Flag of Algeria: Difference between revisions

Algeria
Use	National flag, civil and state ensign
Proportion	2:3
Adopted	3 July 1962; 62 years ago
Design	A vertical bicolor of green and white, with the red crescent encircling the red five-pointed star centered along the dividing line.
Use	Presidential standard
Proportion	2:3
Use	Naval ensign
Proportion	2:3
Adopted	27 June 1963 (amended in 1995)
Design	As above, with white crossed fouled anchors in the canton.
Use	Naval jack
Design	The national flag in the canton on a light blue field.

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The national flag of Algeria (علم الجزائر) consists of two equal vertical bars, green and white, charged in the center with a red star and crescent, a symbol of Islam as the nation's prominent faith. The flag was adopted on 3 July 1962. A similar version was used by the Algerian government in exile from 1958 to 1962. The Western blazon is per pale vert and argent; a crescent and star gules.

Description

Algerian ships fly it as their ensign, except for ships of the Algerian National Navy, which use one charged with two white crossed anchors in the canton as the naval ensign. Formerly, the two crossed anchors in the canton were red.

According to algeria-un.org, cited in 1999, the features of the flag are set down precisely, being described as:

The green must be a composition of equal yellow and blue having, according to the diagram of contrasts of Rood, a wavelength of 5,411 [ångströms] and the position 600 on the normal spectrum. The red must be pure, of primary non-decomposable colour, and exempt of blue and yellow having, according to the above-indicated diagram, a wavelength of 6,562 [ångströms] and the position 285 on the normal spectrum.^[1]

Colours scheme	Red	Green	White
RGB	210-16-52	0-102-51	255-255-255
Hexadecimal	#D21034	#006633	#FFFFFF
CMYK	0, 92, 75, 18	100, 0, 50, 60	0, 0, 0, 0
Pantone	186 C	356 C	White

Construction Sheet

Symbolism

The flag aims to highlight Algeria's cultural heritage, but there are different interpretations of its elements. According to Malek Chebel, green represents Islam and white represents purity.^[2] For Pierre Lux-Wurm, green and white bring to mind the ancient banners of Islam from the time of the Prophet Muhammad, while the crescent and star can be seen as symbols of light.^[3] According to Khaled Merzouk, the green stripe represents the earth and agriculture, the white stripe represents peace and the crescent and star are symbols of Islam.^[4] The star represents the five pillars of Islam.^[5] Benjamin Stora suggests that the three colors of the flag originally represented the three countries of the Maghreb and the ideas of union.^[6]

History

Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, various Islamic dynasties ruled in what is now Algeria and controlled different territories at different times. At that time, national flags as we understand them today were not used. It is possible to distinguish, using various sources, certain constants, such as the presence of a crescent with variable orientation and the presence of the colors red, blue and white.^[7]

Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen on according to the Portolan chart.
Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen on Pietro Vescontes' map.
Flag of Béjaïa according to the Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms and Catalan Atlas.

Regency of Algiers

Red, yellow and green flags

Simple tricolor of the Regency of Algiers.
A common color arrangement.
Flag of Algiers (Al-Sharafīʼs Ottoman atlas of 1551)

Numerous Arab and French sources unanimously agree on the tricolor Algerian flag of red, green and yellow horizontal bands, raised first by the corsair then Sultan Oruç Barbarossa,^[8]^[9]^[10] the founder of the Regency of Algiers, a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire in North Africa from 1516 to 1830.^[11] The tricolor flag seemed to be raised on the main gate of Bab Azzoun in Algiers,^[12] as well as the Djenina palace,^[13] forts and other governmental buildings in Algiers, the flag also accompanied the forces of the regency in notable battles like the Algiers expedition of 1541 and the siege of Malta.^[14] It was called "the victorious flag" according to an arab manuscript,^[15] while some French authors branded it as "insolent" and "terrible".^[16]^[17] It was even described by other authors as "the national flag of Algiers".^[18]^[19] One variant was considered a War flag according to Bertrand Dubreuil.

Ottoman regent's flags

Flag of the Beylerbey-Pasha-Dey of Algiers
Flag of the Dey of Algiers according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).^[20]
Flag of the Beylerbey of Algiers in Kurtoğlu, Fevzi (1987). Türk bayrağı ve ay yıldız (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu.
Old Dutch engraving. "De Stad Haven En Mouillie Van Algiers Neven Desselfs Kasteelen" (the city, the port and the pier of Algiers) circa 1690

Military flags

Algerian Land forces Flag (Odjak of Algiers), during the conquest, the French captured about 100 with varying numbers of red and yellow stripes. ^[21]^[22]
Regimental Flag of Algiers from "The maritime flags of all nations" (1832), by Richard Holmes Laurie (1777–1858)
War flag of Algiers^[23]

Naval flags

One of the types of merchant flags of Regency of Algiers.^[20]^[24]
Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers (17th-18th centuries)^[25]
A pavilion of the regency of Algiers^[26]
Flag of the official in charge of the fleet.^[27]^[24]
Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.^[24]
Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers.^[24]
A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs by Laureys a Castro, c. 1681. Note the various flags with crescents used by the pirates.

The Barbary pirates of Ottoman Algeria between the 15th and 17th century widely used flags that were emblazoned with one or more crescents. These could however vary greatly in color, with dark red, black, green and white being in use. Besides these, Algerian pirates also used various flags in plain color, such as plain black ones signalling death. Less often, Algerian flags of this time also carried other motifs, such as suns, stars and crossed swords.^[28] It is also known that city of Algiers used an orange flag with a white horizontal sword on it by the early 19th century.^[29]

French Algeria

Merchant flag of French Algeria
Flag used by France in Algeria when as a colony and later a part of France

French Algeria was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later a part of France, for this reason the official flag was the flag of France. The French invasion began at a time when France used a solid white flag, but during the campaign, as a result of the July Revolution in metropolitan France, the tricolor was adopted, which remained in use until the independence of the Republic of Algeria in 1962. In the 19th century there was a merchant flag used on ships coming from Algeria and it was adopted after 1848, when the territories in Algeria were integrated with Metropolitan France, creates the multicolored motifs of the striped flags of the regency. The exact rules and years of use of the striped flag are unknown. The misrepresentation of the merchant flag as the main flag of French Algeria has been happening since the 19th century.^[30]

Emirate of Abdelkader

Flag of the Emirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847)
Regimental flag
Flag captured by the French

The Emirate of Abdelkader or Emirate of Mascara was a sovereign country founded by Abdelkader al-Jazairi with the allegiance of the people of Algeria to resist the French conquest of Algeria with its first capital at Mascara then Tagdemt after it was taken by France.^[31] Many flags were used in the emirate, but the most important is the green and white one used at Abdelkader's tent.^{[clarification needed]} In the white center was a raised hand of Fatima drawn surrounded by the words in gold "victory from Allah and the reconquest is near, and the victory by Emir Abdelkader". Copies of this flag, although different in proportions, are kept in the Emir Abdelkader Museum in Miliana^[32]

History of the current flag

One of the flags used in Sétif revolt (1945)
Flag of Algerian nationalists from Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto.
One of many variants of the flag used by Algierian nationalists before gaining independence.
One of many variants of the flag used by Algierian nationalists before gaining independence.

One of many variants before it was standardized in 1963.
One of many variants before it was standardized in 1963.
One of many variants before it was standardized in 1963.

The North African Star (ENA) Association was preserved in 1926, with Messali Hadj as its chairman, and one of its members was the grandson of the Emir Abdelkader, Khalid ibn Hashim. Since 1926, this organization has used a green flag with the words "Algeria our country, Arabic our language and Islam our religion".^[33]

While there is some dispute over who exactly designed the green and white with red star and crescent symbol,^[34] Émilie Busquant, wife of the Algerian nationalist leader Messali Hadj, is generally credited as having sewed the first version of the flag in 1934.^[35]

Historian Benjamin Stora explains that it was during a meeting of the ENA, in 1934, that the colors of the flag were chosen, after which Émilie Busquant was tasked with sewing it.^[36] However, René Gallissot and Anissa Bouayed affirm that this is not the first appearance of the Algerian flag, as Algerian trade union demonstrators displayed this same flag (green and white with a red star and crescent) during the May Day parades in 1919 and 1920, in France and Algeria.^[37]^[38]

Research by historian Mohamed Ghnanèche shows that in 1940, another flag was adopted with a red star and a white crescent placed above the center. It was then transformed by the Algerian People's Party (PPA) to its current form in 1943. According to Achour Cheurfi, the design of the current flag comes from PPA independence activists who, around 1944, commissioned a limited group to select the flag, it will be raised for the first time during demonstration in Sétif.^[39] During these events, this is carried, among others, by Bouzid Saâl, a student who will later be killed by the French police.^[40]

The green and white flag marked with a star and a red crescent was adopted by the National Liberation Front (FLN), which led the fight against France and was subsequently adopted in 1958 by the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic. It was raised at the Monrovia Conference in August 1959, where it was officially recognized by several African countries. It is then formalized and standardized by the law of April 25, 1963.^[41]

References

^ "Thanh-Tâm Lê, 2 January 1999 (crwflags.com)". 1999. Archived from the original on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
^ Chebel 2001, p. 143
^ Lux-Wurm 2001, p. 38
^ "The Flag of Algeria". flagdb.com. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
^ Merzouk 2008, p. 253
^ Stora, Benjamin (1985). Dictionnaire biographique de militants nationalistes algériens (in French). p. 74.
^ (in Arabic) Drapeaux des Hafsides souverain de Tunis et Béjaïa Archived 2024-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ توفيق, مدني، أحمد (1984). حرب الثلاثمائة سنة بين الجزائر واسبانيا، 1492-1792 (in Arabic). المؤسسة الوطنية للكتاب،. p. 175. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ Garrot, Henri (1910). Histoire générale de l'Algérie (in French). Impr. P. Crescenzo. p. 360. Archived from the original on 2023-07-08. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ Tarek Kahlaoui (2018). Creating the Mediterranean Maps and the Islamic Imagination. Brill. p. 216. ISBN 9789004347380. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ McDougall, James, ed. (2017), "Ecologies, Societies, Cultures and the State, 1516–1830", A History of Algeria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–48, doi:10.1017/9781139029230.003, ISBN 978-0-521-85164-0, archived from the original on 2023-09-03, retrieved 2023-09-14
^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition. p. 58. The great flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk in red, green and yellow, majestically deployed over the gate
^ Fondation de la régence d'Alger: histoire des Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVIe siècle, publiée sur un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale, avec un appendice et des notes : expédition de Charles-Quint (in French). Bouslama. 1837. p. 193. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28. it was from the top of its vast terraces (Jenina palace) on which floated the red, yellow and green standard
^ Drohojowska.]), A. S. de DONCOURT (Chevalier, pseud [i e the Countess Antoinette Joséphine Fránçoise Anne (1875). Les Fastes de la Marine Française. Marine militaire (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Farine, Charles (1869). Deux pirates au XVIe siècle: histoire des Barberousse (in French). P. Ducrocq. p. 501. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ Marius Bernard (1887). L'Algérie qui s'en va (in French). Plon, Nourrit. p. 39.
^ DROHOJOWSKA, Countess Antoinette Joséphine Françoise Anne (1848). L'historie d'Algérie, racontée à la jeunesse ... ouvrage ... précédé d'une préface de D. Lévi Alvarès ... et faisant suite au cours d'histoires racontées á la jeunesse ... par M. Lamé Fleury (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ Léon Galibert (1844). ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne. p. 181. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ مولود قاسم نايت بلقاسم (1985). شخصية الجزائر الدولية وهيبتها العالم العالمية قبل سنة ١٨٣٠, Volume 1 (in Arabic). دار البعث. p. 142. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ ^a ^b Pierre Lux-Wurm (2001). Les drapeaux de l'islam. Buchet-Chastel. ISBN 978-2-283-01813-2.
^ Flag Bulletin. Flag Research Center. 1986. p. 166. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
^ "Algeria: Miscellaneous flag reports, late 18th - early 19th century". Archived from the original on 2023-12-10. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Carington Bowles (1783). Bowles's universal display of the naval flags of all nations in the world. Londres. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.
^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.
^ "AL DJAZAIR Algeria". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
^ Konstam (2016), pp. 34–37, 40, 43, 52, 56, 57 61.
^ Konstam (2016), p. 61.
^ "Cigarette Cards: Flag Girls (1908)". www.listal.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
^ Sedgwick, Mark (2016-10-18). Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997766-6.
^ "Le sel de la terre: Passage à la manufacture d'armes de l'Emir Abdelkader à Miliana". 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ Sadouni, Brahim (1990). Le drapeau: écrit d'un harki. L'Harmattan. p. 68.
^ Houda, B. (20 August 1997). "Le vert, le blanc, l'étoile et le croissant Qui a conçu le drapeau algérien ?". El Watan. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ Kessous, Mustapha. "Emilie Busquant la plus algerienne des francaises". Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
^ Benjamin Stora, Nationalistes algériens et révolutionnaires français au temps du Front populaire, L'Harmattan, 1987, p. 94, extrait en ligne Archived 2023-10-08 at the Wayback Machine.
^ René Gallissot; Anissa Bouayed (2006). Algérie. Engagements sociaux et question nationale : de la colonisation à l'indépendance de 1830 à 1962. Éditions de l'Atelier. p. 176.
^ Gallissot, René (December 30, 2004). "Deux notices du Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier-Algérie". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales. 25–26 (25–26): 143–158. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.6325. ISSN 1111-2050. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
^ Cheurfi 2004, p. 144
^ Achour Cheurfi, La révolution algérienne (1954-1962) : Dictionnaire biographique, Casbah éditions, 2004, 495 p. (ISBN 978-9961-64-478-2)
^ "Repères chronologiques de la guerre d'Algérie". Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-01.

Bibliography

Chebel, Malek (2001). Dictionnaire des symboles musulmans. Éditions Albin Michel.
Cheurfi, Achour (2004). La révolution algérienne (1954-1962): Dictionnaire biographique (in French). Casbah éditions. ISBN 978-9961-64-478-2.
Konstam, Angus (2016). The Barbary Pirates. 15th–17th Centuries. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1543-9.
Lux-Wurm, Pierre (2001). Les drapeaux de l'islam (in French). Buchet-Chastel. ISBN 978-2-283-01813-2.
Merzouk, Khaled (2008). Messali Hadj et ses compagnons a Tlemecen : récits et anecdotes de son époque, 1898-1974 (in French). El Dar El Othmania.

External links

Media related to Flags of Algeria at Wikimedia Commons

Algeria at Flags of the World
Flag of Algeria at flagscorner.com Archived 2019-12-12 at the Wayback Machine

[1] "Thanh-Tâm Lê, 2 January 1999 (crwflags.com)". 1999. Archived from the original on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2016-06-15.

[2] Chebel 2001, p. 143

[3] Lux-Wurm 2001, p. 38

[FlagDB-4] "The Flag of Algeria". flagdb.com. Retrieved 2024-09-19.

[5] Merzouk 2008, p. 253

[6] Stora, Benjamin (1985). Dictionnaire biographique de militants nationalistes algériens (in French). p. 74.

[7] (in Arabic) Drapeaux des Hafsides souverain de Tunis et Béjaïa Archived 2024-03-23 at the Wayback Machine

[8] توفيق, مدني، أحمد (1984). حرب الثلاثمائة سنة بين الجزائر واسبانيا، 1492-1792 (in Arabic). المؤسسة الوطنية للكتاب،. p. 175. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[9] Garrot, Henri (1910). Histoire générale de l'Algérie (in French). Impr. P. Crescenzo. p. 360. Archived from the original on 2023-07-08. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[10] Tarek Kahlaoui (2018). Creating the Mediterranean Maps and the Islamic Imagination. Brill. p. 216. ISBN 9789004347380. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[11] McDougall, James, ed. (2017), "Ecologies, Societies, Cultures and the State, 1516–1830", A History of Algeria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–48, doi:10.1017/9781139029230.003, ISBN 978-0-521-85164-0, archived from the original on 2023-09-03, retrieved 2023-09-14

[12] Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition. p. 58. The great flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk in red, green and yellow, majestically deployed over the gate

[13] Fondation de la régence d'Alger: histoire des Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVIe siècle, publiée sur un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale, avec un appendice et des notes : expédition de Charles-Quint (in French). Bouslama. 1837. p. 193. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28. it was from the top of its vast terraces (Jenina palace) on which floated the red, yellow and green standard

[14] Drohojowska.]), A. S. de DONCOURT (Chevalier, pseud [i e the Countess Antoinette Joséphine Fránçoise Anne (1875). Les Fastes de la Marine Française. Marine militaire (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[15] Farine, Charles (1869). Deux pirates au XVIe siècle: histoire des Barberousse (in French). P. Ducrocq. p. 501. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[16] Marius Bernard (1887). L'Algérie qui s'en va (in French). Plon, Nourrit. p. 39.

[17] DROHOJOWSKA, Countess Antoinette Joséphine Françoise Anne (1848). L'historie d'Algérie, racontée à la jeunesse ... ouvrage ... précédé d'une préface de D. Lévi Alvarès ... et faisant suite au cours d'histoires racontées á la jeunesse ... par M. Lamé Fleury (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[18] Léon Galibert (1844). ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne. p. 181. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[19] مولود قاسم نايت بلقاسم (1985). شخصية الجزائر الدولية وهيبتها العالم العالمية قبل سنة ١٨٣٠, Volume 1 (in Arabic). دار البعث. p. 142. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[:5-20] Pierre Lux-Wurm (2001). Les drapeaux de l'islam. Buchet-Chastel. ISBN 978-2-283-01813-2.

[21] Flag Bulletin. Flag Research Center. 1986. p. 166. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.

[22] "Algeria: Miscellaneous flag reports, late 18th - early 19th century". Archived from the original on 2023-12-10. Retrieved 2024-01-01.

[23] B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11

[Bowles-24] Carington Bowles (1783). Bowles's universal display of the naval flags of all nations in the world. Londres. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2024-01-01.

[25] B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.

[26] B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.

[27] "AL DJAZAIR Algeria". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-01-23.

[FOOTNOTEKonstam201634–37,_40,_43,_52,_56,_57_61-28] Konstam (2016), pp. 34–37, 40, 43, 52, 56, 57 61.

[FOOTNOTEKonstam201661-29] Konstam (2016), p. 61.

[30] "Cigarette Cards: Flag Girls (1908)". www.listal.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-05-04.

[31] Sedgwick, Mark (2016-10-18). Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997766-6.

[32] "Le sel de la terre: Passage à la manufacture d'armes de l'Emir Abdelkader à Miliana". 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.

[33] Sadouni, Brahim (1990). Le drapeau: écrit d'un harki. L'Harmattan. p. 68.

[34] Houda, B. (20 August 1997). "Le vert, le blanc, l'étoile et le croissant Qui a conçu le drapeau algérien ?". El Watan. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

[35] Kessous, Mustapha. "Emilie Busquant la plus algerienne des francaises". Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

[36] Benjamin Stora, Nationalistes algériens et révolutionnaires français au temps du Front populaire, L'Harmattan, 1987, p. 94, extrait en ligne Archived 2023-10-08 at the Wayback Machine.

[37] René Gallissot; Anissa Bouayed (2006). Algérie. Engagements sociaux et question nationale : de la colonisation à l'indépendance de 1830 à 1962. Éditions de l'Atelier. p. 176.

[38] Gallissot, René (December 30, 2004). "Deux notices du Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier-Algérie". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales. 25–26 (25–26): 143–158. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.6325. ISSN 1111-2050. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.

[Cheurfi144-39] Cheurfi 2004, p. 144

[40] Achour Cheurfi, La révolution algérienne (1954-1962) : Dictionnaire biographique, Casbah éditions, 2004, 495 p. (ISBN 978-9961-64-478-2)

[41] "Repères chronologiques de la guerre d'Algérie". Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-01.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|National flag}}
+{{short description|none}}
 {{Infobox flag
-| Name       = [[Algeria|People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]]
+| Name = [[Algeria]]
-| Image      = Flag of Algeria.svg
+| Image = Flag of Algeria.svg
-| Use        = 111110
+| Use = 111110
-| Symbol     = {{FIAV|111110}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
+| Symbol = {{FIAV|111110}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
 | Proportion = 2:3
-| Adoption   = {{start date and age|1962|7|3|df=y}}
+| Adoption = {{start date and age|1962|7|3|df=y}}
-| Design     = A vertical bicolor of green and white, with the red crescent encircling the red five-pointed star centered along the dividing line.
+| Design = A vertical bicolor of green and white, with the red crescent encircling the red five-pointed star centered along the dividing line.
-| Image2      = Flag of the President of Algeria.svg
+| Image2 = Flag of the President of Algeria.svg
-| Use2        = Presidential standard
+| Use2 = Presidential standard
-| Symbol2     = {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
+| Symbol2 = {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
 | Proportion2 = 2:3
-| Adoption2   =
+| Adoption2 =
-| Design2     =
+| Design2 =
-| Image3      = Naval Ensign of Algeria.svg
+| Image3 = Naval Ensign of Algeria.svg
-| Use3        = 000001
+| Use3 = 000001
-| Symbol3     = {{FIAV|000001}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
+| Symbol3 = {{FIAV|000001}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
 | Proportion3 = 2:3
-| Adoption3   = 27 June 1963 (amended in 1995)
+| Adoption3 = 27 June 1963 (amended in 1995)
-| Design3     = As above, with white crossed fouled anchors in the canton.
+| Design3 = As above, with white crossed fouled anchors in the canton.
-| Image4      = Naval Jack of Algeria.svg
+| Image4 = Naval Jack of Algeria.svg
-| Use4        = [[Naval jack]]
+| Use4 = [[Naval jack]]
-| Symbol4     = {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
+| Symbol4 = {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
-| Design4     = The national flag in the canton on a light blue field.}}
+| Design4 = The national flag in the canton on a light blue field.
+}}
-The national '''flag of Algeria''' ({{lang-ar|علم الجزائر}}, {{lang-ber|ⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ, Anay azzayri}}, {{lang-fr|Drapeau de l'Algérie}}) consists of two equal vertical bars, green and white, [[charge (heraldry)|charged]] in the center with a red [[star and crescent]], a symbol of [[Islam]] as the nation's prominent faith. The flag was adopted on 3 July 1962. A similar version was used by the [[Politics of Algeria|Algerian government]] in exile from 1958 to 1962. The Western [[blazon]] is ''per pale vert and argent; a crescent and star gules''.
+The national '''flag of Algeria''' ({{lang|ar|علم الجزائر}}) consists of two equal vertical bars, green and white, [[charge (heraldry)|charged]] in the center with a red [[star and crescent]], a symbol of [[Islam]] as the nation's prominent faith. The flag was adopted on 3 July 1962. A similar version was used by the [[Politics of Algeria|Algerian government]] in exile from 1958 to 1962. The Western [[blazon]] is ''per pale vert and argent; a crescent and star gules''.
 ==Description==
 Algerian ships fly it as their ensign, except for ships of the [[Algerian National Navy]], which use one charged with two white crossed anchors in the [[flag terminology|canton]] as the [[naval ensign]]. Formerly, the two crossed anchors in the canton were red.
-According to algeria-un.org, cited in 1999, the features of the flag are set down precisely, being described as: {{quote|The green must be a composition of equal yellow and blue having, according to the diagram of contrasts of Rood, a [[wavelength]] of 5,411 <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[ångström]]s] and the position 600 on the normal spectrum. The red must be pure, of primary non-decomposable colour, and exempt of blue and yellow having, according to the above-indicated diagram, a wavelength of 6,562 [ångströms] and the position 285 on the normal spectrum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/dz.html |title=Thanh-Tâm Lê, 2 January 1999 (crwflags.com) |year=1999 |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>}}
+According to algeria-un.org, cited in 1999, the features of the flag are set down precisely, being described as: {{blockquote|The green must be a composition of equal yellow and blue having, according to the diagram of contrasts of Rood, a [[wavelength]] of 5,411 <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[ångström]]s] and the position 600 on the normal spectrum. The red must be pure, of primary non-decomposable colour, and exempt of blue and yellow having, according to the above-indicated diagram, a wavelength of 6,562 [ångströms] and the position 285 on the normal spectrum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/dz.html |title=Thanh-Tâm Lê, 2 January 1999 (crwflags.com) |year=1999 |access-date=2016-06-15 |archive-date=2013-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107013038/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/dz.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 | '''[[:en:Pantone|Pantone]]''' ||186 C ||356 C||White
 |}
 ===Construction Sheet===
 {{Gallery|align=center|height=250|width=360
@@ Line 49: / Line 51: @@
 ==Symbolism==
-The flag aims to highlight [[Culture of Algeria|Algeria's cultural heritage]], but there are different interpretations of its elements. According to Malek Chebel, green represents Islam and white represents purity.<ref>{{harvsp|Chebel|2001|p=143}}</ref>For Pierre Lux-Wurm, green and white bring to mind the ancient banners of [[Islam]] from the time of the [[Prophet Muhammad]], while the crescent and star can be seen as symbols of light.<ref>{{harvsp|Lux-Wurm|2001|p=38}}</ref> According to Khaled Merzouk, the green stripe represents the earth and agriculture, the white stripe represents peace and the crescent and star are [[symbols of Islam]]. The star represents the [[five pillars of Islam]].<ref>{{harvsp|Merzouk|2008|p=253}}</ref> [[Benjamin Stora]] suggests that the three colors of the flag originally represented the three countries of the [[Maghreb]] and the ideas of [[Arab Maghreb Union|union]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Stora |author-link=Benjamin Stora |url= |title=Dictionnaire biographique de militants nationalistes algériens |date=1985 |publisher= |pages=74 |language=fr}}</ref>
+The flag aims to highlight [[Culture of Algeria|Algeria's cultural heritage]], but there are different interpretations of its elements. According to [[Malek Chebel]], green represents Islam and white represents purity.<ref>{{harvsp|Chebel|2001|p=143}}</ref> For Pierre Lux-Wurm, green and white bring to mind the ancient banners of [[Islam]] from the time of the [[Prophet Muhammad]], while the crescent and star can be seen as symbols of light.<ref>{{harvsp|Lux-Wurm|2001|p=38}}</ref> According to Khaled Merzouk, the green stripe represents the earth and agriculture, the white stripe represents peace and the crescent and star are [[symbols of Islam]].<ref name="FlagDB">{{Cite web|title=The Flag of Algeria|url=https://www.flagdb.com/algeria |access-date=2024-09-19|website=flagdb.com|language=en}}</ref> The star represents the [[five pillars of Islam]].<ref>{{harvsp|Merzouk|2008|p=253}}</ref> [[Benjamin Stora]] suggests that the three colors of the flag originally represented the three countries of the [[Maghreb]] and the ideas of [[Arab Maghreb Union|union]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Stora |author-link=Benjamin Stora |url= |title=Dictionnaire biographique de militants nationalistes algériens |date=1985 |publisher= |pages=74 |language=fr}}</ref>
 ==History==
 ===Middle Ages===
 {{main|Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen}}
-In the Middle Ages, various Islamic dynasties ruled in what is now Algeria and controlled different territories at different times. At that time, national flags as we understand them today were not used. It is possible to distinguish, using various sources, certain constants, such as the presence of a crescent with variable orientation and the presence of the colors red, blue and white.<ref>{{in lang|ar}} [http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=44 Drapeaux des Hafsides souverain de Tunis et Béjaïa]</ref>
+In the Middle Ages, various Islamic dynasties ruled in what is now Algeria and controlled different territories at different times. At that time, national flags as we understand them today were not used. It is possible to distinguish, using various sources, certain constants, such as the presence of a crescent with variable orientation and the presence of the colors red, blue and white.<ref>{{in lang|ar}} [http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=44 Drapeaux des Hafsides souverain de Tunis et Béjaïa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323134722/http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=44 |date=2024-03-23 }}</ref>
 {{Gallery|align=center|height=120
@@ Line 67: / Line 69: @@
 |File:Flag of the Regency of Algiers.svg|Simple tricolor of the Regency of Algiers.
 |File:Flag of Regency of Algiers.svg|A common color arrangement.
+|File:Flag of Algiers (Al-Sharafi Atlas).svg
-|File:Type d'étendard de gierre (XVIII siecle).svg|A common color arrangement.
+|Flag of Algiers (Al-Sharafīʼs Ottoman atlas of 1551)
 }}
-Numerous Arab and French sources unanimously agree on the [[tricolor]] Algerian flag of red, green and yellow horizontal bands, raised first by the [[Privateer|corsair]] then Sultan [[Oruç Reis|Oruç Barbarossa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=توفيق |first=مدني، أحمد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSZZvgAACAAJ |title=حرب الثلاثمائة سنة بين الجزائر واسبانيا، 1492-1792 |date=1984 |publisher=المؤسسة الوطنية للكتاب، |pages=175 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garrot |first=Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-xAAAAAYAAJ |title=Histoire générale de l'Algérie |date=1910 |publisher=Impr. P. Crescenzo |pages=360 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarek Kahlaoui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsZKDwAAQBAJ&dq=algiers+yellow+green+red+flag&pg=PA216 |title=Creating the Mediterranean Maps and the Islamic Imagination |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=9789004347380 |pages=216 |language=en}}</ref> the founder of the [[Regency of Algiers]], which was a [[tributary state]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[North Africa]] from 1516 to 1830.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ecologies, Societies, Cultures and the State, 1516–1830 |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-algeria/ecologies-societies-cultures-and-the-state-15161830/6C59DEAD9F70913EC060EDD1465FA6A5 |work=A History of Algeria |pages=9–48 |editor-last=McDougall |editor-first=James |access-date=2023-09-14 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781139029230.003 |isbn=978-0-521-85164-0}}</ref> The tricolor flag seemed to be raised on the main gate of [[Bab Azoun|Bab Azzoun]] in Algiers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaïd |first=Mouloud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LONyAAAAMAAJ |title=L'Algérie sous les Turcs |date=1975 |publisher=Maison tunisienne de l'édition |pages=58 |language=fr |quote=The great flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk in red, green and yellow, majestically deployed over the gate}}</ref> as well as the Djenina palace,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL01AQAAMAAJ&dq=r%C3%A9gence+d%27alger+rouge+vert+jaune&pg=PA193 |title=Fondation de la régence d'Alger: histoire des Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVIe siècle, publiée sur un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale, avec un appendice et des notes : expédition de Charles-Quint |date=1837 |publisher=Bouslama |pages=193 |language=fr |quote=it was from the top of its vast terraces (Jenina palace) on which floated the red, yellow and green standard}}</ref> forts and other governmental buildings in Algiers, the flag also accompanied the forces of the regency in notable battles like the [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers expedition]] of 1541 and the [[Great Siege of Malta|siege of Malta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drohojowska.]) |first=A. S. de DONCOURT (Chevalier, pseud [i e the Countess Antoinette Joséphine Fránçoise Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcvnOdiCZKYC&dq=drapeau+d'alger+rouge+vert+jaune&pg=PA112 |title=Les Fastes de la Marine Française. Marine militaire |date=1875 |language=fr}}</ref> It was called "the victorious flag" according to an arab manuscript,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farine |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrfNAAAAMAAJ&dq=rouge+vert+jaune+1541+alger&pg=PA301 |title=Deux pirates au XVIe siècle: histoire des Barberousse |date=1869 |publisher=P. Ducrocq |pages=501 |language=fr}}</ref> while some French authors branded it as "insolent" and "terrible".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marius Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAU6AQAAIAAJ&q=r%C3%A9gence+d%27alger+bandes+rouge+vert+jaune |title=L'Algérie qui s'en va |publisher=Plon, Nourrit |year=1887 |pages=39 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DROHOJOWSKA |first=Countess Antoinette Joséphine Françoise Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqxXAAAAcAAJ&dq=drapeau+d'alger+rouge+vert+jaune&pg=PA136 |title=L'historie d'Algérie, racontée à la jeunesse ... ouvrage ... précédé d'une préface de D. Lévi Alvarès ... et faisant suite au cours d'histoires racontées á la jeunesse ... par M. Lamé Fleury |date=1848 |language=fr}}</ref> It was even described by other authors as "the national flag of Algiers".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Léon Galibert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm2QuVMWWwC&dq=drapeau+d%27alger+rouge+vert+jaune&pg=PA181 |title=ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader |publisher=Furne |year=1844 |pages=181 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=مولود قاسم نايت بلقاسم |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eFyAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1 |title=شخصية الجزائر الدولية وهيبتها العالم العالمية قبل سنة ١٨٣٠, Volume 1 |publisher=دار البعث |year=1985 |pages=142 |language=ar}}</ref> One variant (right) was considered a [[War flag]] according to Bertrand Dubreuil and Pierre Lux-Wurm.
+Numerous Arab and French sources unanimously agree on the [[tricolor]] Algerian flag of red, green and yellow horizontal bands, raised first by the [[Privateer|corsair]] then Sultan [[Oruç Reis|Oruç Barbarossa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=توفيق |first=مدني، أحمد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSZZvgAACAAJ |title=حرب الثلاثمائة سنة بين الجزائر واسبانيا، 1492-1792 |date=1984 |publisher=المؤسسة الوطنية للكتاب، |pages=175 |language=ar |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145123/https://books.google.com/books?id=bSZZvgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garrot |first=Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-xAAAAAYAAJ |title=Histoire générale de l'Algérie |date=1910 |publisher=Impr. P. Crescenzo |pages=360 |language=fr |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708151138/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-xAAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarek Kahlaoui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsZKDwAAQBAJ&dq=algiers+yellow+green+red+flag&pg=PA216 |title=Creating the Mediterranean Maps and the Islamic Imagination |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=9789004347380 |pages=216 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=DsZKDwAAQBAJ&dq=algiers+yellow+green+red+flag&pg=PA216 |url-status=live }}</ref> the founder of the [[Regency of Algiers]], a [[tributary state]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[North Africa]] from 1516 to 1830.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ecologies, Societies, Cultures and the State, 1516–1830 |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-algeria/ecologies-societies-cultures-and-the-state-15161830/6C59DEAD9F70913EC060EDD1465FA6A5 |work=A History of Algeria |pages=9–48 |editor-last=McDougall |editor-first=James |access-date=2023-09-14 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781139029230.003 |isbn=978-0-521-85164-0 |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903152736/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-algeria/ecologies-societies-cultures-and-the-state-15161830/6C59DEAD9F70913EC060EDD1465FA6A5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The tricolor flag seemed to be raised on the main gate of [[Bab Azoun|Bab Azzoun]] in Algiers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaïd |first=Mouloud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LONyAAAAMAAJ |title=L'Algérie sous les Turcs |date=1975 |publisher=Maison tunisienne de l'édition |pages=58 |language=fr |quote=The great flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk in red, green and yellow, majestically deployed over the gate}}</ref> as well as the Djenina palace,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL01AQAAMAAJ&dq=r%C3%A9gence&pg=PA193 |title=Fondation de la régence d'Alger: histoire des Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVIe siècle, publiée sur un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale, avec un appendice et des notes : expédition de Charles-Quint |date=1837 |publisher=Bouslama |pages=193 |language=fr |quote=it was from the top of its vast terraces (Jenina palace) on which floated the red, yellow and green standard |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145146/https://books.google.com/books?id=fL01AQAAMAAJ&dq=r%C3%A9gence+d%27alger+rouge+vert+pg=PA193 |url-status=live }}</ref> forts and other governmental buildings in Algiers, the flag also accompanied the forces of the regency in notable battles like the [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers expedition]] of 1541 and the [[Great Siege of Malta|siege of Malta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drohojowska.]) |first=A. S. de DONCOURT (Chevalier, pseud [i e the Countess Antoinette Joséphine Fránçoise Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcvnOdiCZKYC&pg=PA112 |title=Les Fastes de la Marine Française. Marine militaire |date=1875 |language=fr |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcvnOdiCZKYC&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was called "the victorious flag" according to an arab manuscript,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farine |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA301 |title=Deux pirates au XVIe siècle: histoire des Barberousse |date=1869 |publisher=P. Ducrocq |pages=501 |language=fr |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145139/https://books.google.com/books?id=KrfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA301 |url-status=live }}</ref> while some French authors branded it as "insolent" and "terrible".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marius Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAU6AQAAIAAJ|title=L'Algérie qui s'en va |publisher=Plon, Nourrit |year=1887 |pages=39 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DROHOJOWSKA |first=Countess Antoinette Joséphine Françoise Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqxXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA136 |title=L'historie d'Algérie, racontée à la jeunesse ... ouvrage ... précédé d'une préface de D. Lévi Alvarès ... et faisant suite au cours d'histoires racontées á la jeunesse ... par M. Lamé Fleury |date=1848 |language=fr |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145127/https://books.google.com/books?id=WqxXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA136 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was even described by other authors as "the national flag of Algiers".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Léon Galibert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm2QuVMWWwC&pg=PA181 |title=ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader |publisher=Furne |year=1844 |pages=181 |language=fr |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145118/https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm2QuVMWWwC&dq=drapeau+d%27alger+rouge+vert+jaune&pg=PA181 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=مولود قاسم نايت بلقاسم |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eFyAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1 |title=شخصية الجزائر الدولية وهيبتها العالم العالمية قبل سنة ١٨٣٠, Volume 1 |publisher=دار البعث |year=1985 |pages=142 |language=ar |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145212/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eFyAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1 |url-status=live }}</ref> One variant was considered a [[War flag]] according to Bertrand Dubreuil.
-====Other flags====
+==== Ottoman regent's flags ====
+{{Gallery|File:Flag of the Regent of Algiers.svg|Flag of the Beylerbey-Pasha-Dey of Algiers|File:Pavillon du day d'Alger (XVIII - XIX siecle).svg|Flag of the [[Dey of Algiers]] according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).<ref name=":5">{{cite book|author1=Pierre Lux-Wurm|date=2001|isbn=978-2-283-01813-2|publisher=[[Buchet-Chastel]]|title=Les drapeaux de l'islam}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>|File:Algerian flag (Barbary ensign with the an Berberian head).svg|Flag of the Beylerbey of Algiers in {{Cite book |last=Kurtoğlu |first=Fevzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-UeAAAAMAAJ |title=Türk bayrağı ve ay yıldız |date=1987 |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu |language=tr}}|File:La cite le port et le mole d Alger.jpg|Old Dutch engraving. "De Stad Haven En Mouillie Van Algiers Neven Desselfs Kasteelen" (the city, the port and the pier of Algiers) circa 1690|align=center|height=120}}
-{{Gallery|align=center|height=120
-|File:Type de pavillon maritime (XVI - XVIII siecle).svg|One of the types of [[Civil ensign|merchant flags]] of Regency of Algiers.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Bowles">{{cite book|author1=Carington Bowles|date=1783|language=en|location=Londres|title=Bowles's universal display of the naval flags of all nations in the world|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bowles%27s_naval_flags_of_the_world,_1783.jpg}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
-|File:Pavillon du day d'Alger (XVIII - XIX siecle).svg|Flag of the [[Dey of Algiers]] according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).<ref name=":5">{{cite book|author1=Pierre Lux-Wurm|date=2001|isbn=978-2-283-01813-2|publisher=[[Buchet-Chastel]]|title=Les drapeaux de l'islam}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
-|File:Flag of The Regency of Algiers.svg|Algerian Land forces Flag ([[Odjak of Algiers]]), during the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest]], the French captured about 100 with varying numbers of red and yellow stripes. <ref>{{cite book |title=Flag Bulletin |date=1986 |publisher=Flag Research Center. |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezIrAQAAIAAJ&q=yellow+algiers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/dz_1776.html#rys | title=Algeria: Miscellaneous flag reports, late 18th - early 19th century }}</ref>
+====Military flags====
-|File:Algerian flag (Barbary ensign with the an Berberian head).svg|A frequently appearing motif of a red flag with its head in the canton. Usually it is the head of a traditionally dressed man, but there have been depictions using a skull.
+{{Gallery|File:Flag of Algerian Land forces (Odjak of Algiers).svg|Algerian Land forces Flag ([[Odjak of Algiers]]), during the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest]], the French captured about 100 with varying numbers of red and yellow stripes. <ref>{{cite book |title=Flag Bulletin |date=1986 |publisher=Flag Research Center. |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezIrAQAAIAAJ&q=yellow+algiers |language=en |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145213/https://books.google.com/books?id=ezIrAQAAIAAJ&q=yellow+algiers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/dz_1776.html#rys | title=Algeria: Miscellaneous flag reports, late 18th - early 19th century | access-date=2024-01-01 | archive-date=2023-12-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210171852/https://www.fotw.info/flags/dz_1776.html#rys | url-status=live }}</ref>|File:Regimental flag of Algiers.svg|Regimental Flag of Algiers from "The maritime flags of all nations" (1832), by Richard Holmes Laurie (1777–1858)|File:Type d'étendard de gierre (XVIII siecle).svg|[[War flag]] of Algiers<ref>B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, {{p.|11}}</ref>|align=center|height=120}}
-|File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A8.svg|A pavilion of the regency of Algiers<ref>B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, {{p.|11}}.</ref>
-|File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A9.svg|Flag of the official in charge of the fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AL DJAZAIR Algeria |url=https://www.hubert-herald.nl/Algeria.htm |access-date=2015-01-23 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bowles" />
+==== Naval flags ====
-|File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A3.svg|Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.<ref name="Bowles" />
+{{Gallery|align=center|height=120
-|File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A4.svg
+|File:Type de pavillon maritime (XVI - XVIII siecle).svg|One of the types of [[Civil ensign|merchant flags]] of Regency of Algiers.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Bowles">{{cite book|author1=Carington Bowles|date=1783|language=en|location=Londres|title=Bowles's universal display of the naval flags of all nations in the world|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bowles%27s_naval_flags_of_the_world,_1783.jpg|access-date=2024-01-01|archive-date=2023-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113175716/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bowles%27s_naval_flags_of_the_world,_1783.jpg|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
-|Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers.<ref name="Bowles" />
+|File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A6.svg
-|File:Laureys a Castro - A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs.jpg
+|Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers (17th-18th centuries)<ref>B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, {{p.|11}}.</ref>|9=File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A8.svg|10=A pavilion of the regency of Algiers<ref>B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, {{p.|11}}.</ref>|11=File:Lesser coat of arms of Regency of Algiers.svg|12=Flag of the official in charge of the fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AL DJAZAIR Algeria |url=https://www.hubert-herald.nl/Algeria.htm |access-date=2015-01-23 |website= |language=en |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234423/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/Algeria.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bowles" />|13=File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A3.svg|14=Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.<ref name="Bowles" />|15=File:Pavillon de la Régence d'Alger (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) A4.svg|16=Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers.<ref name="Bowles" />|17=File:Laureys a Castro - A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs.jpg|18=''A Sea Fight with [[Barbary pirates|Barbary Corsairs]]'' by [[Laureys a Castro]], {{circa|1681}}. Note the various flags with crescents used by the pirates.}}
-|''A Sea Fight with [[Barbary pirates|Barbary Corsairs]]'' by [[Laureys a Castro]], {{circa|1681}}. Note the various flags with crescents used by the pirates.
-}}
 The [[Barbary pirates]] of [[Ottoman Algeria]] between the 15th and 17th century widely used flags that were emblazoned with one or more [[crescent]]s. These could however vary greatly in color, with dark red, black, green and white being in use. Besides these, Algerian pirates also used various flags in plain color, such as plain black ones signalling death. Less often, Algerian flags of this time also carried other motifs, such as suns, stars and crossed swords.{{sfnp|Konstam|2016|pp=34–37, 40, 43, 52, 56, 57 61}} It is also known that city of [[Algiers]] used an orange flag with a white horizontal sword on it by the early 19th century.{{sfnp|Konstam|2016|p=61}}
@@ Line 94: / Line 93: @@
 {{Gallery|align=center|height=120
 |File:French Algeria Naval Ensign 1848-1910.svg|[[Merchant flag]] of [[French Algeria]]
+|File:Flag of France.svg|Flag used by France in Algeria when as a colony and later a part of France
 }}
-[[French Algeria]] was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later a part of [[France]], for this reason the official flag was the [[flag of France]]. The [[Invasion of Algiers (1830)|French invasion]] began at a time when [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]] used a solid [[white flag]], but during the campaign, as a result of the [[July Revolution]] in metropolitan France, the tricolor was adopted, which remained in use until the independence of the Republic of Algeria in 1962. In the 19th century there was a merchant flag used on ships coming from Algeria and it was adopted after 1848, when the territories in Algeria were integrated with Metropolitan France, creates the multicolored motifs of the striped flags of the regency. The exact rules and years of use of the striped flag are unknown. The misrepresentation of the merchant flag as the main flag of French Algeria has been happening since the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cigarette Cards: Flag Girls (1908) |url=https://www.listal.com/list/cigarette-cards-1908-flag-girls |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.listal.com |language=en}}</ref>
+[[French Algeria]] was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later a part of [[France]], for this reason the official flag was the [[flag of France]]. The [[Invasion of Algiers (1830)|French invasion]] began at a time when [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]] used a solid [[white flag]], but during the campaign, as a result of the [[July Revolution]] in metropolitan France, the tricolor was adopted, which remained in use until the independence of the Republic of Algeria in 1962. In the 19th century there was a merchant flag used on ships coming from Algeria and it was adopted after 1848, when the territories in Algeria were integrated with Metropolitan France, creates the multicolored motifs of the striped flags of the regency. The exact rules and years of use of the striped flag are unknown. The misrepresentation of the merchant flag as the main flag of French Algeria has been happening since the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cigarette Cards: Flag Girls (1908) |url=https://www.listal.com/list/cigarette-cards-1908-flag-girls |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.listal.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715233612/https://www.listal.com/list/cigarette-cards-1908-flag-girls |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Emirate of Abdelkader===
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 }}
-The '''[[Emirate of Abdelkader]]''' or '''Emirate of [[Mascara]]''' was a sovereign country founded by [[Abdelkader al-Jazairi]] with the allegiance of the people of Algeria to resist the [[French conquest of Algeria]] with its first capital at [[Mascara, Algeria|Mascara]] then [[Tagdemt]] after it was taken by France.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sedgwick|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjxADQAAQBAJ&q=Emirate+of+Abdelkader&pg=PT142|title=Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age|date=2016-10-18|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997766-6|language=en}}</ref>
+The '''[[Emirate of Abdelkader]]''' or '''Emirate of [[Mascara, Algeria|Mascara]]''' was a sovereign country founded by [[Abdelkader al-Jazairi]] with the allegiance of the people of Algeria to resist the [[French conquest of Algeria]] with its first capital at [[Mascara, Algeria|Mascara]] then [[Tagdemt]] after it was taken by France.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sedgwick|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjxADQAAQBAJ&q=Emirate+of+Abdelkader&pg=PT142|title=Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age|date=2016-10-18|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997766-6|language=en}}</ref>
-Many flags were used in the emirate, but the most important is the green and white one used at Abdelkader's tent.{{clarify|date=November 2023}} In the white center was a raised [[Hamsa|hand]] of [[Fatima]] drawn surrounded by the words in gold ''"victory from Allah and the reconquest is near, and the victory by Emir Abdelkader"''. Copies of this flag, although different in proportions, are kept in the Emir Abdelkader Museum in [[Miliana]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://djelfalger.blogspot.com/2016/11/passage-la-manufacture-darmes-de-lemir.html | title=Le sel de la terre: Passage à la manufacture d'armes de l'Emir Abdelkader à Miliana | date=13 November 2016 }}</ref>
+Many flags were used in the emirate, but the most important is the green and white one used at Abdelkader's tent.{{clarify|date=November 2023}} In the white center was a raised [[Hamsa|hand]] of [[Fatima]] drawn surrounded by the words in gold ''"victory from Allah and the reconquest is near, and the victory by Emir Abdelkader"''. Copies of this flag, although different in proportions, are kept in the Emir Abdelkader Museum in [[Miliana]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://djelfalger.blogspot.com/2016/11/passage-la-manufacture-darmes-de-lemir.html | title=Le sel de la terre: Passage à la manufacture d'armes de l'Emir Abdelkader à Miliana | date=13 November 2016 | access-date=1 January 2024 | archive-date=26 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226104219/https://djelfalger.blogspot.com/2016/11/passage-la-manufacture-darmes-de-lemir.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===History of the current flag===
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 The [[Étoile Nord-Africaine|North African Star]] (ENA) Association was preserved in 1926, with [[Messali Hadj]] as its chairman, and one of its members was the grandson of the [[Emir Abdelkader]], [[Khalid ibn Hashim]]. Since 1926, this organization has used a green flag with the words "Algeria our country, Arabic our language and Islam our religion".<ref>{{cite book |first=Brahim |last=Sadouni |title=Le drapeau: écrit d'un harki |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=1990 |page=68}}</ref>
-While there is some dispute over who exactly designed the green and white with red star and crescent symbol,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Houda|first1=B.|title=Le vert, le blanc, l'étoile et le croissant Qui a conçu le drapeau algérien ?|url=http://www.al-djazair.com/drapeaualgerien.html|access-date=28 February 2017|publisher=El Watan|date=20 August 1997|archive-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313033105/http://www.al-djazair.com/drapeaualgerien.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Émilie Busquant]], wife of the Algerian nationalist leader [[Messali Hadj]], is generally credited as having sewed the first version of the flag in 1934.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kessous|first1=Mustapha|title=Emilie Busquant la plus algerienne des francaises|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2015/01/26/emilie-busquant-la-plus-algerienne-des-francaises_4563515_1655027.html}}</ref>
+While there is some dispute over who exactly designed the green and white with red star and crescent symbol,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Houda|first1=B.|title=Le vert, le blanc, l'étoile et le croissant Qui a conçu le drapeau algérien ?|url=http://www.al-djazair.com/drapeaualgerien.html|access-date=28 February 2017|publisher=El Watan|date=20 August 1997|archive-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313033105/http://www.al-djazair.com/drapeaualgerien.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Émilie Busquant]], wife of the Algerian nationalist leader [[Messali Hadj]], is generally credited as having sewed the first version of the flag in 1934.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kessous|first1=Mustapha|title=Emilie Busquant la plus algerienne des francaises|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2015/01/26/emilie-busquant-la-plus-algerienne-des-francaises_4563515_1655027.html|access-date=2022-12-17|archive-date=2022-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118074303/https://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2015/01/26/emilie-busquant-la-plus-algerienne-des-francaises_4563515_1655027.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Historian [[Benjamin Stora]] explains that it was during a meeting of the ENA, in [[1934]], that the colors of the flag were chosen, after which Émilie Busquant was tasked with sewing it.<ref>[[Benjamin Stora]], ''Nationalistes algériens et révolutionnaires français au temps du Front populaire'', L'Harmattan, 1987, p. 94, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D8O7GRyD5eoC&dq=stora+drapeau+abd+el+kader&pg=PA94 extrait en ligne].</ref> However, René Gallissot and Anissa Bouayed affirm that this is not the first appearance of the Algerian flag, as Algerian trade union demonstrators displayed this same flag (green and white with a red star and crescent) during the [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] parades in 1919 and 1920, in [[France]] and [[Algeria]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=René Gallissot|author2=Anissa Bouayed|date=2006|page=176|publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier|title=Algérie. Engagements sociaux et question nationale : de la colonisation à l'indépendance de 1830 à 1962}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallissot |first1=René |date= December 30, 2004|title=Deux notices du Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier-Algérie |url=https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/6325 |journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales |volume= |issue= 25–26|pages=143–158 |doi=10.4000/insaniyat.6325 |issn= 1111-2050|access-date= December 17, 2022}}</ref>
+Historian [[Benjamin Stora]] explains that it was during a meeting of the ENA, in [[1934]], that the colors of the flag were chosen, after which Émilie Busquant was tasked with sewing it.<ref>[[Benjamin Stora]], ''Nationalistes algériens et révolutionnaires français au temps du Front populaire'', L'Harmattan, 1987, p. 94, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D8O7GRyD5eoC&dq=stora+drapeau+abd+el+kader&pg=PA94 extrait en ligne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008170712/https://books.google.com/books?id=D8O7GRyD5eoC&dq=stora+drapeau+abd+el+kader&pg=PA94 |date=2023-10-08 }}.</ref> However, René Gallissot and Anissa Bouayed affirm that this is not the first appearance of the Algerian flag, as Algerian trade union demonstrators displayed this same flag (green and white with a red star and crescent) during the [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] parades in 1919 and 1920, in [[France]] and [[Algeria]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=René Gallissot|author2=Anissa Bouayed|date=2006|page=176|publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier|title=Algérie. Engagements sociaux et question nationale : de la colonisation à l'indépendance de 1830 à 1962}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallissot |first1=René |date=December 30, 2004 |title=Deux notices du Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier-Algérie |url=https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/6325 |journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales |volume= 25-26|issue=25–26 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.4000/insaniyat.6325 |issn=1111-2050 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217164208/https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/6325 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 [[File:Drapeau 8 mai 1945 Bouzid Saal 3.jpg|thumb|200px|Bouzid Saâla's example of the flag was made by PPA activists and is currently kept in the museum in [[Sétif]].]]
-Research by historian Mohamed Ghnanèche shows that in 1940, another flag was adopted with a red star and a white crescent placed above the center. It was then transformed by the [[Algerian People's Party]] (PPA) to its current form in 1943. According to Achour Cheurfi, the design of the current flag comes from PPA independence activists who, around 1944, commissioned a limited group to select the flag, it will be raised for the first time during [[Sétif and Guelma massacre|demonstration in Sétif]].<ref name="Cheurfi144">{{harvsp|Cheurfi|2004|p=144}}</ref> During these events, this is carried, among others, by Bouzid Saâl, a student who will later be killed by the [[French police]].<ref> Achour Cheurfi, La révolution algérienne (1954-1962) : Dictionnaire biographique, Casbah éditions, 2004, 495 p. (ISBN 978-9961-64-478-2)</ref>
+Research by historian Mohamed Ghnanèche shows that in 1940, another flag was adopted with a red star and a white crescent placed above the center. It was then transformed by the [[Algerian People's Party]] (PPA) to its current form in 1943. According to Achour Cheurfi, the design of the current flag comes from PPA independence activists who, around 1944, commissioned a limited group to select the flag, it will be raised for the first time during [[Sétif and Guelma massacre|demonstration in Sétif]].<ref name="Cheurfi144">{{harvsp|Cheurfi|2004|p=144}}</ref> During these events, this is carried, among others, by Bouzid Saâl, a student who will later be killed by the [[French police]].<ref>Achour Cheurfi, La révolution algérienne (1954-1962) : Dictionnaire biographique, Casbah éditions, 2004, 495 p. (ISBN 978-9961-64-478-2)</ref>
-The green and white flag marked with a star and a red crescent was adopted by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN), which led the [[Algerian War|fight]] against France and was subsequently adopted in 1958 by the [[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic]]. It was raised at the [[Monrovia]] Conference in August 1959, where it was officially recognized by several African countries. It is then formalized and standardized by the law of April 25, 1963.<ref>[http://madoui.chez-alice.fr/madoui.histoire7.html Repères chronologiques de la guerre d'Algérie]</ref>
+The green and white flag marked with a star and a red crescent was adopted by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN), which led the [[Algerian War|fight]] against France and was subsequently adopted in 1958 by the [[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic]]. It was raised at the [[Monrovia]] Conference in August 1959, where it was officially recognized by several African countries. It is then formalized and standardized by the law of April 25, 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://madoui.chez-alice.fr/madoui.histoire7.html |title=Repères chronologiques de la guerre d'Algérie |access-date=2024-01-01 |archive-date=2011-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112215723/http://madoui.chez-alice.fr/madoui.histoire7.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 [[Category:Flags with star and crescent|Algeria]]
 [[Category:1962 establishments in Algeria]]
+[[Category:Flags with green, red and white]]

v t e Flags of Africa
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