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Coordinates: 31°32′59″N 74°20′37″E / 31.54972°N 74.34361°E / 31.54972; 74.34361
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{{Short description|Capital of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Short description|Capital of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{About|the city in Pakistan|||{{other uses}}}}
{{About|the city in Punjab, Pakistan|||{{other uses}}}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lahore
| name = Lahore
| official_name =
| official_name =
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|لہور}}}}|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|لاہور}}}}}}
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|لاہور}}}}|{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|لہور}}}}}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center
| image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center
Line 15: Line 16:
| image3 = Lahore_Museum%2C_Lahore.jpg
| image3 = Lahore_Museum%2C_Lahore.jpg
| caption3 = [[Lahore Museum]]
| caption3 = [[Lahore Museum]]
| image4 = Minar_e_Pakistan_night_image.jpg
| image4 = Minar-e-Pakistan by ZILL NIAZI 3.jpg
| caption4 = [[Minar-e-Pakistan]]
| caption4 = [[Minar-e-Pakistan]]
| image5 = Wazir_Khan_Mosque_by_Moiz.jpg
| image5 = Wazir_Khan_Mosque_by_Moiz.jpg
| caption5 = [[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
| caption5 = [[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
| image6 = Government_College_University%2C_Lahore2.jpg
| image6 = Main Entrance of Akbari Sarai.jpg
| caption6 = [[Government College University, Lahore|GCU Lahore]]
| caption6 = [[Akbari Sarai]]
| image7 = Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg
| image7 = Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg
| caption7 = [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]
| caption7 = [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalamar Gardens]]
}}
}}
| image_blank_emblem =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| nickname = ''The Heart of Pakistan'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan|title=Landing in the heart of Pakistan|date=9 August 2015|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015846/https://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Paris of the East'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Paris of the East? Athens of the North? The cities with ideas above their station|first=Oliver|last=Smith|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 June 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''City of Gardens'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|title=The 'City of Lights' vs 'City of Gardens'|date=12 January 2018|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614222147/https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''City of Literature'' (by [[UNESCO]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|title=Unesco confers 'City of Literature' title on Lahore|date=4 February 2021|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831131734/https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|url-status=live}}</ref>
| nickname = ''The Heart of Pakistan'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan |title=Landing in the heart of Pakistan|date=9 August 2015|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015846/https://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Paris of the East'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Paris of the East? Athens of the North? The cities with ideas above their station |first=Oliver|last=Smith|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 June 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''City of Gardens'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|title=The 'City of Lights' vs 'City of Gardens'|date=12 January 2018 |access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614222147/https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''City of Literature'' (by [[UNESCO]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|title=Unesco confers 'City of Literature' title on Lahore |author=Shoaib Ahmed|date=4 February 2021|work=Dawn|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831131734/https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|url-status=live}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = Pakistan Lahore#Pakistan Punjab#Pakistan#Asia
| pushpin_map = Pakistan Lahore#Pakistan Punjab#Pakistan#South Asia
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Pakistan##Location within Punjab
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Lahore##Location within Punjab##Location within Pakistan##Location within South Asia
| coordinates = {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|Punjab, Pakistan}} [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Punjab.svg}} [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]
Line 41: Line 42:
<!-- Seat of government and towns-->
<!-- Seat of government and towns-->
<!-- Area --------------------->| founder =
<!-- Area --------------------->| founder =
| registration_plate = {{Collapsible list
|''{{Hlist|LH|LHA|LHB|LHC|LHD|LHE|LHF|LHG|LHH|LHJ|LHK|LHL|LHP}}''}}
| named_for =
| named_for =
| established_title = Founded
| established_title = [[#Origins|Founded]]
| established_date = Before 7th century AD
| established_date = [[Origins of Lahore|Between 1st and 7th centuries CE]]
| established_title3 = [[Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)|Metropolitan status]]
| established_title2 = City status
| established_date3 = {{Start date and age|3 February 1890}}
| established_date2 = 1040
| established_title1 = [[History of Lahore#Medieval era#Ghaznavid Empire|City status]]
| seat_type = [[Local government in Punjab|Metropolitan Corporation]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1040}}
| seat =
| established_title2 = [[Mughal period in Lahore|Imperial status]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date and age|27 May 1586}}
| seat_type = Metropolitan seat
| seat = [[Lahore Town Hall]]
| parts_type = [[List of zones in Lahore|Zones]]
| parts_type = [[List of zones in Lahore|Zones]]
| parts_style = para<!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
| parts_style = coll
| parts = 10
Default is list of up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->
| p1 = [[Ravi Town|Ravi]]
| parts = 10<!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->
| p2 = [[Shalimar Tehsil|Shalimar]]
<!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes =
| p3 = [[Aziz Bhatti Town|Aziz Bhatti]]
| government_type = Metropolitan corporation
| p4 = [[Data Sahib Zone|Data Gunj Buksh]]
| p5 = [[Gulberg, Lahore|Gulberg]]
| p6 = [[Samanabad Town|Samanabad]]
| p7 = [[Iqbal Town, Lahore|Iqbal]]
| p8 = [[Nishtar Town|Nishtar]]
| p9 = [[Wagah]]
| p10 = [[Lahore Cantonment|Cantonment]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)|Metropolitan corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)#List of Metropolitan Corporations|Lahore Metropolitan Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Lahore|Mayor]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Lahore|Mayor]]
| leader_name = None (Vacant)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721|title=Local govts term ends today|date=31 December 2021|access-date=5 January 2022|work=Dawn (newspaper)|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122250/https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_name = ''None'' (Vacant)<ref>{{cite news|title=Local govts term ends today|date=31 December 2021|work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122250/https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Commissioner]]
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Muhammad Ali Randhawa [[Pakistan Administrative Service|(BPS-20 PAS)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1139624-commissioner-ccpo-discuss-encroachment-removal-strategy|title=Commissioner, CCPO discuss encroachment removal strategy|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|work=The News International (newspaper)}}</ref>
| leader_name2 = Rafia Haider [[Pakistan Administrative Service|(BPS-19 PAS)]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-encroachment Drive To Start On 20th|date=19 December 2023|work=[[UrduPoint]] |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/anti-encroachment-drive-to-start-on-20th-1778567.html |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_title3 = [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Capital City Police Officer]]
| leader_name3 = Bilal Siddiqui Kamyana [[Police Service of Pakistan|(BPS-21 PSP)]]
| leader_name3 = Rafia Haider [[Pakistan Administrative Service|(BPS-19 PAS)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/anti-encroachment-drive-to-start-on-20th-1778567.html|title=Anti-encroachment Drive To Start On 20th
| leader_title4 = [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]]
|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|work=[[UrduPoint]]}}</ref>
| leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of members of the 18th Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|30 members]]}}
| area_footnotes = <ref name="pportal">{{cite web| url=http://www.punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| title=Punjab Portal| publisher=Government of Punjab| access-date=7 July 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625115713/http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| archive-date=25 June 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| [[Sami Ullah Khan]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-145 Lahore-I|PP-145]])
| [[Ghazali Saleem Butt]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-146 Lahore-II|PP-146]])
| [[Muhammad Riaz Malik]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-147 Lahore-III|PP-147]])
| [[Mian Mujtaba Shuja-ur-Rehman|Mujtaba Shuja-ur-Rehman]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-148 Lahore-IV|PP-148]])
| [[Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui]] ([[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]]; [[PP-149 Lahore-V|PP-149]])
| [[Khawaja Imran Nazir]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-150 Lahore-VI|PP-150]])
| [[Sohail Shaukat Butt]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-151 Lahore-VII|PP-151]])
| [[Malik Muhammad Waheed]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-152 Lahore-VIII|PP-152]])
| [[Khawaja Salman Rafique]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-153 Lahore-IX|PP-153]])
| [[Malik Ghulam Habib Awan|Ghulam Habib Awan]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-154 Lahore-X|PP-154]])
| [[Imtiaz Mehmood]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-155 Lahore-XI|PP-155]])
| [[Ali Imtiaz|Ali Imtiaz Warraich]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-156 Lahore-XII|PP-156]])
| [[Hafiz Farhat Abbas]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-157 Lahore-XIII|PP-157]])
| [[Chaudhary Muhammad Nawaz Ladhar|Muhammad Nawaz Ladhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-158 Lahore-XIV|PP-158]])
| [[Maryam Nawaz|Maryam Nawaz Sharif]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-159 Lahore-XV|PP-159]])
| [[Malik Asad Ali Khokhar|Asad Ali Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-160 Lahore-XVI|PP-160]])
| [[Farrukh Javaid]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-161 Lahore-XVII|PP-161]])
| [[Shahbaz Ali Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-162 Lahore-XVIII|PP-162]])
| [[Imran Javed]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-163 Lahore-XIX|PP-163]])
| [[Rana Rashid Minhas]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-164 Lahore-XX|PP-164]])
| [[Ahmer Rasheed Bhatti]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-165 Lahore-XXI|PP-165]])
| [[Muhammad Anas Mehmood]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-166 Lahore-XXII|PP-166]])
| [[Irfan Shafi Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-167 Lahore-XXIII|PP-167]])
| [[Faisal Ayub Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-168 Lahore-XXIV|PP-168]])
| [[Malik Khalid Pervaz Khokhar|Khalid Pervaz Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-169 Lahore-XXV|PP-169]])
| [[Mian Muhammad Haroon Akbar|Muhammad Haroon Akbar]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-170 Lahore-XXVI|PP-170]])
| [[Mian Aslam Iqbal|Muhammad Aslam Iqbal]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-171 Lahore-XXVII|PP-171]])
| [[Misbah Wajid]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-172 Lahore-XXVIII|PP-172]])
| [[Mian Marghoob Ahmad]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-173 Lahore-XXIX|PP-173]])
| [[Bilal Yasin]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-174 Lahore-XXX|PP-174]])
}}
| area_footnotes = <ref name="pportal">{{cite web| url=http://www.punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| title=Punjab Portal| publisher=Government of Punjab| access-date=7 July 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625115713/http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 1,772
| area_metro_km2 = 1,772
<!-- Elevation -------------------------->| elevation_max_footnotes = {{efn|The highest point in Lahore is the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]]<ref name="topographic-map">{{Cite web |title=Lahore topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-c3wz4/Lahore/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>}}
<!-- Elevation -------------------------->| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name="topographic-map"/>
| elevation_m = 217
| elevation_max_m = 231
| elevation_min_m = 196
<!-- Population ----------------------->| population_total = 13,004,135
<!-- Population ----------------------->| population_total = 13,004,135
| population_as_of = [[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023 census]]
| population_as_of = {{nobold|[[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023]]}}
| population_rank = {{ubl | [[List of largest cities in Pakistan|2nd (Pakistan)]] | [[List of cities proper by population|26th (world)]]}}
| population_rank = {{ubl | [[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population|1st (Punjab)]] | [[List of largest cities in Pakistan|2nd (Pakistan)]]|[[List of cities proper by population|26th (world)]]}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date = 24 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date = 24 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 7,339
| population_density_metro_km2 = 7,339
| population_blank2_title = Language(s)
| population_blank1_title = [[Languages in Pakistan|Language(s)]]
| population_blank2 = {{Ubl | [[Urdu]] | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
| population_blank1 = {{ubl|'''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''' (native & majority)|[[Urdu]] (official & minority)|[[English language|English]] (official)}}
| population_blank2_title = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Dialect]]
| population_demonym = Lahori,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|title=A Lahori for life|date=12 December 2021|access-date=6 January 2022|work=The News International (newspaper)|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010126/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahorite
| population_blank2 = [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (native & dominant)
| population_demonym = ''General'': Lahori{{efn|In [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the demonyms are used as:
*''Lahorī'' ({{nq|لہوری}}) – general (both singular and plural) and gender-neutral
*''Lahorīyā'' ({{nq|لہوریہ}}) – singular and masculine
*''Lahorīye'' ({{nq|لہوریے}}) – plural and masculine
*''Lahoran'' ({{nq|لہورن}}) – general (both singular and plural) and feminine<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|title=A Lahori for life|date=12 December 2021|access-date=6 January 2022|work=The News International (newspaper)|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010126/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br/>''[[English language|English]]'': Lahorite
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type2 = Religion {{nobold|([[2017 Pakistani census|2017]])}}
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in Lahore|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 94.7% [[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]]
| 5.14% [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]
| 0.12% [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Ahmadiyya]]
| 0.02% [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]]
| 0.01% [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhism]]
| 0.01% [[Religion in Pakistan|other]]
}}
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
<!-- Commented out because --------------->| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP)]]
<!-- source does not provide explicit GDP number --------------->| blank_info_sec1 = $84&nbsp;billion (2019)<ref name="thebusinessyear.com">{{cite web |title=Pakistan: 4 Top Cities |publisher=The Business Year |date=2020-10-16 |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120144202/https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="finance.gov.pk">{{Cite web |title=[Home page] |publisher=Finance Division &#124; Government of Pakistan |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/ |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=www.finance.gov.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306072840/http://www.finance.gov.pk/|archive-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|LHE]])
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lahore Metrobus]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Law enforcement in Pakistan#Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)|Police]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Capital City Police Lahore]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Development Authority
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Lahore Development Authority]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank5_info_sec1 = 0.877<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusive growth and human development |url=https://www.undp.org/pakistan/inclusive-growth-and-human-development#:~:text=The%20HDI%20of%200.877%20for,the%20Very%20High%20Development%20Category. |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> (<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>) · [[List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index|3rd]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = Growth
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 3.06%
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in Pakistan|Literacy]] {{nobold|([[2017 Pakistani census|2017]])}}
| blank7_info_sec1 = 73%
<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->
| blank_name_sec2 = Constituencies in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
| blank_info_sec2 = {{Composition bar|14|336|hex=#000}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|([[2017 Pakistani census|2017]])}}
| blank1_info_sec2 = 912 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[males|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[BSh]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = Abbreviation
| blank3_info_sec2 = LHR/ایل ایچ آر
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Patron saint]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[Ali al-Hujwiri]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-11 |title=LAHORE: The patron saint of Lahore |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/393313/lahore-the-patron-saint-of-lahore |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Pakistan|Postal code]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Pakistan|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 54000
| postal_code = 53XXX – 55XXX
| area_code = 042<ref>{{cite web
| area_code = 042<ref>{{cite web
|title = National Dialing Codes
|title = National Dialing Codes
|url = http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125
|url = http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125
|publisher = [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]]
|publisher = [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]]
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}}</ref>
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Dialling codes in Pakistan|Dialing code]]
| area_code_type = [[Dialling codes in Pakistan|Dialing code]]
<!-- Commented out because --------------->| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP/PPP]]
<!-- source does not provide explicitt GDP number --------------->| blank_info_sec1 = $84&nbsp;billion (2019)<ref name="thebusinessyear.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |title=Pakistan: 4 Top Cities |publisher=The Business Year |date=2020-10-16 |accessdate=2021-11-25 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120144202/https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="finance.gov.pk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/|title=&#124; Finance Division &#124; Government of Pakistan &#124;|website=www.finance.gov.pk|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306072840/http://www.finance.gov.pk/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank2_name = &nbsp;- Per capita
| blank2_info = $7,550
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Lahore|Deputy Mayors]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Lahore|Deputy Mayors]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mayor of Lahore|9 Zonal Mayors]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mayor of Lahore|9 Zonal Mayors]]
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| utc_offset_DST =
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| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = [[List of cultural heritage sites in Lahore|Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(ii)(iii)}}(i)(ii)(iii)
| ID = 171-002
| year = 1981
| extension = 2009
| area = {{convert|36|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
}}
| website = {{URL|lahore.punjab.gov.pk}}
| website = {{URL|lahore.punjab.gov.pk}}
| mapsize = 230px
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| image_seal = Seal of Lahore.SVG
| image_seal = Seal of Lahore.SVG
| seal_size = 120px
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| area_rank = [[List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan|2nd]]
| area_rank = {{ubl|[[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by area|1st (Punjab)]]|[[List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan|2nd (Pakistan)]]}}
| leader_title4 = Capital City Police Officer(CCPO)
| leader_name4 = Bilal Siddiqui Kamyana [[Police Service of Pakistan|(BPS-21 PSP)]]
}}
}}
'''Lahore''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|h|ɔr}} {{respell|lə|HOR}}; {{lang-pnb|{{nq|لہور}}}} {{IPA-pa|ləˈɦɔːɾ|}}; {{lang-ur|{{nq|لاہور}}}} {{IPA-ur|laːˈɦɔːɾ||LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-لاہور.wav}}) is the capital and largest city of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. It is the [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|second largest]] city in [[Pakistan]], after [[Karachi]], and 26th [[List of largest cities|largest in the world]], with a population of over 13 million.<ref name="2023 Census" /> It is located in the north-eastern region of Punjab, along the [[River Ravi]]. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial and economic hubs.<ref name="thebusinessyear.com" /><ref name="finance.gov.pk" /> It has been the historic capital and cultural centre of the wider [[Punjab region]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|date=22 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-date=29 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=16 September 2011|title=History }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries|last1=Shelley|first1=Fred|date=16 December 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-506-0|page=356|quote=Lahore is the historic center of the Punjab region of the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent}}</ref><ref name="Luther1990">{{cite book|author=Usha Masson Luther|title=Historical Routes of North West Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D.: Network Analysis Through DCNC-micro Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQAsAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sagar Publications}}</ref> and is one of Pakistan's most [[Social liberalism|socially liberal]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKb9cFFu1xAC&pg=PA209|title=Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67031-9|quote="Lahore, perhaps Pakistan's most liberal city..."|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> [[Progressivism|progressive]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=The Taliban once ruled Pakistan's Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.|last=Craig|first=Tim|date=9 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=11 February 2018|issn=0190-8286|quote="We now want to dress like the people of Punjab," said Abid Ibrahim, 19, referring to the eastern province that includes Lahore, often referred to as Pakistan's most progressive city.|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124151103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|title=Lahore attack: Pakistan PM Sharif demands swift action on terror|date=28 March 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|work=BBC|quote=Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years.|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216102726/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|url-status=live}}</ref>


'''Lahore''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|h|ɔr}} {{respell|lə|HOR}}; {{langx|pnb|{{nq|لہور}}}} {{IPA-pa|lɔː˩˥ɾ|}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|لاہور}}}} {{IPA-ur|laːˈɦɔːɾ||LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-لاہور.wav}}) is the capital and largest city of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. It is the [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|second largest]] city in [[Pakistan]], after [[Karachi]], and 26th [[List of largest cities|largest in the world]], with a population of over 14 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore, Pakistan Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/22046/lahore/population |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>. Located in central-eastern Punjab, along the [[River Ravi]], it is the largest [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-speaking]] city in the world. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial, educational and economic hubs.<ref name="thebusinessyear.com" /><ref name="finance.gov.pk" /> It has been the historic capital and cultural center of the wider [[Punjab region]],<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2008 |url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-date=29 December 2008|access-date=16 September 2011|title=History }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries|last1=Shelley |first1=Fred|date=16 December 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-506-0 |page=356|quote=Lahore is the historic center of the Punjab region of the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent}}</ref><ref name="Luther1990">{{cite book|author=Usha Masson Luther|title=Historical Routes of North West Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D.: Network Analysis Through DCNC-micro Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQAsAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sagar Publications}}</ref> and is one of Pakistan's most [[Social liberalism|socially liberal]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKb9cFFu1xAC&pg=PA209|title=Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't|date=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67031-9|quote="Lahore, perhaps Pakistan's most liberal city..."|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> [[Progressivism|progressive]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=The Taliban once ruled Pakistan's Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.|last=Craig|first=Tim|date=9 May 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=11 February 2018|issn=0190-8286|quote="We now want to dress like the people of Punjab," said Abid Ibrahim, 19, referring to the eastern province that includes Lahore, often referred to as Pakistan's most progressive city.|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124151103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|title=Lahore attack: Pakistan PM Sharif demands swift action on terror|date=28 March 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|work=BBC|quote=Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years.|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216102726/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|url-status=live}}</ref>
Lahore's origin dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two millennia, although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1066357|title=DAWN - Features; 22 August, 2004|date=22 August 2004|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306034504/https://www.dawn.com/news/1066357|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore was the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including the [[Hindu Shahi]]s, [[Ghaznavids]] and [[Delhi Sultanate]]. It reached the height of its splendor under the [[Mughal Empire]] between the late 16th and early 18th centuries and also served as its capital city for many years. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the [[medieval era|medieval world]].<ref name="Dyson">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025722/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|The city was captured]] by the forces of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] ruler [[Nader Shah]] in 1739. Although the Mughal authority was re-established, it fell into a period of decay while being contested among the Afghans and the Sikhs between 1748 and 1798. Lahore eventually became the capital of the [[Sikh Empire]] in the early 19th century, regaining some of its lost grandeur.<ref name="modern" /> Lahore was annexed to the [[British Raj]] in 1849 and became the capital of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan/|title=Rising Lahore and reviving Pakistan – The Express Tribune|date=21 July 2013|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510222233/https://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the [[Purna Swaraj|Declaration of Indian Independence]] and the [[Lahore Resolution|resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan]]. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the [[Partition of British India|Partition]] period preceding Pakistan's independence.<ref name="Yong" /> Following the success of the [[Pakistan Movement]] and the subsequent partition of British India in 1947, Lahore was declared the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.


[[Origins of Lahore|Lahore's origin]] dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two [[millennia]], although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century with the establishment of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], its fortified interior.<ref name=antiquity>{{Cite web |author=Majid Sheikh|title=The 'shroud' over Lahore's antiquity |work=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1066357 |date=22 August 2004 |access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306034504/https://www.dawn.com/news/1066357|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore served as the capital of several states and empires during the medieval era, including the [[Hindu Shahi]]s, [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and [[Delhi Sultanate]]. It succeeded [[Multan]] as the primary cultural centre of Punjab in the [[History of Punjab#Medieval Punjab (c. 500 AD – 1526 AD)|late-medieval era]], reaching the height of its splendor under the [[Mughal Empire]] between the late 16th and early 18th centuries and also serving as its capital city between 1586 and 1598. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world.<ref name="Dyson">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025722/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Lahore exerts a strong cultural influence over Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.chicagosistercities.com/events/discover-lahore-heart-pakistan/&ved=2ahUKEwj3kLbEjIT-AhW8gP0HHY-lDdA4FBAWegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw37ICJtUROHuuKwtCvm3iLm Discover Lahore: The Heart of Pakistan]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Chicago Sister Cities International''</ref> A UNESCO [[City of Literature]] and major center for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education in [[Pakistan]],<ref name="Leading News Resource of Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |work=Daily Times |date=4 March 2005 |access-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212140647/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination|title=Lahore's domination|last=Zaidi|first=S. Akbar|date=15 October 2012|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172316/https://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination|url-status=live}}</ref> For many years, Lahore was home to Pakistan's film industry, [[Lollywood]], though in recent years most filming has shifted to [[Karachi]]. Lahore is a major centre of [[Qawwali|''Qawwali'' music]].<ref name="Windsor all">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|title=Out of the rubble|last=Windsor|first=Antonia|date=22 November 2006|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=27 March 2010|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105083416/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts much of [[Tourism in Pakistan|Pakistan's tourist industry]],<ref name="Windsor all" /><ref name="Planet">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore/introduction|title=Lahore, Pakistan|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120174039/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore|url-status=dead}}</ref> with major attractions including the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], the famous [[Badshahi Mosque|Badshahi]] and [[Wazir Khan Mosque|Wazir Khan]] mosques, as well as several [[Sikh]] and [[Sufi]] shrines. Lahore is also home to the [[Lahore Fort]] and [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], both of which are [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="Planet" />

[[Nader Shah's invasion of India|The city was captured and looted]] by the forces of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Persian Afsharid]] ruler [[Nader Shah]] in 1739. Although Mughal authority was briefly re-established, it fell into a period of decline with nominal control of the [[Adina Beg Khan|Nawab of Punjab]]; while raids and military invasions by the [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Durrani Afghans]] and [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] into Punjab intensified. After the official end of Mughal rule and [[Afghan–Maratha War]], Lahore transitioned from imperial rule to local governance under a [[History of Lahore#Sikhs Misls|Punjabi triumvirate]], while territories in the rest of Punjab were being heavily contested among the Afghans and local [[History of Punjab#Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)|Punjabi states]] from [[Afghan-Sikh Wars|1748 onwards]]. The city was captured by the [[Sukerchakia Misl]], based in [[Gujranwala]], under [[Ranjit Singh]] in July 1799, which initiated the process of [[Afghan-Sikh Wars#Campaigns of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|Afghan retreat from Punjab]] and a [[History of Punjab#Punjabi Unification|Punjabi unification]]. In 1801, Ranjit Singh was crowned the [[List of monarchs of Punjab|''Maharaja'' of Punjab]], thus Lahore became the capital of a unified Punjab under the [[Sikh Empire]], regaining some of its lost grandeur.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}

In the aftermath of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]], Punjab was annexed by the [[East India Company]] in 1849 and Lahore became the capital of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan/ |title=Rising Lahore and reviving Pakistan |date=21 July 2013 |website=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510222233/https://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the [[Purna Swaraj|Declaration of Indian Independence]] and the [[Lahore Resolution|resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan]]. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the [[Partition of India#Punjab|partition]] period, preceding Pakistan's independence.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Following the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, Lahore served as the capital of [[West Punjab]] from 1947 to 1955, and of [[West Pakistan]] from 1955 to 1970.

Primarily inhabited by ethnic [[Punjabis]], Lahore exerts a strong cultural and political influence over Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.chicagosistercities.com/events/discover-lahore-heart-pakistan/&ved=2ahUKEwj3kLbEjIT-AhW8gP0HHY-lDdA4FBAWegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw37ICJtUROHuuKwtCvm3iLm Discover Lahore: The Heart of Pakistan]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Chicago Sister Cities International''</ref> A UNESCO [[City of Literature]] and major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education sector,<ref name=2005_pg7_15>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |title=Lahore book fair opens to rave reviews |work=Daily Times |author=Shoaib Ahmed |date=4 March 2005 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212140647/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination |title=Lahore's domination|author=S. Akbar Zaidi|date=15 October 2012|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172316/https://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore is home to Pakistan's [[Lollywood|Punjabi film industry]], and is a major centre of [[Qawwali|''Qawwali'' music]].<ref name="Windsor all">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|title=Out of the rubble|last=Windsor|first=Antonia|date=22 November 2006|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105083416/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts much of [[Tourism in Pakistan|Pakistan's tourist industry]],<ref name="Windsor all" /><ref name="Planet">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore/introduction|title=Lahore, Pakistan|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120174039/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore|url-status=dead}}</ref> with major attractions including the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], the famous [[Badshahi Mosque|Badshahi]] and [[Wazir Khan Mosque|Wazir Khan]] mosques, as well as several [[Sikh]] and [[Sufi]] shrines. Lahore is also home to the [[Lahore Fort]] and [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], both of which are [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="Planet" />


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
{{Main|Etymology of Lahore|}}
{{Main|Etymology of Lahore|}}


The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as ''Luhawar'', ''Lūhār'', and ''Rahwar''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities: With an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs, &c|date=1892|publisher=Printed at the New Imperial Press}}</ref> The [[Iran]]ian [[polymath]] and [[geographer]], [[Al-Biruni|Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni]], referred to the city as ''Luhāwar'' in his 11th century work, ''Qanun,''<ref name=":12" /> while the poet [[Amir Khusrow]], who lived during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period, recorded the city's name as ''Lāhanūr''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Suvorova|first=Anna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cI1_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries|date=22 July 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134370059}}</ref> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] records the city's name as ''Lawhūr'', mentioning that it was famously known as ''Lahāwar''.<ref>{{cite web|last=al-Hamawi|first=Yaqut|title=Mu'jam al-Buldan|url=http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231217/http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53|url-status=live}}</ref> Persian historian [[Firishta]] mentions the city as ''Alahwar'' in his work, with ''al-Ahwar'' being another variation.<ref name="briggs">Briggs, J. trans. [[Firishta|Mohammad Kasim Firishta]], "History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India Till the Year A.D. 1612", Volume VI</ref><ref>Wink 2002, p. 121.</ref>
The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as ''Luhawar'', ''Lūhār'', and ''Rahwar''.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=5}} The [[Iran]]ian [[polymath]] and [[geographer]], [[Al-Biruni|Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni]], referred to the city as ''Luhāwar'' in his 11th century work, ''Qanun'',{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=5}} while the poet [[Amir Khusrow]], who lived during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period, recorded the city's name as ''Lāhanūr''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Suvorova|first=Anna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cI1_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries|date=22 July 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1134370059}}</ref> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] records the city's name as ''Lawhūr'', mentioning that it was famously known as ''Lahāwar''.<ref>{{cite web|last=al-Hamawi|first=Yaqut|title=Mu'jam al-Buldan |url=http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231217/http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53 |archive-date=2 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Persian historian [[Firishta]] mentions the city as ''Alahwar'' in his work, with ''al-Ahwar'' being another variation.<ref name="briggs">Briggs, J. trans. [[Firishta|Mohammad Kasim Firishta]], "History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India Till the Year A.D. 1612", Volume VI</ref>{{sfnp|Wink|2002a|p=121}}


One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word ''Ravāwar,'' as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sdgrE8pn-cC&q=iravatyawar|title=Journal of Central Asia|date=1978|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University}}</ref> ''Ravāwar'' is the simplified pronunciation of the name ''Iravatyāwar,'' a name possibly derived from the [[Ravi River]], known as the Iravati River in the ''[[Vedas]]''.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Boltz|first1=William G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-hJB2279EAC&pg=PA136|title=Studies in the Historical Phonology of Asian Languages|last2=Shapiro|first2=Michael C.|date=1 January 1991|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9027235740}}</ref> Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word ''Lohar'', meaning "blacksmith".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfhwAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+blacksmith+etymology|title=Journal of Asian Civilisations|date=2001|publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations}}</ref>
One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word ''Ravāwar,'' as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sdgrE8pn-cC&q=iravatyawar |title=Journal of Central Asia |date=1978|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University}}</ref> ''Ravāwar'' is the simplified pronunciation of the name ''Iravatyāwar,'' a name possibly derived from the [[Ravi River]], known as the Iravati River in the ''[[Vedas]]''.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Boltz|first1=William G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-hJB2279EAC&pg=PA136 |title=Studies in the Historical Phonology of Asian Languages |last2=Shapiro|first2=Michael C.|date=1991|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9027235740}}</ref> Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word ''Lohar'', meaning "blacksmith".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Journal of Asian Civilisations|date=2001|publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfhwAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+blacksmith+etymology}}</ref>


According to a legend,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA131 |title=Gazetteer of the Ferozpur District: 1883 |date=1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Haroon Khalid |title=How old is Lahore? The clues lie in a blend of historical fact and expedient legend |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665/ |quote=A legend subsequently grew that connected the history of the city with Valmiki's Ramayana. According to this narrative, Valmiki lived on a mound on the banks of the Ravi when he hosted Ram's consort Sita after she was banished from Ayodhya. It is here that she gave birth Lav and Kush, the princes of Ayodhya, who later founded the twin cities of Lahore and Kasur. |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101120014/https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahore's name derives from ''Lavpur'' or ''Lavapuri'' ("City of ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]''"),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAS2AAAAIAAJ&q=Lahore+Lavapuri |title=Annual bibliography of Indian history and Indology, Volume 4 |publisher=Bombay Historical Society |year=1946 |page=257 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,<ref>{{cite book |last=Baqir |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pAcAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+Lava |title=Lahore, past and present |publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp |year=1985 |pages=19–20 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> the son of [[Sita]] and [[Rama]]. The same account attributes the founding of nearby [[Kasur]] to his twin brother [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kasur+Kusha |title=Punjab: land, history, people |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |year=2005 |isbn=9789695032831 |page=111 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> though it was actually established in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=kasur+pashtun |title=Punjab: Land, History, People |year=2005 |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |isbn=9789695034347}}</ref>
According to a legend,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA131 |title=Gazetteer of the Ferozpur District: 1883 |date=1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Haroon Khalid |date=31 December 2018 |title=How old is Lahore? The clues lie in a blend of historical fact and expedient legend |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665/ |quote=A legend subsequently grew that connected the history of the city with Valmiki's Ramayana. According to this narrative, Valmiki lived on a mound on the banks of the Ravi when he hosted Ram's consort Sita after she was banished from Ayodhya. It is here that she gave birth Lav and Kush, the princes of Ayodhya, who later founded the twin cities of Lahore and Kasur. |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101120014/https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's name derives from ''Lavpur'' or ''Lavapuri'' (City of ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAS2AAAAIAAJ&q=Lahore+Lavapuri |title=Annual bibliography of Indian history and Indology, Volume 4 |publisher=Bombay Historical Society |year=1946 |page=257 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,<ref>{{cite book |last=Baqir |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pAcAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+Lava |title=Lahore, past and present |publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp |year=1985 |pages=19–20 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> the son of [[Sita]] and [[Rama]]. The same account attributes the founding of nearby [[Kasur]] to his twin brother [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kasur+Kusha |title=Punjab: land, history, people |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |year=2005 |isbn=9789695032831 |page=111 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> though it was actually established in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=kasur+pashtun |title=Punjab: Land, History, People |year=2005 |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |isbn=9789695034347}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|History of Lahore}}{{Quote box
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = [[Taank Kingdom]] 550–950<br/>[[Hindu Shahis]] 1001–1020<br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Ghaznavids Empire.png}} [[Ghaznavid Empire]] 1020–1186<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of the Delhi Sultanate.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1186–1223<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Khwarazmia.svg}} [[Khwarazmian Empire]] 1223–1228<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of the Delhi Sultanate.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1228–1241<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of The Mongol Empire 3.png}} [[Mongol Empire]] 1241– 1266<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of the Delhi Sultanate.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1266–1287<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of The Mongol Empire 3.png}} [[Mongol Empire]] 1287–1305<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of the Delhi Sultanate.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1320–1325<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Chagatai Khanate.svg}} [[Chagatai Khanate]] 1329<br/>[[Khokhar | Khokars]] 1394–1398<br/>{{flagicon image| Timurid Empire flag.svg}} [[Timurid Empire]] 1398–1414<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of the Delhi Sultanate.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1414–1524<br/>{{flagicon image| Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire (3).svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1524–1540<br/>[[Suri Empire]] 1540–1550<br/> {{flagicon image| Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire (3).svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1550–1739<br/> {{flagicon image| Imperial Flag of Nader Shah (1st Series) - No. 2.svg}} [[Afsharid Empire]] 1739 <br/> {{flagicon image| Durrani Emirate Flag.png}} [[Durrani Empire]] 1748–1758 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Maratha Empire.png}} [[Maratha Empire]] 1758–1759 <br/> {{flagicon image| Durrani Emirate Flag.png}} [[Durrani Empire]] 1759–1765 <br/>[[Sikh Misls]] 1767–1799 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Sikh Empire.png}} [[Sikh Empire]] 1799–1846 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[British East India Company]] 1846–1858 <br/> {{flagicon image| British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} {{flagicon image| Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg}}[[British Raj]] / [[British Empire]] 1858–1947 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan]] 1947– present
| quote = [[Taank Kingdom]] 550–950<br/>[[Hindu Shahis]] 1001–1020<br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Ghaznavids Empire.png}} [[Ghaznavid Empire]] 1020–1186<br/>{{flagicon image|Ghurid.Empire.png}} [[Ghurid Empire]] 1186–1206<br>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1206–1214<br/>[[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha|Multan State]] 1214–1217<br>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1217–1223<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Khwarazmia.svg}} [[Khwarazmian Empire]] 1223–1228<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1228–1241<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of The Mongol Empire 3.png}} [[Mongol Empire]] 1241– 1266<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1266–1287<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of The Mongol Empire 3.png}} [[Mongol Empire]] 1287–1305<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1305–1329<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Chagatai Khanate.svg}} [[Chagatai Khanate]] 1329<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1329–1342<br/>[[Khokhar|Khokhars]] 1342<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1342–1394<br>[[Khokhar|Khokhars]] 1394–1398<br/>{{flagicon image| Timurid Empire flag.svg}} [[Timurid Empire]] 1398–1414<br/>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1414–1431<br/>[[Khokhar|Khokhars]] 1431–1432<br>{{flagicon image| Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1432–1524<br/>{{flagicon image| Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1524–1540<br/>[[Sur Empire]] 1540–1550<br/> {{flagicon image| Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1550–1739<br/> {{flagicon image| Imperial Flag of Nader Shah (1st Series) - No. 2.svg}} [[Afsharid Empire]] 1739<br>{{flagicon image| Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire (3).svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1739–1748 <br/> {{flagicon image| Durrani Emirate Flag.png}} [[Durrani Empire]] 1748–1758 <br> [[Adina Beg|Nawab of Punjab]] 1758 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Maratha Empire.png}} [[Maratha Empire]] 1758–1759 <br/> {{flagicon image| Durrani Emirate Flag.png}} [[Durrani Empire]] 1759–1765 <br> [[File:Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|20px]] [[Bhangi Misl]] & [[Kanhaiya Misl]] 1765–1799 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Sikh Empire.png}} [[Sikh Empire]] 1799–1849 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[British East India Company]] 1849–1858 <br/> {{flagicon image| British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} {{flagicon image| Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg}}[[British Raj]] / [[British Empire]] 1858–1947 <br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan]] 1947– present
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{{Main|History of Lahore}}
{{For timeline}}


=== Origins ===
=== Origins ===
{{Main|Origins of Lahore}}
{{Main|Origins of Lahore}}


No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of the [[Suryavansha|Solar dynasty]], migrated out from the city.<ref name="Neville, p.xii">Neville, p.xii</ref>
No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of the [[Suryavansha|Solar dynasty]], migrated out from the city.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xii}}


[[Alexander the Great]]'s historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA352|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities: With an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs, &c|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|date=1892|publisher=Printed at the New Imperial Press}}</ref> [[Ptolemy]] mentions in his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' a city called ''Labokla'' situated near the [[Chenab]] and [[Ravi river]]s which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Umpherston Aitchison|title=Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule|year=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788177551730|page=54}}</ref> Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he visited the region in 630 CE during his tour of India.<ref name=bosworth/> Xuanzang described the city, then under [[Taank Kingdom|Taank]] rule, as a great [[Brahmin]] city.
[[Alexander the Great]]'s historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=352}} [[Ptolemy]] mentions in his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' a city called ''Labokla'' situated near the [[Chenab]] and [[Ravi river]]s which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Umpherston Aitchison|title=Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing |isbn=9788177551730|page=54}}</ref> Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he visited the region in 630 CE during his tour of India.<ref name=bosworth/> Xuanzang described the city, then under [[Taank Kingdom|Taank]] rule, as a great [[Brahmin]] city.


The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |title=Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. |last=Unknown author from Jōzjān |translator=V. Minorsky |year=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015541/http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".<ref>Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries By André Wink</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/22/fea.htm |title=Dawn Pakistan – The 'shroud' over Lahore's antiquity |work=Dawn |date=22 August 2004 |location=Pakistan |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=29 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029004550/http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/22/fea.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |title=Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. |translator=V. Minorsky |year=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015541/http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".<ref name=antiquity/>{{sfnp|Wink|2002b|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era of [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Ali Hujwiri|Ali al-Hajvery]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amjad |first=Yaḥyá |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P60yAAAAIAAJ&q=tarikh+i+pakistan+yahya |title=Tārīḵẖ-i Pākistān: qadīm daur : zamānah-yi mā qabl az tārīḵẖ : Pākistān kī sarzamīn par āj se paune do kaṛoṛ sāl pahle... |date=1989 |publisher=Sang-i Mīl Pablīkeshanz |language=ur}}</ref> Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja [[Anandapala]] of the [[Hindu Shahi|Üdi Shahi]] empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.<ref>Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries By André Wink PAGE 235</ref><ref name=bosworth/>
Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era of [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Ali Hujwiri|Ali al-Hajvery]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amjad |first=Yaḥyá |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P60yAAAAIAAJ&q=tarikh+i+pakistan+yahya |title=Tārīḵẖ-i Pākistān: qadīm daur : zamānah-yi mā qabl az tārīḵẖ : Pākistān kī sarzamīn par āj se paune do kaṛoṛ sāl pahle... |date=1989 |publisher=Sang-i Mīl Pablīkeshanz |language=ur}}</ref> Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja [[Anandapala]] of the [[Hindu Shahi|Üdi Shahi]] empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.<ref name=bosworth/>{{sfnp|Wink|2002b|p=235}}


===Medieval era===
===Medieval era===
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[[File:Data Durbar as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|The [[Data Darbar]] shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate saint [[Ali Hujwiri]], who lived in the city during 11th century.]]
[[File:Data Durbar as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|The [[Data Darbar]] shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate saint [[Ali Hujwiri]], who lived in the city during 11th century.]]


Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire.<ref name=bosworth/> He appointed [[Malik Ayaz]] as its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of [[Multan]]. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 106.|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|url-status=live}}</ref>
Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire.<ref name=bosworth/> He appointed [[Malik Ayaz]] as its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of [[Multan]]. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=106 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif |url-status=live}}</ref>


With the support of Sultan [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]], Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one.<ref name="Petersen1996">{{cite book|author=Andrew Petersen|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-06084-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/159 159]}}</ref> A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule.<ref name=bosworth>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9047423836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for [[poetry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |title=.GC University Lahore |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908173139/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |archive-date= 8 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996">{{cite book|author1=James L. Wescoat|author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn|title=Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=978-0-88402-235-0|page=149}}</ref>
With the support of Sultan [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]], Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one.<ref name="Petersen1996">{{cite book|author=Andrew Petersen |year=1996|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr |url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-06084-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/159 159]}}</ref> A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule.<ref name=bosworth>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9047423836 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for [[poetry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GC University Lahore |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk |url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908173139/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |archive-date= 8 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996">{{cite book|author1=James L. Wescoat|author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn|date=1996 |title=Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 |page=149 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=978-0-88402-235-0}}</ref>


Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of [[Khusrau Shah]] in 1152.<ref name=modern/><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical|date=1872|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood/page/590 590]|quote=lahore 1152.|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore "Lahore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502052043/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |date=2 May 2015 }} ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore.<ref name="Ikram">{{cite book|last1 = Ikram|first1 = S. M|date = 1964|title = Muslim Civilization in India|url = https://archive.org/details/muslimcivilizati00ikra|url-access = registration|location = New York, USA |publisher = Columbia University Press|author1-link = S. M. Ikram}}</ref> The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern [[Shah Alami|Shah Alami Bazaar]] and north of the [[Bhatti Gate]].<ref name=modern/>
Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of [[Khusrau Shah]] in 1152.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical|date=1872|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood/page/590 590]|quote=lahore 1152. |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Lahore |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502052043/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore.<ref name="Ikram">{{cite book|last1=Ikram |first1=S. M.|date=1964|title=Muslim Civilization in India |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimcivilizati00ikra |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |author1-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern [[Shah Alami|Shah Alami Bazaar]] and north of the [[Bhatti Gate]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


==== Mamluk ====
==== Mamluk ====
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The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,<ref name="jackson"/> even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.<ref name="jackson"/>
The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,<ref name="jackson"/> even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.<ref name="jackson"/>


Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|date=14 August 2018|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814311670|via=Google Books}}</ref> Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8190891804|title=isbn:8190891804 Google Search|website=books.google.com}}</ref> while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief [[Toghrul]].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=16 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521543290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC |title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India |first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|date=14 August 2018 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814311670}}</ref> Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,<ref>{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi |date=2010 |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-0-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC}}</ref> while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief [[Toghrul]].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=16 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521543290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>


In 1266, sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler [[Temür Khan]],<ref name="jackson"/> the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to [[Dipalpur]].<ref name=bosworth/> The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|in 1298]], though their advance was eventually stopped by [[Ulugh Khan]], brother of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of Delhi.<ref name="jackson"/> The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.<ref name="Neville, p.xiii">Neville, p.xiii</ref>
In 1266, sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler [[Temür Khan]],<ref name="jackson"/> the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to [[Dipalpur]].<ref name=bosworth/> The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|in 1298]], though their advance was eventually stopped by [[Ulugh Khan]], brother of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of Delhi.<ref name="jackson"/> The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xiii}}


====Tughluq====
====Tughluq====
Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]] (Ghazi Malik) of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by [[Tarmashirin]] of the Central Asian [[Chagatai Khanate]], and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.<ref name=bosworth/> Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 107.|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]].<ref name=bosworth/> The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief, [[Shaikha Khokhar|Shaikha]] in 1394.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> By the time the Mongol conqueror [[Timur]] captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.<ref name="Neville, p.xii" />
Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]] (Ghazi Malik) of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by [[Tarmashirin]] of the Central Asian [[Chagatai Khanate]], and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.<ref name=bosworth/> Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=107 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]].<ref name=bosworth/> The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief, [[Shaikha Khokhar|Shaikha]] in 1394.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> By the time the Mongol conqueror [[Timur]] captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xii}}


====Late Sultanates====
====Late Sultanates====
[[File:Neevin Masjid 3 (WCLA).jpg|thumb|The [[Neevin Mosque]] is one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.]]
[[File:Neevin Masjid 3 (WCLA).jpg|thumb|The [[Neevin Mosque]] is one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.]]
Timur gave control of the Lahore region to [[Khizr Khan]], governor of Multan, who later established the [[Sayyid dynasty]] in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson India|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref> The city was twice besieged by Malik [[Jasrat]] during the reign of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]], the longest of which being in 1431–32.<ref name="jackson"/> To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to [[Bahlul Lodi]] in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.<ref name=bosworth/>
Timur gave control of the Lahore region to [[Khizr Khan]], governor of Multan, who later established the [[Sayyid dynasty]] in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson India|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref> The city was twice besieged by [[Jasrat]], ruler of [[Sialkot]], during the reign of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]], the longest of which being in 1431–32.<ref name="jackson"/> To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to [[Bahlul Lodi]] in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.<ref name=bosworth/>


Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with [[Sikandar Lodi]] in 1485.<ref name="dhillon"/> Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of [[Daulat Khan Lodi]], son of Tatar Khan and former employer of [[Guru Nanak]] (the founder of [[Sikhism]]).<ref name="dhillon">{{cite book|last1=Dhillon|first1=Dalbir Singh|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|date=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA9|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with [[Sikandar Lodi]] in 1485.<ref name="dhillon"/> Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of [[Daulat Khan Lodi]], son of Tatar Khan and former employer of [[Guru Nanak]] (the founder of [[Sikhism]]).<ref name="dhillon">{{cite book |last1=Dhillon|first1=Dalbir Singh|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|date=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA9|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>


===Mughals===
===Mughals===
{{Main|Subah of Lahore|Mughal period in Lahore}}
{{Main|Subah of Lahore|Mughal period in Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Lahore Fort]]
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Lahore Fort]]
File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|[[Tomb of Jahangir]]
File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|[[Tomb of Jahangir]]
File:Wazir Khan's hammams (4).JPG|[[Shahi Hammam]]
File:Wazir Khan's hammams (4).JPG|[[Shahi Hammam]]
File:Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash 01.jpg|[[Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash]]
</gallery>
</gallery>
[[File:Grave of Nur Jahan.jpg|thumb|Grave of Nur Jahan]]
[[File:Grave of Nur Jahan.jpg|thumb|Grave of Nur Jahan]]
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====Early Mughal====
====Early Mughal====
[[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=32|language=en}}</ref><ref name=bosworth/> The city became a refuge to [[Humayun]] and his cousin [[Kamran Mirza]] when [[Sher Shah Suri]] rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.<ref name=bosworth/> The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either [[Delhi]] or [[Agra]].<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|access-date=19 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed.|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819161514/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.<ref name=bosworth/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=32 |language=en}}</ref> The city became a refuge to [[Humayun]] and his cousin [[Kamran Mirza]] when [[Sher Shah Suri]] rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.<ref name=bosworth/> The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either [[Delhi]] or [[Agra]].<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts |access-date=19 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed. |archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819161514/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|url-status=live}}</ref>


By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.<ref name=modern/> Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as ''guzars'', were located within the city walls during the [[Akbar]] period.<ref name=modern/> During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as ''qasbahs'', such as [[Kasur]] and [[Eminabad]], as well as [[Amritsar]], and [[Batala]] in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each ''qasbah''.<ref name=modern/>
By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as ''guzars'', were located within the city walls during the [[Akbar]] period.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as ''qasbahs'', such as [[Kasur]] and [[Eminabad]], as well as [[Amritsar]], and [[Batala]] in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each ''qasbah''.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


====Akbar====
====Akbar====
Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the [[Lahore Fort]].<ref name=modern/> Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve ''[[subah]]'' provinces,<ref name=modern/> and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and ''subah'' to [[Bhagwant Das]], brother of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124110662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the [[Lahore Fort]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve ''[[subah]]'' provinces,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and ''subah'' to [[Bhagwant Das]], brother of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124110662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>


Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.<ref name=modern/> The Akbari Mandi [[grain trade|grain market]] was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.<ref name=modern/> Akbar also established the [[Dharampura]] neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Agra historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra|date=2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120617096|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hZuAAAAMAAJ&q=akbar+dharmpura|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The earliest of Lahore's many [[haveli]]s date from the Akbari era.<ref name=modern/>
Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} The Akbari Mandi [[grain trade|grain market]] was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar also established the [[Dharampura]] neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Agra historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra |date=2003 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120617096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hZuAAAAMAAJ&q=akbar+dharmpura|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The earliest of Lahore's many [[haveli]]s date from the Akbari era.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors.<ref name="modern" /> Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.
Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.


====Jahangir====
====Jahangir====
During the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.<ref name=modern/> In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son [[Khusrau Mirza]] laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev]].<ref name="Holt">{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521291372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA45|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.<ref name="Holt"/> Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life, and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref> Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and [[Tomb of Jahangir|his tomb]] was built in Lahore's [[Shahdara Bagh]] suburb in 1637 by his wife [[Nur Jahan]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|whose tomb]] is also nearby.
During the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son [[Khusrau Mirza]] laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev]].<ref name="Holt">{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521291372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA45 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.<ref name="Holt"/> Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life, and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref> Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and [[Tomb of Jahangir|his tomb]] was built in Lahore's [[Shahdara Bagh]] suburb in 1637 by his wife [[Nur Jahan]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|whose tomb]] is also nearby.


====Shah Jahan====
====Shah Jahan====
Jahangir's son, [[Shah Jahan]] (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the [[Lahore Fort]] with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic [[Naulakha Pavilion]] in 1633.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=International council on monuments and sites|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=13 April 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710195232/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the [[Shahi Hammam]] in 1635, and both the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] and the extravagantly decorated [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]].<ref name=modern/>
Jahangir's son, [[Shah Jahan]] (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the [[Lahore Fort]] with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic [[Naulakha Pavilion]] in 1633.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|publisher=UNESCO |title=International council on monuments and sites|url= https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf |access-date=13 April 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710195232/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the [[Shahi Hammam]] in 1635, and both the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] and the extravagantly decorated [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


====Aurangzeb====
====Aurangzeb====
[[File:Fort of Lahore.jpg|thumb|The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674 and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.]]
[[File:Fort of Lahore.jpg|thumb|The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674 and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.]]
[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque William Carpenter 1866.jpg|thumb|Wazir Khan Mosque painting by [[William Carpenter (painter)|William Carpenter]] (1866)]]
[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque William Carpenter 1866.jpg|thumb|Wazir Khan Mosque painting by [[William Carpenter (painter)|William Carpenter]] (1866)]]
Shah Jahan's son, [[Aurangzeb]], last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.<ref name=modern/> The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.<ref name=modern/> The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the [[Badshahi Mosque]], was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171934/http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shah Jahan's son, [[Aurangzeb]], last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the [[Badshahi Mosque]], was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture |url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171934/http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>


====Late Mughal====
====Late Mughal====
[[File:Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG|thumb|The [[Sunehri Mosque, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] was built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.]]
[[File:Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG|thumb|The [[Sunehri Mosque, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] was built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.]]
Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/> Mughal preoccupation with the [[Marathas]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.<ref name=modern/>
Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Mughal preoccupation with the [[Marathas]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref name=bosworth/> His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with [[Jahandar Shah|Jahandar]] winning the throne.<ref name=bosworth/> Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]] when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.<ref name=bosworth/>
Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref name=bosworth/> His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with [[Jahandar Shah|Jahandar]] winning the throne.<ref name=bosworth/> Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]] when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.<ref name=bosworth/>


[[Nader Shah]]'s brief invasion of the Mughal Empire [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|in early 1739]] wrested control away from [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,<ref name=bosworth/> the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards [[Kandahar]] instead.<ref name=modern/> Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.<ref name=modern/>
[[Nader Shah]]'s brief invasion of the Mughal Empire [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|in early 1739]] wrested control away from [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,<ref name=bosworth/> the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards [[Kandahar]] instead.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-347-4|page=195}}</ref>
Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-347-4|page=195}}</ref>


=== Durrani invasions ===
=== Durrani invasions ===
The [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] occupied Lahore [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|in 1748]].<ref name=bosworth/> Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk [[Mir Mannu|Mir Mannu]].<ref name=bosworth/> Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|in 1752]]. The Mughal [[list of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]].<ref name=bosworth/>
The [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] occupied Lahore [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|in 1748]].<ref name=bosworth/> Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk [[Mir Mannu]].<ref name=bosworth/> Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|in 1752]]. The Mughal [[list of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]].<ref name=bosworth/>


Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by [[Adina Beg]] [[Arain]] with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|campaigns against Afghans]].<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8}}</ref> After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, Marathas occupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it.<ref>Mehta, J.L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 260. {{ISBN|978-1-932705-54-6}}. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</ref> After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it.<ref name=bosworth/> By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—under [[Shah Zaman]], but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.<ref name=bosworth/>
Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by [[Adina Beg]] [[Arain]] with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|campaigns against Afghans]].<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8}}</ref> After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]] occupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it.<ref>Mehta, J.L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 260. {{ISBN|978-1-932705-54-6}}. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</ref> After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it.<ref name=bosworth/> By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—under [[Shah Zaman]], but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.<ref name=bosworth/>


=== Sikh ===
=== Sikh ===
{{Main|Sikh period in Lahore}}<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
{{Main|Sikh period in Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]]
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]]
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh Golden Dome.jpg|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]]
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh Golden Dome.jpg|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]]
Line 231: Line 338:
File:Hazuri Bagh Baradari & Ground.JPG|[[Hazuri Bagh]]
File:Hazuri Bagh Baradari & Ground.JPG|[[Hazuri Bagh]]
File:Gurudwara Arjun Ram (WCLA).jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]]
File:Gurudwara Arjun Ram (WCLA).jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]]
File:Temple associated with Loh.JPG|The [[Lava Temple]] at the [[Lahore Fort]] dates from the Sikh period,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|title=Heritage: the Lonely Little Temple|last=Zamir|first=Sufia|date=14 January 2018|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|url-status=live}}</ref> and is dedicated to the Hindu deity ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]''
File:Temple associated with Loh.JPG|The [[Lava Temple]] at the [[Lahore Fort]] dates from the Sikh period,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|title=Heritage: the Lonely Little Temple|author=Sufia Zamir|date=14 January 2018 |access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|url-status=live |work=Dawn}}</ref> and is dedicated to the Hindu deity ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]''

</gallery>
</gallery>


[[File:Tomb of Asif Khan 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/><ref name="GHF">{{cite web|title=Tomb of Asif Khan|url=http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf|publisher=Global Heritage Fund|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106072423/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Tomb of Asif Khan 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="GHF">{{cite web|title=Tomb of Asif Khan |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |url=http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106072423/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf}}</ref>]]


====Early====
====Early====
Expanding Sikh [[Misl]]s secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the [[Bhangi Misl]] state captured the city.<ref name="eos">{{Citation|title=Pakistani Sikhs reopen temple after 73 years|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mBW1s597tw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5mBW1s597tw| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: [[Gujjar Singh Banghi|Gujjar Singh]], Lahna Singh, and [[Suba Singh|Sobha Singh]]. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby [[Amritsar]] to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.<ref name=modern/>
Expanding Sikh [[Misl]]s secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the [[Bhangi Misl]] state captured the city.<ref name="eos">{{Citation|title=Pakistani Sikhs reopen temple after 73 years| date=17 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mBW1s597tw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5mBW1s597tw |archive-date=2021-12-11|url-status=live|language=en|access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: [[Gujjar Singh Banghi|Gujjar Singh]], Lahna Singh, and [[Suba Singh|Sobha Singh]]. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby [[Amritsar]] to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.<ref name=bosworth/> [[Ranjit Singh]] negotiated with the Afghans for the post of ''[[subahdar]]'' to control Lahore following the second invasion.<ref name=bosworth/>
Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.<ref name=bosworth/> [[Ranjit Singh]] negotiated with the Afghans for the post of ''[[subahdar]]'' to control Lahore following the second invasion.<ref name=bosworth/>


By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.<ref name=modern/>
By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


====Sikh Empire====
====Sikh Empire====
[[File:Badshahi Mosqu - Mughal Art in an Ocean of Concrete.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Hazuri Bagh]] is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore Fort]], [[Roshnai Gate]], and the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]].]]
[[File:Badshahi Mosqu - Mughal Art in an Ocean of Concrete.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Hazuri Bagh]] is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore Fort]], [[Roshnai Gate]], and the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]].]]
[[File:'By @ibneAzhar'-Hazuri Bagh-Lahore-Pakistan (10).JPG|thumb|The marble [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] was built in 1818 to celebrate [[Ranjit Singh]]'s acquisition of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.<ref name="bansal"/>]]
[[File:'By @ibneAzhar'-Hazuri Bagh-Lahore-Pakistan (10).JPG|thumb|The marble [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] was built in 1818 to celebrate [[Ranjit Singh]]'s acquisition of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.<ref name="bansal"/>]]
In the aftermath of Zaman Shah’s 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby [[Gujranwala]], began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.<ref name=bosworth/><ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book|last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak|first3=S.R. Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|pages=272–274}}</ref> His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the [[Lohari Gate, Lahore|Lohari Gate]], Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/> After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Bhagata|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times|date=1990|publisher=Sehgal Publishers Service}}</ref>
In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby [[Gujranwala]], began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.<ref name=bosworth/><ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book |last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak |first3=S.R. Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1 |pages=272–274}}</ref> His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the [[Lohari Gate, Lahore|Lohari Gate]], Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Bhagata|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times|date=1990|publisher=Sehgal Publishers Service}}</ref>


Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.<ref name=modern/> He established a mint in the city in 1800,<ref name="New Imperial Press">{{cite book|last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536426|date=1892|publisher=New Imperial Press|location=Oxford University}}</ref> and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |author=K.S. Duggal |date=1989 |isbn=8170172446 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, he established a [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das|Gurdwara Ram Das]] to mark the site where [[Guru Ram Das]] was born in 1534.
Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} He established a mint in the city in 1800,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |author=K.S. Duggal |date=1989 |isbn=8170172446 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, he established a [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das|Gurdwara Ram Das]] to mark the site where [[Guru Ram Das]] was born in 1534.


Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.<ref name=modern/> By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/|title=Pakistan – Lahore – Hindukush Karakuram Tours & Treks|language=en-GB|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042553/http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and built the [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1813.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref> He erected the [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]] to mark the site of [[Guru Arjan Dev]]'s death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, and [[haveli]]s.<ref>Kartar Singh Duggal (1 January 2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-410-3}}.</ref><ref>Masson, Charles. 1842. ''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab'', 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37</ref>
Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/ |title=Pakistan – Lahore – Hindukush Karakuram Tours & Treks |access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042553/http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and built the [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1813.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref> He erected the [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]] to mark the site of [[Guru Arjan Dev]]'s death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh [[gurdwara]]s, Hindu temples, and [[haveli]]s.<ref>Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-410-3}}.</ref><ref>Masson, Charles. 1842. ''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab'', 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37</ref>


While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.<ref name="Penguin Books India">{{cite book|last1=Sidhwa|first1=Bapsi|title=City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore|date=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303166-6}}</ref> Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=Sir John Hubert|title=Archaeological Survey of India|date=1906|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}}</ref><ref name="New Imperial Press"/> Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxnjJp_kpFkC&pg=PA23|title=City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore|first=Bapsi|last=Sidhwa|date=14 August 2018|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143031666|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Sunehri Masjid, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Panjab Past and Present|year=1988|volume=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw5DAAAAYAAJ&q=sunehri+|access-date=28 August 2016|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University}}</ref> while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Soomro|first1=Farooq|title=A visual delight – Maryam Zamani and Wazir Khan Mosques|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|access-date=29 August 2016|work=Dawn|date=13 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032600/https://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|url-status=live}}</ref>
While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite book|last1=Marshall |first1=John Hubert |date=1906|title=Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}}</ref> Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} The [[Sunehri Masjid, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Panjab Past and Present |year=1988|volume=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw5DAAAAYAAJ&q=sunehri+ |access-date=28 August 2016|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University}}</ref> while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.<ref>{{cite news |author=Farooq Soomro |title=A visual delight – Maryam Zamani and Wazir Khan Mosques |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|access-date=29 August 2016 |work=Dawn |date=13 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032600/https://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|url-status=live}}</ref>


==== Late ====
==== Late ====
The Sikh royal court (''Lahore Durbar'') underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son [[Kharak Singh]] died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, [[Nau Nihal Singh]], died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.<ref name="New Imperial Press" /> Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by [[Chand Kaur]], widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.<ref name="New Imperial Press" /> Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic ''Diwan-e-Aam''.<ref name="books.google.com" /> Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's ''Chah Miran'' neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.<ref name=bansal/> Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/> [[Duleep Singh]] was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his ''wazir'', but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,<ref name="New Imperial Press"/> as well as confrontations against the British during the two [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh wars]].
The Sikh royal court (''Lahore Durbar'') underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son [[Kharak Singh]] died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, [[Nau Nihal Singh]], died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by [[Chand Kaur]], widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic ''Diwan-e-Aam''.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's ''Chah Miran'' neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.<ref name=bansal/> Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} [[Duleep Singh]] was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his ''wazir'', but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} as well as confrontations against the British during the two [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh wars]].


After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the ''Lahore Durbar'', and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/>
After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the ''Lahore Durbar'', and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


=== British colonial period ===
=== British colonial period ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="250">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|[[University of the Punjab]]
File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|[[University of the Punjab]]
File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]
File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]
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[[File:Street scene of Lahore, 1890s.jpg|thumb|upright|The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890]]
[[File:Street scene of Lahore, 1890s.jpg|thumb|upright|The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890]]


The [[British East India Company]] seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.<ref name=modern>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4}}</ref> Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]], British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.<ref name=modern/> Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.<ref name=modern/>
The [[British East India Company]] seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]], British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a [[population]] of 120,000.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press">{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901.}}</ref> Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]] surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as [[Mozang Chungi|Mozang]] and [[Qila Gujar Singh]], which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair.}}</ref>
At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a [[population]] of 120,000.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901."</ref> Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]] surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as [[Mozang Chungi|Mozang]] and [[Qila Gujar Singh]], which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair."</ref>


The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore.}}</ref> The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=.}}</ref>
The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore."</ref> The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the [[Tomb of Anarkali]], which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an [[Anglican]] church in 1851.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=What is more striking than the fact that Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church}}</ref> The 17th-century [[Dai Anga Mosque]] was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop}}</ref> The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road. In}}</ref>
Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the [[Tomb of Anarkali]], which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an [[Anglican]] church in 1851.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "What is more striking than the fact that Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church."</ref> The 17th-century [[Dai Anga Mosque]] was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop."</ref> The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road."</ref>


[[File:Lahore Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|left|Constructed in the aftermath of the 1857 [[Sepoy Mutiny]], the design of the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] was highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.]]
[[File:Lahore Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|left|Constructed in the aftermath of the 1857 [[Sepoy Mutiny]], the design of the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] was highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.]]
The British built the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] just outside the Walled City shortly after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]]; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=The Lahore station, built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and cannon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city}}</ref> Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking [[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other (see.}}</ref> The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious [[Lahore Cantonment]] to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.
The British built the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] just outside the Walled City shortly after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]]; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "The Lahore station, built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and cannon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city."</ref> Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking [[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.<ref name="Mall Road">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other."</ref> The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious [[Lahore Cantonment]] to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.


Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Alfred]], [[Duke of Edinburgh]] – a visit in which he received delegations from the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of [[Jammu]], Maharajas of [[Patiala]], the Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]], and other rulers from various Punjabi states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA341|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, Khān Bahādur)|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.<ref name=":0" /> British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] (1887) in the distinctive [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]], including the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894">{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=As a gesture of loyalty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of local note, and the public generally" formed a subscription to erect the "Victoria Jubilee Institute for the Promotion and Diffusion of Technical and Agricultural Education and Science" in Lahore, a complex that eventually formed the nucleus of the city's museum and the Mayo School of Art (completed in 1894).}}</ref>
Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Alfred]], [[Duke of Edinburgh]] – a visit in which he received delegations from the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of [[Jammu]], Maharajas of [[Patiala]], the Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]], and other rulers from various Punjabi states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA341|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, Khān Bahādur)|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.<ref name=":0" /> British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] (1887) in the distinctive [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]], including the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "As a gesture of loyalty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of local note, and the public generally" formed a subscription to erect the "Victoria Jubilee Institute for the Promotion and Diffusion of Technical and Agricultural Education and Science" in Lahore, a complex that eventually formed the nucleus of the city's museum and the Mayo School of Art (completed in 1894)."</ref>


The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"}}</ref> An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press" /> Lahore's posh [[Model Town, Lahore|Model Town]] was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while [[Krishan Nagar]] locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.
The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"."</ref> An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press" /> Lahore's posh [[Model Town, Lahore|Model Town]] was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while [[Krishan Nagar]] locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.
[[File:Bawa Dingha Singh building, Lahore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.]]
[[File:Bawa Dingha Singh building, Lahore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.]]
Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other}}</ref> and Pakistan. The [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] was moved by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's [[Bradlaugh Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |title=Republic Day |work=The Tribune |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129021853/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian ''[[Swaraj flag|Swaraj]]'' [[Swaraj flag|flag]] was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as [[Jatin Das]], and was also where [[Bhagat Singh]] was hanged in 1931.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 "A memorial will be built to Bhagat Singh, says the governor of Lahore."] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729120941/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 |date=29 July 2012 }} ''Daily Times Pakistan''. 2 September 2007.</ref> Under the leadership of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[All India Muslim League]] passed the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.<ref>[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 Story of Pakistan – Lahore Resolution 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126002501/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 |date=26 January 2012 }}, Jin Technologies. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref>
Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India<ref name="Mall Road"/> and Pakistan. The [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] was moved by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's [[Bradlaugh Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |title=Republic Day |work=The Tribune |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129021853/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian ''[[Swaraj flag|Swaraj]]'' [[Swaraj flag|flag]] was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as [[Jatin Das]], and was also where [[Bhagat Singh]] was hanged in 1931.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 "A memorial will be built to Bhagat Singh, says the governor of Lahore."] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729120941/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 |date=29 July 2012 }} ''Daily Times Pakistan''. 2 September 2007.</ref> Under the leadership of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[All India Muslim League]] passed the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.<ref>[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 Story of Pakistan – Lahore Resolution 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126002501/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 |date=26 January 2012 }}, Jin Technologies. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref>


=== Partition ===
=== Partition ===
The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.<ref name=Yong/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khalid|title=The City that wanted to know|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/|access-date=28 December 2017|agency=Indian Express|date=3 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224043630/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/|url-status=live}}</ref> The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the [[Radcliffe Line]] to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography.<ref name=Yong/> In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.<ref name=Yong/> Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.<ref name=Yong/> Kuldip Nayyar claimed that [[Cyril Radcliffe]] had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new [[Dominion of India]],<ref name="Dabas2017"/><ref name="Nayar2018">{{cite web |author1=[[Kuldip Nayar]] |title='I nearly gave you Lahore': When Kuldip Nayar asked Cyril Radcliffe about deciding Indo-Pak border |url=https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |website=Scroll.in |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025001/https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaul1991">{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Pyarelal |title=Crisis in Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Suman Publications |page=42|quote=Under Radcliffe Award, Lahore was to have gone to India and not to Pakistan. The Arbitrator Radcliffe, announced to the representatives of India and Pakistan that Lahore had fallen to the lot of India.}}</ref> but decided to place it within the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded [[Calcutta]] to India.<ref name="Nayar">{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldip |title=Line of Division: Real and Imagined |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |date=24 September 2006 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |language=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dabas2017">{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Maninder |title=Here's How Radcliffe Line Was Drawn On This Day And Lahore Could Not Become A Part of India |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128021247/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nayar2018"/>
The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Khaled Ahmed|title=The City that wanted to know |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/|access-date=28 December 2017 |agency=Indian Express|date=3 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224043630/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the [[Radcliffe Line]] to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Kuldip Nayyar claimed that [[Cyril Radcliffe]] had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new [[Dominion of India]],<ref name="Dabas2017"/><ref name="Nayar2018">{{cite web |author1=[[Kuldip Nayar]] |title='I nearly gave you Lahore': When Kuldip Nayar asked Cyril Radcliffe about deciding Indo-Pak border |url=https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |website=Scroll.in |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025001/https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaul1991">{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Pyarelal |title=Crisis in Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Suman Publications |page=42|quote=Under Radcliffe Award, Lahore was to have gone to India and not to Pakistan. The Arbitrator Radcliffe, announced to the representatives of India and Pakistan that Lahore had fallen to the lot of India.}}</ref> but decided to place it within the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded [[Calcutta]] to India.<ref name="Nayar">{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldip |title=Line of Division: Real and Imagined |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |date=24 September 2006 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dabas2017">{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Maninder |title=Here's How Radcliffe Line Was Drawn On This Day And Lahore Could Not Become A Part of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |language=en |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128021247/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nayar2018"/>


As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced [[Partition of India|Partition]]'s worst riots.<ref name=Yong/> Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiddian-Qasmiyeh|first1=Elena|last2=Loescher|first2=Gil|last3=Long|first3=Katy|last4=Sigona|first4=Nando|title=The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies|date=2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0191645884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLkBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT314|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.<ref name=Yong/> Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.<ref name=Yong/> Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city ''en masse'' as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.<ref name=Yong/> The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.<ref name=dejonge>{{cite book|last1=de Jonge|first1=Rene|title=Urban planning in Lahore: a confrontation with real development|date=1989|publisher=Peter Groote|isbn=9789036701839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqG6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP35|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced [[Partition of India|Partition]]'s worst riots.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiddian-Qasmiyeh |first1=Elena |last2=Loescher |first2=Gil |last3=Long |first3=Katy |last4=Sigona |first4=Nando |title=The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191645884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLkBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT314 |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city ''en masse'' as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.<ref name=dejonge>{{cite book|last1=de Jonge|first1=Rene|title=Urban planning in Lahore: a confrontation with real development|date=1989|publisher=Peter Groote|isbn=9789036701839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqG6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP35|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>


When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live [[Hindustan]]" throughout the night.<ref name=Yong/> On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.<ref name=Yong/>
When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live [[Hindustan]]" throughout the night.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


=== Modern ===
=== Modern ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Islamic Summit Minar.JPG|[[Islamic Summit Minar]]
File:Islamic Summit Minar.JPG|[[Islamic Summit Minar]]
File:The Minar-e-Pakistan.jpg|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]
File:The Minar-e-Pakistan (vertical).jpg|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]
File:Grand_Jamia_Masjid.jpg|[[Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore|Grand Jamia Mosque]]
File:Grand_Jamia_Masjid.jpg|[[Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore|Grand Jamia Mosque]]
File:Punjab Assembly as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|[[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
File:Punjab Assembly as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|[[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
Line 305: Line 411:
</gallery>
</gallery>
[[File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's Motorcade in Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|[[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] and President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] travelled by car in Lahore, 1962]]
[[File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's Motorcade in Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|[[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] and President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] travelled by car in Lahore, 1962]]
[[Partition of India|Partition]] left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs.<ref name=Yong/> Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity.<ref name=Yong/> [[Capital flight]] further weakened the city's economy while [[Karachi]] industrialized and became more prosperous.<ref name=Yong>{{cite book|last1=Kudaisya|first1=Gyanesh|last2=Yong|first2=Tan Tai|title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134440481|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>
[[Partition of India|Partition]] left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} [[Capital flight]] further weakened the city's economy while [[Karachi]] industrialized and became more prosperous.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. [[Karachi]] was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.<ref name=Yong/>
The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. [[Karachi]] was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}
[[File:Delhi_Gate_11_(WCLA).jpg|thumb|Sections of the [[Walled City of Lahore]] have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the [[Agha Khan]] Trust for Culture.]]
[[File:Delhi_Gate_11_(WCLA).jpg|thumb|Sections of the [[Walled City of Lahore]] have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the [[Agha Khan]] Trust for Culture.]]


After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots.<ref name=dejonge/> The [[Tomb of Allama Iqbal]] was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement.<ref name=Yong/> In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all [[West Pakistan]] during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970.<ref name=Yong/> Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the [[Pakistan Resolution]] was passed.<ref name=Yong/> With support from the [[United Nations]], the [[Government of Pakistan|government]] was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.
After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots.<ref name=dejonge/> The [[Tomb of Allama Iqbal]] was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all [[West Pakistan]] during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the [[Pakistan Resolution]] was passed.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} With support from the [[United Nations]], the [[Government of Pakistan|government]] was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.


The second [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Islamic Summit Conference]] was held in the city in 1974.<ref name="oic conf">{{cite web |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |title=Second Islamic Summit Conference |publisher=Oic-oci.org |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014111124/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |archive-date=14 October 2006 }}</ref> In retaliation for the destruction of the [[Babri Masjid]] in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]],<ref name=bansal/> and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the [[International Cricket Council]] [[1996 Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup]] final match was held at the [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf|title=Political History and Administrative History of the Punjab|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194352/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The second [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Islamic Summit Conference]] was held in the city in 1974.<ref name="oic conf">{{cite web |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |title=Second Islamic Summit Conference |publisher=Oic-oci.org |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014111124/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |archive-date=14 October 2006 }}</ref> In retaliation for the destruction of the [[Babri Masjid]] in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]],<ref name=bansal/> and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the [[International Cricket Council]] [[1996 Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup]] final match was held at the [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf |title=Political History and Administrative History of the Punjab |access-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194352/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf}}</ref>


The [[Walled City of Lahore]] restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from [[Akbari Gate]] to the [[Lahore Fort]] with money from the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/|title=Lahore – History of Lahore|publisher=thelahorecity.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032556/http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Walled City of Lahore]] restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from [[Akbari Gate]] to the [[Lahore Fort]] with money from the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/ |title=Lahore – History of Lahore|publisher=thelahorecity.com |access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032556/http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
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=== Climate ===
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Lahore}}
{{Main|Climate of Lahore}}
Lahore has a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh''), falling just under the category of [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa''). The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed {{convert|45|C|F}}. The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September. <ref name="HKO">{{cite web
Lahore has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh''), bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]]. The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed {{convert|45|C|F}}. The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September.<ref name="HKO">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm
| url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm
| title = Climatological Normals of Lahore
| title = Climatological Normals of Lahore
Line 334: Line 440:
}}</ref> with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|title=Smoke not smog|date=6 November 2016|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154315/http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}</ref> with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|title=Smoke not smog|date=6 November 2016|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154315/http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The city's record high temperature was {{convert|50.4|C|F}}, recorded on 5 June 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Quetta |publisher=Pakmet.com.pk |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144256/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> On 10 June 2007, a temperature of {{convert|48|C|F}} was recorded;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |title=Highest temperature in 78 years: Four die as city sizzles at 48o C |work=Daily Times |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193450/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm "Heatwave to persist for 4–5 days"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230001853/http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |date=30 December 2008 }}, ''The Dawn'', 10 June 2007.</ref> this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of {{convert|55|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Lahore Extremes (1881-2022) |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224185713/http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is {{convert|221|mm|in}}, recorded on 13 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716143942/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainaug.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pakmet.com.pk - Pakistan's Biggest Property Website|archive-date=16 July 2011|website=PakMet}}</ref>
The city's record high temperature was {{convert|50.4|C|F}}, recorded on 5 June 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Quetta |publisher=Pakmet.com.pk |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144256/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> On 10 June 2007, a temperature of {{convert|48|C|F}} was recorded;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |title=Highest temperature in 78 years: Four die as city sizzles at 48o C |work=Daily Times |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193450/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |title=Heatwave to persist for 4–5 days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230001853/http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |archive-date=30 December 2008 |work=Dawn |date=10 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of {{convert|55|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Lahore Extremes (1881-2022) |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224185713/http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is {{convert|337|mm|in}}, recorded on 01 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716143942/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainaug.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pakmet.com.pk - Pakistan's Biggest Property Website|archive-date=16 July 2011|website=PakMet}}</ref>


{{Lahore weatherbox}}
{{Lahore weatherbox}}
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|1998|5209088<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|1998|5209088<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|2017|11126285<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|2017|11126285<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|2023|13004135<ref name="citypopulation.de" />}}
}}


=== Population ===
=== Population ===
The results of the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]] determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285,<ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|title=Population of Major Cities Census – 2017|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=30 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162305/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since [[1998 Pakistan Census|1998]].<ref name="census2017-district">{{cite web| url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| title=District Wise Population by Sex and Rural/Urban – Census 2017| publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics| access-date=30 August 2017| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| archive-date=29 August 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender.<ref name="census2017-district" /> Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/|title=Lahore Population 2018|date=18 October 2017|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206081736/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The results of the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]] determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285,<ref name="census2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|title=Population of Major Cities Census – 2017|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162305/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since [[1998 Pakistan Census|1998]].<ref name="census2017-district">{{cite web| publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics| url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| title=District Wise Population by Sex and Rural/Urban – Census 2017| access-date=30 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender.<ref name="census2017-district" /> Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/|date=18 October 2017 |access-date=31 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206081736/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/}}</ref>


=== Ethnic groups ===
=== Tribes and background ===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Ethnic groups and castes in the [[Lahore district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref> |label1=[[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]]—[[Arain|Arains]]|value1=40|color1=red|label2=[[Kashmiris]]|value2=30|color2=blue|value3=5|color3=green|label3=Punjabi—[[Muslim Rajputs|Rajputs]]|label4=Punjabi—[[Kamboj]]|value4=5|color4=orange|label5=Miscellaneous|color5=purple|value5=20}}
At the time of the [[2017 Pakistani census]], the largest tribal group were [[Arain|Arain Punjabis]], constituting 40%, followed by [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi–Kashmiris]] at 30% with other tribes such as [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]] [[Punjabis]] and [[Kamboj|Kamboh Punjabis]] at 5% each. The majority of the rest 20% is constituted by other [[List of Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribes]], with a minority constituted by other [[Ethnic groups in Pakistan|ethnic communities]] such as [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]], [[Pashtuns]] and [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref>

According to the [[2017 Pakistani census]], the largest groups in terms of ethnicity and caste are [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] [[Arain|Arains]], constituting 40%, followed by [[Kashmiris]] at 30% with other groups such as Punjabi [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajputs]] and Punjabi [[Kamboj|Kamboh]] at 5% each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref>
{{Pie chart|thumb=left|caption=Tribes and backgrounds in the [[Lahore district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |website=District Lahore |publisher=[[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]] |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
|label1=[[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]]—[[Arain]]s|value1=40|color1=red
|label2=[[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi–Kashmiris]]|value2=30|color2=blue
|label3=Punjabi—[[Muslim Rajputs|Rajputs]]|value3=5|color3=green
|label4=Punjabi—[[Kamboj]]|value4=5|color4=orange
|label5=''Others''|value5=20|color5=purple}}

==== Controversy about the city's Pashtun population ====
Some [[Pashtun nationalism|Pashtun nationalist]] parties argue that the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] population of Lahore in the 2017 census has been underestimated, with Ameer Bahadur Khan, provincial general secretary of [[Awami National Party]], putting their numbers at 1.5 million, while Gul Muhammad Regwal, a member of [[Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party|Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party]], claiming more than 1 million including 300,000 in the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]] alone, most of these having moved over the last 20 years, including due to military operations, but remaining uncounted as they're not considered permanent residents of Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ullah |first=Kaleem |date=27 September 2021 |title=Pakhtuns of Lahore: 'We have been deliberately undercounted in the census.' |url=https://loksujag.com/story/Pashtun-population-in-Pakistan-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817190152/https://loksujag.com/story/Pashtun-population-in-Pakistan-eng |archive-date=17 August 2024 |website=Lok Sujag}}</ref>


=== Religion ===
=== Religion ===
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{{bar box|width = 250px
{{bar box|width = 250px
|barwidth = 200px |cellpadding="0"
|barwidth = 200px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Lahore District 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05309.pdf |title=TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720214234/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05309.pdf |url-status=live |work=Population Census 2017}}</ref>
|title=Religion in Lahore District 2023<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|left1=Religion
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|bars=
|bars=
{{bar percent|
{{bar percent|
[[Islam]]|green|94.7}}
[[Islam]]|green|95.26}}
{{bar percent|
[[Christianity]]|blue|5.14}}
{{bar percent|
[[Hinduism]]|orange|0.024}}
{{bar percent|
{{bar percent|
[[Christianity]]|blue|4.64}}
Others|grey|0.136}}}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.1}}}}
According to the 2017 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are [[Muslims]] (94.7%), roughly the same as in the 1998 Census, and up from 60% in 1941. Other religions include [[Christians]] (5.14%, slightly less than 5.80% in 1998; though according to the 1998 Census, they formed around 9.0% of the rural population)<ref name=religion>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiansinpakistan.com/largest-christian-community-of-pakistan-resides-in-lahore-district/|title=Largest Christian Community of Pakistan resides in Lahore District|publisher=christiansinpakistan.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918102746/http://www.christiansinpakistan.com/largest-christian-community-of-pakistan-resides-in-lahore-district/|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and small numbers of [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], [[Hindus]], [[Parsis]], and [[Sikhs]]. There is also a small but longstanding [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] community.
According to the 2023 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are [[Muslims]] (95.26%), up from 94.7% in 2017. Other religions include [[Christians]] (4.64%, slightly less than 5.14% in 2017)<ref name="2023 Census" /> and small numbers of [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], [[Hindus]], [[Parsis]], and [[Sikhs]]. There is also a small but longstanding [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] community.


Since Lahore contains some of [[Sikhism]]'s holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1221210|title=Sikh pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore|website=Dawn|date=21 November 2015|location=Pakistan|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010040803/https://www.dawn.com/news/1221210|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] in the late 16th century, but was then leveled by [[Shah Jahan]] in 1632.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Nazir Ahmad|title=Lahore|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=969351047X}}</ref> Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the [[Krishna Mandir, Lahore|Shri Krishna Mandir]] and the [[Valmiki Mandir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|title=Lahore's only functional Hindu temple: Persecution amidst lights|author=Sehyr Mirza|date=31 October 2014|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202002919/https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since Lahore contains some of [[Sikhism]]'s holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1221210 |title=Sikh pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore |website=Dawn |date=21 November 2015 |location=Pakistan |access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010040803/https://www.dawn.com/news/1221210|archive-date=10 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] in the late 16th century, but was then leveled by [[Shah Jahan]] in 1632.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry |first1=Nazir Ahmad|title=Lahore|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=969351047X}}</ref> Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the [[Krishna Mandir, Lahore|Shri Krishna Mandir]] and the [[Valmiki Mandir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|title=Lahore's only functional Hindu temple: Persecution amidst lights|author=Sehyr Mirza |date=31 October 2014|work=Dawn|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202002919/https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|url-status=live}}</ref>


<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em">
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Lahore City (1881−2017){{efn|1881-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|32}}|name="LahoreCity1881to1941"}}
|+ Religious groups in Lahore City (1868−2023){{efn|1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|32}}|name="LahoreCity1881to1941"}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1868<ref name="Census1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868 |pages=66 |last1=(India) |first1=Punjab }}</ref>{{efn|Also includes the suburban urban areas/villages of Mian Mir, Muzang, and Ichra, which ultimately became part of the town of Lahore.}}
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|520}}
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|520}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090448/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|68}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090448/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|68}}
Line 397: Line 511:
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011130147/https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|32}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011130147/https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|32}}
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="Census2017B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017214726/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="Census2017B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017214726/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="Census2023B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
Line 416: Line 535:
|-
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 70,974
| {{Percentage | 70974 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 86,413
| 86,413
| {{Percentage | 86413 | 149369 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 86413 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 432: Line 553:
| 10,530,816
| 10,530,816
| {{Percentage | 10530816 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 10530816 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 12,363,149
| {{Percentage | 12363149 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931–1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 40,551
| {{Percentage | 40551 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 53,641
| 53,641
| {{Percentage | 53641 | 149369 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 53641 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 444: Line 569:
| 107,783
| 107,783
| {{Percentage | 107783 | 281781 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 107783 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 139,125
| 139,125{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| {{Percentage | 139125 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 139125 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 179,422{{efn|name=ad-dharmi}}
| 179,422
| {{Percentage | 179422 | 671659 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 179422 | 671659 | 2 }}
| 2,670
| 2,670
| {{Percentage | 2670 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 2670 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 2,811
| {{Percentage | 2811 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 3,520
| {{Percentage | 3520 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 4,627
| 4,627
| {{Percentage | 4627 | 149369 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 4627 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 468: Line 597:
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 715
| {{Percentage | 715 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 529{{efn|Only includes protestant population.<ref name="Census1881"/>{{rp|152}}}}
| 529{{efn|Only includes protestant population.<ref name="Census1881"/>{{rp|152}}}}
| {{Percentage | 529 | 149369 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 529 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 486: Line 619:
| 571,365
| 571,365
| {{Percentage | 571365 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 571365 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 602,431
| {{Percentage | 602431 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 227
| 227
| {{Percentage | 227 | 149369 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 227 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 502: Line 639:
| 1,094
| 1,094
| {{Percentage | 1094 | 671659 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 1094 | 671659 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
Line 522: Line 663:
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 77
| {{Percentage | 77 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
Line 536: Line 681:
| 0
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 0 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
Line 542: Line 689:
|-
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
Line 554: Line 703:
| 14
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 14 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
Line 560: Line 711:
|-
|-
| [[Ahmadiyya]] [[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg|15px]]
| [[Ahmadiyya]] [[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
Line 576: Line 729:
| 13,433
| 13,433
| {{Percentage | 13433 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 13433 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 7,139
| {{Percentage | 7139 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
| Others
| Others
| 11,284
| {{Percentage | 11284 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 3,932
| 3,932
| {{Percentage | 3932 | 149369 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 3932 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 594: Line 751:
| 1,701
| 1,701
| {{Percentage | 1701 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| {{Percentage | 1701 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 2,339
| {{Percentage | 2339 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
|-
! Total population
! Total population
! 126,329
! {{Percentage | 126329 | 126329 | 2 }}
! 149,369
! 149,369
! {{Percentage | 149369 | 149369 | 2 }}
! {{Percentage | 149369 | 149369 | 2 }}
Line 612: Line 773:
! 11,119,985
! 11,119,985
! {{Percentage | 11119985 | 11119985 | 2 }}
! {{Percentage | 11119985 | 11119985 | 2 }}
! 12,978,661
! {{Percentage | 12978661 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|}
|}
</div>


===Languages===
===Languages===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Languages by number of native speakers in the [[Lahore district]]<ref name="PBC 2017">{{Cite book|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|title=PBC 2017 Statistics|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|label1=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|value1=80.94|color1=maroon|label2=[[Urdu]]|value2=12.62|color2=green|value3=6.44|color3=red|label3=Other}}The [[Punjabi language]] is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 80% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2017 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAHORE DISTRICT - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the [[2017 Pakistani census]] 12.6% speak [[Urdu]], 2.7% [[Pashto]], 1.02% [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and 2.78% other mother tongues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720212925/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore District - 2017 Pakistan Census |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730121149/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Languages by number of native speakers in the [[Lahore district]]<ref name="PBC 2017">{{Cite book|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|title=PBC 2017 Statistics|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|label1=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|value1=73.58|color1=maroon|label2=[[Urdu]]|value2=21.1|color2=green|value3=5.22|color3=red|label3=Other}}The [[Punjabi language]] is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 73.58% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2023 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAHORE DISTRICT - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the [[2023 Pakistani census]] 21.1% speak [[Urdu]], 2.06% [[Pashto]], 2.01% [[Mewati]] and 2.78% other mother tongues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720212925/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore District - 2017 Pakistan Census |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730121149/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


[[Urdu]] and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore.<ref>University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
[[Urdu]] and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html|publisher=pu.edu.pk|title=University of the Punjab Examinations|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208022145/http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html|archive-date=8 February 2017}}
{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |publisher=University of the Punjab|title=B.A. Two-year (pass course) Examinations|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208022145/http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|title=Department of Punjabi|publisher=University of the Punjab|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220237/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]], Lahore.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP|date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref>
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Punjabi|date=2015 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi |publisher=University of the Punjab |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220237/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]], Lahore.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP |date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref>


== Cityscape ==
== Cityscape ==
=== Old City ===
=== Old City ===
[[File:Beauty of Pakistan (lahore).jpg|thumb|Cityscape of Lahore]]
[[File:Beauty of Pakistan (lahore).jpg|thumb|left|Cityscape of Lahore]]
Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic [[Walled City of Lahore]] in the northern part of the city, which contains several [[World Heritage Site]]s and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as ''katrahs'' and ''galis'' developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}
[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque - Aerial View.jpg|thumb|left|The area around the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] exemplifies the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]]'s urban form]]
Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic [[Walled City of Lahore]] in the northern part of the city, which contains several [[World Heritage Site]]s and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as ''katrahs'' and ''galis'' developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.<ref name=modern/> Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.<ref name=modern/>


[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque - Aerial View.jpg|thumb|right|The area around the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] exemplifies the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]]'s urban form]]
Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]] and [[Delhi]] – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.
Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]] and [[Delhi]] – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.


By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive [[haveli]] compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.<ref name=modern/> By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,<ref name=modern/> leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.
By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive [[haveli]] compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.


A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era [[Lahore Cantonment]].
A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era [[Lahore Cantonment]].
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====Sikh period====
====Sikh period====
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/columns/23-Sep-2010/Some-vanished-gardens-of-Lahore, The Nation newspaper, Published 23 September 2010, Retrieved 27 February 2017]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/|title=Hazori Bagh|website=lahore.city-history.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421163950/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |archive-date=21 April 2019|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/columns/23-Sep-2010/Some-vanished-gardens-of-Lahore, The Nation newspaper, Published 23 September 2010, Retrieved 27 February 2017]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |title=Hazori Bagh |website=lahore.city-history.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421163950/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |archive-date=21 April 2019|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.


While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.<ref name="Penguin Books India"/> Monuments plundered of their marble include the [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] and the [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]]; the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly [[agate]] gate was stripped.<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India"/><ref name="New Imperial Press"/> The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.<ref>Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Oxford University: New Imperial Press. (page 87)</ref>
While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered of their marble include the [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] and the [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]]; the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly [[agate]] gate was stripped.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India"/> The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=87}}


Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,<ref name=modern/> and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.<ref name=modern/>
Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}


====British period====
====British period====
[[File:Front elevation, Aitchison College.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at [[Aitchison College]].]]
[[File:Front elevation, Aitchison College.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at [[Aitchison College]].]]
[[File:Tollington market, Mall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.]]
[[File:Tollington market, Mall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.]]
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Islamic architecture]] o r in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]]. The British also built [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the [[Quaid-e-Azam Library]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=Montgomery Hall faced inward, toward the main avenue of what would become a and reading room, a teak dance and "rinking"floor (skating rink), and room for the Gymkhana Club. Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore;the spaces and program of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society.}}</ref>
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Islamic architecture]] o r in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]]. The British also built [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the [[Quaid-e-Azam Library]].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "Montgomery Hall faced inward, toward the main avenue of what would become a and reading room, a teak dance and "rinking"floor (skating rink), and room for the Gymkhana Club. Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore;the spaces and program of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society."</ref>


[[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Lawrence Gardens]] were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=January 2007|publisher=Univ of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4|quote=Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.}}</ref>
[[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Lawrence Gardens]] were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew]].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}. "Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew."</ref>


The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.
The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.
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The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894" /> Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious [[Aitchison College]], the Punjab Chief Court (today the [[Lahore High Court]]), [[Lahore Museum]], and the [[University of the Punjab]].
The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894" /> Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious [[Aitchison College]], the Punjab Chief Court (today the [[Lahore High Court]]), [[Lahore Museum]], and the [[University of the Punjab]].


Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect [[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram]], who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".<ref name="Ahmed2001">{{cite book |author=Khaled Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Pakistan: behind the ideological mask : facts about great men we don't want to know |publisher=[[Vanguard Press|Vanguard]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-969-402-353-3}}</ref><ref name="HaroonKhalid">{{cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=April 25, 2018 |title=Lahore owes Hindu philanthropist Ganga Ram more than it would care to admit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522083126/https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TheMilliGazette">{{cite web |author=Special Reports |date=September 4, 2015 |title='Father of Modern Lahore' remembered |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227085526/https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TheSiasatDaily">{{cite web |last=Siraj |first=M.A. |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Pakistan reopens Samadhi of Ganga Ram, iconic engineer, philanthropist who rebuilt Lahore |url=https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915081729/https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="blogspot.com">{{cite web |last=Luqman |first=Tariq |date=November 15, 2018 |title=Sir Ganga Ram: The Father of Modern Lahore, our Khadim-Ala Punjab |url=https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227091728/https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[Blogger (service)|blogspot.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Sir Ganga Ram's descendant Kesha Ram celebrates US senate seat in salwar kameez to show the way |url=https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227093358/https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite web |author=[[Mazhar Abbas]] |date=July 18, 2021 |title=A hard call—II |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226063657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="USCGLahoreTweet">{{cite tweet|number=1354046370303385601|user=USCGLahore|title=#DYK "the father of modern #Lahore", Sir Ganga Ram's great granddaughter Kesha Ram has become the State Senator of #Vermont #USA? She was sworn in on January 6 and wore shalwar kameez during the swearing-in ceremony. Good luck for your endeavors, Kesha! 📸 @KeshaRam/ Wikipedia|author=U.S. Consulate General Lahore|date=Jan 26, 2021|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117142431/https://twitter.com/USCGLahore/status/1354046370303385601|archive-date=January 17, 2022|url-status=live|lang=en}}</ref><ref>Gill, Anjum. [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 "Father of modern Lahore remembered on anniversary."] ''Daily Times'' (Pakistan). 12 July 2004. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222357/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |date=3 November 2013 }}</ref>
Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect [[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram]], who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".<ref name="Ahmed2001">{{cite book |author=Khaled Ahmed |title=Pakistan: behind the ideological mask : facts about great men we don't want to know |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Vanguard Press|Vanguard]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-969-402-353-3}}</ref><ref name="HaroonKhalid">{{cite web |author=Haroon Khalid |date=April 25, 2018 |title=Lahore owes Hindu philanthropist Ganga Ram more than it would care to admit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522083126/https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="TheMilliGazette">{{cite web |author=Special Reports |date=September 4, 2015 |title='Father of Modern Lahore' remembered |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227085526/https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheSiasatDaily">{{cite web |last=Siraj |first=M.A. |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Pakistan reopens Samadhi of Ganga Ram, iconic engineer, philanthropist who rebuilt Lahore |url=https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915081729/https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="blogspot.com">{{cite web |last=Luqman |first=Tariq |date=November 15, 2018 |title=Sir Ganga Ram: The Father of Modern Lahore, our Khadim-Ala Punjab |url=https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227091728/https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[Blogger (service)|blogspot.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Sir Ganga Ram's descendant Kesha Ram celebrates US senate seat in salwar kameez to show the way |url=https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227093358/https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite web |author=[[Mazhar Abbas]] |date=July 18, 2021 |title=A hard call—II |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226063657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="USCGLahoreTweet">{{cite tweet |number=1354046370303385601|user=USCGLahore |title=#DYK "the father of modern #Lahore", Sir Ganga Ram's great granddaughter Kesha Ram has become the State Senator of #Vermont #USA? She was sworn in on January 6 and wore shalwar kameez during the swearing-in ceremony. Good luck for your endeavors, Kesha! 📸 @KeshaRam/ Wikipedia|author=U.S. Consulate General Lahore |date=Jan 26, 2021|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117142431/https://twitter.com/USCGLahore/status/1354046370303385601|archive-date=January 17, 2022|url-status=live|lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=Anjum |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |title=Father of modern Lahore remembered on anniversary |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=12 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222357/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>


=== Parks and gardens ===
=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Lahore}}
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Lahore}}


[[File:Bagh-e-Jinnah Lahore Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]] was laid in 1862.]]
[[File:Bagh-e-Jinnah Lahore Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]] was laid in 1862 as the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]].]]
Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The [[Shahdara Bagh]] was one of the earliest [[Mughal garden]]s, laid out in 15th century, and contains the [[Tomb of Jahangir]]. The [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] were laid out during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and were designed to mimic the [[Islamic]] paradise of the afterlife described in the [[Qur'an]]. The gardens follow the familiar [[charbagh]] layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, [[Hazuri Bagh]] was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.
Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The [[Shahdara Bagh]] was one of the earliest [[Mughal garden]]s, laid out in 15th century, and contains the [[Tomb of Jahangir]]. The [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] were laid out during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and were designed to mimic the [[Islamic]] paradise of the afterlife described in the [[Qur'an]]. The gardens follow the familiar [[charbagh]] layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, [[Hazuri Bagh]] was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.


The [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]] was established in 1862 and was originally named after [[Sir John Lawrence]], late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.<ref name="New Imperial Press"/> The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as [[Greater Iqbal Park|Minto Park]], which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.
The [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]] was established in 1862 and was originally named after [[Sir John Lawrence]], late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}} The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as [[Greater Iqbal Park|Minto Park]], which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.


The many other gardens and parks in the city include [[Hazuri Bagh]], [[Iqbal Park]], Mochi Bagh, [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park]], [[Model Town Park]], [[Jilani Park]], Nasir Bagh Lahore, [[Jallo Park]], [[Lahore Zoo Safari|Lahore Zoo Safari Park]], and [[Changa Manga]], a human-made forest near Lahore in the [[Kasur]] district. Another example is the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], a {{convert|141|acre|ha|adj=on}} botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.<ref>[http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm Lawrence Gardens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006025455/http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |date=6 October 2007 }} at Garden Visit website. (Retrieved on 27 March 2007)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|title=Bagh-E-Jinnah / Lawrence Gardens|date=12 February 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183128/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The many other gardens and parks in the city include [[Hazuri Bagh]], [[Iqbal Park]], Mochi Bagh, [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park]], [[Model Town Park]], [[Jilani Park]], Nasir Bagh Lahore, [[Jallo Park]], [[Lahore Zoo Safari|Lahore Zoo Safari Park]], and [[Changa Manga]], a human-made forest near Lahore in the [[Kasur]] district. Another example is the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], a {{convert|141|acre|ha|adj=on}} botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawrence Gardens (Bagh-e-Jinnah) |url=http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006025455/http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |website=Gardenvisit.com |access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|title=Bagh-E-Jinnah / Lawrence Gardens|date=12 February 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183128/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Lahore}}
{{Main|Economy of Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Lahore Expo Centre.jpg|[[Expo Centre Lahore]]
File:Lahore Expo Centre.jpg|[[Expo Centre Lahore]]
File:PIA Head Office, Lahore.jpg|[[Pakistan International Airline|PIA Head Office]]
File:PIA Head Office, Lahore.jpg|[[Pakistan International Airline|PIA Head Office]]
File:Emporium Mall.jpg|[[Emporium Mall]]
File:Emporium Mall.jpg|[[Emporium Mall]]
File:MCB-HQ.jpg|[[Muslim Commercial Bank|MCB]] headquarters
File:MCB-HQ (square).jpg|[[Muslim Commercial Bank|MCB]] headquarters
</gallery>
</gallery>


{{As of|2008}}, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) was estimated at $40&nbsp;billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78&nbsp;billion in 2008).<ref name="pwc1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190317/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |access-date=12 February 2010}}</ref> It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate/ |title=Lahore's Shahbaz growth rate |newspaper=Express Tribune |date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207041511/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate |url-status=live }}</ref> As a whole, Punjab has a $115&nbsp;billion economy, making it the first (and to date,{{As of when?|date=January 2023}} only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100&nbsp;billion, at the rank 144{{Of what?|date=January 2023}}.<ref name="pwc1" />{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}} Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102&nbsp;billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.<ref name="pwc1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |title=Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP |publisher=City Mayors |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174033/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{As of|2008}}, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) was estimated at $40&nbsp;billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78&nbsp;billion in 2008).<ref name="pwc1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190317/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |access-date=12 February 2010}}</ref> It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate/ |title=Lahore's Shahbaz growth rate |newspaper=Express Tribune |date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207041511/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate |url-status=live }}</ref> As a whole, Punjab has a $115&nbsp;billion economy, making it the first (and to date,{{As of?|date=January 2023}} only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100&nbsp;billion, at the rank 144{{Of what|date=January 2023}}.<ref name="pwc1" />{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}} Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102&nbsp;billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.<ref name="pwc1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |title=Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP |publisher=City Mayors |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174033/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf|title=Rapid Mass Transit System Project|author=Asian Development Bank|access-date=1 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816144832/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2010}}</ref> Some 42% of its work force is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.<ref name="adb" /> The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre,<ref name="adb" /> and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.<ref name="adb" /> The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.<ref name="Leading News Resource of Pakistan" />
A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|title=Rapid Mass Transit System Project |author=Asian Development Bank |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf |access-date=1 January 2009|archive-date=16 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816144832/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf}}</ref> Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.<ref name="adb" /> The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre,<ref name="adb" /> and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.<ref name="adb" /> The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.<ref name=2005_pg7_15/>


The [[Expo Centre Lahore|Lahore Expo Centre]] is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.<ref name="expolahore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |title=Expo Centre Lahore |publisher=LahoreExpo |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702085110/http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Defense Raya Golf Resort, also under construction, will be Pakistan's and Asia's largest golf course. The project is the result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia. The rapid development of large projects such as these in the city is expected to boost the economy of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homespakistan.com/development/defence-raya-lahore-golf-Resort |title=Defence Raya Golf Resort, Lahore – By D.H.A Lahore |publisher=Homespakistan.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226154912/https://www.homespakistan.com/development/defence-raya-lahore-golf-Resort |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferozepur Road of the [[Central business district]]s of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and [[Arfa Software Technology Park]].
The [[Expo Centre Lahore|Lahore Expo Centre]] is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.<ref name="expolahore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |title=Expo Centre Lahore |publisher=LahoreExpo |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702085110/http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Defence Raya Golf Resort, now fully operational (as of the 2024), boasts Pakistan’s largest and Asia's premier golf course. This luxurious project is a result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia, offering world-class residential, recreational, and commercial facilities. The development of such large-scale projects continues to elevate Lahore’s profile, contributing significantly to the national economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEFENCE RAYA GOLF RESORT - Pakistan {{!}} BRDB {{!}} BRDB |url=https://www.brdb.com.my/portfolio/defence-raya-golf-resort |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.brdb.com.my}}</ref> Ferozepur Road of the [[Central business district]]s of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and [[Arfa Software Technology Park]].


== Transport ==
== Transport ==
Line 692: Line 856:
[[File:Lahore Bus Service at Central Station, Lahore.jpg|thumb|[[Lahore Metrobus]]]]
[[File:Lahore Bus Service at Central Station, Lahore.jpg|thumb|[[Lahore Metrobus]]]]


Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the [[Lahore Transport Company]] (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's [[Lahore Metrobus]] and the [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Lahore Metro]] train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans {{Convert|27.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} around the city and operates at a speed of {{Convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.
Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the [[Lahore Transport Company]] (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's [[Lahore Metrobus]] and the [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Lahore Metro]] train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} around the city and operates at a speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.


====Metrobus====
====Metrobus====
Line 707: Line 871:
{{Main|Orange Line (Lahore Metro)}}
{{Main|Orange Line (Lahore Metro)}}


The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line Metro Train]] is an automated [[rapid transit]] system in Lahore.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613152814/https://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ |date=13 June 2018 }}, ''[[Express Tribune]]'', Lahore, 23 March 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|title=Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal – The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2015|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214626/https://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the [[Lahore Metro]]. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground,<ref name="Norinco">{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and had a cost of 251.06&nbsp;billion [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]] ($1.6&nbsp;billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. [[CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive]] rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|title=First Orange Line Metro train rolls out – The Express Tribune|date=16 May 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213001/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|url-status=live}}</ref> The train has speed up to {{Convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. For improved durability, its [[bogie]]s are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 October 2020|title=Lahore opens Pakistan's first metro line|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101134906/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|url-status=live}}</ref> Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|title=Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore|website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175757/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|url-status=live}}</ref> and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.<ref name="Lahore Metro Train">{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|publisher=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213320/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line Metro Train]] is an automated [[rapid transit]] system in Lahore.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613152814/https://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ |date=13 June 2018 }}, ''[[Express Tribune]]'', Lahore, 23 March 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|title=Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal – The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2015|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214626/https://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the [[Lahore Metro]]. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground,<ref name="Norinco">{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and had a cost of 251.06&nbsp;billion [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]] ($1.6&nbsp;billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. [[CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive]] rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|title=First Orange Line Metro train rolls out – The Express Tribune|date=16 May 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213001/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|url-status=live}}</ref> The train has speed up to {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. For improved durability, its [[bogie]]s are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 October 2020|title=Lahore opens Pakistan's first metro line|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101134906/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|url-status=live}}</ref> Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|title=Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore|website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175757/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|url-status=live}}</ref> and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.<ref name="Lahore Metro Train">{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|publisher=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213320/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|url-status=live}}</ref>


====Blue Line====
====Blue Line====
Line 718: Line 882:
Ride-sharing services such as [[Uber]] and [[Careem]] are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.
Ride-sharing services such as [[Uber]] and [[Careem]] are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.


[[Auto rickshaws]] play an important role of public transport in Lahore. There are 246,458 auto rickshaws, often simply called ''autos'', in the city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023|reason=This statistic (which is suspiciously precise) needs a source and date.}} Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called ''chand gari'' ('moon car') or ''[[chingchi]]'' (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market), are also a common means of domestic travel, though they are less common and cheaper than auto rickshaws. [[Chingchi]] rickshaws provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare. Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use [[compressed natural gas]] as fuel.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2020|title=2020 Ultimate Guide To Lahore|url=https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|access-date=16 July 2020|website=Visit Lahore|language=en-US|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152503/https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Auto rickshaws]] play an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city.<ref name="The Express Tribune 2019 c467">{{cite news |last=Asif |first=Rizwan | title=Bumper to bumper: One car too many on Lahore's roads | website=The Express Tribune | date=March 26, 2019 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1938097/bumper-bumper-one-car-many-lahores-roads | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called ''[[chingchi]]''<ref name="Khan 2023 j517">{{cite news | last=Khan | first=Abid | title=Punjab Govt decides to impose ban on Qingqi rickshaws | website=BOL News | date=December 2, 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2023/12/punjab-govt-decides-to-impose-ban-on-qingqi-rickshaws/ | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market){{Citation needed|reason=Unsourced |date=April 2024}} or ''chand gari'' ('moon car')<ref name="BOL News 2023 a520">{{cite web | title=Behind the wheel | website=BOL News | date=March 31, 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/newspaper/urban-insight/2023/01/behind-the-wheel/ | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref> are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare.{{Citation needed|reason=Unsourced |date=April 2024}} Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use [[compressed natural gas]] as fuel,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2020|title=2020 Ultimate Guide To Lahore|url=https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|access-date=16 July 2020|website=Visit Lahore|language=en-US|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152503/https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.<ref name="Sheikh 2023 x607">{{cite news | last=Sheikh | first=Hamza | title=Lahore Gears Up for Greener Streets: Introducing Electric Rickshaw | website=BOL News | date=December 27, 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/business/2023/12/lahore-gears-up-for-greener-streets-introducing-electric-rickshaw/ | access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref>


=== Intercity transportation ===
=== Intercity transportation ===


==== Railways ====
==== Railways ====
{{also|Lahore Junction railway station}}
{{see also|Lahore Junction railway station}}
[[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Junction Station]] serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all [[Pakistan Railways]] services in [[Northern Pakistan]]. It includes services to [[Peshawar]] and the national capital metropolitan area of [[Islamabad]]–[[Rawalpindi]], and long-distance services to [[Karachi]] and [[Quetta]]. [[Lahore Cantonment railway station|Lahore Cantonment Station]] also operates a few trains.
[[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Junction Station]] serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all [[Pakistan Railways]] services in [[Northern Pakistan]]. It includes services to [[Peshawar]] and the national capital metropolitan area of [[Islamabad]]–[[Rawalpindi]], and long-distance services to [[Karachi]] and [[Quetta]]. [[Lahore Cantonment railway station|Lahore Cantonment Station]] also operates a few trains.


==== Buses ====
==== Buses ====


[[Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal]] (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. [[Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal]] is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as "Chowk Yateem Khana"), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.
[[Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal]] (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. [[Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal]] is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.


=== Airports ===
=== Airports ===
{{See|Allama Iqbal International Airport|Walton Airport}}
{{Further|Allama Iqbal International Airport|Walton Airport}}
[[File:AllamaIqbalAirport.JPG|thumb|Allama Iqbal International Airport]]
[[File:AllamaIqbalAirport.JPG|thumb|Allama Iqbal International Airport]]
Pakistan's third busiest airport, [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, [[Muhammad Iqbal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx/ |title=History of Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore |publisher=lahoreairport.com.pk |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622023425/http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, [[Pakistan International Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web
Pakistan's third busiest airport, [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, [[Muhammad Iqbal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx/ |title=History of Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore |publisher=lahoreairport.com.pk |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622023425/http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, [[Pakistan International Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123211900/http://www.piac.com.pk/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123211900/http://www.piac.com.pk/
|archive-date=23 January 2011
|archive-date=23 January 2011
}}</ref> [[Walton Airport]] in Askari provides [[general aviation]] facilities. [[Sialkot International Airport]] (IATA: SKT) and [[Faisalabad International Airport]] (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.
}}</ref> [[Walton Airport]] in Askari neighbourhood provides [[general aviation]] facilities. [[Sialkot International Airport]] (IATA: SKT) and [[Faisalabad International Airport]] (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.


Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras al Khaimah]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]] (begins 28 August 2018),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|title=China Southern adds Guangzhou – Lahore route from Aug 2018|website=Routes|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624072440/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|title=China Southern adds plans Lahore launch from late-June 2018|author=Liu, Jim|date=18 March 2018|access-date=18 March 2018|website=Routesonline|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318155230/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg|title=PIA advertisement promoting Barcelona resumption|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061703/https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg?oh=15579c834ea244a3dcdb980a910cf249&oe=58AC4175&__gda__=1487737463_8b00fa6bdbfdff08a38910633e323afe|archive-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport|Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Islamabad International Airport|Islamabad]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]], [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]], [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]], [[Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport|Medina]], [[Milan–Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]], [[Multan Airport|Multan]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo–Gardermoen]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bacha Khan International Airport|Peshawar]], [[Quetta Airport|Quetta]], [[Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan)|Rahim Yar Khan]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]], [[Salalah International Airport|Salalah]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|title=Pakistan International W16 International route additions|website=Routes|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306040014/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tokyo–Narita]], [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]], [[Mashhad International Airport|Mashhad]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], and [[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|title=Uzbek Airways resumes flight from Tashkent to Lahore|date=5 April 2017|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213648/https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|url-status=live}}</ref>
Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras al Khaimah]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]] (begins 28 August 2018),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|title=China Southern adds Guangzhou – Lahore route from Aug 2018|website=Routes|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624072440/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|title=China Southern adds plans Lahore launch from late-June 2018|author=Liu, Jim|date=18 March 2018|access-date=18 March 2018|website=Routesonline|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318155230/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg|title=PIA advertisement promoting Barcelona resumption|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061703/https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg?oh=15579c834ea244a3dcdb980a910cf249&oe=58AC4175&__gda__=1487737463_8b00fa6bdbfdff08a38910633e323afe|archive-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport|Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Islamabad International Airport|Islamabad]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]], [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]], [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]], [[Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport|Medina]], [[Milan–Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]], [[Multan Airport|Multan]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo–Gardermoen]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bacha Khan International Airport|Peshawar]], [[Quetta Airport|Quetta]], [[Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan)|Rahim Yar Khan]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]], [[Salalah International Airport|Salalah]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|title=Pakistan International W16 International route additions|website=Routes|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306040014/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tokyo–Narita]], [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]], [[Mashhad International Airport|Mashhad]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], and [[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|title=Uzbek Airways resumes flight from Tashkent to Lahore|date=5 April 2017|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213648/https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Neighbourhoods ===
=== Neighbourhoods ===
{{see||List of zones in Lahore}}
{{further|List of zones in Lahore}}
[[Lahore District]] is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.<ref name="NRB2">{{cite web | url = http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html | title = City District Governments | access-date = 18 February 2009 | publisher = National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091005024105/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html | archive-date = 5 October 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.<ref name="NRB3">{{cite web | url = http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html | title = City District | access-date = 18 February 2009 | publisher = National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065059/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html | archive-date = 13 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
[[Lahore District]] is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.<ref name="NRB2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html |title=City District Governments |access-date=18 February 2009 |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005024105/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html}}</ref> Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.<ref name="NRB3">{{cite web |title=City District |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html |access-date=18 February 2009 |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065059/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref>


{{Lahore City District}}
{{Lahore City District}}


=== Politics ===
=== Politics ===
The 2015 local government elections for [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in Lahore yielded the following results:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti|title=LG polls results: a nightmare for PTI|website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=31 August 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226091808/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti|url-status=live}}</ref>
The 2015 local government elections for [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in Lahore yielded the following results:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti|title=LG polls results: a nightmare for PTI |website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=31 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226091808/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/70833-lg-polls-results-a-nightmare-for-pti}}</ref>


{{Pie chart|value1=84.5|label1=[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]|color1=green|value2=9.9|label2=Independents|color2=#a6caf0|value3=4.4|label3=[[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]|value4=0.4|label4=[[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]]|color4=#000000}}
{{Pie chart|value1=84.5|label1=[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]|color1=green|value2=9.9|label2=Independents|color2=#a6caf0|value3=4.4|label3=[[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]|value4=0.4|label4=[[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]]|color4=#000000}}
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The people of Lahore [[Festivals in Lahore|celebrate many festivals]] and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.
The people of Lahore [[Festivals in Lahore|celebrate many festivals]] and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.


Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines hold annual festivals called ''[[urs]]'' to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of [[Ali Hujwiri]] at the [[Data Darbar]] shrine has an annual ''urs'' that attracts up to one million visitors per year.<ref name="linus">{{cite book|author1=Linus Strothman|author-link1=The politics of Sufism on the ground: The political dimension of Pakistan's largest shrine|editor1-last=Tschacher|editor1-first=Torsten|editor2-last=Dandekar|editor2-first=Deepra|title=Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317435969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&q=data+ganj+-bomb+-bombers+-suicide+-attack&pg=PA232|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> The popular [[Mela Chiraghan]] festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of [[Madho Lal Hussain]], while other large ''urs'' take place at the shrines of [[Bibi Pak Daman]], and at the [[Shrine of Mian Mir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/|title=Devotees throng Lahore shrine for Mian Mir Sahab's Urs &#124; SAMAA|website=Samaa TV|date=7 November 2019|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052036/https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]] are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of [[Imam Husain]] at [[Karbala]] with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahid|first=QAM {{!}} Sheharyar Rizwan {{!}} Kalbe Ali {{!}} Shakeel Ahmed {{!}} Mohammad Hussain Khan {{!}} Zulfiqar Ali {{!}} Saleem|date=8 September 2019|title=Muharram: Walking the Mourners' Path|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|access-date=18 June 2020|website=dawn.com|language=en|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618143653/https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines hold annual festivals called ''[[urs]]'' to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of [[Ali Hujwiri]] at the [[Data Darbar]] shrine has an annual ''urs'' that attracts up to one million visitors per year.<ref name="linus">{{cite book|first=Linus|last=Strothman|chapter=The politics of Sufism on the ground: The political dimension of Pakistan's largest shrine|editor1-last=Tschacher|editor1-first=Torsten|editor2-last=Dandekar|editor2-first=Deepra |title=Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317435969 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&q=data+ganj+-bomb+-bombers+-suicide+-attack&pg=PA232|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> The popular [[Mela Chiraghan]] festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of [[Madho Lal Hussain]], while other large ''urs'' take place at the shrines of [[Bibi Pak Daman]], and at the [[Shrine of Mian Mir]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devotees throng Lahore shrine for Mian Mir Sahab's Urs|website=Samaa TV |url=https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/ |date=7 November 2019|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052036/https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]] are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of [[Imam Husain]] at [[Karbala]] with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=QAM |author2=Sheharyar Rizwan |author3=Kalbe Ali |author4=Shakeel Ahmed |author5=Mohammad Hussain Khan |author6=Zulfiqar Ali |author7=Saleem Shahid|date=8 September 2019 |title=Muharram: Walking the Mourners' Path |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|access-date=18 June 2020 |work=Dawn|archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618143653/https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|url-status=live}}</ref>


[[Basant (season)|Basant]] is a traditional [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi]] festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. [[Kite]]-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the [[Lahore Canal]] is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by [[celebratory gunfire]], sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |title=11 Dead at Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives at Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured |access-date=2 August 2007 |date=26 February 2007 |work=CBS News |archive-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184108/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Basant (season)|Basant]] is a traditional [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi]] festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. [[Kite]]-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the [[Lahore Canal]] is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by [[celebratory gunfire]], sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=11 Dead at Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives at Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured |date=26 February 2007|work=CBS News|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |access-date=2 August 2007 |archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184108/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan|title=In pictures: Christmas celebrations across Pakistan|website=www.geo.tv|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619041918/https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 3% of the total population of Lahore in 2016.<ref name=religion /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1|title=Christmas festivities all set to begin in Lahore|date=22 December 2018|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140313/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan|title=In pictures: Christmas celebrations across Pakistan|website=www.geo.tv|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619041918/https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan |url-status=live}}</ref> Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 5.1% of the total population of Lahore in 2024. [[Religion in Lahore]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1|title=Christmas festivities all set to begin in Lahore |date=22 December 2018|website=The Express Tribune |access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140313/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>


== Tourism ==
== Tourism ==
{{main|Tourism in Lahore}}
{{main|Tourism in Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Wazir Khan Mosque by Moiz.jpg|[[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
File:Wazir Khan Mosque by Moiz.jpg|[[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
File:Night View of Badshahi Mosque (King’s Mosque).jpg|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:Night View of Badshahi Mosque (King’s Mosque).jpg|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
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</gallery>
</gallery>


Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The [[Walled City of Lahore]] was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|title=Ten-fold increase in foreign tourists for Lahore Walled City|date=2 January 2016|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514013505/http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the most popular sights are the [[Lahore Fort]], adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]], the [[Alamgiri Gate]], the [[Naulakha pavilion]], and the [[Moti Masjid (Lahore)|Moti Masjid]]. The fort and adjoining [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|title=Historical mosques of Lahore|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The [[Walled City of Lahore]] was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|title=Ten-fold increase in foreign tourists for Lahore Walled City|date=2 January 2016|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412232613/http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the most popular sights are the [[Lahore Fort]], adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]], the [[Alamgiri Gate]], the [[Naulakha pavilion]], and the [[Moti Masjid (Lahore)|Moti Masjid]]. The fort and adjoining [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical mosques of Lahore |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/ |access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>


The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: the [[Krishna Mandir demolition reports|Krishna Temple]] and [[Valmiki Mandir, Lahore|Valmiki Mandir]]. The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], also located near the Walled City, houses the [[Urn|funerary urns]] of the [[Sikh]] ruler [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. The most prominent religious building is the [[Badshahi Mosque]], constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|title=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan – A Guide For Travelers – The Tourist|date=29 September 2017|work=The Tourist|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109210329/http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive ''faience'' tile work.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Blanshard Asher|first=Catherine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref>
The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: the [[Krishna Mandir demolition reports|Krishna Temple]] and [[Valmiki Mandir, Lahore|Valmiki Mandir]]. The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], also located near the Walled City, houses the [[Urn|funerary urns]] of the [[Sikh]] ruler [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. The most prominent religious building is the [[Badshahi Mosque]], constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|title=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan – A Guide For Travelers – The Tourist|date=29 September 2017|work=The Tourist|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109210329/http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive ''faience'' tile work.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Blanshard Asher|first=Catherine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref>

Whereas the Walled City reflects Lahore's historic grandeur, Defence Raya Golf Resort contributes to the city’s modern side, showcasing its rapid urban development and modern lifestyles.


=== Cuisine ===
=== Cuisine ===
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=== Museums ===
=== Museums ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Army Museum Lahore]]
* [[Army Museum Lahore]]
* [[Fakir Khana]]
* [[Fakir Khana]]
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* [[Shakir Ali Museum]]
* [[Shakir Ali Museum]]
* Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum
* Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum
{{colend}}


=== Tombs ===
=== Tombs ===
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=== Havelis ===
=== Havelis ===
There are many [[haveli]]s inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Sikh]] architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:
There are many [[haveli]]s inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Sikh]] architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* Chuna Mandi Havelis
* Chuna Mandi Havelis
* Dina Nath Ki Haveli
* Dina Nath Ki Haveli
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* Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
* Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
* Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
* Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
* Mubarak Begum Haveli Bhatti Gate
* Mubarak Begum Haveli Bhatti Gate
* Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
* Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
* Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
* Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
* Nisar Haveli
* Nisar Haveli
* Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli
* Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli
{{colend}}


=== Other landmarks ===
=== Other landmarks ===
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* [[Baghbanpura]]
* [[Baghbanpura]]
* [[Begampura]]
* [[Begampura]]
* [[Heera Mandi]]
* [[Mughalpura]]
* [[Mughalpura]]
* [[Shahdara Bagh]]
* [[Shahdara Bagh]]
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{{Main|Education in Lahore}}
{{Main|Education in Lahore}}
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Lahore|List of special schools in Lahore|List of libraries in Lahore}}
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Lahore|List of special schools in Lahore|List of libraries in Lahore}}
[[File:King edward medical university front gate.jpg|thumb|[[King Edward Medical University]]|200x200px]]
[[File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]]]
[[File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|thumb|267x267px|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]]]
[[File:King edward medical university front gate.jpg|thumb|[[King Edward Medical University]]]]
[[File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|thumb|297x297px|[[University of the Punjab]], Old Campus]]
[[File:Mainblock2.jpg|thumb|[[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]], Main Block]]
[[File:Mainblock2.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]], Main Block]]
[[File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|thumb|upright|[[University of the Punjab]], Old Campus]]
Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital,{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center{{Clarify|date=January 2023|reason=What does "future hyper" mean? Is this high-tech center even better than normal in some way?}} in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book
Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital,{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center{{Clarify|date=January 2023|reason=What does "future hyper" mean? Is this high-tech center even better than normal in some way?}} in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Raza
| last = Raza
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* [[St. Anthony's High School (Lahore)|St. Anthony's High School]], established in 1892
* [[St. Anthony's High School (Lahore)|St. Anthony's High School]], established in 1892
* [[St Francis High School, Lahore|St. Francis High School]], established in 1842
* [[St Francis High School, Lahore|St. Francis High School]], established in 1842
* [[University College Lahore]], established in 1994
* [[University College of Pharmacy]], established in 1944
* [[University College of Pharmacy]], established in 1944
* [[University of the Punjab|University Law College]], established in 1868
* [[University of the Punjab|University Law College]], established in 1868
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== Sports ==
== Sports ==
{{Main|List of sports venues in Lahore}}
{{Main|List of sports venues in Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" caption="Sports venues">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Sports venues">
File:HOCKEY ARGENTINA PAKISTAN.jpg|Pakistan playing against [[Argentina]] in 2005
File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg|[[Gaddafi Stadium]] is one of the largest [[List of stadiums in Pakistan|stadiums of Pakistan]], with a capacity of 27,000 spectators.
File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg|[[Gaddafi Stadium]] is one of the largest [[List of stadiums in Pakistan|stadiums of Pakistan]], with a capacity of 27,000 spectators.
File:Gymkhana Club, Lahore.jpg|[[Lahore Gymkhana Club|Gymkhana Club]]
File:Stadium f.jpg|[[Punjab Stadium]]
File:HOCKEY ARGENTINA PAKISTAN.jpg|Pakistan playing against [[Argentina]] in 2005
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[Gaddafi Stadium]] is a [[List of Test cricket grounds|Test cricket ground]] in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect [[Nayyar Ali Dada]] in the 1990s.
[[Gaddafi Stadium]] is a [[List of Test cricket grounds|Test cricket ground]] in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect [[Nayyar Ali Dada]] in the 1990s.

The multi purpose [[Punjab Stadium]] located near the headquarters of the [[Pakistan Football Federation]], is mainly used for [[Association football|football]] matches and has hosted several events including [[AFC President's Cup]] and [[FIFA World Cup qualification|FIFA World Cup qualifiers]].


Lahore is home to several [[golf]] courses, including the [[Lahore Gymkhana Club|Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course]], the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby [[Raiwind]] Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.
Lahore is home to several [[golf]] courses, including the [[Lahore Gymkhana Club|Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course]], the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby [[Raiwind]] Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.
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| 2006
| 2006
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[WAPDA F.C.]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Wohaib FC|Wohaib]]
| [[Pakistan Premier League]]
| [[PFF League]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Punjab Stadium]]
| [[Punjab Stadium]]
| 1983
| 1982
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[SNGPL F.C.]]
| [[Pakistan Premier League]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Punjab Stadium]]
| 2014
|}
|}


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The following international cities have been declared [[twin towns and sister cities]] of Lahore.
The following international cities have been declared [[twin towns and sister cities]] of Lahore.


{{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1975)<ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |title=No committee to develop ties with Lahore's twins |publisher=Daily Times of Pakistan |date=2 March 2007 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1975)<ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |title=No committee to develop ties with Lahore's twins |publisher=Daily Times of Pakistan |date=2 March 2007 |access-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|North Korea}} [[Sariwon]], North Korea (1988)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|North Korea}} [[Sariwon]], North Korea (1988)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]], China (1992)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]], China (1992)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Kortrijk]], Belgium (1993)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Kortrijk]], Belgium (1993)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]], Morocco (1994)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]], Morocco (1994)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Bukhara]], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dawn-sister">{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|date=5 January 2016|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|editor-last=Abbas|editor-first=Zaffar|editor-link=Zaffar Abbas|publisher=[[Pakistan Herald Publications]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Bukhara]], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dawn-sister">{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|date=5 January 2016 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|publisher=[[Pakistan Herald Publications]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran (2004)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran (2004)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
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*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (2007)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (2007)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
*{{flagdeco|TJK}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan (2008)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
*{{flagdeco|TJK}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan (2008)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain (2008)<ref name="cordoba-lahore">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The News International]]|title=Musharraf for Lahore-Cordoba liaison to promote ties with Spain|date=27 April 2007|editor-last=Aslam|editor-first=Talat|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain (2008)<ref name="cordoba-lahore">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The News International]] |title=Musharraf for Lahore-Cordoba liaison to promote ties with Spain|date=27 April 2007|editor-last=Aslam|editor-first=Talat |publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|COL}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia (2009)<ref name="Shayan"/>
*{{flagdeco|COL}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia (2009)<ref name="Shayan"/>
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Amol]], Iran (2010)<ref name=Shayan>{{cite web|url=http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|title=Ground Realities 4|last1=Syed Shayan|date=February 2015|publisher=Akhbar Peela|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094736/http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Amol]], Iran (2010)<ref name=Shayan>{{cite web|url=http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|title=Ground Realities 4 |last1=Syed Shayan|date=February 2015|publisher=Akhbar Peela|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094736/http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |date=25 November 2016 |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025115/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=live }} (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])</ref>
*{{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |date=25 November 2016 |language=pt |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025115/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=live}}</ref>


{{colend}}
{{colend}}
Line 1,125: Line 1,291:
==Awards==
==Awards==


In 1966, the [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded a special flag, the [[Hilal-i-istaqlal]], to the cities of Lahore, [[Sargodha]], and [[Sialkot]] for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1|title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|date=6 September 2013|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112234144/https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year on [[Defence Day]] (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|title=Defence Day celebrated with renewed pledges|date=7 September 2002|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630093108/http://beta.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1966, the [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded a special flag, the [[Hilal-i-istaqlal]], to the cities of Lahore, [[Sargodha]], and [[Sialkot]] for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1 |title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|date=6 September 2013|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112234144/https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year on [[Defence Day]] (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|title=Defence Day celebrated with renewed pledges |date=7 September 2002|work=Dawn|access-date=7 December 2020 |url-status=live|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630093031/https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Pakistan}}
* {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Pakistan}}
* [[Lahore Fashion Week]]
* [[Lahore Fashion Week]]
Line 1,133: Line 1,300:
* [[Lahore Literary Festival]]
* [[Lahore Literary Festival]]
* [[Lahore Railway Station]]
* [[Lahore Railway Station]]
* [[Lahori chaddar]]
* [[Lahori cuisine]]
* [[Lahori cuisine]]
* [[List of cemeteries in Lahore]]
* [[List of cemeteries in Lahore]]
Line 1,145: Line 1,313:
* [[List of towns in Lahore]]
* [[List of towns in Lahore]]
* [[List of urban areas by population]]
* [[List of urban areas by population]]
*[[Lahori chaddar]]
* [[Sikh period in Lahore]]
* [[Sikh period in Lahore]]
* [[Transport in Lahore]]
* [[Transport in Lahore]]
* [[Walled City of Lahore]]
* [[Walled City of Lahore]]
{{colend}}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 1,158: Line 1,326:
=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
{{See also|Timeline of Lahore#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lahore}}
{{See also|Timeline of Lahore#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lahore}}
* {{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=2008 |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Syad Muhammad Latif|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, with an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs Etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f3JSAAACAAJ|year=1892|publisher=New Imperial Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh|author-link=Gyanesh Kudaisya |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai|author-link2=Tan Tai Yong |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134440481 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}
* {{cite book|author=Pran Neville|title=Lahore : A Sentimental Journey|year=2006|isbn=978-0-14-306197-7|publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Syad Muhammad Latif|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities |publisher=New Imperial Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ |year=1892}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536426 Internet Archive]
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=0-391-04173-8 |location=Boston and Leiden}}
* {{cite book |last=Neville|first=Pran|author-link=Pran Nevile|year=2006|title=Lahore: A Sentimental Journey|isbn=978-0-14-306197-7|publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Sidhwa|author-link=Bapsi Sidhwa|first=Bapsi|date=2005|title=City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303166-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxnjJp_kpFkC&pg=PA23}}
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002a|author-link=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. I, early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04173-8 |location=Boston and Leiden}}
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002b |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. II, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04174-6 |location=Boston and Leiden}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Lahore|voy=Lahore}}
{{Sister project links|Lahore|voy=Lahore}}
* {{Official website|1=http://lahore.gop.pk/}}
* {{Official website|1=http://lahore.gop.pk/}}
* [https://postcodepk.com/postal-code/lahore/ Lahore Postal Codes (Complete List)]


{{LahoreTopics}}
{{LahoreTopics}}

Latest revision as of 22:26, 26 December 2024

Lahore
  • لاہور
  • لہور
Official seal of Lahore
Nickname(s): 
The Heart of Pakistan,[1] Paris of the East,[2] City of Gardens,[3] City of Literature (by UNESCO)[4]
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Map of Lahore
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Location within Punjab
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Location within Pakistan
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Location within South Asia
Coordinates: 31°32′59″N 74°20′37″E / 31.54972°N 74.34361°E / 31.54972; 74.34361
Country Pakistan
Province Punjab
DivisionLahore
DistrictLahore
FoundedBetween 1st and 7th centuries CE
City status1040; 984 years ago (1040)
Imperial status27 May 1586; 438 years ago (27 May 1586)
Metropolitan status3 February 1890; 134 years ago (3 February 1890)
Metropolitan seatLahore Town Hall
Zones
Government
 • TypeMetropolitan corporation
 • BodyLahore Metropolitan Corporation
 • MayorNone (Vacant)[5]
 • Deputy Mayors9 Zonal Mayors
 • Deputy CommissionerRafia Haider (BPS-19 PAS)[6]
 • Capital City Police OfficerBilal Siddiqui Kamyana (BPS-21 PSP)
 • Punjab Assembly
Area
 • Metro
1,772 km2 (684 sq mi)
 • Rank
Highest elevation231 m (758 ft)
Lowest elevation196 m (643 ft)
Population
 • Megacity
13,004,135
 • Rank
 • Metro density7,339/km2 (19,010/sq mi)
 • Language(s)
 • Dialect
Majhi (native & dominant)
Demonym(s)General: Lahori[b]
English: Lahorite
Religion (2017)
 • Religion
List
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)
Postal code
53XXX – 55XXX
Dialing code042[11]
Vehicle registration
List
    • LH
    • LHA
    • LHB
    • LHC
    • LHD
    • LHE
    • LHF
    • LHG
    • LHH
    • LHJ
    • LHK
    • LHL
    • LHP
GDP (PPP)$84 billion (2019)[12][13]
International airportAllama Iqbal International Airport (LHE)
Rapid TransitLahore Metrobus
PoliceCapital City Police Lahore
Development AuthorityLahore Development Authority
HDI (2018)0.877[14] (very high) · 3rd
GrowthIncrease 3.06%
Literacy (2017)73%
Constituencies in the National Assembly
14 / 336
Sex ratio (2017)912 /1000
ClimateBSh
AbbreviationLHR/ایل ایچ آر
Patron saintAli al-Hujwiri[15]
Websitelahore.punjab.gov.pk
Official nameFort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore
CriteriaCultural: (i)(ii)(iii)
Reference171-002
Inscription1981 (5th Session)
Extensions2009
Area36 ha (89 acres)

Lahore (/ləˈhɔːr/ lə-HOR; Punjabi: لہور [lɔː˩˥ɾ]; Urdu: لاہور [laːˈɦɔːɾ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the second largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and 26th largest in the world, with a population of over 14 million[16]. Located in central-eastern Punjab, along the River Ravi, it is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial, educational and economic hubs.[12][13] It has been the historic capital and cultural center of the wider Punjab region,[17][18][19] and is one of Pakistan's most socially liberal,[20] progressive,[21] and cosmopolitan cities.[22]

Lahore's origin dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two millennia, although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century with the establishment of the Walled City, its fortified interior.[23] Lahore served as the capital of several states and empires during the medieval era, including the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavid Empire and Delhi Sultanate. It succeeded Multan as the primary cultural centre of Punjab in the late-medieval era, reaching the height of its splendor under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th centuries and also serving as its capital city between 1586 and 1598. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world.[24]

The city was captured and looted by the forces of the Persian Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739. Although Mughal authority was briefly re-established, it fell into a period of decline with nominal control of the Nawab of Punjab; while raids and military invasions by the Durrani Afghans and Marathas into Punjab intensified. After the official end of Mughal rule and Afghan–Maratha War, Lahore transitioned from imperial rule to local governance under a Punjabi triumvirate, while territories in the rest of Punjab were being heavily contested among the Afghans and local Punjabi states from 1748 onwards. The city was captured by the Sukerchakia Misl, based in Gujranwala, under Ranjit Singh in July 1799, which initiated the process of Afghan retreat from Punjab and a Punjabi unification. In 1801, Ranjit Singh was crowned the Maharaja of Punjab, thus Lahore became the capital of a unified Punjab under the Sikh Empire, regaining some of its lost grandeur.[25]

In the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, Punjab was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 and Lahore became the capital of British Punjab.[26] Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the partition period, preceding Pakistan's independence.[27] Following the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, Lahore served as the capital of West Punjab from 1947 to 1955, and of West Pakistan from 1955 to 1970.

Primarily inhabited by ethnic Punjabis, Lahore exerts a strong cultural and political influence over Pakistan.[28] A UNESCO City of Literature and major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education sector,[29] with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city.[30] Lahore is home to Pakistan's Punjabi film industry, and is a major centre of Qawwali music.[31] The city also hosts much of Pakistan's tourist industry,[31][32] with major attractions including the Walled City, the famous Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques, as well as several Sikh and Sufi shrines. Lahore is also home to the Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[32]

Etymology

[edit]

The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as Luhawar, Lūhār, and Rahwar.[33] The Iranian polymath and geographer, Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, referred to the city as Luhāwar in his 11th century work, Qanun,[33] while the poet Amir Khusrow, who lived during the Delhi Sultanate period, recorded the city's name as Lāhanūr.[34] Yaqut al-Hamawi records the city's name as Lawhūr, mentioning that it was famously known as Lahāwar.[35] Persian historian Firishta mentions the city as Alahwar in his work, with al-Ahwar being another variation.[36][37]

One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word Ravāwar, as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from Sanskrit.[38] Ravāwar is the simplified pronunciation of the name Iravatyāwar, a name possibly derived from the Ravi River, known as the Iravati River in the Vedas.[38][39] Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word Lohar, meaning "blacksmith".[40]

According to a legend,[41][42] Lahore's name derives from Lavpur or Lavapuri (City of Lava),[43] and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,[44] the son of Sita and Rama. The same account attributes the founding of nearby Kasur to his twin brother Kusha,[45] though it was actually established in the 16th century.[46]

History

[edit]
Historical affiliations

Taank Kingdom 550–950
Hindu Shahis 1001–1020
Ghaznavid Empire 1020–1186
Ghurid Empire 1186–1206
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1214
Multan State 1214–1217
Delhi Sultanate 1217–1223
Khwarazmian Empire 1223–1228
Delhi Sultanate 1228–1241
Mongol Empire 1241– 1266
Delhi Sultanate 1266–1287
Mongol Empire 1287–1305
Delhi Sultanate 1305–1329
Chagatai Khanate 1329
Delhi Sultanate 1329–1342
Khokhars 1342
Delhi Sultanate 1342–1394
Khokhars 1394–1398
Timurid Empire 1398–1414
Delhi Sultanate 1414–1431
Khokhars 1431–1432
Delhi Sultanate 1432–1524
Mughal Empire 1524–1540
Sur Empire 1540–1550
Mughal Empire 1550–1739
Afsharid Empire 1739
Mughal Empire 1739–1748
Durrani Empire 1748–1758
Nawab of Punjab 1758
Maratha Empire 1758–1759
Durrani Empire 1759–1765
Bhangi Misl & Kanhaiya Misl 1765–1799
Sikh Empire 1799–1849
British East India Company 1849–1858
British Raj / British Empire 1858–1947
Pakistan 1947– present

Origins

[edit]

No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of the Solar dynasty, migrated out from the city.[47]

Alexander the Great's historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy.[48] Ptolemy mentions in his Geography a city called Labokla situated near the Chenab and Ravi rivers which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.[49] Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he visited the region in 630 CE during his tour of India.[50] Xuanzang described the city, then under Taank rule, as a great Brahmin city.

The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE,[51] in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".[23][52]

Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era of Sufi saint Ali al-Hajvery.[53] Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja Anandapala of the Üdi Shahi empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.[50][54]

Medieval era

[edit]

Ghaznavid

[edit]
The Data Darbar shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate saint Ali Hujwiri, who lived in the city during 11th century.

Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire.[50] He appointed Malik Ayaz as its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of Multan. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.[55]

With the support of Sultan Ibrahim, Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one.[56] A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule.[50] The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for poetry.[57][58]

Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of Khusrau Shah in 1152.[25][59] After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital.[60] Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore.[61] The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern Shah Alami Bazaar and north of the Bhatti Gate.[25]

Mamluk

[edit]

Following the Siege of Lahore in 1186, the Ghurid ruler Muhammad captured the city and imprisoned the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik,[50] thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made an important establishment of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medieval Muslim World. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city.[62][63] Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the Governor of Multan, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi, Iltutmish.[50]

In an alliance with local Khokhars in 1223, Khwarazmian sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni captured Lahore after fleeing from Genghis Khan's invasion of his realm.[50] Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city of Uch Sharif after Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.[50]

The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,[64] even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.[64]

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.[50] Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy.[50] Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.[65] Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,[66] while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief Toghrul.[64]

In 1266, sultan Balban reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler Temür Khan,[64] the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to Dipalpur.[50] The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab in 1298, though their advance was eventually stopped by Ulugh Khan, brother of Sultan Alauddin Khalji of Delhi.[64] The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.[67]

Tughluq

[edit]

Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik) of the Tughluq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by Tarmashirin of the Central Asian Chagatai Khanate, and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.[50] Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,[68] but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, Muhammad bin Tughluq.[50] The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief, Shaikha in 1394.[55] By the time the Mongol conqueror Timur captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.[47]

Late Sultanates

[edit]
The Neevin Mosque is one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.

Timur gave control of the Lahore region to Khizr Khan, governor of Multan, who later established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[69] The city was twice besieged by Jasrat, ruler of Sialkot, during the reign of Mubarak Shah, the longest of which being in 1431–32.[64] To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to Bahlul Lodi in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.[50]

Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with Sikandar Lodi in 1485.[70] Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of Daulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former employer of Guru Nanak (the founder of Sikhism).[70]

Mughals

[edit]
Grave of Nur Jahan
Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.[71]
The Begum Shahi Mosque was completed in 1614 in honour of Jahangir's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani.

Early Mughal

[edit]

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.[50][72] The city became a refuge to Humayun and his cousin Kamran Mirza when Sher Shah Suri rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.[50] The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.[50] Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either Delhi or Agra.[73]

By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.[25] Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were located within the city walls during the Akbar period.[25] During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as qasbahs, such as Kasur and Eminabad, as well as Amritsar, and Batala in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each qasbah.[25]

Akbar

[edit]

Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the Lahore Fort.[25] Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve subah provinces,[25] and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and subah to Bhagwant Das, brother of Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".[74]

Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.[25] The Akbari Mandi grain market was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.[25] Akbar also established the Dharampura neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.[75] The earliest of Lahore's many havelis date from the Akbari era.[25]

Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors.[25] Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.

Jahangir

[edit]

During the reign of Emperor Jahangir in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.[25] In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son Khusrau Mirza laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh Guru Arjan Dev.[76] Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.[76] Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.[77] Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and his tomb was built in Lahore's Shahdara Bagh suburb in 1637 by his wife Nur Jahan, whose tomb is also nearby.

Shah Jahan

[edit]

Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the Lahore Fort with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic Naulakha Pavilion in 1633.[78] Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the Shahi Hammam in 1635, and both the Shalimar Gardens and the extravagantly decorated Wazir Khan Mosque in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the Walled City.[25]

Aurangzeb

[edit]
The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674 and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.
Wazir Khan Mosque painting by William Carpenter (1866)

Shah Jahan's son, Aurangzeb, last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.[25] The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.[25] The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the Badshahi Mosque, was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.[79]

Late Mughal

[edit]
The Sunehri Mosque was built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.

Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.[80] Mughal preoccupation with the Marathas in the Deccan Plateau eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.[25]

Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur.[50] His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with Jahandar winning the throne.[50] Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of Farrukhsiyar when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.[50]

Nader Shah's brief invasion of the Mughal Empire in early 1739 wrested control away from Zakariya Khan Bahadur. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,[50] the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards Kandahar instead.[25] Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.[25]

Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.[81]

Durrani invasions

[edit]

The Durrani ruler Ahmad Shah occupied Lahore in 1748.[50] Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk Mir Mannu.[50] Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule.[50] Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah in 1752. The Mughal Grand Vizier Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, Timur Shah.[50]

Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by Adina Beg Arain with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their campaigns against Afghans.[82] After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, Marathas occupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it.[83] After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it.[50] By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—under Shah Zaman, but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.[50]

Sikh

[edit]
The Tomb of Asif Khan was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.[80][85]

Early

[edit]

Expanding Sikh Misls secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the Bhangi Misl state captured the city.[86] In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: Gujjar Singh, Lahna Singh, and Sobha Singh. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby Amritsar to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.[25]

Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.[50] Ranjit Singh negotiated with the Afghans for the post of subahdar to control Lahore following the second invasion.[50]

By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.[25]

Sikh Empire

[edit]
Lahore's Hazuri Bagh is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, Roshnai Gate, and the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh.
The marble Hazuri Bagh Baradari was built in 1818 to celebrate Ranjit Singh's acquisition of the Koh-i-Noor diamond.[87]

In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby Gujranwala, began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.[50][88] His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the Lohari Gate, Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.[80] After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.[89]

Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.[25] He established a mint in the city in 1800,[80] and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.[90] In 1801, he established a Gurdwara Ram Das to mark the site where Guru Ram Das was born in 1534.

Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.[25] By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying Shalimar Gardens[91] and built the Hazuri Bagh Baradari in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani in 1813.[87] He erected the Gurdwara Dera Sahib to mark the site of Guru Arjan Dev's death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, and havelis.[92][93]

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.[94] Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.[80][95] Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.[94] The Sunehri Mosque in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,[96] while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.[97]

Late

[edit]

The Sikh royal court (Lahore Durbar) underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son Kharak Singh died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, Nau Nihal Singh, died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.[80] Maharaja Sher Singh was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by Chand Kaur, widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.[80] Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic Diwan-e-Aam.[94] Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's Chah Miran neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.[87] Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.[80] Duleep Singh was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his wazir, but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,[80] as well as confrontations against the British during the two Anglo-Sikh wars.

After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the Lahore Durbar, and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.[80]

British colonial period

[edit]
Map of the Old City and environs.
The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890

The British East India Company seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.[25] Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujrat, British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.[25] Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.[25]

At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a population of 120,000.[98] Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the Walled City surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as Mozang and Qila Gujar Singh, which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.[99]

The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.[100] The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".[25]

Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the Tomb of Anarkali, which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an Anglican church in 1851.[101] The 17th-century Dai Anga Mosque was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.[102] The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.[103]

Constructed in the aftermath of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the design of the Lahore Railway Station was highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.

The British built the Lahore Railway Station just outside the Walled City shortly after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.[104] Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking The Mall, where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.[105] The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious Lahore Cantonment to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.

Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh – a visit in which he received delegations from the Dogras of Jammu, Maharajas of Patiala, the Nawab of Bahawalpur, and other rulers from various Punjabi states.[106] During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.[106] British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887) in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, including the Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts.[107]

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.[108] An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.[98] Lahore's posh Model Town was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while Krishan Nagar locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.

The Mall, Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.

Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India[105] and Pakistan. The Declaration of the Independence of India was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's Bradlaugh Hall.[109] The Indian Swaraj flag was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as Jatin Das, and was also where Bhagat Singh was hanged in 1931.[110] Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the All India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.[111]

Partition

[edit]

The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.[27][112] The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the Radcliffe Line to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography.[27] In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.[27] Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.[27] Kuldip Nayyar claimed that Cyril Radcliffe had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new Dominion of India,[113][114][115] but decided to place it within the Dominion of Pakistan, which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded Calcutta to India.[116][113][114]

As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced Partition's worst riots.[27] Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.[117] Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.[27] Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.[27] Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city en masse as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.[27] The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the Walled City, was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.[118]

When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live Hindustan" throughout the night.[27] On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.[27]

Modern

[edit]
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and President Ayub Khan travelled by car in Lahore, 1962

Partition left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs.[27] Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity.[27] Capital flight further weakened the city's economy while Karachi industrialized and became more prosperous.[27]

The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. Karachi was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.[27]

Sections of the Walled City of Lahore have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the Agha Khan Trust for Culture.

After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots.[118] The Tomb of Allama Iqbal was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement.[27] In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all West Pakistan during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970.[27] Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic Minar-e-Pakistan was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the Pakistan Resolution was passed.[27] With support from the United Nations, the government was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.

The second Islamic Summit Conference was held in the city in 1974.[119] In retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja Sher Singh,[87] and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup final match was held at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore.[120]

The Walled City of Lahore restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from Akbari Gate to the Lahore Fort with money from the World Bank.[121]

Geography

[edit]
Lahore as seen from International Space Station. River Ravi flows from North to West. The city is rapidly growing towards the south.

Lahore is in northeastern portion of Pakistan, lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E. The city is bounded on the north and west by the Sheikhupura District, on the east by Wagah, and on the south by Kasur District. The Ravi River flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of 404 square kilometres (156 sq mi).

Climate

[edit]

Lahore has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), bordering on a humid subtropical climate. The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F). The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September.[122] with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.[123]

The city's record high temperature was 50.4 °C (122.7 °F), recorded on 5 June 2003.[124] On 10 June 2007, a temperature of 48 °C (118 °F) was recorded;[125][126] this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of 55 °C (131 °F).[127] The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is 337 millimetres (13.3 in), recorded on 01 August 2024.[128]

Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0)
33.3
(91.9)
37.8
(100.0)
46.1
(115.0)
48.3
(118.9)
47.2
(117.0)
46.1
(115.0)
42.8
(109.0)
41.7
(107.1)
40.6
(105.1)
35.0
(95.0)
30.0
(86.0)
48.3
(118.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1)
22.2
(72.0)
27.5
(81.5)
34.2
(93.6)
38.9
(102.0)
38.9
(102.0)
35.6
(96.1)
34.7
(94.5)
34.4
(93.9)
32.4
(90.3)
27.1
(80.8)
21.4
(70.5)
30.5
(86.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)
16.5
(61.7)
21.6
(70.9)
27.7
(81.9)
32.3
(90.1)
33.2
(91.8)
31.3
(88.3)
30.8
(87.4)
29.9
(85.8)
26.3
(79.3)
20.4
(68.7)
15.1
(59.2)
24.9
(76.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7)
10.8
(51.4)
15.7
(60.3)
21.1
(70.0)
25.6
(78.1)
27.4
(81.3)
27.1
(80.8)
26.9
(80.4)
25.3
(77.5)
20.1
(68.2)
13.7
(56.7)
8.8
(47.8)
19.2
(66.5)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)
0.0
(32.0)
2.8
(37.0)
10.0
(50.0)
14.0
(57.2)
17.8
(64.0)
20.0
(68.0)
19.0
(66.2)
16.7
(62.1)
8.3
(46.9)
1.0
(33.8)
−1.1
(30.0)
−2.2
(28.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.9
(0.86)
39.5
(1.56)
43.5
(1.71)
25.5
(1.00)
26.7
(1.05)
84.8
(3.34)
195.6
(7.70)
184.1
(7.25)
88.6
(3.49)
13.3
(0.52)
6.9
(0.27)
16.8
(0.66)
747.2
(29.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.5 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.9 5.0 9.1 8.7 4.9 1.1 1.9 1.1 47.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 218.8 215.0 245.8 256.1 308.3 269.0 227.5 234.9 265.6 290.0 229.6 222.9 2,983.5
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[129]
Source 2: PMD[130]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881138,878—    
1891159,947+15.2%
1901186,884+16.8%
1911228,687+22.4%
1921281,781+23.2%
1931400,075+42.0%
1941671,659+67.9%
19511,130,000+68.2%
19611,630,000+44.2%
19722,198,890[131]+34.9%
19812,988,486[131]+35.9%
19985,209,088[131]+74.3%
201711,126,285[131]+113.6%
202313,004,135[131]+16.9%

Population

[edit]

The results of the 2017 Census determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285,[132] with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since 1998.[133] Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender.[133] Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.[134]

Tribes and background

[edit]

At the time of the 2017 Pakistani census, the largest tribal group were Arain Punjabis, constituting 40%, followed by Punjabi–Kashmiris at 30% with other tribes such as Rajput Punjabis and Kamboh Punjabis at 5% each. The majority of the rest 20% is constituted by other Punjabi tribes, with a minority constituted by other ethnic communities such as Muhajirs, Pashtuns and Meo.[135]

Tribes and backgrounds in the Lahore district[136]

  PunjabiArains (40%)
  Punjabi—Rajputs (5%)
  Punjabi—Kamboj (5%)
  Others (20%)

Controversy about the city's Pashtun population

[edit]

Some Pashtun nationalist parties argue that the Pashtun population of Lahore in the 2017 census has been underestimated, with Ameer Bahadur Khan, provincial general secretary of Awami National Party, putting their numbers at 1.5 million, while Gul Muhammad Regwal, a member of Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party, claiming more than 1 million including 300,000 in the Walled City alone, most of these having moved over the last 20 years, including due to military operations, but remaining uncounted as they're not considered permanent residents of Lahore.[137]

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Lahore District 2023[138]
Religion Percent
Islam
95.26%
Christianity
4.64%
Others
0.1%

According to the 2023 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are Muslims (95.26%), up from 94.7% in 2017. Other religions include Christians (4.64%, slightly less than 5.14% in 2017)[9] and small numbers of Ahmadis, Baháʼís, Hindus, Parsis, and Sikhs. There is also a small but longstanding Zoroastrian community.

Since Lahore contains some of Sikhism's holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs.[139] Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor Akbar in the late 16th century, but was then leveled by Shah Jahan in 1632.[140] Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the Shri Krishna Mandir and the Valmiki Mandir.[141]

Religious groups in Lahore City (1868−2023)[c]
Religious
group
1868[143][d] 1881[144][145]: 520  1891[146]: 68  1901[147]: 44  1911[148]: 20  1921[149]: 23  1931[150]: 26  1941[142]: 32  2017[151] 2023[152]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 70,974 56.18% 86,413 57.85% 102,280 57.83% 119,601 58.93% 129,801 56.76% 149,044 52.89% 249,315 58.01% 433,170 64.49% 10,530,816 94.7% 12,363,149 95.26%
Hinduism [e] 40,551 32.1% 53,641 35.91% 62,077 35.1% 70,196 34.59% 77,267 33.79% 107,783 38.25% 139,125 32.37% 179,422 26.71% 2,670 0.02% 2,811 0.02%
Sikhism 3,520 2.79% 4,627 3.1% 7,306 4.13% 7,023 3.46% 12,877 5.63% 12,833 4.55% 23,477 5.46% 34,021 5.07% 715 0.01%
Christianity 529[f] 0.35% 4,697 2.66% 5,558 2.74% 8,436 3.69% 11,287 4.01% 16,875 3.93% 21,495 3.2% 571,365 5.14% 602,431 4.64%
Jainism 227 0.15% 339 0.19% 420 0.21% 467 0.2% 474 0.17% 791 0.18% 1,094 0.16%
Zoroastrianism 132 0.07% 166 0.08% 198 0.09% 177 0.06% 150 0.03% 77 0%
Judaism 14 0.01% 13 0.01% 13 0% 0 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 128 0.06% 170 0.06% 14 0%
Ahmadiyya 13,433 0.12% 7,139 0.06%
Others 11,284 8.93% 3,932 2.63% 9 0.01% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2,457 0.37% 1,701 0.02% 2,339 0.02%
Total population 126,329 100% 149,369 100% 176,854 100% 202,964 100% 228,687 100% 281,781 100% 429,747 100% 671,659 100% 11,119,985 100% 12,978,661 100%

Languages

[edit]

Languages by number of native speakers in the Lahore district[153]

  Punjabi (73.58%)
  Urdu (21.1%)
  Other (5.22%)

The Punjabi language is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 73.58% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2023 Census.[154] Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the 2023 Pakistani census 21.1% speak Urdu, 2.06% Pashto, 2.01% Mewati and 2.78% other mother tongues.[155][156]

Urdu and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore.[157][158] Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the Punjab Assembly, Lahore.[159][160]

Cityscape

[edit]

Old City

[edit]
Cityscape of Lahore

Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic Walled City of Lahore in the northern part of the city, which contains several World Heritage Sites and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as katrahs and galis developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.[25] Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.[25]

The area around the Wazir Khan Mosque exemplifies the Walled City's urban form

Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as Peshawar, Multan and Delhi – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.

By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive haveli compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.[25] By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,[25] leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.

A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era Lahore Cantonment.

Architecture

[edit]
Built in 2012, Grand Jamia Mosque in southern Lahore is a blend of Mughal and modern architecture.

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the Mughal Dynasty, Sikh Empire, and the British Indian Raj. The architectural style of the Walled City of Lahore has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.[161]

Sikh period

[edit]

By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.[162][163] Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.[94] Monuments plundered of their marble include the Tomb of Asif Khan and the Tomb of Nur Jahan; the Shalimar Gardens was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly agate gate was stripped.[80][95] The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.[164]

Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,[25] and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.[25]

British period

[edit]
A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at Aitchison College.
Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.

As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the Indo-Gothic style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of Victorian and Islamic architecture o r in the distinct Indo-Saracenic style. The British also built neoclassical Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the Quaid-e-Azam Library.[165]

Lawrence Gardens were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.[166]

The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.

The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts.[107] Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious Aitchison College, the Punjab Chief Court (today the Lahore High Court), Lahore Museum, and the University of the Punjab.

Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect Sir Ganga Ram, who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".[167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175]

Parks and gardens

[edit]
Lahore's Bagh-e-Jinnah was laid in 1862 as the Lawrence Garden.

Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The Shahdara Bagh was one of the earliest Mughal gardens, laid out in 15th century, and contains the Tomb of Jahangir. The Shalimar Gardens were laid out during the reign of Shah Jahan and were designed to mimic the Islamic paradise of the afterlife described in the Qur'an. The gardens follow the familiar charbagh layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, Hazuri Bagh was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.

The Lawrence Garden was established in 1862 and was originally named after Sir John Lawrence, late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.[80] The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as Minto Park, which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.

The many other gardens and parks in the city include Hazuri Bagh, Iqbal Park, Mochi Bagh, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, Model Town Park, Jilani Park, Nasir Bagh Lahore, Jallo Park, Lahore Zoo Safari Park, and Changa Manga, a human-made forest near Lahore in the Kasur district. Another example is the Bagh-e-Jinnah, a 141-acre (57 ha) botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.[176][177]

Economy

[edit]

As of 2008, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008).[178] It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab.[179] As a whole, Punjab has a $115 billion economy, making it the first (and to date,[as of?] only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100 billion, at the rank 144[of what?].[178][failed verification] Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.[178][180]

A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.[181] Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.[181] The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre,[181] and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.[181] The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.[29]

The Lahore Expo Centre is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.[182] Defence Raya Golf Resort, now fully operational (as of the 2024), boasts Pakistan’s largest and Asia's premier golf course. This luxurious project is a result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia, offering world-class residential, recreational, and commercial facilities. The development of such large-scale projects continues to elevate Lahore’s profile, contributing significantly to the national economy.[183] Ferozepur Road of the Central business districts of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and Arfa Software Technology Park.

Transport

[edit]
Kalma Underpass

Public transportation

[edit]
Lahore Metrobus

Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the Lahore Transport Company (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's Lahore Metrobus and the Orange Line of the Lahore Metro train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) around the city and operates at a speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).

Metrobus

[edit]

The Lahore Metrobus is a bus rapid transit service operating in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.[184] Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with Lahore Transport Company's local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing a connected transit service across Lahore District with connections to neighboring suburban communities.

Low occupancy vehicles

[edit]

Low occupancy vehicle (LOVs)—functionally a medium-sized van or wagon—run on routes throughout the city. They function like buses and operate on many routes throughout the city.[185]

Metro Train

[edit]
The Orange Line is Pakistan's first metro rail line.

Orange Line

[edit]

The Orange Line Metro Train is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore.[186][187] The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the Lahore Metro. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi), with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground,[188] and had a cost of 251.06 billion rupees ($1.6 billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.[189] The train has speed up to 80 km/h (50 mph). For improved durability, its bogies are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning.[190] Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018,[191] and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.[192]

Blue Line

[edit]

The Blue Line is a proposed 24 kilometres (15 mi) line from Chauburji to College Road Township. Along the way, it will connect places like Mozang Chungi, Shadman Chowk, Jail Road, Mian Boulevard Gulberg, Mian Boulevard Garden Town, and Faisal Town.[193]

Purple Line

[edit]

The Purple Line is a proposed 19 kilometres (12 mi) line from Bhaati Chowk to the Allama Iqbal International Airport. Along the way, it will connect places like Brandreth Road, Railway Station, Allama Iqbal Road, Dharampura, and Ghazi Road.[193]

Taxi and rickshaw

[edit]

Ride-sharing services such as Uber and Careem are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.

Auto rickshaws play an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city.[194] Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called chingchi[195] (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market)[citation needed] or chand gari ('moon car')[196] are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare.[citation needed] Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use compressed natural gas as fuel,[197] and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.[198]

Intercity transportation

[edit]

Railways

[edit]

Lahore Junction Station serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all Pakistan Railways services in Northern Pakistan. It includes services to Peshawar and the national capital metropolitan area of IslamabadRawalpindi, and long-distance services to Karachi and Quetta. Lahore Cantonment Station also operates a few trains.

Buses

[edit]

Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.

Airports

[edit]
Allama Iqbal International Airport

Pakistan's third busiest airport, Allama Iqbal International Airport (IATA: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, Muhammad Iqbal,[199] and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, Pakistan International Airlines.[200] Walton Airport in Askari neighbourhood provides general aviation facilities. Sialkot International Airport (IATA: SKT) and Faisalabad International Airport (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.

Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including Ras al Khaimah, Guangzhou (begins 28 August 2018),[201] Ürümqi,[202] Abu Dhabi, Barcelona,[203] Beijing–Capital, Copenhagen, Dammam, Dera Ghazi Khan, Doha, Dubai–International, Islamabad, Jeddah, Karachi, Kuala Lumpur–International, London–Heathrow, Manchester, Medina, Milan–Malpensa, Multan, Muscat, Oslo–Gardermoen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Peshawar, Quetta, Rahim Yar Khan, Riyadh, Salalah,[204] Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Mashhad, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, and Tashkent.[205]

Roads

[edit]
The Azadi Chowk is located near the Badshahi Mosque.
Lahore Ring Road

There are a number of municipal, provincial and federal roads that serve Lahore.

Government

[edit]

Metropolitan Corporation

[edit]

Under Punjab Local Government Act 2013, Lahore is a metropolitan area under the authority of the Metropolitan Corporation Lahore.[206] The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body consisting of nine deputy mayors (one from each zone in the district) and the city's mayor – all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, coordinates urban design and planning, sets environmental protection laws, and provides municipal services.

Mayor

[edit]

As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the Mayor of Lahore is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputy town mayors. Mubashir Javed of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing Lahore City District departments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas.

Neighbourhoods

[edit]

Lahore District is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.[207] Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.[208]

Tehsils of Lahore District
  1. Ravi
  2. Shalimar
  3. Wagha
  4. Aziz Bhatti
  5. Data Gunj Buksh
  6. Gulberg
  7. Samanabad
  8. Iqbal
  9. Nishtar
  10. A. Cantonment

Politics

[edit]

The 2015 local government elections for Union Councils in Lahore yielded the following results:[209]

  PML(N) (84.5%)
  Independents (9.9%)
  PTI (4.4%)
  PPP (0.4%)
MCL/Zones
Parties
UC seats
Pakistan Muslim League (N) 229
Independents 27
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf 12
Pakistan Peoples Party 1
Awaiting results *5
Total 274

Festivals

[edit]
Lahore Canal during the spring Basant festival

The people of Lahore celebrate many festivals and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.

Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of Sufi shrines hold annual festivals called urs to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of Ali Hujwiri at the Data Darbar shrine has an annual urs that attracts up to one million visitors per year.[210] The popular Mela Chiraghan festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of Madho Lal Hussain, while other large urs take place at the shrines of Bibi Pak Daman, and at the Shrine of Mian Mir.[211] Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Husain at Karbala with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of Muharram.[212]

Basant is a traditional Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the Lahore Canal is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by celebratory gunfire, sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.[213]

Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for Christmas and Easter celebrations.[214] Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 5.1% of the total population of Lahore in 2024. Religion in Lahore [215]

Tourism

[edit]

Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The Walled City of Lahore was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[216] Among the most popular sights are the Lahore Fort, adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the Sheesh Mahal, the Alamgiri Gate, the Naulakha pavilion, and the Moti Masjid. The fort and adjoining Shalimar Gardens have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.[217]

The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: the Krishna Temple and Valmiki Mandir. The Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, also located near the Walled City, houses the funerary urns of the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The most prominent religious building is the Badshahi Mosque, constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the Wazir Khan Mosque,[218] constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive faience tile work.[219]

Whereas the Walled City reflects Lahore's historic grandeur, Defence Raya Golf Resort contributes to the city’s modern side, showcasing its rapid urban development and modern lifestyles.

Cuisine

[edit]

Religious sites

[edit]

Well-known religious sites in the city include:

Museums

[edit]

Tombs

[edit]

Shrines

[edit]
  • Bibi Pak Daman
  • Ali Hujwiri
  • Mian Mir
  • Madho Lal Hussain
  • Khawaja Tahir Bandgi
  • Ghazi Ilm Din Shaheed
  • Sheikh Musa Ahangar
  • Khawaja Mehmud
  • Nizam-ud-Din
  • Siraj-ud-Din Gilani
  • peer makki
  • Baba Shah Jamal

Samadhis

[edit]

Havelis

[edit]

There are many havelis inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of Mughal and Sikh architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:

  • Chuna Mandi Havelis
  • Dina Nath Ki Haveli
  • Haveli Barood Khana
  • Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal)
  • Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh
  • Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou)
  • Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
  • Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
  • Mubarak Begum Haveli – Bhatti Gate
  • Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
  • Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
  • Nisar Haveli
  • Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli

Other landmarks

[edit]

Historic neighbourhoods

[edit]

Education

[edit]
Government College University
King Edward Medical University
University of Engineering and Technology, Main Block
University of the Punjab, Old Campus

Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital,[citation needed] with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center[clarification needed] in Pakistan.[220] Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is the only AACSB accredited business school in Pakistan. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes, including:

Notable people

[edit]

Sports

[edit]

Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events, including the finals of the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup and the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies in Pakistan are located in Lahore, including cricket, hockey, rugby, and football.[citation needed] Lahore is also home to the head office of the Pakistan Olympic Association.

Gaddafi Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect Nayyar Ali Dada in the 1990s.

The multi purpose Punjab Stadium located near the headquarters of the Pakistan Football Federation, is mainly used for football matches and has hosted several events including AFC President's Cup and FIFA World Cup qualifiers.

Lahore is home to several golf courses, including the Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course, the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby Raiwind Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.

The Lahore Marathon is part of an annual package of six international marathons sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007.[221][failed verification] Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of the Ravi River.[222][better source needed]

Professional sports teams from Lahore
Club League Sport Venue Established
Lahore Qalandars Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy Cricket Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium 2018
Lahore Qalandars Pakistan Super League Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2015
Lahore Lions National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2004
Lahore Eagles National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2006
Wohaib PFF League Football Punjab Stadium 1982

Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]

The following international cities have been declared twin towns and sister cities of Lahore.

Awards

[edit]

In 1966, the Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag, the Hilal-i-istaqlal, to the cities of Lahore, Sargodha, and Sialkot for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression.[230] Every year on Defence Day (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.[231]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The highest point in Lahore is the Walled City[8]
  2. ^ In Punjabi, the demonyms are used as:
    • Lahorī (لہوری) – general (both singular and plural) and gender-neutral
    • Lahorīyā (لہوریہ) – singular and masculine
    • Lahorīye (لہوریے) – plural and masculine
    • Lahoran (لہورن) – general (both singular and plural) and feminine[10]
  3. ^ 1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.[142]: 32 
  4. ^ Also includes the suburban urban areas/villages of Mian Mir, Muzang, and Ichra, which ultimately became part of the town of Lahore.
  5. ^ 1931–1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
  6. ^ Only includes protestant population.[144]: 152 

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Smith, Oliver (12 June 2018). "Paris of the East? Athens of the North? The cities with ideas above their station". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  3. ^ "The 'City of Lights' vs 'City of Gardens'". 12 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  4. ^ Shoaib Ahmed (4 February 2021). "Unesco confers 'City of Literature' title on Lahore". Dawn. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  5. ^ "Local govts term ends today". Dawn. 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  6. ^ "Anti-encroachment Drive To Start On 20th". UrduPoint. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
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  8. ^ a b "Lahore topographic map, elevation, terrain". Topographic maps. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
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  12. ^ a b "Pakistan: 4 Top Cities". The Business Year. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b "[Home page]". www.finance.gov.pk. Finance Division | Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Inclusive growth and human development". UNDP. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  15. ^ "LAHORE: The patron saint of Lahore". DAWN.COM. 11 April 2004. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
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Bibliography

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