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{{Genetics sidebar}}
{{Genetics sidebar}}
[[File:Frog in frogspawn.jpg|right|thumb|A [[frog]] in [[frog#Eggs / frogspawn|frogspawn]]]]
[[File:Frog in frogspawn.jpg|right|thumb|A [[frog]] in [[frog#Eggs / frogspawn|frogspawn]]]]
In [[biology]], '''offspring''' are the young creation of living [[organism]]s, produced either by a [[Asexual reproduction|single organism]] or, in the case of [[sexual reproduction]], two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a '''brood''' or '''progeny''' in a more general way. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the [[bird|chicks]] hatched from one clutch of eggs, or to all the offspring, as with the [[brood (honeybee)|honeybee]].
In [[biology]], '''offspring''' are the young creation of living [[organism]]s, produced either by [[sexual reproduction|sexual]] or [[asexual reproduction]]. Collective offspring may be known as a '''brood''' or '''progeny'''. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the [[chick (young bird)|chick]]s hatched from one [[clutch (eggs)|clutch of eggs]], or to all offspring produced over time, as with the [[brood (honeybee)|honeybee]]. Offspring can occur after [[mating]], [[artificial insemination]], or as a result of [[cloning]].


Human offspring ([[kinship|descendants]]) are referred to as [[child]]ren (without reference to [[Ageing|age]], thus one can refer to a parent's "[[minor (law)|minor]] children" or "[[adult]] children" or "[[infant|infant children]]" or "[[Teenagers|teenage children]]" depending on their age); male children are [[son]]s and female children are [[daughter]]s (see [[kinship]]). Offspring can occur after [[mating]] or after [[artificial insemination]].
Human offspring ([[lineal descendant|descendants]]) are referred to as [[child]]ren; male children are [[son]]s and female children are [[daughter]]s (see [[Kinship]]).


==Overview==
==Overview==
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To focus more on the offspring and how it results in the formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called [[sex linkage]],<ref name = 'Nature' /> which is a gene located on the [[sex chromosome]], and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of the offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called [[Crossing-over (genetics)|crossing over]], which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from the female chromosome, resulting in a process of [[meiosis]] occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html|title=what is a gene|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an [[X chromosome]], whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a [[Y chromosome]]. If a male offspring is produced, the gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html|title=what is a gene|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref>
To focus more on the offspring and how it results in the formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called [[sex linkage]],<ref name = 'Nature' /> which is a gene located on the [[sex chromosome]], and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of the offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called [[Crossing-over (genetics)|crossing over]], which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from the female chromosome, resulting in a process of [[meiosis]] occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html|title=what is a gene|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an [[X chromosome]], whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a [[Y chromosome]]. If a male offspring is produced, the gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html|title=what is a gene|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref>


[[Cloning]] is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes as its parent. [[Reproductive cloning]] begins with the removal of the nucleus from an egg, which holds the genetic material.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.precaution.org/lib/cloned_animals.nejm.041230.pdf|title=cloning|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> In order to clone an organ, a [[stem cell]] is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.precaution.org/lib/cloned_animals.nejm.041230.pdf|title=cloning|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> A common misconception of cloning is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from the parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though [[cell division]] and [[DNA replication]] is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnemstudio.org/genetic-algorithms-mutation.htm|title=mutation|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods in which may be good for the species, but most mutations are bad as they can change the genotypes of offspring, which can result in changes that harm the species.
[[Cloning]] is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes to its parent. [[Reproductive cloning]] begins with the removal of the [[Nuclear organization|nucleus]] from an egg, which holds the genetic material.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.precaution.org/lib/cloned_animals.nejm.041230.pdf|title=cloning|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> In order to clone an organ, a [[stem cell]] is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.precaution.org/lib/cloned_animals.nejm.041230.pdf|title=cloning|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> A common misconception of cloning is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from the parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences that can result in epigenetic changes. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though [[cell division]] and [[DNA replication]] is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnemstudio.org/genetic-algorithms-mutation.htm|title=mutation|access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods which may be good for the species, but most mutations are bad as they can change the genotypes of offspring, which can result in changes that harm the species.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Breeding (disambiguation)]]
* [[Breeding (disambiguation)]]
* [[Clutch (eggs)]]
* [[Family]]
* [[Infanticide (zoology)]]
* [[Infanticide (zoology)]]
* [[Lineal descendant]]
* [[Litter (animal)|Litter]]
* [[Litter (animal)|Litter]]
* [[Parent–offspring conflict]]
* [[Parent–offspring conflict]]

Latest revision as of 08:00, 15 October 2024

This article is about a biological term. For the punk rock band, see The Offspring. For other uses, see Offspring (disambiguation).
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A frog in frogspawn

In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs, or to all offspring produced over time, as with the honeybee. Offspring can occur after mating, artificial insemination, or as a result of cloning.

Human offspring (descendants) are referred to as children; male children are sons and female children are daughters (see Kinship).

Overview

[edit]

Offspring contains many parts and properties that are precise and accurate in what they consist of, and what they define. As the offspring of a new species, also known as a child or f1 generation, consist of genes of the father and the mother, which is also known as the parent generation.[1] Each of these offspring contains numerous genes which have coding for specific tasks and properties. Males and females both contribute equally to the genotypes of their offspring, in which gametes fuse and form. An important aspect of the formation of the parent offspring is the chromosome, which is a structure of DNA which contains many genes.[1]

To focus more on the offspring and how it results in the formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called sex linkage,[1] which is a gene located on the sex chromosome, and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of the offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called crossing over, which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from the female chromosome, resulting in a process of meiosis occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly.[2] Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an X chromosome, whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. If a male offspring is produced, the gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes.[3]

Cloning is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes to its parent. Reproductive cloning begins with the removal of the nucleus from an egg, which holds the genetic material.[4] In order to clone an organ, a stem cell is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ.[5] A common misconception of cloning is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from the parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences that can result in epigenetic changes. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though cell division and DNA replication is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA.[6] Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods which may be good for the species, but most mutations are bad as they can change the genotypes of offspring, which can result in changes that harm the species.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "chromosome". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  2. ^ "what is a gene". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  3. ^ "what is a gene". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  4. ^ "cloning" (PDF). Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  5. ^ "cloning" (PDF). Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  6. ^ "mutation". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
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