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Home construction or residential construction is the process of constructing a house, apartment building, or similar residential building^[1] generally referred to as a 'home' when giving consideration to the people who might now or someday reside there. Beginning with simple pre-historic shelters, home construction techniques have evolved to produce the vast multitude of living accommodations available today. Different levels of wealth and power have warranted various sizes, luxuries, and even defenses in a "home". Environmental considerations and cultural influences have created an immensely diverse collection of architectural styles, creating a wide array of possible structures for homes.

The cost of housing and access to it is often controlled by the modern realty trade, which frequently has a certain level of market force speculation. The level of economic activity in the home-construction section is reported as housing starts, though this is contrarily denominated in terms of distinct habitation units, rather than distinct construction efforts. 'Housing' is also the chosen term in the related concepts of housing tenure, affordable housing, and housing unit (aka dwelling). Four of the primary trades involved in home construction are carpenters, masons, electricians and plumbers, but there are many others as well.

Global access to homes is not consistent around the world, with many economies not providing adequate support for the right to housing. Sustainable Development Goal 11 includes a goal to create "Adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums".^[2] Based on current and expected global population growth, UN habitat projects needing 96,000 new dwelling units built each day to meet global demands.^[3] An important part of housing construction to meet this global demand, is upgrading and retrofitting existing buildings to provide adequate housing.

History

While homes may have originated in pre-history, there are many notable stages through which cultures pass to reach the current level of modernization. Countries and communities throughout the world currently exhibit very diverse concepts of housing, at many different stages of home development.

Finding or buying parts

Two methods for constructing a home can be distinguished: the method in which architects simply assume free choice of materials and parts, and the method in which reclaimed materials are used, and the house is thus during its entire construction a "work in progress" (meaning every single aspect of it is subject to change at any given time, depending on what materials are found).

The second method has been used throughout history, as materials have always been scarce.

In Britain, there is comparatively little demand for innovative homes produced through radically different production methods, materials, and components. Over the years, a combination of trade protectionism and technical-product conservatism all round has also stymied the growth of indigenous producers of housing products such as aluminum cladding and curtain walling, wall tiles, advanced specialist ironmongery, and structural steel.^[4]

Specifications

Civil Site Plans, Architectural Drawings and Specifications comprise the document set needed to construct a new home. Specifications consist of a precise description of the materials to be used in construction. Specifications are typically organized by each trade required to construct a home.

The modern family home has many more systems and facets of construction than one might initially believe. With sufficient study, an average person can understand everything there is to know about any given phase of home construction. The do it yourself (DIY) boom of the late twentieth century was due, in large part, to this fact. And an international proliferation of kitset home and prefabricated home suppliers, often consisting of components of Chinese origin has further increased supply and made DIY home building more prevalent.^[5]

Procedures

The process often starts with a planning stage in which plans are prepared by an architect and approved by the client and any regulatory authority.^[6] Then the site is cleared, foundations are laid and trenches for connection to services such as sewerage, water, and electricity are established. If the house is wooden-framed, a framework is constructed to support the boards, siding and roof. If the house is of brick construction, then courses of bricks are laid to construct the walls. Floors, beams and internal walls are constructed as the building develops, with plumbing and wiring for water and electricity being installed as appropriate. Once the main structure is complete, internal fitting with lights and other fitments is done, Decorate home and furnished with furniture, cupboards, carpets, curtains and other fittings.^[7]^[8]^{[better source needed]}

To avoid running out of money, consider building your house in phases.^[9] This phased approach allows homeowners to prioritize essential components of the house, such as the foundation, structure, and basic utilities, while deferring less critical elements to later phases. It provides the flexibility to pause construction temporarily, if necessary, and resume when funds become available.

Costs

The cost of building a house varies by country widely. According to data from the National Association of Realtors, the median cost of buying an existing single-family house in the United States is $274,600, whereas the average cost to build is $296,652.^[10]^[11]^[when?] Several different factors can impact the cost of building a house, including the size of the dwelling, the location, and availability of resources, the slope of the land, the quality of the fixtures and fittings, and the difficulty in finding construction and building materials talent.^[12] Some of the typical expenses involved in a site cost can be connections to services such as water, sewer, electricity, and gas; fences; retaining walls; site clearance (trees, roots, bushes); site survey; soil tests.^[13]

Phases

External construction

Internal construction

Finishing construction

Home size

According to data from the U.S. Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics found the average floor area of a home in the United States has steadily increased over the past one hundred years, with an estimated 18.5 square foot increase in the average floor area per year. In 1920, the average floor area was 1,048 square feet (97.4 m²), which rose to 1,500 square feet (140 m²) by 1970 and today sits at around 2,261 square feet (210.1 m²).^[14]

Criticism

Some have criticized the housebuilding industry. Mass housebuilders can be risk averse, preferring cost-efficient building methods rather than adopting new technologies for improved building performance.^[15] Traditional vernacular building methods that suit local conditions and climates can be dispensed with in favour of a generic 'cookie-cutter' housing type.^[15]

References

^ Charles James Richardson (1873), House-building, from a cottage to a mansion, G.P. Putnam's Sons
^ "Goal 11 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
^ "Housing | UN-Habitat". unhabitat.org. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
^ Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: a Survey, ISR/Google books, 2019, page 40. ISBN 9780906321560
^ "NZ's framing wars". Stuff.
^ Gordon, Aaron. "Approaching Home Construction". Aaron Gordon Construction Inc. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
^ JoAnn Early Macken (2009), Building a House, Capstone, ISBN 9781429622585
^ "Decorate Home". TrendyHome. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
^ Janet Mutegi. "Building a House in Phases". Construction Kenya. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
^ Carmel, Ford (3 February 2020). "NAHB: COST OF CONSTRUCTING A HOME". admin.nahb.org. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ "Metropolitan Median Area Prices and Affordability". nar.realtor. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ "Recruitement Strategies for Construction Companies". MatchBuilt. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
^ Bryce, Yardney (24 March 2020). "How much, on average, does it cost to build a house in 2020?". propertyupdate.com.au. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ "Highlights of Annual 2020 Characteristics of New Housing". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
^ ^a ^b Arieff, Allison (October 2, 2011). "Shifting the Suburban Paradigm". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-11-03.

[1] Charles James Richardson (1873), House-building, from a cottage to a mansion, G.P. Putnam's Sons

[2] "Goal 11 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 2022-06-15.

[3] "Housing | UN-Habitat". unhabitat.org. Retrieved 2022-06-15.

[4] Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: a Survey, ISR/Google books, 2019, page 40. ISBN 9780906321560

[5] "NZ's framing wars". Stuff.

[6] Gordon, Aaron. "Approaching Home Construction". Aaron Gordon Construction Inc. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.

[7] JoAnn Early Macken (2009), Building a House, Capstone, ISBN 9781429622585

[8] "Decorate Home". TrendyHome. Retrieved 2020-09-23.

[9] Janet Mutegi. "Building a House in Phases". Construction Kenya. Retrieved 20 July 2021.

[10] Carmel, Ford (3 February 2020). "NAHB: COST OF CONSTRUCTING A HOME". admin.nahb.org. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[11] "Metropolitan Median Area Prices and Affordability". nar.realtor. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[12] "Recruitement Strategies for Construction Companies". MatchBuilt. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

[13] Bryce, Yardney (24 March 2020). "How much, on average, does it cost to build a house in 2020?". propertyupdate.com.au. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[14] "Highlights of Annual 2020 Characteristics of New Housing". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-20.

[Suburban_paradigm-15] Arieff, Allison (October 2, 2011). "Shifting the Suburban Paradigm". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-11-03.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
 [[File:New house under construction Pittsfield Township Michigan.JPG|thumb|right|225px|New home construction, [[Pittsfield Township, Michigan]]]]
+[[File:Brighton development 2024 b.jpg|thumb|Units under construction in Brighton, Victoria.]]
 '''Home construction''' or '''residential construction''' is the process of constructing a [[house]], [[apartment]] building, or similar residential [[building]]<ref>{{citation|author=Charles James Richardson|title=House-building, from a cottage to a mansion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5-uPQAACAAJ|year=1873|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons}}</ref> generally referred to as a '[[home]]' when giving consideration to the people who might now or someday reside there. Beginning with simple pre-historic shelters, home construction techniques have evolved to produce the vast multitude of living accommodations available today.  Different levels of wealth and power have warranted various sizes, luxuries, and even defenses in a "home".  Environmental considerations and cultural influences have created an immensely diverse collection of architectural styles, creating a wide array of possible structures for homes.
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 == Procedures ==
 [[File:New-build_Under_Construction.jpg|thumb|right|225px|A new house under construction, [[Wymondham]]]]
-The process often starts with a planning stage in which plans are prepared by an [[architect]] and approved by the client and any regulatory authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agcsf.com/approaching-home-construction/|title=Approaching Home Construction|author=Gordon, Aaron|publisher=Aaron Gordon Construction Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213114529/http://agcsf.com/approaching-home-construction/|archive-date=13 February 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> Then the site is cleared, [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]] are laid and [[trench]]es for connection to services such as [[sewerage]], water, and electricity are established.  If the house is wooden-framed, a framework is constructed to support the boards, siding and roof. If the house is of brick construction, then courses of bricks are laid to construct the walls. Floors, beams and internal walls are constructed as the building develops, with plumbing and wiring for water and electricity being installed as appropriate. Once the main structure is complete, internal fitting with lights and other fitments is done, Decorate home and furnished with furniture, cupboards, carpets, curtains and other fittings.<ref>{{citation|author=JoAnn Early Macken|title=Building a House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xw3FBgoDfDwC&q=Building+a+House|year=2009|isbn=9781429622585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Decorate Home|url=https://trendyhome.ca/decorate-home/|access-date=2020-09-23|website=TrendyHome|language=en-US}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2013}}
+The process often starts with a planning stage in which plans are prepared by an [[architect]] and approved by the client and any regulatory authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agcsf.com/approaching-home-construction/|title=Approaching Home Construction|author=Gordon, Aaron|publisher=Aaron Gordon Construction Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213114529/http://agcsf.com/approaching-home-construction/|archive-date=13 February 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> Then the site is cleared, [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]] are laid and [[trench]]es for connection to services such as [[sewerage]], water, and electricity are established.  If the house is wooden-framed, a framework is constructed to support the boards, siding and roof. If the house is of brick construction, then courses of bricks are laid to construct the walls. Floors, beams and internal walls are constructed as the building develops, with plumbing and wiring for water and electricity being installed as appropriate. Once the main structure is complete, internal fitting with lights and other fitments is done, Decorate home and furnished with furniture, cupboards, carpets, curtains and other fittings.<ref>{{citation|author=JoAnn Early Macken|title=Building a House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xw3FBgoDfDwC&q=Building+a+House|year=2009|publisher=Capstone |isbn=9781429622585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Decorate Home|url=https://trendyhome.ca/decorate-home/|access-date=2020-09-23|website=TrendyHome|language=en-US}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2013}}
 To avoid running out of money, consider building your house in phases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constructionkenya.com/8017/build-house-phases/|title=Building a House in Phases|author=Janet Mutegi|publisher=Construction Kenya|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> This phased approach allows homeowners to prioritize essential components of the house, such as the foundation, structure, and basic utilities, while deferring less critical elements to later phases. It provides the flexibility to pause construction temporarily, if necessary, and resume when funds become available.
 ==Costs==
-The cost of building a house varies by country widely. According to data from the [[National Association of Realtors]], the median cost of buying an existing single-family house in the [[United States]] is $274,600, whereas the average cost to build is $296,652.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://admin.nahb.org/generic.aspx?sectionID=734&genericContentID=271883&channelID=311| title=NAHB: COST OF CONSTRUCTING A HOME|date= 3 February 2020 | author=Carmel, Ford |website=admin.nahb.org|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics/housing-statistics/metropolitan-median-area-prices-and-affordability| title=Metropolitan Median Area Prices and Affordability|website=nar.realtor|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref>
+The cost of building a house varies by country widely. According to data from the [[National Association of Realtors]], the median cost of buying an existing single-family house in the [[United States]] is $274,600, whereas the average cost to build is $296,652.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://admin.nahb.org/generic.aspx?sectionID=734&genericContentID=271883&channelID=311| title=NAHB: COST OF CONSTRUCTING A HOME|date= 3 February 2020 | author=Carmel, Ford |website=admin.nahb.org|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics/housing-statistics/metropolitan-median-area-prices-and-affordability| title=Metropolitan Median Area Prices and Affordability|website=nar.realtor|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref>{{When|date=December 2024}}
 Several different factors can impact the cost of building a house, including the size of the dwelling, the location, and availability of resources, the slope of the land, the quality of the fixtures and fittings, and the difficulty in finding construction and building materials talent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://matchbuilt.com/blog/recruitment-strategies-for-construction-companies/ | title=Recruitement Strategies for Construction Companies|website=MatchBuilt |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>
 Some of the typical expenses involved in a site cost can be connections to services such as water, sewer, electricity, and gas; fences; retaining walls; site clearance (trees, roots, bushes); site survey; soil tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://propertyupdate.com.au/how-much-on-average-does-it-cost-to-build-a-house/| title=How much, on average, does it cost to build a house in 2020?|date= 24 March 2020 | author=Bryce, Yardney |website=propertyupdate.com.au|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 == Criticism ==
 Some have criticized the housebuilding industry. Mass housebuilders can be risk averse, preferring cost-efficient building methods rather than adopting new technologies for improved [[building performance]].<ref name="Suburban paradigm">{{cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/shifting-the-suburban-paradigm/?_r=0|title=Shifting the Suburban Paradigm|last=Arieff|first=Allison|date=October 2, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=2013-11-03}}</ref> Traditional vernacular building methods that suit local conditions and climates can be dispensed with in favour of a generic 'cookie-cutter' housing type.<ref name="Suburban paradigm" />
-== In Vietnam ==
-In [[Vietnam]], the 2020 amended Construction Law regulates the construction of houses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Baker McKenzie-FrederickR |last2=Dang |first2=Chi Lieu |last3=Nguyen |first3=Thanh Hai |date=2020-08-06 |title=Vietnam: Amended Construction Law adopted with more clarity on regulatory compliance in construction projects |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e510c16a-9201-4861-8969-fe0dffff5762 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Lexology |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=phủ |first=Cổng Thông tin điện tử Chính |title=Luật số 62/2020/QH14 của Quốc hội: Luật sửa đổi, bổ sung một số điều của Luật Xây dựng |url=http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=200450&classid=1&typegroupid=3 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=vanban.chinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref> According to this law, housing construction projects must be granted a construction permit,<ref>{{Cite web |last=baochinhphu.vn |date=2022-12-18 |title=Công trình nào phải có giấy phép xây dựng? |url=https://baochinhphu.vn/cong-trinh-nao-phai-co-giay-phep-xay-dung-102221217141702791.htm |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=baochinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VCCorp.vn |date=2024-01-30 |title=Chủ đầu tư không chấp hành quy định xử lý vi phạm |url=https://cafef.vn/chu-dau-tu-khong-chap-hanh-quy-dinh-xu-ly-vi-pham-188240130064741888.chn |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=cafef |language=vi}}</ref> except for cases that are exempt from a construction permit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=baochinhphu.vn |date=2012-04-03 |title=Công trình được miễn giấy phép xây dựng |url=https://baochinhphu.vn/news-102122590.htm |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=baochinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=9 loại công trình xây dựng được miễn giấy phép từ 1/1 |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/9-loai-cong-trinh-xay-dung-duoc-mien-giay-phep-tu-11-702178.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=VietNamNet News |language=vietnamese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VnExpress |title=10 trường hợp được miễn giấy phép xây dựng |url=https://vnexpress.net/10-truong-hop-duoc-mien-giay-phep-xay-dung-4118245.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi}}</ref> The types of construction permits include: new construction permits,<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Quy định mới về cấp phép xây dựng từ năm 2023 |url=https://dichvucong.gov.vn/p/home/dvc-chi-tiet-thu-tuc-hanh-chinh.html?ma_thu_tuc=1.007262 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=dichvucong.gov.vn}}</ref> repair and renovation construction permits,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giấy phép sửa chữa, cải tạo |url=https://dichvucong.gov.vn/p/home/dvc-chi-tiet-thu-tuc-hanh-chinh.html?ma_thu_tuc=1.007266 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=dichvucong.gov.vn}}</ref> relocation construction permits,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cấp giấy phép di dời công trình cho công trình |url=https://dichvucong.ninhbinh.gov.vn/ninhbinh/bothutuc_dvc/chiTietThuTuc?AllThuTuc=0&maThuTuc=30748&thutuc=&numCQ=20&dieuKienMoRong=&maCoQuan=BQLKCN&maLinhVuc=G17XD15&maMucDo=&maCapTT=&tokenCsrf=f25650137e0040a29f6763dbd63cc33b-bc07ad2b6f2c92d01ff2e61f5fd7e7f0 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=dichvucong.ninhbinh.gov.vn}}</ref> and temporary construction permits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=baochinhphu.vn |date=2017-10-28 |title=Cấp phép xây dựng có thời hạn trong trường hợp nào? |url=https://baochinhphu.vn/news-102229241.htm |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=baochinhphu.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoàng |first=Hiếu |date=2021-07-08 |title=Xây nhà trọn gói Bình Dương |url=https://dangphat.vn/cong-ty-xay-nha-tron-goi-uy-tin-chat-luong-tai-binh-duong/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tổng hợp quy định về giấy phép xây dựng {{!}} Trang thông tin Phổ biến giáo dục pháp luật |url=https://pbgdpl.haiphong.gov.vn/Tiep-can-phap-luat/Tong-hop-quy-dinh-ve-giay-phep-xay-dung-116649.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=pbgdpl.haiphong.gov.vn}}</ref> Construction contractors must purchase mandatory professional liability insurance for construction contractors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nhà thầu thi công xây dựng phải mua bảo hiểm cho người lao động thi công trên công trường và bảo hiểm trách nhiệm dân sự đối với bên thứ ba |url=https://tapchitoaan.vn/nha-thau-thi-cong-xay-dung-phai-mua-bao-hiem-cho-nguoi-lao-dong-thi-cong-tren-cong-truong-va-bao-hiem-trach-nhiem-dan-su-doi-voi-ben-thu-ba |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=tapchitoaan.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-16 |title=Nhà thầu thi công xây dựng phải mua bảo hiểm bắt buộc cho người lao động |url=https://baophapluat.vn/bds/post-438080.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Báo Pháp luật Việt Nam điện tử |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quy định về bảo hiểm bắt buộc trong hoạt động đầu tư xây dựng |url=https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/ttncdtbh/pages_r/l/chi-tiet-tin?dDocName=MOF149022 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=mof.gov.vn}}</ref> Buildings in Vietnam must comply with technical standards on [[fire safety]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=hanoimoi.vn |date=2023-07-28 |title=Bộ Xây dựng sửa đổi quy chuẩn về an toàn cháy cho nhà ở và công trình |url=https://hanoimoi.vn/bo-xay-dung-sua-doi-quy-chuan-ve-an-toan-chay-cho-nha-o-va-cong-trinh-636653.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=hanoimoi.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sửa đổi loạt quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về an toàn cháy cho nhà ở và công trình {{!}} Tạp chí Điện tử Luật sư Việt Nam |url=https://lsvn.vn/nhieu-quy-dinh-moi-ve-pccc-co-hieu-luc-tu-thang-12-2023-1701039007.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=lsvn.vn |language=vi}}</ref>
 ==See also==

v t e Construction
Types	Home construction Offshore construction Underground construction Tunnel construction
History	Architecture Construction Structural engineering Timeline of architecture Water supply and sanitation
Professions	Architect Building engineer Building estimator Building officials Chartered Building Surveyor Civil engineer Civil estimator Clerk of works Project manager Quantity surveyor Site manager Structural engineer Superintendent
Trades workers (List)	Banksman Boilermaker Bricklayer Carpenter Concrete finisher Construction foreman Construction worker Electrician Glazier Ironworker Millwright Plasterer Plumber Roofer Steel fixer Welder
Organizations	American Institute of Constructors (AIC) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association (ATAC) Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors (APHC) Build UK Construction History Society Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES) Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE) Civil Engineering Contractors Association (CECA) The Concrete Society Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) FIDIC Home Builders Federation (HBF) Lighting Association National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association (NRC) National Tile Contractors Association (NTCA) Railway Tie Association (RTA) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Scottish Building Federation (SBF) Society of Construction Arbitrators
By country	India Iran Japan Romania Turkey United Kingdom United States
Regulation	Building code Construction law Site safety Zoning
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Engineering	Architectural engineering Building services engineering Civil engineering Coastal engineering Construction engineering Structural engineering Earthquake engineering Environmental engineering Geotechnical engineering
Methods	List Earthbag construction Modern methods of construction Monocrete construction Slip forming
Other topics	Building material List of building materials Millwork Construction bidding Construction delay Construction equipment theft Construction loan Construction management Construction waste Demolition Design–build Design–bid–build DfMA Heavy equipment Interior design Lists of buildings and structures List of tallest buildings and structures Megaproject Megastructure Plasterwork Damp Proofing Parge coat Roughcast Harling Real estate development Stonemasonry Sustainability in construction Unfinished building Urban design Urban planning
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