1996 |url = http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/26/comoros.crash/index1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990117075208/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/26/comoros.crash/index1.html |archive-date=17 January 1999 }}&nbsp;</ref>
<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash">{{cite news |title = Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash |work=[[CNN]] |date = 26 November 1996 |url = http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/26/comoros.crash/index1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990117075208/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/26/comoros.crash/index1.html |archive-date=17 January 1999 }}&nbsp;</ref>
Line 352: Line 333:


<!-- Not in use
<!-- Not in use
<ref name="Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia">{{cite news |title = Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 November 1996 |url = http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/mohamed-amin-53-camera-eye-during-the-famine-in-ethiopia.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111004345/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/mohamed-amin-53-camera-eye-during-the-famine-in-ethiopia.html |archive-date = 11 November 2012 |access-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia">{{cite news |title = Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 November 1996 |url = http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/mohamed-amin-53-camera-eye-during-the-famine-in-ethiopia.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111004345/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/mohamed-amin-53-camera-eye-during-the-famine-in-ethiopia.html |archive-date = 11 November 2012 |access-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<ref name="Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off East Africa">{{cite news |title = Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off east Africa |newspaper = The New York Times |date = 24 November 1996 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140304084158/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |archive-date= 4 March 2014 }}&nbsp;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121044/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |date=25 February 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name="Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off East Africa">{{cite news |title = Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off east Africa |newspaper = The New York Times |date = 24 November 1996 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140304084158/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |archive-date= 4 March 2014 }}&nbsp;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121044/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |date=25 February 2014 }}</ref>
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<ref name="Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons">{{cite news |title=Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons |first=Brad |last=Lendon |date=16 January 2009 |publisher=CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/16/air.crash.ditching/index.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170617/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/us/air.crash.ditching_1_dc-9-ditchings-plane?_s=PM%3AUS |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons">{{cite news |title=Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons |first=Brad |last=Lendon |date=16 January 2009 |work=CNN|url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/16/air.crash.ditching/index.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170617/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/us/air.crash.ditching_1_dc-9-ditchings-plane?_s=PM%3AUS |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Beirut: 90 feared dead as Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean |first=Adrian |last=Blomfield |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/7069269/Beirut-90-feared-dead-as-Ethiopian-Airlines-plane-crashes-into-Mediterranean.html |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629205658/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/7069269/Beirut-90-feared-dead-as-Ethiopian-Airlines-plane-crashes-into-Mediterranean.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Beirut: 90 feared dead as Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean |first=Adrian |last=Blomfield |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/7069269/Beirut-90-feared-dead-as-Ethiopian-Airlines-plane-crashes-into-Mediterranean.html |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629205658/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/7069269/Beirut-90-feared-dead-as-Ethiopian-Airlines-plane-crashes-into-Mediterranean.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<ref name="1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals">{{cite news |title = 1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals |agency=[[Flight International]] |publisher=[[Flightglobal]] |date=15 January 1997 |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/01/15/1383/1996-spawns-worst-ever-accident-totals.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524164802/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/1996-spawns-worst-ever-accident-totals-1383/ |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2012 |quote=The 23 November 1996, hijack of an Ethiopian Airlines 767 resulted in the death of 128 people when the pilots were forced to ditch the aircraft near the Comoros Islands. |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals">{{cite news |title = 1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals |agency=[[Flight International]] |publisher=[[Flightglobal]] |date=15 January 1997 |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/01/15/1383/1996-spawns-worst-ever-accident-totals.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524164802/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/1996-spawns-worst-ever-accident-totals-1383/ |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2012 |quote=The 23 November 1996, hijack of an Ethiopian Airlines 767 resulted in the death of 128 people when the pilots were forced to ditch the aircraft near the Comoros Islands. |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225182452/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html "Milestones"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20101106180841/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html Archive]) ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 9 December 1996. – Announcement of deaths of Mohammed Amin and Brian Tetley
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225182452/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html "Milestones"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20101106180841/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html Archive]) ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 9 December 1996. – Announcement of deaths of Mohammed Amin and Brian Tetley
* [http://www.lubbockonline.com/news/112596/rescuers.htm "Rescuers continue search for victims of hijacked plane"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120908071111/http://lubbockonline.com/news/112596/rescuers.htm Archive]) ''[[Associated Press]]'' at the ''[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]''. 1996.
* [http://www.lubbockonline.com/news/112596/rescuers.htm "Rescuers continue search for victims of hijacked plane"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120908071111/http://lubbockonline.com/news/112596/rescuers.htm Archive]) ''[[Associated Press]]'' at the ''[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]''. 1996.
*[http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf The Hijacking of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 (Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation – 1996, FAA)] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6MJSynKLW?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060824121125/www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf Archive] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824121125/http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf Alt archive])
*[http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf The Hijacking of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 (Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation – 1996, FAA)] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20060824121125/http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf Archive] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824121125/http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf Alt archive])
*{{YouTube|title=Video clip of the crash|id=zA5FMFVbVZ0}}
*{{YouTube|title=Video clip of the crash|id=zA5FMFVbVZ0}}


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[[Category:Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents|961]]
[[Category:Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents|961]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1996]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1996]]
[[Category:Mass murder in Africa]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:November 1996 crimes]]
[[Category:November 1996 crimes]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1996]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1996]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Comoros–Ethiopia relations]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Ethiopia in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Ethiopia in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings]]
[[Category:1990s in Addis Ababa]]
[[Category:November 1996 events in Africa]]

Latest revision as of 09:19, 27 December 2024

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
ET-AIZ, the aircraft involved, pictured four months before the accident
Hijacking
Date23 November 1996 (1996-11-23)
SummaryHijacking leading to fuel exhaustion, subsequent ditching
SiteGrande Comore, Comoros
11°22′22″S 43°18′25″E / 11.37278°S 43.30694°E / -11.37278; 43.30694
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 767-260ER
OperatorEthiopian Airlines
IATA flight No.ET961
ICAO flight No.ETH961
Call signETHIOPIAN 961
RegistrationET-AIZ
Flight originBole International Airport
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
1st stopoverJomo Kenyatta Int'l Airport
Nairobi, Kenya
2nd stopoverMaya-Maya Airport
Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
Last stopoverMurtala Mohammed Int'l Airport
Lagos, Nigeria
DestinationPort Bouet Airport
Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Occupants175 (including 3 hijackers)
Passengers163 (including 3 hijackers)
Crew12
Fatalities125 (including 3 hijackers)
Injuries46
Survivors50

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was a scheduled international flight serving the route Addis Ababa–Nairobi–Brazzaville–Lagos–Abidjan. On 23 November 1996, the aircraft serving the flight, a Boeing 767-200ER, was hijacked[1] en route from Addis Ababa to Nairobi[2] by three Ethiopians seeking asylum in Australia.[3] The plane crash-landed in the Indian Ocean near Grande Comore, Comoros Islands, due to fuel exhaustion; 125 of the 175 passengers and crew on board, including the three hijackers, died.[3] This is the first recorded instance of a ditching utilizing a wide-body aircraft.

Background

[edit]

Aircraft

[edit]

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 767-260ER, registered ET-AIZ, c/n 23916,[4][2] that first flew on 17 September 1987. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4E engines, it was delivered new to Ethiopian Airlines on 22 October 1987.[2] Except for a short period between May 1991 (1991-05) and February 1992 (1992-02) when it was leased to Air Tanzania, the airplane spent its life in the Ethiopian Airlines fleet. It was nine years old at the time the hijacking took place.

Crew

[edit]

In command was Captain Leul Abate (42), an experienced pilot with over 11,500 total flight hours (including 4,067 hours in the Boeing 757/767), was the pilot-in-command. The first officer on the flight was Yonas Mekuria (34). He had flown more than 6,500 hours, 3,042 of them in the Boeing 757/767.[2]

Prior to the crash, Leul[a] had experienced two previous hijackings.[5] The first occurred 12 April 1992 on Flight ETH574, a Boeing 727-260. Two hijackers with hand grenades demanded to be taken to Nairobi and onwards to Canada. After a five-hour standoff at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, the hijackers surrendered.[6] The second occurred on 17 March 1995, flying a Boeing 737-260. Five hijackers demanded to be taken to Libya, and the airplane was diverted to El Obeid, Sudan. There the hijackers changed their mind and wanted to fly to Sweden instead. However, the Sudanese authorities refused to refuel the aircraft, and after several hours of standoff the hijackers surrendered.[7] In both cases, the aircraft were undamaged and no one was injured or killed.[5]

Incident

[edit]

Departure

[edit]

The flight had been delayed in order to wait for a connecting flight. The aircraft took off at 08:09 UTC from Addis Ababa.[2]: 3 

Hijacking

[edit]

At about 08:29 UTC,[2]: 3  when the aircraft, referred to as Zulu by Ethiopian Airlines' pilots after the last letter of its registration,[5] was 20 minutes into the flight, three Ethiopian men charged the cockpit and hijacked the aircraft after taking an axe and a fire extinguisher from the cockpit.[2]: 1  Ethiopian state-operated radio later identified the hijackers as two unemployed high-school graduates and a nurse; their names were Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay, and Sultan Ali Hussein (they did not say who had which description).[8]

The men threatened to blow up the plane in flight if the pilots did not obey their demands.[2]: 10  The hijackers claimed that there were 11 of them when in fact there were only three.[2]: 4 [5] After assaulting and forcing first officer Yonas Mekuria into the cabin, they made an announcement. Over the intercom, they declared in Amharic, French and English that if anyone tried to interfere, they had a bomb and they would use it to blow up the plane.[2]: 4 [5] Authorities later determined that the purported bomb was actually a covered bottle of liquor.[9]

The hijackers demanded the plane be flown to Australia.[3] Leul tried to explain they had only taken on the fuel needed for the Addis Ababa to Nairobi sector and thus could not even make a quarter of the journey to Australia, but the hijackers did not believe him.[5] One of them pointed to a statement in the fleet page of the airline's in-flight magazine that the maximum flying time of the 767 was 11 hours.[2]: 4 

Leul later commented:

[The hijackers] knew they wouldn't make it to Australia – they just wanted us to crash. They should be dead. The way they were talking they didn't want to live.[10]

Instead of flying towards Australia, the captain followed the African coastline southward. The hijackers noticed that land was still visible and forced the pilot to steer east. Leul secretly headed for the Comoro Islands, which lie midway between Madagascar and the African mainland. During this time, two of the hijackers went into the cabin, with the lead hijacker (as stated in the report) staying in the cockpit.[5]

Ditching

[edit]
Sequence showing the ditching of the aircraft; this was recorded by a South African tourist.

The plane was nearly out of fuel as it approached the island group, but the hijackers continued to ignore the captain's warnings. Out of options, Leul began to circle the area, hoping to land the plane at the Comoros' main airport. This forced Leul to land at more than 175 knots (324 km/h; 201 mph).[5]

At 11:41 UTC, the right engine flamed out. The hijacker briefly exited the cabin to talk with the other hijackers. Leul took this opportunity to make use of the aircraft's public address system and made the following announcement:[2]: 8 

Ladies and gentlemen this is your pilot, we have run out of fuel and we are losing one engine [at] this time, and we are expecting [a] crash landing and that is all I have to say. We have lost already one engine, and I ask all passengers to react ... to the hijackers

Hearing this, the lead hijacker returned to the cockpit and knocked Leul's microphone out of his hand.[2]: 8  Shortly after this, the left engine flamed out, forcing the 767 to glide. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) then recorded the following (lowercase words were spoken in Amharic while words typed in uppercase were spoken in English):

Leul: "For the sake of my responsibility AT LEAST the passengers must know the condition.
Hijacker: "Descend it increase the speed further."

Leul: "It doesn't have any difference. PLEASE. All the same. We are going to die. Why don't you – I thought there is no need to. For the passengers – "

End of recording

Leul's sentence was cut off as the CVR and flight data recorder (FDR) both stopped recording at this point due to both engines having flamed out.[2]: 9 

Leul tried to make an emergency landing at Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport on Grande Comore, but a fight with the hijackers at the last minute caused him to lose his visual point of reference, leaving him unable to locate the airport. While still fighting with the hijackers, he tried to ditch the aircraft in shallow waters 500 yards (460 m; 1,500 ft) off Le Galawa Beach Hotel, near Mitsamiouli at the northern end of Grande Comore island. Leul attempted to land parallel with the waves instead of against the waves in an effort to smooth the landing. Seconds prior to contacting the water, the aircraft was banked left some ten degrees;[11] the left engine and wingtip struck the water first. The engine acted as a scoop and struck a coral reef, slowing that side of the aircraft quickly and causing the Boeing 767 to suddenly tilt left. The rest of the aircraft then entered the water unevenly, causing it to break apart. Except for the rear part of the airframe, the broken portions of the fuselage sank rapidly.[11] Many passengers died because they prematurely inflated their life jackets in the cabin,[9] causing them to be trapped inside by the sinking plane.

Island residents and tourists, including a group of scuba divers and some French and Indian doctors on vacation, came to the aid of crash survivors.[12][5] A tourist recorded a video of ET-AIZ crashing. She said that she had begun taping because she initially believed that the 767 formed a part of an air show for tourists.[13]

Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies

[edit]

Survivors were initially taken to Mitsamiouli Hospital. The crash site was fewer than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi; 1.1 nmi) away from this hospital. The passengers were transferred to El-Maarouf Regional Hospital Centre (French: Centre Hospitalier National El Maarouf) in Moroni the same day.[2]: 25  The two French people who survived and 19 injured were transported to Réunion.[2] In Réunion, one of the injured died, making the death toll 125.[2] Excluding those transported to Réunion, survivors were transported to Kenya and South Africa.[2]

At the time, there was no mortuary in Moroni, so cold rooms were used to store 124 bodies.[2]

Investigation

[edit]

On 3 December 1996, the General Directorate of Civil Aviation of the Comoros (French: Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile des Comores) agreed to delegate the investigation of ET961 to the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA).[2] The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) analysed the flight recorders.[2]: 17 

Fate of the passengers and crew

[edit]

The final accident report includes a listing of surviving and dead passengers and crew. All 12 crew members were Ethiopians. Six survived, including the captain.[2]: 61 

The passengers originated from 36 countries.

The passenger manifest (including hijackers but not crew members) follows:

Nationality Number on board Fatalities Survivors
Austria 1 1 0
Belgium 1 1 0
Benin 2 2 0
Cameroon 2 2 0
Canada 1 1 0
Chad 1 1 0
Congo 5 3 2
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 1 1 0
Djibouti 2 0 2
Egypt 1 1 0
Ethiopia 19 16 3
France 4 2 2
Germany 1 1 0
Hungary 1 1 0
India 20 14 6
Israel 8 7 1
Italy 4 0 4
Japan 2 1 1
Kenya 14 8 6
South Korea 1 1 0
Lesotho 1 0 1
Liberia 2 2 0
Mali 12 9 3
Nigeria 23 19 4
Pakistan 1 1 0
Sierra Leone 1 1 0
Somalia 1 1 0
Sri Lanka 9 9 0
Sweden 2 2 0
Switzerland 1 1 0
Uganda 1 0 1
Ukraine 4 1 3
United Kingdom 7 5 2
United States 5 2 3
Yemen 1 1 0
Zaire[b] 1 1 0
Total 163 119 44
Seat map showing dead and surviving passengers and crew

The dead passenger count includes the three hijackers.[2]: 61  Of the passengers, 42 originated in Mumbai, including:[14]

  • 3 Americans
  • 9 Nigerians
  • 9 Sri Lankans
  • 19 Indians

The rest of the passengers originated in Addis Ababa.

Of the 175 passengers and crew members, 125 were killed, including the three hijackers. According to the accident report, all six surviving crew members and 38 passengers received serious injuries, two passengers received minor injuries, and four passengers received no injuries.[2]: 10  One passenger, an Ethiopian, was identified as a child on the manifest; this passenger was among the dead.[2]: 66 

Many of the passengers survived the initial crash, but they had disregarded, did not understand, or did not hear Leul's warning not to inflate their life jackets inside the aircraft, causing them to be pushed against the ceiling of the fuselage by the inflated life jackets when water flooded in. Unable to escape, they drowned. An estimated 60 to 80 passengers, strapped to their seats, presumably drowned.[15][16]

Leul and Yonas both survived. For his actions, Leul was awarded the Flight Safety Foundation Professionalism in Flight Safety Award.[17]

Notable passengers

[edit]

Among those killed was Mohamed Amin, a wartime photojournalist and publisher of Selamta, Ethiopian Airlines' in-flight magazine.[18] He was believed to be standing near the entrance to the cockpit arguing or negotiating with the hijacker presumed to be guarding the cockpit during the final moments of the flight.[5]

Franklin Huddle, the U.S. Consul General of Bombay at the time, and his wife both survived the crash.[19] Huddle said that he chose to fly on Ethiopian Airlines while planning a safari trip to Kenya because of the airline's reputation; it was one of the few airlines in Africa to have Federal Aviation Administration certification. Huddle wanted a flight during the day, reasoning that flying during the day was "safer".[5] He credits his and his wife's survival to a last-minute upgrade to business class.[20]

Maps

[edit]
Map
Location of the crash and the airports
Map
Crash site in the Comoros

Aftermath

[edit]

A memorial service was held in Galawa on 30 November 1996.[2]

The incident has become a well-known hijacking because of the videotape.[13] This was one of very few large airliner water landings, and it was the first water landing due to hijacking. Both the captain and first officer of the flight received aviation awards, and both continued to fly for Ethiopian Airlines,[5] although Leul considers Yonas, the first officer, the real hero. Yonas fought the hijackers while he himself was bruised and bleeding, giving time for Leul to land the airplane. "He was a life-saver", Leul said.[10]

In the media

[edit]

In 2005, the crash was featured in an episode of the TV show Mayday with the title "Ocean Landing"; the episode is from season 3, episode 12.[21]

It was also featured in a 2010 episode of the Biography Channel series I Survived..., in which a survivor told his story of what happened on the plane.[22]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ethiopian names do not have family names, so Ethiopian people are addressed by their given names. "Abate" is Leul's father's name, and "Mekuria" is Yonas's father's name. Some news articles from previous eras refer to them by their fathers' names.
  2. ^ Now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals". Flightglobal. Flight International. 15 January 1997. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2012. The 23 November 1996, hijack of an Ethiopian Airlines 767 resulted in the death of 128 people when the pilots were forced to ditch the aircraft near the Comoros Islands.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 May 2011.
  4. ^ "Accident Boeing 767-260ER ET-AIZ, Saturday 23 November 1996". asn.flightsafety.org. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "African Hijack/Ocean Landing". Mayday. Season 3. Episode 13.
  6. ^ Hijacking description for ETH574 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 19 March 2020.
  7. ^ Hijacking description for 17 March 1995 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 19 March 2020.
  8. ^ "Government Names Ethiopian Airlines Hijackers". Minnesota Daily. 5 December 1996. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Two unemployed high school graduates and a nurse were identified Wednesday as the hijackers of a jet that crashed off the Comoros Islands last month ... The Ethiopian men were identified as Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay and Sultan Ali Hussein. Officials did not say which was the nurse or how old they were.
  9. ^ a b Blomfield, Adrian (25 January 2010). "Beirut: 90 feared dead as Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  10. ^ a b Walling, Michael G. (2010). In the Event of a Water Landing. Cutter Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9828553-0-0.
  11. ^ a b "Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities". Flight International: 8. 4–10 December 1996. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.
  12. ^ Lendon, Brad (16 January 2009). "Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  13. ^ a b "Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash". CNN. 26 November 1996. Archived from the original on 17 January 1999. 
  14. ^ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (25 November 1996). "Terror in the Air, and Frantic Rescue From the Sea". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
  15. ^ "Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off east Africa". The New York Times. 24 November 1996. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50". CNN. Moroni. 23 November 1996. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  17. ^ "Flight Safety Foundation Award in Flight Professionalism". Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  18. ^ Episode Seven, Mo & Me: Part 1, Part 2
  19. ^ "'I Thought I Had Finished My Life' – Tale Depicts Drunken Abductors Who Fought With Pilot – Survivors Tell of Terror As Jetliner Tumbles Across Ocean's Surface". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. 25 November 1996. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013.
  20. ^ "No Resting Place". Brown University Alumni Magazine. May–June 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009.
  21. ^ Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22), retrieved 16 February 2024
  22. ^ "37 – Franklin/Jeff and Frank/Connie". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
[edit]
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