Jump to content

GAZ-69: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Bibliography: Fix cite ref
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:
| image = GAZ 69 (217 XUD) pic1.JPG
| image = GAZ 69 (217 XUD) pic1.JPG
| caption =
| caption =
| manufacturer = {{ubl|[[GAZ]] (1953–1955)|[[UAZ]] (1954–1972)}}
| manufacturer = {{ubl|[[GAZ]] (1953–1956)|[[UAZ]] (1956–1972)}}
| aka = Kaengsaeng 68 (North Korea)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAENGSAENG 68KA {{!}} chinesecars |url=https://www.chinesecars.net/content/kaengsaeng-68ka |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.chinesecars.net}}</ref><br />Sungri 4.10/25<br />UAZ-69
| aka = Kaengsaeng 68 (North Korea)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAENGSAENG 68KA {{!}} chinesecars |url=https://www.chinesecars.net/content/kaengsaeng-68ka |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.chinesecars.net}}</ref><br />Sungri 4.10/25 (North Korea)<br />UAZ-69
| production = 1953-1972 (1975 for Romania)
| production = 1953–1972 (1975 for Romania)
| model_years =
| model_years =
| assembly = [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]], [[Ulyanovsk]] (USSR), Câmpulung (Romania - spare parts only)
| assembly = Soviet Union: [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]], [[Ulyanovsk]]<br/>Romania: [[Câmpulung]] (spare parts only)
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[GAZ-67]]|[[Willys MB]]}}
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[GAZ-67]]|[[Willys MB]]}}
| successor = [[UAZ-469]]
| successor = [[UAZ-469]]
Line 26: Line 26:
[[File:Gaz-uaz.jpg|thumb|right|GAZ-69A]]
[[File:Gaz-uaz.jpg|thumb|right|GAZ-69A]]
[[File:UAZ-69A during II. Vasút - Vasútmodell és Technikai Modell Fesztivál 2.jpg|thumb|GAZ-69A rear]]
[[File:UAZ-69A during II. Vasút - Vasútmodell és Technikai Modell Fesztivál 2.jpg|thumb|GAZ-69A rear]]
The '''GAZ-69''' is a [[four-wheel drive]] off-road vehicle produced by [[GAZ]] (ГАЗ, or ''Gorkovsky Avtomobilnyi Zavod'', Gorky Automobile Factory) between 1953 and 1956 and then by [[UAZ]], in 1956–1972, though all of these light truck class vehicles were known as GAZ-69s. It was also produced in Romania until 1975.<ref name=thompson70>Thompson, Andy. ''Cars of the Soviet Union'' (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p. 70.</ref>
The '''GAZ-69''' is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[four-wheel drive]] off-road vehicle produced by [[GAZ]] (ГАЗ, or ''Gorkovsky Avtomobilnyi Zavod'', Gorky Automobile Factory) between 1953 and 1956 and then by [[UAZ]] between 1956 and 1972, though all of these light truck class vehicles were known as GAZ-69s. It was also produced in Romania until 1975.<ref name=thompson70>Thompson, Andy. ''Cars of the Soviet Union'' (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p. 70.</ref>


==Development and production==
==Development and production==
The GAZ-69 was created by the team of chief designer Grigoriy Vasserman as a replacement for the [[GAZ-67|GAZ-67B]] that would have lower fuel consumption than its predecessor and use the same {{convert|55|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|2.1|L|cid|abbr=on}} inline four and three-speed [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] as the [[GAZ-M20|GAZ-M20 ''Pobeda'']]. The development process started in 1946 and the first prototypes known under the name "Truzhenik" (Toiler) were built in 1947. After extensive on-road testing, the new off-road vehicle went into production on August 25, 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.off-road-drive.ru/archive/32/Geroy_soctruda | title=The history of the development of the GAZ-69| publisher=www.off-road-drive.ru|language=ru}}</ref> Over 600,000 GAZ-69s had been built by the end of production in the USSR in 1972. a copy of the GAZ-69 with some modifications was produced by [[ARO]] in Romania until 1975, first as the [[ARO IMS#IMS-57|IMS-57]], its main difference was that it used the [[GAZ-A]] type I4 engine (obtained by importing old Soviet tooling, as the original GAZ-69 engine was seen as uneconomical), then heavily redesigned as the [[ARO IMS#M59|IMS M59]], and later modernized as the [[ARO IMS#M461|ARO M461]].<ref>''IMS M461'', "Avtolegendy SSSR i Socstran" No. 168, DeAgostini 2015, ISSN 2071-095X {{in lang|ru}}, p.3-6</ref> GAZ-69s were standard military jeeps of the Eastern Bloc and client states, except Romania that used mainly the locally built ARO models.
The GAZ-69 was created by the team of chief designer Grigoriy Vasserman as a replacement for the [[GAZ-67|GAZ-67B]] that would have lower fuel consumption than its predecessor and use the same {{convert|55|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|2.1|L|cid|abbr=on}} inline four and three-speed [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] as the [[GAZ-M20|GAZ-M20 ''Pobeda'']]. The development process started in 1946 and the first prototypes known under the name "Truzhenik" (Toiler) were built in 1947. After extensive on-road testing, the new off-road vehicle went into production on August 25, 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.off-road-drive.ru/archive/32/Geroy_soctruda | title=The history of the development of the GAZ-69| publisher=www.off-road-drive.ru|language=ru}}</ref> Over 600,000 GAZ-69s had been built by the end of production in the USSR in 1972. A copy of the GAZ-69 with some modifications was produced by [[ARO (company)|ARO]] in Romania until 1975, first as the [[ARO IMS#IMS-57|IMS-57]], then heavily redesigned as the [[ARO IMS#M59|IMS M59]], and later modernized as the [[ARO IMS#M461|ARO M461]].<ref>''IMS M461'', "Avtolegendy SSSR i Socstran" No. 168, DeAgostini 2015, ISSN 2071-095X {{in lang|ru}}, p.3-6</ref> GAZ-69s were standard military jeeps of the Eastern Bloc and client states, except Romania that mainly used the locally built ARO models.


==Design==
==Design==
The standard GAZ-69 was able to reach {{convert|56|mph|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref>Thompson, p. 176.</ref> but more powerful versions, with 2400&nbsp;cc (derived from the basic 2100&nbsp;cc) 65 h.p. engines and the same three-speed gearbox, could reach {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. They were known as the GAZ-69M, or GAZ-69AM for the four-door version.<ref name=ware177>Ware, Pat. ''The World Encyclopedia of Military Vehicles'' (Lorenz Books, 2010), p. 177.</ref>
The standard GAZ-69 was able to reach {{convert|56|mph|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref>Thompson, p. 176.</ref> but more powerful versions, with 2,400&nbsp;cc (derived from the basic 2,100&nbsp;cc) 65 h.p. engines and the same three-speed gearbox, could reach {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. They were known as the GAZ-69M, or GAZ-69AM for the four-door version.<ref name=ware177>Ware, Pat. ''The World Encyclopedia of Military Vehicles'' (Lorenz Books, 2010), p. 177.</ref>


It featured two fuel tanks, one of {{convert|47|L|usgal impgal|0}} under the floor, one of {{convert|28|L|usgal impgal|0}} beneath the passenger's seat.<ref name=thompson70/> All civilian models also had to meet [[Soviet Army|Army]] requirements, in case of wartime [[Expropriation|requisitioning]]. (This is also why a hardtop version was not available until 1993)<ref>Thompson, p. 176</ref> The basic variant '''GAZ-69''' has a pair of doors and usually has standard canvas top and upper sides; there are two seats in front and two folding benches for three passengers each on sides. The further variant '''GAZ-69A''' (UAZ-69A) has four doors, folding canvas top and two rows of seats.
It featured two fuel tanks, one of {{convert|47|L|usgal impgal|0}} under the floor, one of {{convert|28|L|usgal impgal|0}} beneath the passenger's seat.<ref name=thompson70/> All civilian models also had to meet [[Soviet Army|Army]] requirements, in case of wartime [[Expropriation|requisitioning]]. (This is also why a hardtop version was not available until 1993)<ref>Thompson, p. 176</ref> The basic variant '''GAZ-69''' has a pair of doors and usually has standard canvas top and upper sides; there are two seats in front and two folding benches for three passengers each on sides. The further variant '''GAZ-69A''' (UAZ-69A) has four doors, folding canvas top and two rows of seats.


It was used as the basis for the rear-wheel drive van GAZ-19 that was built in 1955 but didn't pass the prototype stage. The off-road van and light truck [[UAZ-452|UAZ-450]] and the newer [[UAZ-469]] also traced their origins to the GAZ-69.<ref name=ware177/>
It was used as the basis for the rear-wheel drive van GAZ-19 that was built in 1955 but did not pass the prototype stage. The off-road van and light truck [[UAZ-452|UAZ-450]] and the newer [[UAZ-469]] also traced their origins to the GAZ-69.<ref name=ware177/>


==Military use==
==Military use==
Line 42: Line 42:


==Users==
==Users==
*{{AFG}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shankar |first1=Colonel C. P. |title=Military in Pakistan and Afghanistan A Brief History |date=2015 |page=202 |publisher=Neha Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9380318855 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxnkEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
* {{flag|Afghanistan|1980}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shankar |first1=Colonel C. P. |title=Military in Pakistan and Afghanistan A Brief History |date=2015 |page=202 |publisher=Neha Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-9380318851 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxnkEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
*{{ALB}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The North Korea Of Europe: Listing Socialist Albania’s Military Equipment |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/03/the-north-korea-of-europe-listing.html |website=Oryx |access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|Albania|1946}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The North Korea Of Europe: Listing Socialist Albania's Military Equipment |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/03/the-north-korea-of-europe-listing.html |website=Oryx |access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
* {{ARM}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Janovsky |first1=Jakub |last2=Dan |last3=Mitzer |first3=Stijn |last4=Oliemans |first4=Joost |last5=Kemal |title=The Fight For Nagorno-Karabakh: Documenting Losses On The Sides Of Armenia And Azerbaijan |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/09/the-fight-for-nagorno-karabakh.html |website=Oryx |access-date=5 January 2024 |date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
*{{ANG}}
*{{BUL}}
* {{flag|Cambodia}}
⚫
* {{CHN}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=United States Department of the Army |title=Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army |date=1960 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g40PLENq5SEC |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=en |author1-link=United States Department of the Army }}</ref>
*{{CAM}}
* {{CUB}}{{sfn|Foss|Gander|1985|page=311}}
⚫
*{{CHN}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=[[United States Department of the Army]] |title=Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army |date=1960 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g40PLENq5SEC |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*{{CUB}}
* {{COL}}
*{{CZS}}{{sfn|United States Department of the Army|1960|page=73}}
* {{CZS}}{{sfn|Department of the Army|1960|page=73}}
*{{GDR}}{{sfn|United States Department of the Army|1960|page=97}}
* {{GDR}}{{sfn|Department of the Army|1960|page=97}}
* {{EGY}}{{sfn|Foss|Gander|1985|page=311}}
*{{EGY}}
* {{FIN}}{{sfn|Foss|Gander|1985|page=311}}
*{{FIN}}
*{{HUN}}
* {{HUN}}
*{{IDN}} (around 4400 units ordered in total; first batch 4000 units ordered by government, second batch 400 units ordered by [[Indonesian Air Force]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsyganov |first=Mikhail |date=2014-03-20 |title=Tahun 1958, Mobil Uni Soviet GAZ-69 Taklukkan Gunung Api Jawa |url=https://id.rbth.com/blogs/2014/03/19/tahun_1958_mobil_uni_soviet_gaz-69_taklukkan_gunung_api_jawa_23423 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Russia Beyond |language=id-ID}}</ref>
* {{IDN}} − around 4400 units ordered in total; first batch 4000 units ordered by government, second batch 400 units ordered by [[Indonesian Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsyganov |first=Mikhail |date=2014-03-20 |title=Tahun 1958, Mobil Uni Soviet GAZ-69 Taklukkan Gunung Api Jawa |url=https://id.rbth.com/blogs/2014/03/19/tahun_1958_mobil_uni_soviet_gaz-69_taklukkan_gunung_api_jawa_23423 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Russia Beyond |language=id-ID}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iraq|1963}}<ref>{{cite book | author1-last=[[National Training Center]] |title=The Iraqi Army: Organization and Tactics |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Paladin Press |isbn=978-0-87364-632-1 |page=145 |language=English}}</ref>
*{{IRN}}
*{{IRQ}}
*{{flag|Iran|1964}}
* {{MLI}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sons of Bamako - Malian Armed Forces Fighting Vehicles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/sons-of-bamako-malian-armed-forces.html |website=Oryx |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
*{{ISR}}
*{{LAO}}
* {{NEP}}
* {{PRK}} − Built locally as the Kaengsaeng<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lankov |first1=Andrei |title=North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5141-8 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmKiUkUE_p8C |language=en}}</ref>
*{{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Romania|1965}} − Built locally<ref>{{cite book |last1=United States Congress Joint Economic Committee |title=East European Economies Post-Helsinki: A Compendium of Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States |date=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qdFSFqpTvIC |access-date=26 January 2024 |language=en |author1-link=United States Congress Joint Economic Committee }}</ref>
*{{POL}}
⚫
* {{USSR}}<ref name="ware177" />
*{{ROM}}
* {{SYR}}{{sfn|Foss|Gander|1985|page=311}}
*{{flag|Mongolia}}
* {{VIE}}{{sfn|Foss|Gander|1985|page=311}}
*{{SYR}}
* {{LAO}}<ref>Conboy and McCouaig, ''The War in Laos 1960-75'' (1989), p. 21.</ref>
⚫
*{{USSR}}<ref name="ware177" />
* {{flag|Lebanon}}<ref>Sex & Abi-Chahine, ''Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, from 1975 to 1991 and Beyond'' (2021), p. 201.</ref>
*{{VIE}}
*{{flag|North Korea}}
*{{NEP}}

Many civilian use yellow coloured ones were imported in to Nepal and were successfully used in the mountain roads.


== In Popular Culture ==
== In Popular Culture ==
Line 88: Line 84:
*[[Einheits-PKW der Wehrmacht]]
*[[Einheits-PKW der Wehrmacht]]
*[[Stoewer|Stoewer R200 light off-road car]]
*[[Stoewer|Stoewer R200 light off-road car]]

⚫
== Bibliography ==
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=[[United States Department of the Army]] |title=Handbook on the Satellite Armies |date=1960 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eoc-FktJHr0C |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|Satelitte Armies|2023}}}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Foss |editor1-first=Christopher F. |editor2-last=Gander |editor2-first=Terry J. |editor1-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's Military Vehicles and Ground Support Equipment 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-0811-6 |edition=6th |language=English}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=United States Department of the Army |title=Handbook on the Satellite Armies |date=1960 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eoc-FktJHr0C |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|Department of the Army|1960}} |author1-link=United States Department of the Army }}
*Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, ''The War in Laos 1960-75'', Men-at-arms series 217, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989. {{ISBN|9780850459388}}
*Zachary Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, ''Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, from 1975 to 1991 and Beyond'', Modern Conflicts Profile Guide Volume II, AK Interactive, 2021. {{EAN|8435568306073}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 22:29, 18 December 2024

GAZ-69
Overview
Manufacturer
  • GAZ (1953–1956)
  • UAZ (1956–1972)
Also calledKaengsaeng 68 (North Korea)[1]
Sungri 4.10/25 (North Korea)
UAZ-69
Production1953–1972 (1975 for Romania)
AssemblySoviet Union: Gorky, Ulyanovsk
Romania: Câmpulung (spare parts only)
Body and chassis
ClassLight truck
Body style2-door cargo, 4-door field car
LayoutFront-engine, four-wheel-drive
RelatedIMS-57, M59, ARO M461
UAZ-452
Powertrain
Engine2.1 L GAZ-69 I4
Transmission3-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,300 mm (91 in)
Length3,850 mm (152 in)
Width1,750 mm (69 in)
Height1,950 mm (77 in)
Curb weight1,535–1,589 kg (3,384–3,503 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor
SuccessorUAZ-469
GAZ-69A
GAZ-69A rear

The GAZ-69 is a Soviet four-wheel drive off-road vehicle produced by GAZ (ГАЗ, or Gorkovsky Avtomobilnyi Zavod, Gorky Automobile Factory) between 1953 and 1956 and then by UAZ between 1956 and 1972, though all of these light truck class vehicles were known as GAZ-69s. It was also produced in Romania until 1975.[2]

Development and production

[edit]

The GAZ-69 was created by the team of chief designer Grigoriy Vasserman as a replacement for the GAZ-67B that would have lower fuel consumption than its predecessor and use the same 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS) 2.1 L (130 cu in) inline four and three-speed transmission as the GAZ-M20 Pobeda. The development process started in 1946 and the first prototypes known under the name "Truzhenik" (Toiler) were built in 1947. After extensive on-road testing, the new off-road vehicle went into production on August 25, 1953.[3] Over 600,000 GAZ-69s had been built by the end of production in the USSR in 1972. A copy of the GAZ-69 with some modifications was produced by ARO in Romania until 1975, first as the IMS-57, then heavily redesigned as the IMS M59, and later modernized as the ARO M461.[4] GAZ-69s were standard military jeeps of the Eastern Bloc and client states, except Romania that mainly used the locally built ARO models.

Design

[edit]

The standard GAZ-69 was able to reach 56 mph (90 km/h),[5] but more powerful versions, with 2,400 cc (derived from the basic 2,100 cc) 65 h.p. engines and the same three-speed gearbox, could reach 100 km/h (62 mph). They were known as the GAZ-69M, or GAZ-69AM for the four-door version.[6]

It featured two fuel tanks, one of 47 litres (12 US gal; 10 imp gal) under the floor, one of 28 litres (7 US gal; 6 imp gal) beneath the passenger's seat.[2] All civilian models also had to meet Army requirements, in case of wartime requisitioning. (This is also why a hardtop version was not available until 1993)[7] The basic variant GAZ-69 has a pair of doors and usually has standard canvas top and upper sides; there are two seats in front and two folding benches for three passengers each on sides. The further variant GAZ-69A (UAZ-69A) has four doors, folding canvas top and two rows of seats.

It was used as the basis for the rear-wheel drive van GAZ-19 that was built in 1955 but did not pass the prototype stage. The off-road van and light truck UAZ-450 and the newer UAZ-469 also traced their origins to the GAZ-69.[6]

Military use

[edit]

The GAZ-69 had been the basic light off-road vehicle of the Soviet Army, replacing GAZ-67s and Willys Jeeps, before the army adopted the UAZ-469.[6] It was also used as the basis for the 2P26 tank destroyer, as well as for the GAZ-46 MAV, a light 4x4 amphibious vehicle inspired by the Ford GPA 'Seep'.[6]

Users

[edit]
[edit]

In the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull a GAZ-69 appears in one of the chases of the film involving Spalko and the main characters.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "KAENGSAENG 68KA | chinesecars". www.chinesecars.net. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  2. ^ a b Thompson, Andy. Cars of the Soviet Union (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p. 70.
  3. ^ "The history of the development of the GAZ-69" (in Russian). www.off-road-drive.ru.
  4. ^ IMS M461, "Avtolegendy SSSR i Socstran" No. 168, DeAgostini 2015, ISSN 2071-095X (in Russian), p.3-6
  5. ^ Thompson, p. 176.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ware, Pat. The World Encyclopedia of Military Vehicles (Lorenz Books, 2010), p. 177.
  7. ^ Thompson, p. 176
  8. ^ Shankar, Colonel C. P. (2015). Military in Pakistan and Afghanistan A Brief History. Neha Publishers & Distributors. p. 202. ISBN 978-9380318851.
  9. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost. "The North Korea Of Europe: Listing Socialist Albania's Military Equipment". Oryx. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  10. ^ Janovsky, Jakub; Dan; Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost; Kemal (27 September 2020). "The Fight For Nagorno-Karabakh: Documenting Losses On The Sides Of Armenia And Azerbaijan". Oryx. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  11. ^ United States Department of the Army (1960). Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army. Headquarters, Department of the Army. p. 111. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d e Foss & Gander 1985, p. 311.
  13. ^ Department of the Army 1960, p. 73.
  14. ^ Department of the Army 1960, p. 97.
  15. ^ Tsyganov, Mikhail (2014-03-20). "Tahun 1958, Mobil Uni Soviet GAZ-69 Taklukkan Gunung Api Jawa". Russia Beyond (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  16. ^ National Training Center (1 January 1991). The Iraqi Army: Organization and Tactics. Paladin Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-87364-632-1.
  17. ^ "Sons of Bamako - Malian Armed Forces Fighting Vehicles". Oryx. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  18. ^ Lankov, Andrei (10 January 2014). North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea. McFarland. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7864-5141-8.
  19. ^ United States Congress Joint Economic Committee (1977). East European Economies Post-Helsinki: A Compendium of Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 398. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  20. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 21.
  21. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, from 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 201.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GAZ-69.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=GAZ-69&oldid=1263833642"