Lakshmi Narayana: Difference between revisions

Lakshmi Narayana
Lakshmi Narayana
God of Preservation; Goddess of Prosperity; Supreme Deities of Vaishnavism; Para Brahman;
	Painting of Lakshmi-Narayana upon Garuda
Devanagari	लक्ष्मी-नारायण
Sanskrit transliteration	Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa
Affiliation	Vaishnavism
Abode	Vaikuntha
Weapon	Panchajanya, Kaumodaki, Sudarshana Chakra, Sharanga, Nandaka
Symbol	Padma
Mount	Garuda
Texts	Vishnu Purana, Padma Purana, Garuda Purana

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Lakshmi Narayana (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी-नारायण, IAST: Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa) or Lakshmi Narayan is the dual representation of the Hindu deities Vishnu, also known as Narayana, and his consort, Lakshmi, traditionally featured in their abode, Vaikuntha. The goddess of wealth and prosperity, Lakshmi, is depicted as standing next to Vishnu, who holds the Panchajanya, Kaumodaki, Padma, and the Sudarshana Chakra. Another depiction of Lakshmi-Narayana portrays Lakshmi in the service of Narayana, who reclines on the cosmic serpent Shesha, floating in the Kshira Sagara, the Ocean of Milk.^[2]

Legends

The most significant Lakshmi-Narayana myth that appears in various Puranas is the Samudra Manthana, where Vishnu assumes his Kurma avatar to assist the devas and the asuras in the churning the Ocean of Milk. Lakshmi emerges as one of the many treasures that are the product of the churning. The devas request Vishnu to marry her, and hence her auspiciousness is wed to his divinity, restoring the cosmic order.^[3]

The Vishnu Purana describes this legend thus:^[4]

The goddess Sri of vibrant beauty rose from this milk, standing in a blossoming lotus with a lotus in her hand ... Wearing celestial garlands and garments, bathed and adorned with ornaments, with all the gods looking on, she went to Hari's chest. While resting on Hari's chest, Lakshmi made the gods know immediate supreme bliss, O Maitreya, just by looking at them.
— Vishnu Purana, Verses 1.9.100; 106; 107

In the Legend of Tirumala, the sage Bhrigu is selected to choose the deity to whom a yajna shall be dedicated towards. After rejecting Brahma, Indra, and Shiva, he arrives at Vaikuntha, where he observes Lakshmi massaging the feet of Vishnu who is reclined on Shesha. Bhrigu is angered by this and kicks the chest of Vishnu with his foot. A calm Vishnu is concerned for the sage, and receives him with honour. Pleased, Bhrigu decides that the yajna should be offered to Vishnu. But Lakshmi is greatly enraged, the chest being the region of Vishnu most associated with her, and because her consort had not risen to the insult. She descends upon the earth as Padmavati, the daughter of a Chola king, and her consort assumes the form of Srinivasa. Srinivasa finds Padmavati, marries her once more and is hailed as the primary deity of Tirumala.^[5]

In literature, Lakshmi and Narayana are often offered epithets stemming from their relationship - Vishnu is hailed as Lakshmipati,^[6] the husband of Lakshmi, while Lakshmi is called Vishnupriya,^[7] the favourite of Vishnu, as well as Vaishnavi and Narayani, the greatest female devotee, and Shakti of Vishnu.^[8]

In the Prapanna Parijata, Lakshmi declares that the duality of her consort and herself represents Brahman:^[9]

God, Narayana, is the essence of existence; and I, the Supreme Lakshmi, am the attribute (be-ness) of it. Hence what is known as Lakshmìnârâyana is the Brahman which is the eternal One.
— Prapanna Parijata

Interpretations

The dual representation of the deities Lakshmi-Narayana has many historic roots, and is sometimes interpreted differently by different traditions. The goddess Lakshmi incarnates on earth with her beloved consort, following Narayana's wishes, and mode of incarnation. When Vishnu descended upon the world as Parashurama, the goddess incarnated herself as Dharani; when he was born as Rama, Lakshmi appeared as Sita; and when he was Krishna, she appeared as Radha and Rukmini.^[10]^[11] In Vishnu's next incarnation as Kalki that will spell the end of the present Kali Yuga, he will wed Padmavati, who will also be an incarnation of Lakshmi.^[12] This dual manifestation of the supreme deities of Vaishnavism is explored in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Skanda Purana, and in other scriptures. The Purushottama Mahatmya of Skanda Purana (13th century CE) and of Vishnurahasya (16th century CE) referred to the female wooden image between Jagannath and Balabhadra, Subhadra, as Lakshmi.^[13]

Traditions

Sri Sampradaya

In the South Indian tradition of Sri Vaishnavism, the deity Narayana is worshipped as the supreme deity, and his consort Lakshmi as the supreme goddess. Lakshmi is regarded to be the source of salvation, Narayana, and is hence revered by adherents in order to reach God. The origin of the tradition's name is sometimes associated with the goddess herself, who is also called Sri.^[15] The devotees of this tradition primarily worship Lakshmi-Narayana as the ultimate duality, though they also revere their incarnations in the Dashavatara, including Sita-Rama and Rukmini-Krishna.^[16] The Urdhva Pundra, the sacred mark they wear on their bodies, is conceived to be a combination of the white feet of Vishnu, and the red streak in between represents Lakshmi.^[17]

Swaminarayan Sampradaya

In the Vaishnava tradition of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, a flute-bearing Krishna is worshipped with his consort Radha, and together the deity is referred as Radha Krishna, while Krishna in his four-hands form is identified with Narayana in the text Shikshapatri, and is worshipped with his consort, Lakshmi. The deity is referred as Lakshmi Narayana.^[18] The founder of the sect, Swaminarayan, installed the murtis of Radha Krishna and Lakshmi Narayana at the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal and Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada in Gujarat.

Worship

Lakshmi Narayana worship is popular among Vaishnavas, who pray to the divine couple at their homes and in temples. There are many sampradayas (sects), that regard Lakshmi Narayana as the ultimate divinity, and grand and exquisite temples have been erected for their veneration. It is believed that worshipping Lakshmi Narayana can get for the devotees the complete blessings of the divine couple and shall bestow welfare, success, prosperity and a fulfilled life for the devotees and their families.^[19]

In Tamil tradition, Narayana is often represented with three aspects of Lakshmi: Sridevi, Bhudevi, and Niladevi.^[20]

Gallery

Laxmi Narayan Temple at Pashupatinath Temple Complex, Kathmandu, Nepal
Lakshmi Narayana statue at Naxal, Kathmandu
Lakshmi Narayana, Khajuraho
Lakshmi Naryana Frontispiece from the "Tula Ram" Bhagavata Purana - Brooklyn Museum

Temples

References

^ Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism. Springer. 18 August 2022. ISBN 9783031044168. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
^ Ellwood, Robert (2007). Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 468. ISBN 978-0-8160-6141-9.
^ Pintchman, Tracy (2005-08-18). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7914-8256-8. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ Dimmitt, Cornelia; Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978-06-15). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-87722-122-7. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^ Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2009). Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations. Gyan Publishing House. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-212-1016-4. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-12-02). "Lakshmipati, Lakṣmīpati, Lakshmi-pati: 10 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-06). "Vishnupriya, Viṣṇupriyā, Vishnu-priya: 4 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2015-08-28). "Vaishnavi, Vaiṣṇāvī, Vaiṣṇavī: 21 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ The Brahmavâdin. M.C. Alasingaperumal. 1900. p. 162. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ Monaghan, Patricia (2011). Goddesses in World Culture. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-313-35465-6. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ Watkins, James Simon (2022-08-18). Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism. Springer Nature. p. 378. ISBN 978-3-031-04416-8. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ LAWRENCE, MICHAEL A. (2018-05-31). Mystic Tales. Notion Press. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ Dr. A.C. Pradhan (June 2004). "Evolution of Jagannath Cult" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-05-11. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Jagadeesan, N. (1989). Collected Papers on Tamil Vaishnavism. Ennes Publications. p. 104.
^ Ramakrishnananda, Swami (2022-04-07). Life of Sri Ramanuja. Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 447. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ Murdoch, John (1904). The Religious Sects of the Hindus. Christian Literature Society for India. p. 21. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ Murdoch, John (1904). The Religious Sects of the Hindus. Christian Literature Society for India. p. 23. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ "Shikshapatri, verse 109 by Swaminarayan". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
^ "Benefits of praying to Lord Lakshmi Narayana, About Lord Lakshmi Narayana - Astropedia". www.astroved.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
^ Sen, Aloka Parasher (2021-02-28). Settlement and Local Histories of the Early Deccan. Routledge. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-000-36112-4. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[1] Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism. Springer. 18 August 2022. ISBN 9783031044168. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

[2] Ellwood, Robert (2007). Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 468. ISBN 978-0-8160-6141-9.

[3] Pintchman, Tracy (2005-08-18). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7914-8256-8. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[4] Dimmitt, Cornelia; Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978-06-15). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-87722-122-7. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-01-29.

[5] Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2009). Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations. Gyan Publishing House. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-212-1016-4. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[6] www.wisdomlib.org (2017-12-02). "Lakshmipati, Lakṣmīpati, Lakshmi-pati: 10 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

[7] www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-06). "Vishnupriya, Viṣṇupriyā, Vishnu-priya: 4 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

[8] www.wisdomlib.org (2015-08-28). "Vaishnavi, Vaiṣṇāvī, Vaiṣṇavī: 21 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

[9] The Brahmavâdin. M.C. Alasingaperumal. 1900. p. 162. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[10] Monaghan, Patricia (2011). Goddesses in World Culture. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-313-35465-6. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

[11] Watkins, James Simon (2022-08-18). Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism. Springer Nature. p. 378. ISBN 978-3-031-04416-8. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[12] LAWRENCE, MICHAEL A. (2018-05-31). Mystic Tales. Notion Press. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[j-13] Dr. A.C. Pradhan (June 2004). "Evolution of Jagannath Cult" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-05-11. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[14] Jagadeesan, N. (1989). Collected Papers on Tamil Vaishnavism. Ennes Publications. p. 104.

[15] Ramakrishnananda, Swami (2022-04-07). Life of Sri Ramanuja. Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 447. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[16] Murdoch, John (1904). The Religious Sects of the Hindus. Christian Literature Society for India. p. 21. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[17] Murdoch, John (1904). The Religious Sects of the Hindus. Christian Literature Society for India. p. 23. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

[18] "Shikshapatri, verse 109 by Swaminarayan". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2008-05-06.

[19] "Benefits of praying to Lord Lakshmi Narayana, About Lord Lakshmi Narayana - Astropedia". www.astroved.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-01-06.

[20] Sen, Aloka Parasher (2021-02-28). Settlement and Local Histories of the Early Deccan. Routledge. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-000-36112-4. Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2022-09-14.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Divine couple in Hinduism}}
-{{hatnote group|
 {{Redirect|Laxminarayan}}
 {{for|the composite figure of Vishnu and Lakshmi|Vaikuntha Kamalaja}}
-}}
 {{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology-->
 | type = Hindu
@@ Line 12: / Line 11: @@
 | Sanskrit_transliteration = Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa
 | affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]]
-| god_of = {{ubl|God of Preservation|Goddess of Prosperity|Supreme Deities of [[Vaishnavism]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yKDEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+lakshmi+supreme+vaishnavism&pg=PA378 | isbn=9783031044168 | title=Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism | date=18 August 2022 | publisher=Springer }}</ref><br>[[Para Brahman]]}}
+| god_of = {{ubl|God of Preservation|Goddess of Prosperity|Supreme Deities of [[Vaishnavism]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yKDEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+lakshmi+supreme+vaishnavism&pg=PA378 | isbn=9783031044168 | title=Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism | date=18 August 2022 | publisher=Springer | access-date=14 September 2022 | archive-date=8 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161127/https://books.google.com/books?id=5yKDEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+lakshmi+supreme+vaishnavism&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q=vishnu%20lakshmi%20supreme%20vaishnavism&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Para Brahman]]}}
 | abode = [[Vaikuntha]]
 | weapon = [[Panchajanya]], [[Kaumodaki]], [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Sharanga]], [[Nandaka]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 19: @@
 }}
 {{Vaishnavism}}
-'''Lakshmi Narayana''' ({{lang-sa|लक्ष्मी-नारायण}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa}}) or '''Lakshmi Narayan''' is the dual representation of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deities [[Vishnu]], also known as [[Narayana]], and his consort, [[Lakshmi]], traditionally featured in their abode, [[Vaikuntha]]. The goddess of prosperity and beauty, Lakshmi, is depicted as standing next to Vishnu, who holds the [[Panchajanya]], [[Kaumodaki]], [[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]], and the [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. Another depiction of Lakshmi-Narayana portrays Lakshmi in the service of Narayana, who reclines on the cosmic serpent [[Sesha|Shesha]], floating in the [[Kshira Sagara]], the Ocean of Milk.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellwood|first=Robert|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-6141-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/468 468]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/468}}</ref>
+'''Lakshmi Narayana''' ({{langx|sa|लक्ष्मी-नारायण}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa}}) or '''Lakshmi Narayan''' is the dual representation of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deities [[Vishnu]], also known as [[Narayana]], and his consort, [[Lakshmi]], traditionally featured in their abode, [[Vaikuntha]]. The goddess of wealth and prosperity, Lakshmi, is depicted as standing next to Vishnu, who holds the [[Panchajanya]], [[Kaumodaki]], [[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]], and the [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. Another depiction of Lakshmi-Narayana portrays Lakshmi in the service of Narayana, who reclines on the cosmic serpent [[Sesha|Shesha]], floating in the [[Kshira Sagara]], the Ocean of Milk.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellwood|first=Robert|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-6141-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/468 468]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/468}}</ref>
 == Legends ==
-The most significant Lakshmi-Narayana myth that appears in various [[Puranas]] is the [[Samudra Manthana]], where Vishnu assumes his [[Kurma]] avatar to assist the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[asura]]s in the churning the Ocean of Milk. Lakshmi emerges as one of the many treasures that are the product of the churning. The devas request Vishnu to marry her, and hence her auspiciousness is wed to his divinity, restoring the cosmic order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC&dq=lakshmi+marries+vishnu&pg=PA49 |title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |date=2005-08-18 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref>
+The most significant Lakshmi-Narayana myth that appears in various [[Puranas]] is the [[Samudra Manthana]], where Vishnu assumes his [[Kurma]] avatar to assist the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[asura]]s in the churning the Ocean of Milk. Lakshmi emerges as one of the many treasures that are the product of the churning. The devas request Vishnu to marry her, and hence her auspiciousness is wed to his divinity, restoring the cosmic order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC&dq=lakshmi+marries+vishnu&pg=PA49 |title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |date=2005-08-18 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8 |pages=49 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161138/https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC&dq=lakshmi+marries+vishnu&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q=lakshmi%20marries%20vishnu&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' describes this legend thus:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dimmitt |first=Cornelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFBzEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Classical+Hindu+Mythology+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas&hl=en |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |last2=Buitenen |first2=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |date=1978-06-15 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-0-87722-122-7 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref>
+The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' describes this legend thus:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dimmitt |first1=Cornelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFBzEAAAQBAJ&q=Classical+Hindu+Mythology+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |last2=Buitenen |first2=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |date=1978-06-15 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-0-87722-122-7 |pages=61 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161140/https://books.google.com/books?id=WFBzEAAAQBAJ&q=Classical+Hindu+Mythology+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas#v=snippet&q=Classical%20Hindu%20Mythology%20A%20Reader%20in%20the%20Sanskrit%20Puranas&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
-{{Blockquote|text=The goddess Sri of vibrant beauty rose from this milk, standing in a blossoming lotus with a lotus in her hand ... Wearing celestial garlands and garments, bathed and adorned with ornaments, with all the gods looking on, she went to Hari's chest. While resting on Hari's chest, Lakshmi made the gods know immediate supreme bliss, O Maitreya, just by looking at them.|title=<i>Vishnu Purana</i>|source=Verses 1.9.100; 106; 107}}[[File:Wedding of Vishnu and Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|Painting of the wedding of Vishnu and Lakshmi, [[Koodal Azhagar temple|Koodal Alagar Temple]], Madurai]]
+{{Blockquote|text=The goddess Sri of vibrant beauty rose from this milk, standing in a blossoming lotus with a lotus in her hand ... Wearing celestial garlands and garments, bathed and adorned with ornaments, with all the gods looking on, she went to Hari's chest. While resting on Hari's chest, Lakshmi made the gods know immediate supreme bliss, O Maitreya, just by looking at them.|title=''Vishnu Purana''|source=Verses 1.9.100; 106; 107}}[[File:Wedding of Vishnu and Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|Painting of the wedding of Vishnu and Lakshmi, [[Koodal Azhagar temple|Koodal Alagar Temple]], Madurai]]
-In the [[Legend of Tirumala]], the sage [[Bhrigu]] is selected to choose the deity to whom a [[yajna]] shall be dedicated towards. After rejecting [[Brahma]], [[Indra]], and [[Shiva]], he arrives at [[Vaikuntha]], where he observes Lakshmi massaging the feet of Vishnu who is reclined on [[Shesha]]. Bhrigu is angered by this and kicks the chest of Vishnu with his foot. A calm Vishnu is concerned for the sage, and receives him with honour. Pleased, Bhrigu decides that the yajna should be offered to Vishnu. But Lakshmi is greatly enraged, the chest being the region of Vishnu most associated with her, and because her consort had not risen to the insult. She descends upon the earth as [[Padmavathi|Padmavati]], the daughter of a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king, and her consort assumes the form of [[Venkateswara|Srinivasa]]. Srinivasa finds Padmavati, marries her once more and is hailed as the primary deity of [[Tirumala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=lakshmi+massages+feet&pg=PA187 |title=Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-1016-4 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref>
+In the [[Legend of Tirumala]], the sage [[Bhrigu]] is selected to choose the deity to whom a [[yajna]] shall be dedicated towards. After rejecting [[Brahma]], [[Indra]], and [[Shiva]], he arrives at [[Vaikuntha]], where he observes Lakshmi massaging the feet of Vishnu who is reclined on [[Shesha]]. Bhrigu is angered by this and kicks the chest of Vishnu with his foot. A calm Vishnu is concerned for the sage, and receives him with honour. Pleased, Bhrigu decides that the yajna should be offered to Vishnu. But Lakshmi is greatly enraged, the chest being the region of Vishnu most associated with her, and because her consort had not risen to the insult. She descends upon the earth as [[Padmavathi|Padmavati]], the daughter of a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king, and her consort assumes the form of [[Venkateswara|Srinivasa]]. Srinivasa finds Padmavati, marries her once more and is hailed as the primary deity of [[Tirumala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=lakshmi+massages+feet&pg=PA187 |title=Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-1016-4 |pages=187 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161140/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=lakshmi+massages+feet&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q=lakshmi%20massages%20feet&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In literature, Lakshmi and Narayana are often offered epithets stemming from their relationship - Vishnu is hailed as ''[[Lakshmipati]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-12-02 |title=Lakshmipati, Lakṣmīpati, Lakshmi-pati: 10 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmipati |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> the husband of Lakshmi, while Lakshmi is called ''Vishnupriya'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-06 |title=Vishnupriya, Viṣṇupriyā, Vishnu-priya: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vishnupriya |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> the favourite of Vishnu, as well as ''Vaishnavi'' and ''Narayani'', the greatest female devotee of Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-28 |title=Vaishnavi, Vaiṣṇāvī, Vaiṣṇavī: 21 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vaishnavi |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
+In literature, Lakshmi and Narayana are often offered epithets stemming from their relationship - Vishnu is hailed as ''[[Lakshmipati]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-12-02 |title=Lakshmipati, Lakṣmīpati, Lakshmi-pati: 10 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmipati |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913084713/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmipati |url-status=live }}</ref> the husband of Lakshmi, while Lakshmi is called ''Vishnupriya'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-06 |title=Vishnupriya, Viṣṇupriyā, Vishnu-priya: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vishnupriya |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913084713/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vishnupriya |url-status=live }}</ref> the favourite of Vishnu, as well as ''Vaishnavi'' and ''Narayani'', the greatest female devotee, and [[Shakti]] of Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-28 |title=Vaishnavi, Vaiṣṇāvī, Vaiṣṇavī: 21 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vaishnavi |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913084705/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vaishnavi |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In the ''Prapanna Parijata'', Lakshmi declares that the duality of her consort and herself represents [[Brahman]]:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMgaAAAAYAAJ&dq=god+narayana+essence+of+existence&pg=PA162 |title=The Brahmavâdin |date=1900 |publisher=M.C. Alasingaperumal |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref>
+In the ''Prapanna Parijata'', Lakshmi declares that the duality of her consort and herself represents [[Brahman]]:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMgaAAAAYAAJ&dq=god+narayana+essence+of+existence&pg=PA162 |title=The Brahmavâdin |date=1900 |publisher=M.C. Alasingaperumal |pages=162 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161142/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMgaAAAAYAAJ&dq=god+narayana+essence+of+existence&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q=god%20narayana%20essence%20of%20existence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
 {{Blockquote|text=God, Narayana, is the essence of existence; and I, the Supreme Lakshmi, am the attribute (be-ness) of it. Hence what is known as Lakshmìnârâyana is the Brahman which is the eternal One.|title=Prapanna Parijata}}
@@ Line 38: / Line 37: @@
 [[File:Relief sculpture of the Hindu god Narayana with his consort Lakshmi (Lakshminarayana) in the Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi-Narayana at [[Halebidu, Karnataka]], India]]
-The dual representation of the deities Lakshmi-Narayana has many historic roots, and is sometimes interpreted differently by different traditions. The goddess [[Lakshmi]] incarnates on earth with her beloved consort, following [[Vishnu|Narayana]]'s wishes, and mode of incarnation. When Vishnu descended upon the world as [[Parashurama]], the goddess incarnated herself as Dharani; when he was born as [[Rama]], Lakshmi appeared as [[Sita]]; and when he was [[Krishna]], she appeared as [[Radha]] or [[Rukmini]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC|title=Goddesses in World Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-35465-6|location=United States of America|pages=1–7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watkins |first=James Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yKDEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+lakshmi+supreme+vaishnavism&pg=PA378 |title=Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-04416-8 |pages=378 |language=en}}</ref> In Vishnu's next incarnation as [[Kalki]] that will spell the end of the present [[Kali Yuga]], he will wed Padmavati, who will also be an incarnation of Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=LAWRENCE |first=MICHAEL A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JypjEAAAQBAJ&dq=kalki+padmavati+lakshmi&pg=PT133 |title=Mystic Tales |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=Notion Press |language=en}}</ref> This dual manifestation of the supreme deities of Vaishnavism is explored in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], and in other scriptures. The ''Purushottama Mahatmya'' of [[Skanda Purana]] (13th century CE) and of ''Vishnurahasya'' (16th century CE) referred to the female wooden image between [[Jagannath]] and [[Balabhadra]], [[Subhadra]], as [[Lakshmi]].<ref name=j>{{cite journal
+The dual representation of the deities Lakshmi-Narayana has many historic roots, and is sometimes interpreted differently by different traditions. The goddess [[Lakshmi]] incarnates on earth with her beloved consort, following [[Vishnu|Narayana]]'s wishes, and mode of incarnation. When Vishnu descended upon the world as [[Parashurama]], the goddess incarnated herself as Dharani; when he was born as [[Rama]], Lakshmi appeared as [[Sita]]; and when he was [[Krishna]], she appeared as [[Radha]] and [[Rukmini]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC|title=Goddesses in World Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-35465-6|location=United States of America|pages=1–7|access-date=2022-09-13|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161143/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watkins |first=James Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yKDEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+lakshmi+supreme+vaishnavism&pg=PA378 |title=Religion and the Global Money Markets: Exploring the Influence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-04416-8 |pages=378 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161127/https://books.google.com/books?id=5yKDEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+lakshmi+supreme+vaishnavism&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q=vishnu%20lakshmi%20supreme%20vaishnavism&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In Vishnu's next incarnation as [[Kalki]] that will spell the end of the present [[Kali Yuga]], he will wed Padmavati, who will also be an incarnation of Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=LAWRENCE |first=MICHAEL A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JypjEAAAQBAJ&dq=kalki+padmavati+lakshmi&pg=PT133 |title=Mystic Tales |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=Notion Press |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161626/https://books.google.com/books?id=JypjEAAAQBAJ&dq=kalki+padmavati+lakshmi&pg=PT133#v=onepage&q=kalki%20padmavati%20lakshmi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> This dual manifestation of the supreme deities of Vaishnavism is explored in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], and in other scriptures. The ''Purushottama Mahatmya'' of [[Skanda Purana]] (13th century CE) and of ''Vishnurahasya'' (16th century CE) referred to the female wooden image between [[Jagannath]] and [[Balabhadra]], [[Subhadra]], as [[Lakshmi]].<ref name=j>{{cite journal
  |author       = Dr. A.C. Pradhan
  |date         = June 2004
@@ Line 53: / Line 52: @@
 === Sri Sampradaya ===
 [[File:Thenkalai Sri Vaishnava urdhva pundram.jpg|thumb|The Tenkalai [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] [[Urdhva Pundra|urdhva pundra]], a representation of Lakshmi Narayana<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagadeesan |first=N. |url= |title=Collected Papers on Tamil Vaishnavism |date=1989 |publisher=Ennes Publications |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>]]
-In the South Indian tradition of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], the deity Narayana is worshipped as the supreme deity, and his consort Lakshmi as the supreme goddess. Lakshmi is regarded to be the source of salvation, Narayana, and is hence revered by adherents in order to reach God. The origin of the tradition's name is sometimes associated with the goddess herself, who is also called Sri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramakrishnananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmdoEAAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+sampradaya&pg=PT447 |title=Life of Sri Ramanuja |date=2022-04-07 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |pages=447 |language=en}}</ref> The devotees of this tradition primarily worship Lakshmi-Narayana as the ultimate duality, though they also revere their incarnations in the [[Dashavatara]], including Sita-Rama and Rukmini-Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murdoch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA21 |title=The Religious Sects of the Hindus |date=1904 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Urdhva Pundra]], the sacred mark they wear on their bodies, is conceived to be a combination of the white feet of Vishnu, and the red streak in between represents Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murdoch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA21 |title=The Religious Sects of the Hindus |date=1904 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref>
+In the South Indian tradition of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], the deity Narayana is worshipped as the supreme deity, and his consort Lakshmi as the supreme goddess. Lakshmi is regarded to be the source of salvation, Narayana, and is hence revered by adherents in order to reach God. The origin of the tradition's name is sometimes associated with the goddess herself, who is also called Sri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramakrishnananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmdoEAAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+sampradaya&pg=PT447 |title=Life of Sri Ramanuja |date=2022-04-07 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |pages=447 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161640/https://books.google.com/books?id=FmdoEAAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+sampradaya&pg=PT447#v=onepage&q=lakshmi%20narayana%20sri%20sampradaya&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The devotees of this tradition primarily worship Lakshmi-Narayana as the ultimate duality, though they also revere their incarnations in the [[Dashavatara]], including Sita-Rama and Rukmini-Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murdoch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA21 |title=The Religious Sects of the Hindus |date=1904 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |pages=21 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161622/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=lakshmi%20narayana%20sri%20vaishnava&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Urdhva Pundra]], the sacred mark they wear on their bodies, is conceived to be a combination of the white feet of Vishnu, and the red streak in between represents Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murdoch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA21 |title=The Religious Sects of the Hindus |date=1904 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |pages=23 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161622/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=lakshmi+narayana+sri+vaishnava&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=lakshmi%20narayana%20sri%20vaishnava&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Swaminarayan Sampradaya ===
-In the Vaishnava tradition of the [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]]a, a flute-bearing [[Krishna]] is worshipped with his consort [[Radha]], and together the deity is referred as [[Radha Krishna]]'','' while Krishna in his four-hands form is identified with [[Narayana]] in the text [[Shikshapatri]], and is worshipped with his consort, [[Lakshmi]]. The deity is referred as Lakshmi Narayana.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.swaminarayan.nu/sampraday/shiksha.shtml | title= Shikshapatri, verse 109 by Swaminarayan}}</ref> The founder of the sect, [[Swaminarayan]], installed the ''[[murti]]s'' of Radha Krishna and Lakshmi Narayana at the [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal]] and [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada]] in [[Gujarat]].
+In the Vaishnava tradition of the [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]]a, a flute-bearing [[Krishna]] is worshipped with his consort [[Radha]], and together the deity is referred as [[Radha Krishna]]'','' while Krishna in his four-hands form is identified with [[Narayana]] in the text [[Shikshapatri]], and is worshipped with his consort, [[Lakshmi]]. The deity is referred as Lakshmi Narayana.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.swaminarayan.nu/sampraday/shiksha.shtml | title =Shikshapatri, verse 109 by Swaminarayan | access-date =2008-05-06 | archive-date =2012-02-10 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120210201259/http://www.swaminarayan.nu/sampraday/shiksha.shtml | url-status =live }}</ref> The founder of the sect, [[Swaminarayan]], installed the ''[[murti]]s'' of Radha Krishna and Lakshmi Narayana at the [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal]] and [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada]] in [[Gujarat]].
 == Worship ==
-Lakshmi Narayana worship is popular among [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]], who pray to the divine couple at their homes and in temples. There are many sampradayas (sects), that regard Lakshmi Narayana as the ultimate divinity, and grand and exquisite temples have been erected for their veneration. It is believed that worshipping Lakshmi Narayana can get for the devotees the complete blessings of the divine couple and shall bestow welfare, success, prosperity and a fulfilled life for the devotees and their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/gods/lakshmi-narayana|title=Benefits of praying to Lord Lakshmi Narayana, About Lord Lakshmi Narayana - Astropedia|website=www.astroved.com|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
+Lakshmi Narayana worship is popular among [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]], who pray to the divine couple at their homes and in temples. There are many sampradayas (sects), that regard Lakshmi Narayana as the ultimate divinity, and grand and exquisite temples have been erected for their veneration. It is believed that worshipping Lakshmi Narayana can get for the devotees the complete blessings of the divine couple and shall bestow welfare, success, prosperity and a fulfilled life for the devotees and their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/gods/lakshmi-narayana|title=Benefits of praying to Lord Lakshmi Narayana, About Lord Lakshmi Narayana - Astropedia|website=www.astroved.com|access-date=2020-01-06|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925233722/https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/gods/lakshmi-narayana|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In Tamil tradition, Narayana is often represented with three aspects of Lakshmi: [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]], and [[Niladevi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Aloka Parasher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f98JEAAAQBAJ&dq=sridevi+bhudevi+niladevi&pg=PA280 |title=Settlement and Local Histories of the Early Deccan |date=2021-02-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-36112-4 |pages=280 |language=en}}</ref>
+In Tamil tradition, Narayana is often represented with three aspects of Lakshmi: [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]], and [[Niladevi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Aloka Parasher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f98JEAAAQBAJ&dq=sridevi+bhudevi+niladevi&pg=PA280 |title=Settlement and Local Histories of the Early Deccan |date=2021-02-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-36112-4 |pages=280 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308161634/https://books.google.com/books?id=f98JEAAAQBAJ&dq=sridevi+bhudevi+niladevi&pg=PA280#v=onepage&q=sridevi%20bhudevi%20niladevi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == Gallery ==
@@ Line 70: / Line 69: @@
 File:Brooklyn Museum - Lakshmi Naryana Frontispiece from the "Tula Ram" Bhagavata Purana.jpg|Lakshmi Naryana Frontispiece from the "Tula Ram" Bhagavata Purana - [[Brooklyn Museum]]
 </gallery>
 == Temples ==
 * [[Golden Temple, Sripuram]]
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 * [[Divya Desam]]
 * [[Sreevaraham Lakshmi Varaha Temple, Thiruvananthapuram]]
+* [[Chottanikkara Temple]]
 ==See also==
@@ Line 85: / Line 86: @@
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}{{Hindu deities and texts}}{{commons category}}
 [[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
 [[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]

v t e Hindu deities and texts
Gods	Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Agni Ashvins Chandra Dattatreya Ganesha Hanuman Indra Kama Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Rama Shasta Surya Varuna Vayu Vishvakarma Yama more
Goddesses	Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Aditi Bhumi Chhaya Durga Ganga Shachi Kali Mahadevi Mahavidya Matangi Matrikas Radha Rati Rohini Rukmini Sanjna Sati Shakti Shashthi Sita more
Other deities	Apsaras Asuras Daitya Danava Devata Dikpāla Gandharvas Gana Kuladevatas Gramadevatas Rakshasas Vahanas Yakshas / Yakshini
Texts (list)	Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more
Hinduism Hindu mythology