Meitei people: Difference between revisions

Meitei people
(Manipuri people)^[1]
	Cultural flag of the Meitei people
Total population
	1,800,000+ (2011)
Regions with significant populations
India	1,760,913
Manipur	1,522,132
Assam	168,127
Tripura	23,779
Nagaland	9,511
Meghalaya	4,451
Arunachal Pradesh	2,835
Mizoram	2,242
Myanmar	25,000
Bangladesh	15,000
Languages
	Meitei language ; (officially known as Manipuri language)
Religion
	Majority:; Hinduism (83.38%) - predominately Vaishnavism; Minority:; Sanamahism (16%),; Islam (8%),; Christianity (1.06%);
Related ethnic groups
	Bamars, Shan, Chin, Kachin, Meitei Pangals, Tripuri, Nagas, other Tibeto-Burman groups

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 10:43, 23 December 2024

This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display.

The Meitei people, also known as Meetei,^[15] Manipuri people,^[1] are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to the Indian State of Manipur. They form the largest and dominant ethnic group of Manipur in Northeast India. They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India and the sole official language of Government of Manipur.^[1]^[16] The Meiteis primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in modern-day Manipur, though a sizeable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram.^[2]^[17] There is also a notable presence of Meiteis in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar and Bangladesh.^[2]^[11]^[18] The Meiteis represents about 53% of Manipur's population.^[19]

Endonyms and exonyms

The Meitei are known by a number of endonyms, Meitei, Meetei, Meithei (Meitei),^[1] and as well as by numerous exonyms, such as Meckley,^[20]^[21] Manipuri, Cassay-Shan, and Kathe (Burmese). ^[22] The term Manipuri is widely used, but problematic because of its ambiguous scope: next to being a synonym for Meitei/Meetei, it can also refer in a wider sense to the native ethnic groups in the hills of Manipur.^[15]

Geographical distribution

India

Manipur

The Indian state of Manipur has the largest Meitei population among all its geographical distribution.^[23]

Assam

Meitei people are the third largest ethnic group, after Bengalis and Hindi speaking people, in the Barak Valley region of Assam state of India.^[24]

Bangladesh

The population of Meiteis are found in four districts of Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, namely Sylhet District (thirteen villages), Moulvibazar District (twenty-eight villages), Sunamganj District (three villages) and Habiganj District (four villages). In early times, there were Meitei population in Dhaka, Mymensingh and Comilla also.^[25]

Myanmar

Myanmar has a significant population of Meitei people in Kachin state, Yangon Region, Sagaing Region, Shan state, Ayeyarwady Region, among others.^[26]

Origins and history

"The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."^[27]^[28]^[29]

—Suniti Kumar Chatterji, Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian scholar

The earliest sections of the Cheitharol Kumbaba, a Meitei chronicle, record the gradual spread of Meiteis across Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur') and their assimilation of other clans into a confederacy.^[30]^[31]

In Kangleipak (Manipur)

In 1100 CE, Loyumba Shinyen (Old Manipuri: ꯂꯣꯌꯨꯝꯄ ꯁꯤꯟꯌꯦꯟ, romanized: Loyumpa Shinyen), an ancient Meitei language constitution was written and regulated under the supervision of Meitei King Loiyumba (Loyumba) (1074 CE-1112 CE) in the Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur).^[32] It is a formal proclamation of the proto-constitution which was drafted in 429 CE by Meitei King Naophangba.^[33]^[34]^[35] The idea of its constitutionalism was functional until it was substituted by the Manipur State Constitution Act 1947.^[36]

In Myanmar (Burma)

Myanmar is home to a sizeable community of Meiteis, who are called Kathe in Burmese.^[37] Unlike other Hindu communities in Myanmar, the Meitei resemble other Burmese ethnic groups in terms of physical appearance, which has accelerated their assimilation and integration into Burmese society.^[37] In the early 1950s, Burmese Meiteis numbered approximately 40,000, with a third of them residing in Mandalay.^[38] Current estimates are approximately 25,000.^[11] Meiteis have resettled throughout the country, including in villages near Myitkyina to the north, Homalin, Kalewa, Pyay, in the center of the country, and Yangon to the south.^[38] They continue to practice Hinduism in Myanmar.^[39]

As a result of wars between the Meitei kingdom and the Konbaung dynasty between the 17th and 18th centuries, many Meiteis were resettled in the Burmese kingdom.^[40] Some Meitei settlements in modern-day Myanmar originate from the 1758–1759 war, and from the Burmese occupation of Manipur from 1819 to 1826.^[40]^[38] Alaungpaya, during the former campaign, resettled Meiteis in Sagaing and Amarapura.^[38] The Meitei people's horsemanship skills were employed in the Burmese royal army, where they formed the elite Cassay cavalry (ကသည်းမြင်းတပ်) and artillery regiments (ကသည်းအမြောက်တပ်) which were employed during the Burmese–Siamese wars.^[41] The Burmese court also retained a retinue of Manipuri Brahmins called Bamons, also called Kathe Ponna (ကသည်းပုဏ္ဏား) to advise and conduct court rituals.^[38]

Language and writing systems

The Meitei people speak the Meitei language (also known as the Manipuri language), a Tibeto-Burman language. Meitei is one of the languages with legal status in India, and was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992.^[42]

There are many Meitei language movements, including classical language movement (predominantly in Manipur), associate official language movement (in Assam), linguistic purism movement (predominantly in Manipur), etc.

Historically and then after a long gap, presently, Meitei was written in the indigenous Meitei mayek script.^[43] The script was replaced by an alphabet based on the Bengali script in the early 18th century.^[44] The Meitei Mayek script has seen a revival in recent decades, and is now seen in street signs, schools, newspapers, and legislative proceeding records.^[45]

Literature

Among the heritage of diverse literary works in Meitei literature, the Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, (Meitei: ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ, lit. 'poem on Khamba Thoibi')^[46]), is regarded as the national epic of the Manipuris.^[47]^[48]^[49] It is an epic poem based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of Khamba and Thoibi. It is the best known magnum opus of Hijam Anganghal Singh. It is often considered to be the greatest of all the Meitei epic poems. At 39,000 verses, it is the longest Indian epic just after the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.^[50]^[49]^[51]

Culture

The Republic of India honouring and showcasing the cultural heritage of the Meiteis (clockwise from the top): Kangla Fort, Thang-Ta and the composite culture of Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur') (2005), Shri Shri Govindaji Temple, Yaoshang and Pung Cholom (2006), Maibi and Lai Haraoba (2017), Hiyang Hiren and Pakhangba (2010), Maiba, Pena (musical instrument) & Khamba Thoibi Jagoi (2018)

Architectural designs and sculptures

Some of the significant intricate designs of the traditional Meitei architecture and sculptures are seen in various buildings and institutions, especially the temples of traditional Meitei religion: Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple, Pakhangba Temple, Kangla, Sanamahi Kiyong Temple, Thangjing Temple, Moirang, among many. Others include the Ima Keithel, Kangla Sanathong. include Some of the worthy to mention finely crafted sculptures are the Marjing Polo Statue, Kangla Sha sculptures, Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh.

Classical and folk dances, festivals and ritualistic theatres

The Lai Haraoba (Meitei for 'Merrymaking festival of the gods') is a traditional Meitei ritualistic theatrical festival, consisting of different dances, musical performances and carnivals in the temples and the streets. It's dedicated to the worship of the ancient Meitei gods and goddesses, who are categorised as the Umang Lai (Meitei for 'Sylvan deities') and Lam Lai (Meitei for 'Tutelary deities').^[52]^[53]

The Manipuri classical dance, also referred to as the Manipuri Raas Leela (Meitei: Jagoi Raas, Raas Jagoi^[54]^[55]^[56]), is a jagoi and is one of the major Indian classical dance forms, originating from the historical Manipur Kingdom.^[57]

Theatre and cinema

The first Manipuri-language film, Matamgi Manipur, was released on 9 April 1972.^[58] Paokhum Ama (1983) is the first full-length colour feature film (according to the Academy's definition of a feature film)^[59] of Manipur and was directed by Aribam Syam Sharma. Lammei (2002) is the first Manipuri Video film to have a commercial screening at a theatre.^[60]

Golden Montgolfiere at the Nantes

Imagi Ningthem (Meitei for 'My Son, My Precious') (1981) is the only Indian film that gets the Golden Montgolfiere at the Festival des 3 Continents, Nantes in 1982, bringing fame and honour of the Indian cinema at the international platform.^[61]^[62]

World classic in Cannes

Ishanou (Meitei for 'The Chosen One') (1990) was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival,^[63] and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognised as a "World Classic" by the 2023 Cannes Film Festival. Notably, it was the only film selected from India for the event in that year.^[64]^[65]^[66]

Achievements in the National Film Awards

Religions and beliefs

According to the 2011 census, 83.38% of Meiteis practice Hinduism, around 16% of Meiteis follow the traditional Sanamahi religion, about 8% follow Islam^[12] and are known as Meitei Pangals, and about 1.06% are Christians.^[13] Meiteis follow both Hinduism as well as Sanamahi religious traditions and rituals. For example, they worship Sanamahi in the south-west corners of their homes.^[67]

Calendar

The Meitei people follow a traditional calendar called Maliyafam Palcha Kumsing, which has 12 months and a 7-day week.^[68]

Cuisine

Rice, vegetables and fish are staple food of the Meiteis, although meat is also consumed; but in traditional meitei dishes meat is never used in non-vegetarian dishes. In traditional and cultural gatherings fish, snails, oysters, crabs, eels etc. are the only non-vegetarian elements used and a significant number of meiteis follow it where meat is cooked and eaten outside the house if consumed. Rice is the main carbohydrate source in a Meitei dish; typically, it is served with vegetables, fish, freshwater snails, crabs, oyesters, eels etc. Among the most famous species of fishes Manipuri Sareng (Wallago attu) or commonly known as Helicopter catfish, Hilsa (ilish Tenualosa ilisha), freshwater snails (pila (gastropod)) and edible oysters are considered a delicacy. The vegetables are either made as stews (Kangsoi) with less oil/no oil used in sauteing, or stir fried directly in oil with various added spices to make an oily spicy side dish (Kanghou). Roasted/Smoked and Sun-dried fish or fried fresh fish is usually added in most of the stews and curry to impart special taste. The vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed in the region are more similar to those in Southeast/East/Central Asian, Siberian, Arctic, Polynesian and Micronesian cuisines such as Myanmar, Thailand, Inuit, etc. E.g. treebean (yongchak), galangal (loklei), culantro (awa phadigom), lime basil (mayangton), fishwort (tokningkhok) and many others, which are not cultivated in northern India. One of the most important ingredients in Meitei cooking is Ngari (fermented fish). Roasted ngari is used in the singju (a kind of salad), morok metpa (chilli chutney), eromba (boiled and mashed veggies with chillies). A variety of fermented bamboo shoots (soibum) as well as fresh bamboo shoots (Ushoi/Shoidon), and fermented soya beans (hawaijaar) also form an important part of Meitei cuisines. All meals are served with some fresh aromatic herbs on the side.

A typical every day Meitei meal will have rice, vegetable or fish curry, a piquant side dish (either morok metpa or eromba accompanied with herbs), a champhut (a steamed/boiled vegetable with little sugar, e.g., carrot, pumpkin or cucumber slices or steamed/boiled mustard green stems, etc. without sugar), and a Kanghou. Meat cuisines are also popular amongst the Meiteis and some of the common meat curries are yen thongba (chicken curry) and nganu thongba (duck cury) and depending on regions, oak thongba (pork curry) and shan thongba (beef curry).

Subsistence

The Meitei are mainly agriculturists in which rice is a staple crop. However, they also grow mangoes, lemons, pineapples, oranges, guavas, and other fruits. Fishing is also common among the Meitei that can either be a profession or a hobby. Women tend to dominate the local markets as sellers of food items, textiles, and traditional clothing.^[69]

Notable people

Associations and organisations

Society-based

Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha

Language-based

Religion-based

Notes

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Meitei | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Meitei". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "Languages Specified in the Eight Schedule (Scheduled Languages)" (PDF). census.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Listed as Manipuri in the 2011 Indian census
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Manipur". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Tripura". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Nagaland". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Meghalaya". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Arunachal Pradesh". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Mizoram". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sunil, Oinam (14 July 2015). "Manipuris in Mandalay see ray of hope in Modi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Manipur violence: Who are Meiteis and Kukis? What are they fighting over". Economic Times. 9 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Meitei unspecified in India". Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ "'Inclusion of Sanamahi religion in minority is being reviewed' : 27th aug11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". www.e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b Samson, Kamei (2019). "Theorising Social Fear in the Context of Collective Actions in Manipur". Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures. 4 (2): 12–43. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
P.20: "historically, academically and conventionally Manipuri prominently refers to the Meetei people."
P.24: "For the Meeteis, Manipuris comprise Meeteis, Lois, Kukis, Nagas and Pangal."
^ "Manipuri language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ "Festivals in Meghalaya, Fairs and Festivals of Meghalaya". Travelhot.in. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
^ Thokchom, Khelen (19 May 2008). "Myanmar Meiteis in search of roots". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 322–347
^ Temple, RC (1894). "Contributions Towards the History of Anglo: Burmese Words". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 152–164. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Sanjeev, Thingnam (2020). "Surveying and producing the frontier in nineteenth century Manipur: challenges and practices". Asian Ethnicity. 21 (1): 122–136. doi:10.1080/14631369.2019.1585750. S2CID 150642454. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Parratt 2005, pp. 24, Vol. 1.
^ "Manipuri language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ Mishra, Awadesh (1 January 1999). "The Manipuris in the Barak Valley: A Case Study of Language Maintenance'". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ "Textile Bdesh Myanmar 3". www.e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ "Manipuri in Myanmar 1". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ Indian Literature - Volume 14 - Page 20 (Volume 14 - Page 20 ed.). Sahitya Akademi. 1971. p. 20. The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now.
^ Siṃha, Niṃthaukhoṃjama Khelacandra (1975). Manipuri Language: Status and Importance (in English and Manipuri). N. Tombi Raj Singh. p. 34. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now...
^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 290. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Parratt (2005), pp. 4.
^ Sebastian (2019), pp. 57–58.
^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001. Mittal Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). Manipur: Treatise & Documents. Mittal Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001. Mittal Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). Manipur: Treatise & Documents. Mittal Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001. Mittal Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ ^a ^b Nongthombam, Jiten (1 July 2011). "The Meitei Diaspora in Myanmar". Diaspora Studies. 4 (2): 155–167. doi:10.1080/09739572.2011.10597359 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 0973-9572. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
^ "စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့တွင် ကသည်းမယ်တော်ကြီးချိုးရေတော်သုံးပွဲကျင်းပ" [Three festivals of Kathe Maedaw Gyi Cho Ye Taw held in Sagaing]. Eleven Broadcasting. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Oinam, Bhagat (2005). Murayama, Mayumi (ed.). "Manipur". Sub-Regional Relations in the Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region. 133. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Singha, Memchaton (2016). "Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18Th to 19Th Centuries". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 77: 874–879. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 26552717.
^ "Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India" (PDF). Mha.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ "History of Meetei Mayek". Tabish.freeshell.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ "Manipuri language and alphabets". Omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (23 September 2017). "Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ George, K. M. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ George, K. M. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.
^ Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 1186. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ ^a ^b Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy. Sahitya Akademi. p. 190. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.
^ Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 1573. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. His best work, Khamba Thoibi sheireng, in 39,000 lines on the story of 'Khamba and Thoibi' was started in 1939 and the composition was completed in 1940.
^ Delhi, All India Radio (AIR), New (31 August 1975). AKASHVANI: Vol. XL. No. 35 ( 31 AUGUST, 1975 ). All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi. p. 1582. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Lai Haraoba". Sahapedia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ "Lai Haraoba - a fertility rite of the Meitei". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ Banerjee, Utpal Kumar (2006). Indian Performing Arts: A Mosaic. Harman Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-86622-75-9.
^ Sruti. P.N. Sundaresan. 2006.
^ Derek, O' Brien (2006). Knowledge Trek 7, 2/E. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-7758-055-6.
^ "Manipuri | History, Characteristics, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ "Manipuri Cinema". kanglafilms.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
^ "91st Academy Awards Rules" (PDF). The Oscars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ "From Manipur, stories of the women actors who didn't get to play Mary Kom". The Indian Express. 17 August 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ "Digitised Imagi Ningthem screened at Pune film fest : 15th jan14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ "New book traces journey of Manipuri cinema". The Hindu. 6 April 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ "Festival de Cannes: The Chosen One". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
^ "Manipuri feature film 'ISHANOU' recognised as World Classic". The Economic Times. 6 May 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ "Aribam Syam Sharma's ISHANOU recognised as World Classic". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ "Manipuri Film 'Ishanou' Becomes India's Only Restored Film To Be Screened At Cannes 2023". Outlook India. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ "'Inclusion of Sanamahi religion in minority is being reviewed' : 27th aug11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". www.e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ "Names of 12 months of Kangleipak concepts and significances". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 441. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.

Sources

Brandt, Carmen (5 December 2017). "Writing off domination: the Chakma and Meitei script movements". South Asian History and Culture. 9: 116–140. doi:10.1080/19472498.2017.1411050. ISSN 1947-2498. S2CID 148911026.
Hazarika, Manjil (2017). Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India: Multidisciplinary Investigation in an Archaeological Terra Incognita. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-947466-0.
Parratt, Saroj Nalini Arambam (2005). The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-34430-1.
Sebastian, Rodney (2019). Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās (Thesis). University of Florida. ProQuest 2464172212.

External links

[:4-1] "Meitei | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[Ethnologue-2] "Meitei". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[3] "Languages Specified in the Eight Schedule (Scheduled Languages)" (PDF). census.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Listed as Manipuri in the 2011 Indian census

[4] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Manipur". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[5] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[6] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Tripura". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[7] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Nagaland". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[8] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Meghalaya". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[9] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Arunachal Pradesh". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

[10] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Mizoram". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[TOI-11] Sunil, Oinam (14 July 2015). "Manipuris in Mandalay see ray of hope in Modi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[ET-12] "Manipur violence: Who are Meiteis and Kukis? What are they fighting over". Economic Times. 9 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.

[Joshua-13] "Meitei unspecified in India". Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[14] "'Inclusion of Sanamahi religion in minority is being reviewed' : 27th aug11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". www.e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[samson-15] Samson, Kamei (2019). "Theorising Social Fear in the Context of Collective Actions in Manipur". Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures. 4 (2): 12–43. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
P.20: "historically, academically and conventionally Manipuri prominently refers to the Meetei people."
P.24: "For the Meeteis, Manipuris comprise Meeteis, Lois, Kukis, Nagas and Pangal."

[16] "Manipuri language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[17] "Festivals in Meghalaya, Fairs and Festivals of Meghalaya". Travelhot.in. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.

[18] Thokchom, Khelen (19 May 2008). "Myanmar Meiteis in search of roots". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[Khomdan_Singh_Lisam_pp_322-19] Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 322–347

[20] Temple, RC (1894). "Contributions Towards the History of Anglo: Burmese Words". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 152–164. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[21] Sanjeev, Thingnam (2020). "Surveying and producing the frontier in nineteenth century Manipur: challenges and practices". Asian Ethnicity. 21 (1): 122–136. doi:10.1080/14631369.2019.1585750. S2CID 150642454. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[FOOTNOTEParratt200524Vol._1-22] Parratt 2005, pp. 24, Vol. 1.

[23] "Manipuri language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2023.

[24] Mishra, Awadesh (1 January 1999). "The Manipuris in the Barak Valley: A Case Study of Language Maintenance'". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[:Bangladesh-25] "Textile Bdesh Myanmar 3". www.e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2023.

[26] "Manipuri in Myanmar 1". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.

[27] Indian Literature - Volume 14 - Page 20 (Volume 14 - Page 20 ed.). Sahitya Akademi. 1971. p. 20. The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now.

[28] Siṃha, Niṃthaukhoṃjama Khelacandra (1975). Manipuri Language: Status and Importance (in English and Manipuri). N. Tombi Raj Singh. p. 34. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now...

[29] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 290. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[FOOTNOTEParratt20054-30] Parratt (2005), pp. 4.

[FOOTNOTESebastian201957–58-31] Sebastian (2019), pp. 57–58.

[32] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001. Mittal Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[33] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). Manipur: Treatise & Documents. Mittal Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[34] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001. Mittal Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[35] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). Manipur: Treatise & Documents. Mittal Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[36] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001. Mittal Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[:1-37] Nongthombam, Jiten (1 July 2011). "The Meitei Diaspora in Myanmar". Diaspora Studies. 4 (2): 155–167. doi:10.1080/09739572.2011.10597359 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 0973-9572. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[:3-38] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.

[39] "စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့တွင် ကသည်းမယ်တော်ကြီးချိုးရေတော်သုံးပွဲကျင်းပ" [Three festivals of Kathe Maedaw Gyi Cho Ye Taw held in Sagaing]. Eleven Broadcasting. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

[:0-40] Oinam, Bhagat (2005). Murayama, Mayumi (ed.). "Manipur". Sub-Regional Relations in the Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region. 133. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[:2-41] Singha, Memchaton (2016). "Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18Th to 19Th Centuries". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 77: 874–879. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 26552717.

[42] "Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India" (PDF). Mha.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2017.

[43] "History of Meetei Mayek". Tabish.freeshell.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.

[44] "Manipuri language and alphabets". Omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2017.

[45] Laithangbam, Iboyaima (23 September 2017). "Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.

[46] George, K. M. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[47] George, K. M. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.

[48] Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 1186. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[:Sisir-49] Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy. Sahitya Akademi. p. 190. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.

[50] Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 1573. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. His best work, Khamba Thoibi sheireng, in 39,000 lines on the story of 'Khamba and Thoibi' was started in 1939 and the composition was completed in 1940.

[51] Delhi, All India Radio (AIR), New (31 August 1975). AKASHVANI: Vol. XL. No. 35 ( 31 AUGUST, 1975 ). All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi. p. 1582. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[52] "Lai Haraoba". Sahapedia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

[53] "Lai Haraoba - a fertility rite of the Meitei". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

[54] Banerjee, Utpal Kumar (2006). Indian Performing Arts: A Mosaic. Harman Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-86622-75-9.

[55] Sruti. P.N. Sundaresan. 2006.

[56] Derek, O' Brien (2006). Knowledge Trek 7, 2/E. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-7758-055-6.

[57] "Manipuri | History, Characteristics, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

[58] "Manipuri Cinema". kanglafilms.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

[59] "91st Academy Awards Rules" (PDF). The Oscars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.

[60] "From Manipur, stories of the women actors who didn't get to play Mary Kom". The Indian Express. 17 August 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[61] "Digitised Imagi Ningthem screened at Pune film fest : 15th jan14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.

[62] "New book traces journey of Manipuri cinema". The Hindu. 6 April 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.

[63] "Festival de Cannes: The Chosen One". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2009.

[64] "Manipuri feature film 'ISHANOU' recognised as World Classic". The Economic Times. 6 May 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.

[65] "Aribam Syam Sharma's ISHANOU recognised as World Classic". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.

[66] "Manipuri Film 'Ishanou' Becomes India's Only Restored Film To Be Screened At Cannes 2023". Outlook India. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[67] "'Inclusion of Sanamahi religion in minority is being reviewed' : 27th aug11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". www.e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[68] "Names of 12 months of Kangleipak concepts and significances". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[69] Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 441. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

v t e Ethnic groups in Myanmar
Burmese people
Kachin (12)	Jingpaw Dalaung Gauri Hkahku Duleng Maru (Lawgore) Hpon Lashi (La Chit) Atsi Lisu Rawang Taron Ngochang
Kayah (9)	Geba Karen Gheko Karenni Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung) Manu Manaw Pale Yin Baw Yin Talai Zayein
Kayin (Karen) (11)	Pa-Le-Chi Mon Kayin (Sarpyu) S'gaw Ta-Hlay-Pwa Paku Bwe Monpwa Monnepwa Shu (Pwo)
Chin (53)	Anu Anun Asho Bre (Ka-Yaw) Cumtu Dai (Yindu) Dim Eik-swair Gunte (Lyente) Guite Hualngo Kaung Saing Chin Kaungso Kebar Khawno Kwangli (Sim) Kwelshin Kwe Myi Lai (Haka Chin) Laizao Lawhtu Laymyo Lhinbu Lyente Magun Malin Marma Matu Meithei (Kathe) Mgan Mi-er Lusayy Mro-Khimi people Naga Ngawn Oo-Pu Panun Rongtu Saing Zan Saline Senthang Tangkhul Tapong Tay-Zan Thado Tiddim (Hai-Dim) Torr (Tawr) Yin Gog Zahau Zahnyet (Zanniat) Sizang Zophei Zotung Zou
Bamar (Burman) (9)	Dawei Beik Yaw Yabein Kadu (Kado) Ganan Hpon
Mon (1)	Mon
Rakhine (Arakanese) (7)	Kamein (Kaman) Khami Daingnet Maramagyi Miram (Mara) Mru (Taung Mro) Thet
Shan (33)	Danaw (Danau) Danu Intha Pa-O Khamti Shan Khmu (Khamu) Kwi Kokang Lahu Palaung Shan Gale Shan Gyi Tai-Loi Tai Nua Tai-Lon Tai-Lay Taishon Taungyo Wa (Va) Yao Yin Kya Yin Net Yun Man Zi Pyin Eng Son Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw) Maw Shan Maingtha Hkun (Khün)
Others / Unrecognised	Anglo-Burmese Chinese Panthay Bayingyi Gurkha Mizo Indian Tamils Rohingya Malay Pakistani Taungtha