Side-stick: Difference between revisions
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{{Redirect|Side stick||Rimshot (disambiguation)}} |
{{Redirect|Side stick||Rimshot (disambiguation)}} |
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[[File:Airbus A380 cockpit.jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A380]] flight deck with black side-sticks on the left side of the left seat and on the right side of the right seat. The throttle controls in the central console are black, labeled 1-4.]] |
[[File:Airbus A380 cockpit.jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A380]] flight deck with black side-sticks on the left side of the left seat and on the right side of the right seat. The throttle controls in the central console are black, labeled 1-4.]] |
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[[File:F-16D cockpit at EFKA.jpg|thumb|F-16 cockpit showing side-stick]] |
[[File:F-16D cockpit at EFKA.jpg|thumb|[[F-16]] cockpit showing side-stick]] |
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A '''side-stick''' or '''sidestick controller''' is an [[aircraft]] control stick that is located on the side console of the [[Aviator|pilot]], usually on the righthand side, or outboard on a two-seat [[Cockpit (aviation)|flightdeck]]. Typically this is found in aircraft that are equipped with [[fly-by-wire]] control systems.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 463. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> |
A '''side-stick''' or '''sidestick controller''' is an [[aircraft]] control stick that is located on the side console of the [[Aviator|pilot]], usually on the righthand side, or outboard on a two-seat [[Cockpit (aviation)|flightdeck]]. Typically this is found in aircraft that are equipped with [[fly-by-wire]] control systems.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 463. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> |
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== Prevalence == |
== Prevalence == |
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The side-stick is used in many modern military [[fighter aircraft]], such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], [[Mitsubishi F-2]], [[Dassault Rafale]], and [[F-22 Raptor]], and also on civil aircraft, such as the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]], [[Airbus A320]] and all subsequent [[Airbus]] aircraft,<ref name=fbw_sidestick>{{cite web |url = http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/ |title = Fly-by-wire - A CIVIL AVIATION FIRST |work = Airbus / Innovation / Proven concepts / In design / Fly-by-wire |publisher = [[Airbus]] | access-date = 6 July 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708070059/http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/ |archive-date = 8 July 2012}}</ref> including the largest passenger jet in service, the [[Airbus A380]]. |
The side-stick is used in many modern military [[fighter aircraft]], such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], [[Mitsubishi F-2]], [[Dassault Rafale]], and [[F-22 Raptor]], [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35 Lightning 2]], [[Chengdu J-20]], [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo|AIDC F-CK 1 Ching-Kuo]] and also on civil aircraft, such as the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]], [[Airbus A320]] and all subsequent [[Airbus]] aircraft,<ref name=fbw_sidestick>{{cite web |url = http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/ |title = Fly-by-wire - A CIVIL AVIATION FIRST |work = Airbus / Innovation / Proven concepts / In design / Fly-by-wire |publisher = [[Airbus]] | access-date = 6 July 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708070059/http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/ |archive-date = 8 July 2012}}</ref> including the largest passenger jet in service, the [[Airbus A380]]. |
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It is also used in new helicopter models such as the [[Bell 525 Relentless|Bell 525]]. |
It is also used in new helicopter models such as the [[Bell 525 Relentless|Bell 525]]. |
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== Comparison of passive and active side-sticks == |
== Comparison of passive and active side-sticks == |
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=== Passive side-sticks === |
=== Passive side-sticks === |
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In the centre stick design, like traditional [[Yoke (aeronautics)|airplane yokes]], both the pilot's and co-pilot's controls are mechanically connected together so each pilot has a sense of the control inputs of the other. |
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In typical Airbus aircraft, the side-sticks are passive and move independently from eachother; side-stick does not offer any haptic feedback on what the other pilot is inputting. In Airbus' implementation, input values of both side-sticks are normally added up, except when the "priority takeover button" is held down. In such a scenario, any inputs on the other side-stick will be ignored.<ref name=getline>{{citation | last = Getline | first = Meryl | author-link = Meryl Getline | title = Ask the captain | journal = USA Today | date = 2005-11-21 | archive-date=2005-11-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051128095929/https://www.usatoday.com/travel/columnist/getline/2005-11-21-ask-the-captain_x.htm | url = https://www.usatoday.com/travel/columnist/getline/2005-11-21-ask-the-captain_x.htm | url-status = dead}}</ref> |
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Holding this button down for a minimum of 40 seconds will result in the other side-stick being disabled. This can reversed by pressing the button on either side-stick again. |
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While the inputs are added up, the sum is clamped to the value the maximum possible deflection a single side-stick; but this still means that when both side-stick are deflected 50% in the same direction, the resulting effective input will be that of a fully deflected side-stick, despite neither one being deflected over 50%. In addition, because the inputs are added up, any deflection of the other side-stick in the opposite direction will in effect be subtracted, resulting in the inputs partially cancelling eachother out. In fact, if two inputs have opposite directions but equal magnitudes, the sum will be zero, and thus the flight control surfaces would remain in their current positions. |
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Detection of more than a single side-stick deflection greater than 2° from neutral without the priority takeover button being held down results in an aural "dual input" warning. |
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| ⚫ | Examples of this occurring include the 2009 crash of [[Air France Flight 447]] (an [[Airbus A330]] flying from [[Rio de Janeiro]] to [[Paris]]), the 2010 crash of [[Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771]] an Airbus A330 from flying [[Johannesburg]] to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100512-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A330-202 5A-ONG Tripoli International Airport (TIP)|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref>Page 81 "Conclusions" [https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2010/20100512-0_A332_5A-ONG.pdf Final Report of AFRIQIYAH Airways Aircraft, Airbus A330-202, 5A-ONG Crash], Occurred at Tripoli (LIBYA)on 12/05/2010 Published February 2013.</ref> and the 2014 crash of [[Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501]] (an [[Airbus A320]] flying from [[Surabaya]] to [[Singapore]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/is-flight-447s-fly-by-wire-aircraft-technology-safe/|title=Is Flight 447's 'Fly-by-Wire' Aircraft Technology Safe?|date=2009-06-12|publisher=Fox News|access-date=2013-05-29}}</ref><ref name="Ross">{{Citation|last=Ross|first=Nick|title=Air France Flight 447: 'Damn it, we're going to crash'|date=2012-04-28|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/9231855/Air-France-Flight-447-Damn-it-were-going-to-crash.html|quote=It seems surprising that Airbus has conceived a system preventing one pilot from easily assessing the actions of the colleague beside him. And yet that is how their latest generations of aircraft are designed. The reason is that, for the vast majority of the time, side-sticks are superb.|type=article|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> The "dual input" warning will not activate at very low levels if the [[Ground proximity warning system|EGPWS]] activates due to its lower priority compared to EGPWS.<ref>[https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2006/ek-9060502/pdf/ek-9060502.pdf Final Report on the investigation into the accident involving the Armavia A320 near Sochi Airport on 3 May 2006], page 48, Published 12 February 2007</ref> |
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=== Active side-sticks === |
=== Active side-sticks === |
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Latest revision as of 01:19, 23 December 2024
A side-stick or sidestick controller is an aircraft control stick that is located on the side console of the pilot, usually on the righthand side, or outboard on a two-seat flightdeck. Typically this is found in aircraft that are equipped with fly-by-wire control systems.[1]
The throttle controls are typically located to the left of a single pilot or centrally on a two-seat flightdeck. Only one hand is required to operate them; two handed operation is neither possible nor necessary.
Prevalence
[edit]The side-stick is used in many modern military fighter aircraft, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, Mitsubishi F-2, Dassault Rafale, and F-22 Raptor, F-35 Lightning 2, Chengdu J-20, AIDC F-CK 1 Ching-Kuo and also on civil aircraft, such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100, Airbus A320 and all subsequent Airbus aircraft,[2] including the largest passenger jet in service, the Airbus A380.
It is also used in new helicopter models such as the Bell 525.
Compared to centre sticks
[edit]A side-stick arrangement contrasts with the more conventional design where the stick is located in the centre of the cockpit between the pilot's legs, called a "centre stick". A side-stick arrangement allows HOTAS and increases ejection seat safety for the pilot as there is less interference amongst flight controls.[citation needed]
Comparison of passive and active side-sticks
[edit]Passive side-sticks
[edit]In the centre stick design, like traditional airplane yokes, both the pilot's and co-pilot's controls are mechanically connected together so each pilot has a sense of the control inputs of the other.
In typical Airbus aircraft, the side-sticks are passive and move independently from eachother; side-stick does not offer any haptic feedback on what the other pilot is inputting. In Airbus' implementation, input values of both side-sticks are normally added up, except when the "priority takeover button" is held down. In such a scenario, any inputs on the other side-stick will be ignored.[3] Holding this button down for a minimum of 40 seconds will result in the other side-stick being disabled. This can reversed by pressing the button on either side-stick again.
While the inputs are added up, the sum is clamped to the value the maximum possible deflection a single side-stick; but this still means that when both side-stick are deflected 50% in the same direction, the resulting effective input will be that of a fully deflected side-stick, despite neither one being deflected over 50%. In addition, because the inputs are added up, any deflection of the other side-stick in the opposite direction will in effect be subtracted, resulting in the inputs partially cancelling eachother out. In fact, if two inputs have opposite directions but equal magnitudes, the sum will be zero, and thus the flight control surfaces would remain in their current positions.
Detection of more than a single side-stick deflection greater than 2° from neutral without the priority takeover button being held down results in an aural "dual input" warning. Examples of this occurring include the 2009 crash of Air France Flight 447 (an Airbus A330 flying from Rio de Janeiro to Paris), the 2010 crash of Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 an Airbus A330 from flying Johannesburg to Tripoli[4][5] and the 2014 crash of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 (an Airbus A320 flying from Surabaya to Singapore).[6][7] The "dual input" warning will not activate at very low levels if the EGPWS activates due to its lower priority compared to EGPWS.[8]
Active side-sticks
[edit]However a later, significant, development is the 'active' side-stick,[9] which is in the new Gulfstream G500/G600 series business jet aircraft. In this system, movements in one side-stick produce the same actions in the other side-stick and therefore provides valuable feedback to the other pilot. This addresses the earlier criticisms of the 'passive' side-stick. The 'active' side-stick also provides tactile feedback[10] to the pilot during manual flight. In fact the three largest avionics manufacturers, Honeywell, Rockwell Collins and Thales,[11] believe it will become the standard for all new fly-by-wire aircraft. In 2015 Ratier-Figeac as a subsidiary of UTC Aerospace Systems, and supplier of ‘passive’ side-sticks to Airbus since the 1980s[12] became the supplier of ‘active’ side-sticks for the Irkut MC-21.[13] This is the first airliner to use them.
Such an active side-stick can also be used to increase adherence to a safe flight envelope by applying a force feedback when the pilot makes a control input that would bring the aircraft closer to (or beyond) the borders of the safe flight envelope. This reduces the risk of pilots entering dangerous states of flights outside the operational borders while maintaining the pilots' final authority and increasing their situation awareness.[14]
See also
[edit]Accidents
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition, page 463. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1-56027-287-2
- ^ "Fly-by-wire - A CIVIL AVIATION FIRST". Airbus / Innovation / Proven concepts / In design / Fly-by-wire. Airbus. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ Getline, Meryl (2005-11-21), "Ask the captain", USA Today, archived from the original on 2005-11-28
- ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A330-202 5A-ONG Tripoli International Airport (TIP)". aviation-safety.net.
- ^ Page 81 "Conclusions" Final Report of AFRIQIYAH Airways Aircraft, Airbus A330-202, 5A-ONG Crash, Occurred at Tripoli (LIBYA)on 12/05/2010 Published February 2013.
- ^ "Is Flight 447's 'Fly-by-Wire' Aircraft Technology Safe?". Fox News. 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
- ^ Ross, Nick (2012-04-28), "Air France Flight 447: 'Damn it, we're going to crash'", The Daily Telegraph (article),
It seems surprising that Airbus has conceived a system preventing one pilot from easily assessing the actions of the colleague beside him. And yet that is how their latest generations of aircraft are designed. The reason is that, for the vast majority of the time, side-sticks are superb.
- ^ Final Report on the investigation into the accident involving the Armavia A320 near Sochi Airport on 3 May 2006, page 48, Published 12 February 2007
- ^ "Commercial Active Sticks - An Active Role". BAE Systems | International. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
- ^ "BAE Brochure" (PDF).
- ^ Dubois, Thierry (29 June 2015). "Cockpits of the Future". Skies magazine. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sXXx8rgeeE, How Collins Active Control Sidesticks Work – Aviation International News Aug 13, 2019
- ^ https://www.flightglobal.com/mc-21-ushers-active-sidesticks-into-commercial-aircraft-cockpits/116609.article MC-21 ushers active sidesticks into commercial aircraft cockpits By Stephen Trimble 22 April 2015.
- ^ Florian J. J. Schmidt-Skipiol & Peter Hecker (2015). "Tactile Feedback and Situation Awareness-Improving Adherence to an Envelope in Sidestick-Controlled Fly-by-Wire Aircrafts.[sic]". 15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference: 2905. doi:10.2514/6.2015-2905.
External links
[edit]- Formation stick from Popular Science 1945.