Blue Fugates: Difference between revisions
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|early_forms = |
|early_forms = |
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|founded = 1820 |
|founded = 1820 |
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|founder = Martin Fugate<br> |
|founder = Martin Fugate<br>Susan Williams |
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|final_head = Benjamin Stacy |
|final_head = Benjamin Stacy |
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|members = Benjamin Stacy |
|members = Benjamin Stacy |
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== Ancestry == |
== Ancestry == |
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Martin Fugate and Elizabeth Smith,<ref name="Trost">{{Cite web |first=Cathy |last=Trost |title=The Blue People of Troublesome Creek |url=https://academic.csuohio.edu/neuendorf_ka/com370/370_blue_people.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927104846/https://academic.csuohio.edu/neuendorf_ka/com370/370_blue_people.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |work=Science 82 |date=November 1982}}</ref> who had married and settled near [[Hazard, Kentucky]], in around 1820, were both carriers of the [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]] methemoglobinemia (met-H) gene. As a result, four of their |
Martin Fugate and Elizabeth Smith,<ref name="Trost">{{Cite web |first=Cathy |last=Trost |title=The Blue People of Troublesome Creek |url=https://academic.csuohio.edu/neuendorf_ka/com370/370_blue_people.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927104846/https://academic.csuohio.edu/neuendorf_ka/com370/370_blue_people.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |work=Science 82 |date=November 1982}}</ref> who had married and settled near [[Hazard, Kentucky]], in around 1820, were both carriers of the [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]] methemoglobinemia (met-H) gene. As a result, four of their nine children exhibited blue skin. Their continued reproduction within the limited local gene pool along with a lack of transportation infrastructure ensured that many descendants of the Fugates were born with met-H.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Cecil |date=July 24, 1998 |title=Is there really a race of blue people? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/21342421/is-there-really-a-race-of-blue-people |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=The Straight Dope |language=en |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126174219/https://www.straightdope.com/21342421/is-there-really-a-race-of-blue-people |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28428591/arizona_republic/ |title=Rare disease turns mountaineers blue |publisher=Arizona Republic |location=Phoenix, Arizona |date=November 7, 1974 |page=12 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415072500/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28428591/arizona_republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ABCLakeLouise>{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-kentucky-reveal-todays-genetic-lesson/story?id=15759819 |title=Fugates of Kentucky: Skin Bluer than Lake Louise |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |first=Susan Donaldson |last=James |access-date=October 4, 2014 |date=February 22, 2012 |archive-date=March 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318230237/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-kentucky-reveal-todays-genetic-lesson/story?id=15759819 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The disorder can cause heart abnormalities and seizures if the amount of methemoglobin in the blood exceeds 20 percent, but at levels between 10 and 20 percent it can cause blue skin without other symptoms. Most of the Fugates lived long and healthy lives. The "bluest" of the blue Fugates, Luna Stacy, had 13 children and lived to age 84.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fugates of Kentucky: Skin Bluer than Lake Louise |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-kentucky-reveal-todays-genetic-lesson/story?id=15759819 |access-date=June 3, 2022 |work=[[ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=March 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318230237/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-kentucky-reveal-todays-genetic-lesson/story?id=15759819 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
The disorder can cause heart abnormalities and seizures if the amount of methemoglobin in the blood exceeds 20 percent, but at levels between 10 and 20 percent it can cause blue skin without other symptoms. Most of the Fugates lived long and healthy lives. The "bluest" of the blue Fugates, Luna Stacy, had 13 children and lived to age 84.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fugates of Kentucky: Skin Bluer than Lake Louise |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-kentucky-reveal-todays-genetic-lesson/story?id=15759819 |access-date=June 3, 2022 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=March 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318230237/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-kentucky-reveal-todays-genetic-lesson/story?id=15759819 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Descendants with the gene continued to live near [[Troublesome Creek (North Fork Kentucky River tributary)|Troublesome Creek]] and |
Descendants with the gene continued to live near [[Troublesome Creek (North Fork Kentucky River tributary)|Troublesome Creek]] and Ball Creek into the 20th century. They eventually came to the attention of the [[Hematology|hematologist]] Madison Cawein III, who with the assistance of the nurse Ruth Pendergrass made a detailed study of their condition and ancestry.<ref name="Trost"/><ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-genetic-connection-kentucky-fugates/story?id=15871929 |title=Blue People Look for Genetic Connection to Kentucky Fugates |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=March 8, 2012 |first=Susan Donaldson |last=James |access-date=October 4, 2014 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017024610/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/blue-skinned-people-genetic-connection-kentucky-fugates/story?id=15871929 |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on a report published in the ''[[Journal of Clinical Investigation]]'' in 1960 by a public health physician named E. M. Scott, who had studied a similar phenomenon among [[Alaska Natives|native Alaskans]], Cawein concluded that a deficiency of the [[enzyme]] [[Cytochrome b5 reductase|diaphorase]] resulted in an oxygen deficiency in the red blood cells, causing the blood to appear brown, which in turn made the skin of those affected appear blue.<ref name="ABCLakeLouise" /> He treated the family with [[methylene blue]], which eased their symptoms and reduced the blue coloring of their skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommunitypaper.com/2006/01_19_06/ |title=The Blue People of Troublesome Creek |publisher=The Paper |date=January 19, 2006 |first=Lyle E. |last=Davis |access-date=November 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719220630/http://www.thecommunitypaper.com/2006/01_19_06/ |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His findings were published in the ''[[JAMA Internal Medicine|Archives of Internal Medicine]]'' in 1964.<ref>{{Cite journal |
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|pmid=14109019 |year=1964 |last1=Cawein |first1=M. |title=Hereditary Diaphorase Deficiency and Methemoglobinemia |journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine|Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=113 |pages=578–85 |last2=Behlen |first2=Charles H. |last3=Lappat |first3=E. J. |last4=Cohn |first4=J. E. |issue=4 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1964.00280100086014}}</ref> |
|pmid=14109019 |year=1964 |last1=Cawein |first1=M. |title=Hereditary Diaphorase Deficiency and Methemoglobinemia |journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine|Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=113 |pages=578–85 |last2=Behlen |first2=Charles H. |last3=Lappat |first3=E. J. |last4=Cohn |first4=J. E. |issue=4 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1964.00280100086014}}</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 03:48, 14 December 2024
| Fugates | |
|---|---|
| Country | United States of America |
| Current region | Kentucky |
| Founded | 1820 |
| Founder | Martin Fugate Susan Williams |
| Final head | Benjamin Stacy |
| Members | Benjamin Stacy |
The Fugates, commonly known as the "Blue Fugates"[1] or the "Blue People of Kentucky", are an ancestral family living in the hills of Kentucky starting in the 19th century, where they are known for having a genetic trait that led to the blood disorder methemoglobinemia, causing the skin to appear blue.
Ancestry
[edit]Martin Fugate and Elizabeth Smith,[2] who had married and settled near Hazard, Kentucky, in around 1820, were both carriers of the recessive methemoglobinemia (met-H) gene. As a result, four of their nine children exhibited blue skin. Their continued reproduction within the limited local gene pool along with a lack of transportation infrastructure ensured that many descendants of the Fugates were born with met-H.[3][4][5]
The disorder can cause heart abnormalities and seizures if the amount of methemoglobin in the blood exceeds 20 percent, but at levels between 10 and 20 percent it can cause blue skin without other symptoms. Most of the Fugates lived long and healthy lives. The "bluest" of the blue Fugates, Luna Stacy, had 13 children and lived to age 84.[6]
Descendants with the gene continued to live near Troublesome Creek and Ball Creek into the 20th century. They eventually came to the attention of the hematologist Madison Cawein III, who with the assistance of the nurse Ruth Pendergrass made a detailed study of their condition and ancestry.[2][7] Based on a report published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 1960 by a public health physician named E. M. Scott, who had studied a similar phenomenon among native Alaskans, Cawein concluded that a deficiency of the enzyme diaphorase resulted in an oxygen deficiency in the red blood cells, causing the blood to appear brown, which in turn made the skin of those affected appear blue.[5] He treated the family with methylene blue, which eased their symptoms and reduced the blue coloring of their skin.[8] His findings were published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 1964.[9]
Benjamin Stacy, born in 1975, was the last known descendant of the Fugates to have been born exhibiting the characteristic blue color of the disorder, though he quickly lost his blue skin tone, exhibiting only blue tinges on his lips and fingertips when he became cold or agitated.[5]
In popular culture
[edit]In 2019, the novel The Book Woman of Troublesome Creek, by Kim Michele Richardson, described a fictional version of the Fugate family during the Great Depression.
In 2021, the novel Blue-Skinned Gods by S. J. Sindu references a family from Kentucky with methemoglobinemia but does not use the surname Fugate.
A reference to "the Huntsville subgroup" is made in the American version of television sitcom Shameless when Kevin Ball (played by Steve Howey) discovers that he may have ancestors from that group.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Blue-skinned family baffled science for 150 years". MSN. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ a b Trost, Cathy (November 1982). "The Blue People of Troublesome Creek" (PDF). Science 82. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2015.
- ^ Adams, Cecil (July 24, 1998). "Is there really a race of blue people?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Rare disease turns mountaineers blue". Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona Republic. November 7, 1974. p. 12. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c James, Susan Donaldson (February 22, 2012). "Fugates of Kentucky: Skin Bluer than Lake Louise". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ^ "Fugates of Kentucky: Skin Bluer than Lake Louise". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ James, Susan Donaldson (March 8, 2012). "Blue People Look for Genetic Connection to Kentucky Fugates". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ^ Davis, Lyle E. (January 19, 2006). "The Blue People of Troublesome Creek". The Paper. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ Cawein, M.; Behlen, Charles H.; Lappat, E. J.; Cohn, J. E. (1964). "Hereditary Diaphorase Deficiency and Methemoglobinemia". Archives of Internal Medicine. 113 (4): 578–85. doi:10.1001/archinte.1964.00280100086014. PMID 14109019.
- ^ "God Bless Her Rotting Soul". Shameless. Season 8. Episode 3. November 19, 2017. Showtime.
You have a very rare chromosomal pattern, Mr. Ball. You are, more specifically, one in two billion. Were you aware you are from the Huntsville subgroup?