Buick V8 engine: Difference between revisions
→350: Covered at that page, irrelevant here. |
Mr.choppers (talk | contribs) |
||
(38 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox engine |
{{Infobox engine |
||
| name = Buick V8 |
| name = Buick V8 engines |
||
| image = 1964 Buick Wildcat 445 engine (401ci Nailhead).jpg |
| image = 1964 Buick Wildcat 445 engine (401ci Nailhead).jpg |
||
| caption = 401 cu in "Nailhead" in a 1964 Buick Wildcat |
| caption = 401 cu in "Nailhead" in a 1964 Buick Wildcat |
||
Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| successor = {{ubl | [[GM LT engine]] |[[GM LS engine]] }} |
| successor = {{ubl | [[GM LT engine]] |[[GM LS engine]] }} |
||
| configuration = 90º [[V8 engine|V8]] |
| configuration = 90º [[V8 engine|V8]] |
||
| displacement = {{ |
| displacement = {{cvt|215-455|cuin|L|1}} |
||
| bore = {{ |
| bore = {{cvt|3.5|-|4.31|in|1}} |
||
| stroke = {{ |
| stroke = {{cvt|2.8|-|3.9|in|1}} |
||
| block = Cast iron, Aluminum |
| block = Cast iron, Aluminum |
||
| head = Cast iron, Aluminum |
| head = Cast iron, Aluminum |
||
Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
| idle = |
| idle = |
||
| redline = |
| redline = |
||
| power = {{ |
| power = {{cvt|150-360|hp|kW|0}} |
||
| specpower = |
| specpower = |
||
| torque = {{ |
| torque = {{cvt|220-510|lbft|Nm|0}} |
||
| length = |
| length = |
||
| width = |
| width = |
||
| height = |
| height = |
||
| weight = {{ |
| weight = {{cvt|318-467|lb|kg}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
The '''Buick V8''' is a family of |
The '''Buick V8''' is a family of [[V8 engine]]s produced by the [[Buick]] division of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors (GM)]] between 1953 and 1981. All were [[V8 engine#V-angle|90°]] water-cooled V8 [[Overhead valve|OHV]] [[pushrod engine]]s, and all were [[naturally aspirated]] except one [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] version of the 215. |
||
The Buick V8 family can be divided into |
The Buick V8 family can be divided into two sizes, big-blocks and small-blocks ([[V8 engine#Size, layout, and classification|block size classification]] refers to the [[engine block]]'s [[Bore (engine)#Bore pitch|bore spacing]] and external dimensions, not [[engine displacement|displacement]]). All 1953–1966 Buick V8s and the 1967–1976 "big-block" engines shared a {{cvt|4.75|in}} bore spacing. The small-block was produced from 1961 to 1981. |
||
Some Buick V8s, such as the 350, 400, and 455, have the same displacements as [[List of GM engines#Divisions|V8s of other GM divisions]], but they are entirely different designs. Buick Nailhead V8s can be distinguished by the top surfaces of their [[valve cover]]s being [[Vertical and horizontal|horizontal]] ([[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the ground). Later Buick small |
Some Buick V8s, such as the 350, 400, and 455, have the same displacements as [[List of GM engines#Divisions|V8s of other GM divisions]], but they are entirely different designs. Buick Nailhead V8s can be distinguished by the top surfaces of their [[valve cover]]s being [[Vertical and horizontal|horizontal]] ([[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the ground). Later Buick small and big block V8s have a front-mounted [[distributor]] tilted to the drivers side (like [[Cadillac]]s), but [[siamese]]d center exhaust ports (unlike Cadillacs). |
||
== |
==First-generation Nailhead== |
||
[[File:1956 Buick 322 V8 engine (Century), left side view.jpg|thumb|The 322 Fireball V8 in a 1956 [[Buick Century]]]] |
[[File:1956 Buick 322 V8 engine (Century), left side view.jpg|thumb|The 322 Fireball V8 in a 1956 [[Buick Century]]]] |
||
Buick's first generation [[V8 engine|V8]] was offered from 1953 through 1956; it replaced the [[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick straight-eight]]. While officially called the "Fireball V8"<ref name="flory 50s">{{cite book |last=Flory |first=J. "Kelly" Jr. |title=American Cars, 1946 to 1959; Every Model, Year by Year |year=2008 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> by Buick, it became known by enthusiasts as the "Nailhead" for the unusual vertical alignment of its small-sized [[poppet valve|valve]]s (Originally it was known to [[hot-rod]]ders as the "nail valve", because the engine's small heads contained valves with long stems, which made them look like nails.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streetrodderweb.com/tech/0811sr_vintage_buick_engines/index.html|title=Vintage Buick Engines|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> |
Buick's first generation [[V8 engine|V8]] was offered from 1953 through 1956; it replaced the [[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick straight-eight]]. While officially called the "Fireball V8"<ref name="flory 50s">{{cite book |last=Flory |first=J. "Kelly" Jr. |title=American Cars, 1946 to 1959; Every Model, Year by Year |year=2008 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> by Buick, it became known by enthusiasts as the "Nailhead" for the unusual vertical alignment of its small-sized [[poppet valve|valve]]s (Originally it was known to [[hot-rod]]ders as the "nail valve", because the engine's small heads contained valves with long stems, which made them look like nails.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streetrodderweb.com/tech/0811sr_vintage_buick_engines/index.html|title=Vintage Buick Engines|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> |
||
Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
During this era, Buick ranked smoothness above most other marketing objectives, and the [[Dynaflow]] transmission's non-shifting design was demonstrably smoother than the other rough shifting automatics then available. With the Dynaflow, a high torque engine was needed to provide adequate acceleration, so that's what the Nailhead was designed to deliver. |
During this era, Buick ranked smoothness above most other marketing objectives, and the [[Dynaflow]] transmission's non-shifting design was demonstrably smoother than the other rough shifting automatics then available. With the Dynaflow, a high torque engine was needed to provide adequate acceleration, so that's what the Nailhead was designed to deliver. |
||
Both the intake and exhaust valves were on the [[intake manifold]] side of a "[[pent-roof combustion chamber]]". To offset restrictive port diameters and the smaller-sized valves [{{ |
Both the intake and exhaust valves were on the [[intake manifold]] side of a "[[pent-roof combustion chamber]]". To offset restrictive port diameters and the smaller-sized valves [{{cvt|1.75|in}} intake, {{cvt|1.25|in}} exhaust], the Nailhead V8s used a [[camshaft]] with greater lift and duration. The small-diameter intake runners allowed these engines to develop high [[torque]], with many exceeding 1 ft-lb/cu in (exceptional for the time). |
||
First-generation Nailheads were painted "Late" Buick Green (also called Apple Green, used from 1953 to 1965).<ref name=TeamBuickengcol/> |
|||
All of the nailhead engines share a {{convert|4.75|in|abbr=on}} bore spacing. |
|||
===264=== |
===264=== |
||
The {{ |
The {{cvt|264|CID|L|1}} produced in 1954 and 1955 was a direct replacement for the [[Buick Straight-8 engine#263|263 straight-eight]] and the only engine available in Buick's economy "Special" series vehicles. It was the smallest displacement Nailhead, sharing stroke and deck height with the 322, but having its own smaller bore {{cvt|3.625|in}}. |
||
===322=== |
===322=== |
||
The larger {{ |
The larger {{cvt|322|CID|L|1}} was the original Nailhead, used by Buick from 1953 through 1956 in the Roadmaster, Super, and Century models, and the Special in 1956. It has a bore and stroke of {{cvt|4x3.2|in|1}}. |
||
The 322 was also used in the 1956 through 1957 10,000-Series conventional-cab [[Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet heavy duty trucks]] labeled as the ''Loadmaster''. |
The 322 was also used in the 1956 through 1957 10,000-Series conventional-cab [[Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet heavy duty trucks]] labeled as the ''Loadmaster''. |
||
== |
==Second-generation Nailhead== |
||
Buick's second variation of the "Nailhead" was produced from 1957–1966. The "Fireball" name was dropped after 1957, but the 364 was very briefly called the "B-12000", referring to the 12,000 foot pounds generated by each piston.<ref name=Flory>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr.|first=J. "Kelly"|title=American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year|year=2008|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> |
Buick's second variation of the "Nailhead" was produced from 1957–1966. The "Fireball" name was dropped after 1957, but the 364 was very briefly called the "B-12000", referring to the 12,000 foot pounds generated by each piston.<ref name=Flory>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr.|first=J. "Kelly"|title=American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year|year=2008|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> Second generation Nailheads were painted "Late"{{clarify-inline|date=July 2024}} Buick Green, with the exception of those installed in the 1963 Riviera, which were silver, and the 1966 Riviera, which were red.<ref name=TeamBuickengcol/> |
||
===364=== |
===364=== |
||
Buick, like most of its competitors, continued to expand their V8 engine to larger displacements. The {{ |
Buick, like most of its competitors, continued to expand their V8 engine to larger displacements. The {{cvt|364|CID|L|1}} was introduced in 1957 and produced through 1961, with a {{convert|4.125|x|3.4|in|mm}} (bore by stroke). The Special series cars came standard with the {{cvt|250|hp|0}} [[Carburetor#Two-barrel_and_four-barrel_designs|two-barrel]] carburetor version, where all other models got the {{cvt|300|hp|0}} [[Carburetor#Two-barrel_and_four-barrel_designs|four-barrel]] engine. |
||
===401 (400)=== |
==={{anchor|401}}401 (400)=== |
||
[[File:1963 Buick 401 Nailhead.jpg|thumb|1963 401 Buick V8]] |
[[File:1963 Buick 401 Nailhead.jpg|thumb|1963 401 Buick V8]] |
||
The 364 was enlarged to {{ |
The 364 was enlarged to {{cvt|6572|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}} and produced from 1959 to 1966. Bore and stroke were enlarged to {{convert|4.1875|x|3.64|in|mm}} respectively. Originally labelled a 401, it was later redesignated "400" (with no change to displacement) to meet 1960s GM directives for maximum allowable engine displacements in [[mid-size car]]s. |
||
The 401/400 became Buick's [[muscle car]] powerplant of choice, used in the company's [[Buick Gran Sport|Skylark Gran Sport]], [[Buick Sport Wagon#1968–1969|Buick Sport Wagon]] and [[Buick Wildcat]] models, among others. The engine was variously designated the Wildcat 375, Wildcat 410, and Wildcat 445 depending on the [[torque]] each version produced. The Wildcat 410 was the two-barrel carbureted engine, standard on the 1962-63 [[Buick LeSabre|LeSabre]]. The Wildcat 375 was a no-cost option for the 1962-63 LeSabre that used a lower compression ratio to run on lower-[[octane]] fuel. The various Wildcat engines had decals on their air cleaners indicating their version; however, the four-barrel edition of the 1966-67 small-block Buick 340 V8 was also labeled Wildcat 375 on its air cleaner, but was not a Nailhead. |
The 401/400 became Buick's [[muscle car]] powerplant of choice, used in the company's [[Buick Gran Sport|Skylark Gran Sport]], [[Buick Sport Wagon#1968–1969|Buick Sport Wagon]] and [[Buick Wildcat]] models, among others. The engine was variously designated the Wildcat 375, Wildcat 410, and Wildcat 445 depending on the [[torque]] each version produced. The Wildcat 410 was the two-barrel carbureted engine, standard on the 1962-63 [[Buick LeSabre|LeSabre]]. The Wildcat 375 was a no-cost option for the 1962-63 LeSabre that used a lower compression ratio to run on lower-[[octane]] fuel. The various Wildcat engines had decals on their air cleaners indicating their version; however, the four-barrel edition of the 1966-67 small-block Buick 340 V8 was also labeled Wildcat 375 on its air cleaner, but was not a Nailhead. |
||
Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
===425=== |
===425=== |
||
[[File:Super Wildcat 425ci 390hp Engine.jpg|thumb|Super Wildcat {{ |
[[File:Super Wildcat 425ci 390hp Engine.jpg|thumb|Super Wildcat {{cvt|425|cid|L|1}} {{cvt|390|hp|0}} engine]] |
||
The {{ |
The {{cvt|425|CID|L|1}} was produced from 1963 to 1966. Its bore and stroke measured {{convert|4.3125|x|3.64|in|mm}}. The largest-displacement version of the Nailhead, it began as an option on the 1963 Riviera, and was later available on the Wildcat and Electra models. The 1964 and 1966 Rivieras used the 425 engine as standard equipment. Mounted on a trolley, Buick 425s were also [[Pratt & Whitney J58#Starting|used as starter motors for the SR-71 Blackbird]] supersonic jet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AG330_start_cart.JPG|title=English: SR-71 Blackbird AG330 start cart, Hill Aerospace Museum, Utah|date=8 March 2010|access-date=7 June 2023|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref><!--Use of [[Buick V8 engine]] family is also supported by Graham 1996.--> |
||
Four-barrel carburetion was standard on the basic 425, called the Wildcat 465 for the torque (as measured in lb-ft) it developed. The Super Wildcat ([[Regular Production Option]] {RPO}-coded Y48) was available on the 1964 Riviera as a factory option (2,122 produced), 1964 Electras (any model, production numbers unknown), 1965 Riviera Gran Sport and 1966 Wildcat GS, which included two four-barrel carburetors and matching [[intake manifold]]. Coded "MW", these parts were delivered in the car's trunk for dealer installation. Toward the end of the 1966 model year, around May 1966, Buick offered the Super Wildcat 465 with factory-installed dual four-barrel [[Carter Carburetor|Carter AFB]] [[carburetor]]s as an "MZ" option. Only 179 of the 1966 Riviera GS cars were built with the MZ package. |
Four-barrel carburetion was standard on the basic 425, called the Wildcat 465 for the torque (as measured in lb-ft) it developed. The Super Wildcat ([[Regular Production Option]] {RPO}-coded Y48) was available on the 1964 Riviera as a factory option (2,122 produced), 1964 Electras (any model, production numbers unknown), 1965 Riviera Gran Sport and 1966 Wildcat GS, which included two four-barrel carburetors and matching [[intake manifold]]. Coded "MW", these parts were delivered in the car's trunk for dealer installation. Toward the end of the 1966 model year, around May 1966, Buick offered the Super Wildcat 465 with factory-installed |
||
dual four-barrel [[Carter Carburetor|Carter AFB]] [[carburetor]]s as an "MZ" option. Only 179 of the 1966 Riviera GS cars were built with the MZ package. |
|||
[[File:Buick400.jpg|alt=1969 Buick Grand Sport 400 Cubic Inch Engine|thumb|1969 Buick Grand Sport 400 Engine]] |
|||
==Big-block== |
|||
Buick introduced its "Big Block" V8 in 1967 to replace the largest displacement Nailheads. It retained the {{cvt|4.75|in|mm|1}} cylinder bore spacing and was produced in three displacements: 400, 430, and 455 cubic inches. Production continued through 1976. |
|||
==={{anchor|399.95}} 400=== |
|||
The {{cvt|399.95|CID|cc|0}} big-block V8 was produced from 1967-1969. This engine has a bore and a stroke of {{cvt|4.04x3.9|in|mm|1}}. It was the only large V8 engine available for the intermediate-sized [[GM A platform|A-body]] Buicks due to the GM cubic inch limit restriction in effect through 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musclecarsdays.com/7-fastest-cars-1970s/|website=Muscle Cars Days.com|title=7 fastest cars 1970s|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 430 and 455. This 400 engine had the distributor towards the front of the engine, as opposed to the 401/400 nailhead, which had its near the firewall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teambuick.com/reference/ident_eng_visual.php|website=Team Buick.com|title=Visually Identifying a 1960's or '70's GM engine|first=Bob K.|last=Mando|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
===430=== |
|||
[[File:07-1968 Wildcat Custom - Engine.jpg|thumb|upright|1968 Wildcat 430 CID engine]] |
|||
The {{convert|430|CID|L|1|adj=on}} was only produced from 1967 until 1969. This engine had a bore and a stroke of {{cvt|4.1875x3.9|in|mm}}. The 430 four-barrel engine was rated at {{cvt|360|hp|kW|0}} and {{cvt|475|lbft|Nm|0}} of torque. This engine was used in large [[GM B platform|B-]], [[GM C platform (RWD)|C-]] and [[GM E platform|E-body]] Buicks. Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 400 and 455. |
|||
Applications: |
|||
*1967-1969 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z19015/buick-electra-225.aspx|title=1967 Buick Electra 225|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1967-1969 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z24029/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1967 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1967-1969 [[Buick Wildcat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z12816/buick-wildcat.aspx|title=1969 Buick Wildcat|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
===455=== |
|||
[[File:Buick 455 V8.JPG|right|thumb|Buick 455 V8]] |
|||
[[File:Buick 455 Stage I Engine.JPG|thumb|455 Stage I engine]] |
|||
The 400-based 455 was produced from 1970–1976, with a [[Bore (engine)|bore]] x [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]] of {{cvt|4.31x3.9|in|mm|1}} for an overall displacement of {{cvt|7459|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}}. Most parts (except [[piston]]s and heads) interchange between the 400 and the 430. The base model was rated at {{cvt|350|hp|kW|0}}, while the [[Buick Gran Sport#Gran Sport 455|455 Stage 1]] equipped with a single 4-barrel [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] [[Quadrajet]] [[carburetor]] was rated at {{cvt|360|hp|kW|0}} at 4600 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1970/85430/buick_gsx_stage-1_sport_coupe_4-speed.html|website=automobile-catalog|title=1970 Buick GSX Stage-1 Sport Coupe 4-speed|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
|url=https://www.myclassicgarage.com/knowledge-base/1970-Buick-GS |
|||
|website=MyClassicGarage.com |
|||
|title=1970 Buick GS |
|||
|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> The regular 455 produced a rated {{cvt|510|lbft|0}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 2,800 rpm, more than any other [[muscle car]] engine. The horsepower was somewhat reduced in 1971 mainly due to the reduction in [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] [[compression ratio]], a change which was mandated by [[General Motors|GM]] in order to cope with the introduction of new federal laws which would require new cars to use low [[octane]] [[gasoline]] in an effort to reduce [[Exhaust gas|exhaust emissions]]. Then, starting in 1972, the horsepower rating on paper would be reduced again due to a shift from [[Horsepower#SAE gross power|SAE gross]] to [[Horsepower#SAE net power|SAE net]], down to approximately {{cvt|250|hp|kW|0}}. Unleaded gasoline and [[catalytic converter]]s came into play in 1975 for all US manufactured cars. Tightening [[Vehicle emissions control|emissions controls]] would cause the engine to drop in power still further, a little at a time, through 1976. |
|||
The 455 was one of the first "thin-wall casting" engine blocks at GM, and because of this<ref name="Inside455">{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/gm-455-cubic-inch-big-bloc-726346|website=ThoughtCo.com|title=Inside the 455 Cubic Inch Big Block from General Motors|first=Mark|last=Gittelman|date=24 December 2018|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> advance in production technology, it weighs significantly less than other engines of comparable size (for example, {{cvt|150|lb|kg}} less than a [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#454 2|Chevrolet 454]]<ref name="Inside455"/> and only {{cvt|25|lb|kg}} more than a [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|Chevrolet 350]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} |
|||
{{hidden begin |
|||
|title = Applications: |
|||
|titlestyle = background:#88FF88; text-align:left; |
|||
|bodystyle = text-align:left; |
|||
}} |
|||
Applications: |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z25377/buick-electra.aspx|title=1976 Buick Electra|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick Estate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1972/159380/buick_estate_wagon_455-4_v-8_dual_exhaust.html|title=1972 Buick Estate Wagon 455-4 V-8 dual exhaust|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor-first=Pawel |editor-last=Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick LeSabre]]<ref name="LeSabre"/> |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z13844/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1973 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970-1972 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z9898/buick-skylark.aspx|title=1970 Buick Skylark|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970 [[Buick Wildcat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1970/90800/buick_wildcat_custom_sport_coupe.html|title=1970 Buick Wildcat Custom Sport Coupe|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor-first=Pawel |editor-last=Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1971-1973 [[Buick Centurion]]<ref name="Centurion"/> |
|||
*1973-1974 [[Buick Century#Third generation (1973–1977)|Buick Century]]<ref name="Century"/> |
|||
*1973-1974 [[Buick Gran Sport#Century GS / Century GS Stage 1|Buick Gran Sport]]<ref name="Century"/> |
|||
*1973-1974 [[Buick Regal#First generation (1973)|Buick Regal]]<ref name="Regal"/> |
|||
{{hidden end}} |
|||
==Small-block== |
|||
Buick introduced a "small block" V8 in 1961 with a {{cvt|4.24|in|1}} cylinder bore spacing; it was produced in four displacements, 215, 300, 340, and 350. This design also became the basis of a highly successful [[cast iron]] [[V6 engine]], the [[Buick V6 engine#198|Fireball]]. Design features include an external oil pump, a forward-mounted distributor, and an integrated aluminum timing cover which incorporates the oil pump mechanisms, leaving the oil filter exposed to oncoming air for added cooling. |
|||
With the exception of the silver 1964 300, Buick small-blocks were painted "Late"{{clarify-inline|date=July 2024}} Buick Green through 1966. Buick engines were painted red from 1967-1974, medium metallic blue from 1975-1977, and light blue from 1978-1982.<ref name=TeamBuickengcol/> |
|||
The small-block was originally produced as an industry-first all-aluminum engine. Alas, after 3 years of production, persisting cylinder liner issues, trumped with new and cheaper thin-wall iron casting techniques, pushed a change to an iron block. |
|||
==Buick small block== |
|||
===215===<!-- This section is linked from [[V8 engine]] --> |
===215===<!-- This section is linked from [[V8 engine]] --> |
||
:''See also [[Rover V8 engine]]'' |
:''See also [[Rover V8 engine]]'' |
||
[[File:215 Buick in MGA (9045881524).jpg|thumb|{{ |
[[File:215 Buick in MGA (9045881524).jpg|thumb|{{cvt|215|CID|L|1}} engine in a [[MG MGA|MGA]]]] |
||
GM experimented with aluminum engines starting in the early 1950s, when [[Alcoa|Aluminum Company of America]] (ALCOA) was pushing all automakers to use more aluminum. An early-development supercharged version of the {{convert|215|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 was used in the 1951 [[Le Sabre concept car|Le Sabre]] [[Concept vehicle|concept car]],<ref>Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. ''American Cars 1946-1959'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.1021.</ref> and the 1953 Buick Roadmaster concept car. |
|||
In 1961, Buick unveiled an entirely new small V8 engine with [[aluminum]] [[cylinder head]]s and [[cylinder block]]. Lightweight and powerful, the aluminum V8 also spawned a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] version, (only in the 1962–63 Oldsmobile Jetfire), which together with the turbocharged Corvair Spyder, also introduced in 1962, were the first ever offered in passenger cars. It became the basis of a highly successful [[cast iron]] [[V6 engine]], the [[Buick V6 engine#198|Fireball]]. The all-aluminum V8 engine was dropped after the 1963 model year, but was replaced with a very similar cast-iron block, aluminum head version for one year, and then in all-iron versions. Bore spacings for all variants of the SBB are {{convert|4.24|in|1|abbr=on}}. |
|||
GM designated Buick as engine design leader, and work on a production unit commenced in 1956. Originally intended for {{convert|180|CID|L|1|adj=on}} displacement, Buick decided on a larger, {{convert|215|CID|L|1|adj=on}} size, deemed ideal for the new [[GM Y platform|Y-body]] cars introduced for 1961, like the Skylark. |
|||
====History==== |
|||
GM experimented with aluminum engines starting in the early 1950s. [[Alcoa|Aluminum Company of America]] (ALCOA) was pushing all automakers to use more aluminum. An early-development supercharged version of the {{convert|215|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 was used in the 1951 [[Le Sabre concept car|Le Sabre]] [[Concept vehicle|concept car]],<ref>Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. ''American Cars 1946-1959'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.1021.</ref> and the 1953 Buick Roadmaster concept car, and work on a production unit commenced in 1956. Originally intended for {{convert|180|CID|L|1|adj=on}} displacement, Buick was designated by GM as the engine design leader and decided to begin with a larger, {{convert|215|CID|L|1|adj=on}} size, which was deemed ideal for the new [[GM A platform|senior compact cars]] introduced for the 1961 model year. This group of cars was commonly referred to as the B-O-P group — for Buick-Olds-Pontiac — or the [[GM Y platform|Y-bodies]]. |
|||
Known |
Known as the Buick Fireball, the 215 had a bore and a stroke of {{cvt|3.5x2.8|in|mm|1}}, for an actual displacement of {{cvt|215.51|CID|cc|0}}. With its [[aluminum]] [[cylinder head]]s and [[cylinder block]], at the time it was the lightest mass-production V8 in the world, with a dry weight of only {{cvt|318|lb|kg}}. Measuring {{cvt|28|in|cm}} long, {{cvt|26|in|cm}} wide, and {{cvt|27|in|cm}} high (same as the [[Chevrolet small-block engine|small-block Chevy]]),<ref>Baechtel, John. "Alternative Engines: Part 2--Buick V8", in ''Hot Rod'' Magazine, 11/84, p.67.</ref> it became standard equipment in the 1961 [[Buick Special]]. |
||
At introduction, Buick's 215 was rated {{cvt|150|hp|kW|0}} at 4400 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/photos/greatest-buick-cars-of-all-time/#slide-6817351|website=Autoblog.com|title=Greatest Buick cars of all time|editor=Autoblog staff|date=21 July 2017|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="RoverV8">{{cite web|url=https://stevemckelvie.wordpress.com/2017/12/21/the-rover-v8-engine/|website=Wordpress.com|title=The Rover V8 engine|first1=Steve|last1=McKelvie|date=21 December 2017|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> This was raised soon after introduction to {{cvt|155|hp|kW|0}} at 4,600 rpm. {{cvt|220|lbft|Nm|0}} of [[torque]] was produced at 2,400 rpm with a [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] 2GC (2 Jet) two-barrel [[carburetor]] and 8.8:1 [[compression ratio]]. A mid-year introduction was the Buick Special Skylark version, which had 10.0:1 compression and a four-barrel carburetor, raising output to {{cvt|185|hp|kW|0}} at 4,800 rpm and {{cvt|230|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2,800 rpm. |
|||
Oldsmobile and Pontiac each used an all-aluminum 215 on its senior compact cars, the [[Oldsmobile F-85]], [[Oldsmobile Cutlass|Cutlass]], and [[Oldsmobile Jetfire|Jetfire]], and [[Pontiac Tempest]] and [[Pontiac LeMans|LeMans]]. Pontiac used the Buick version of the 215. At that time the engine was closely associated with the Buick brand, and Pontiac sold few cars with it, using it only in 1961 and 1962. The Oldsmobile version of this engine, although sharing the same basic architecture, had cylinder heads and angled valve covers designed by Oldsmobile engineers to look like a traditional Olds V8 and was produced on a separate assembly line. Among the differences between the Oldsmobile and Buick versions was weight, being somewhat heavier, at {{convert|350|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. The major design differences were in the cylinder heads. Buick used a five-bolt pattern around each cylinder, while Oldsmobile used a six-bolt pattern and a wedge combustion chamber, which allowed larger valves. The sixth bolt was added to the intake manifold side of the head, one extra bolt for each cylinder, intended to alleviate a head-warping problem on high-compression versions. This meant that Buick heads would fit on Oldsmobile blocks, but not vice versa. Changing the compression ratio on an Oldsmobile 215 required changing the heads, but on a Buick 215, only the pistons were changed, which was less expensive and simpler. For that reason, the more common Buick version (which looks like a traditional Nailhead V8) has emerged as more desirable to some.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} The Oldsmobile wedge-shaped/quench combustion chambers/pistons are more compatible with modern low-octane/low-lead motor fuels than the Buick 'hemispherical'-shaped combustion chambers and domed pistons.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} The previous statement is incorrect, the 215 Buick only used "dished head" pistons even in the highest compression models, all Buick 215's have a 37-cc wedge combustion chamber. Later Rover versions of the aluminum block and subsequent Buick iron small-block 300s with aluminum, then iron heads, 34 (0 and 350 with iron heads) went to a four-bolt-per-cylinder pattern.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.teambuick.com/reference/library/affordable_aluminum_v-8.php|via=TeamBuick.com|title=Affordable Aluminum V-8's|last=Davis|first=Marian|magazine=[[Hot Rod (magazine)|Hot Rod]]|date=March 1985|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
For 1962, the four-barrel-equipped engine's compression ratio was increased to 10.25:1 and horsepower to {{cvt|190|hp|kW|0}} at 4,800 rpm and {{cvt|235|lbft|Nm|0}} at 3,000 rpm. The two-barrel engine was unchanged. For 1963, the four-barrel was bumped to 11.0:1 compression and an even {{cvt|200|hp|kW|0}} at 5,000 rpm and {{cvt|240|lbft|Nm|0}} at 3,200 rpm, {{cvt|{{#expr:200/215 round 2}}|hp|1}}/cu in. The higher output "Power Pack" was equipped with higher lift camshaft .0.518" intake/ 0.523" exhaust with increased duration 305/310 and required 99 research octane fuel. |
|||
At introduction, Buick's 215 was rated {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4400 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/photos/greatest-buick-cars-of-all-time/#slide-6817351|website=Autoblog.com|title=Greatest Buick cars of all time|editor=Autoblog staff|date=21 July 2017|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="RoverV8">{{cite web|url=https://stevemckelvie.wordpress.com/2017/12/21/the-rover-v8-engine/|website=Wordpress.com|title=The Rover V8 engine|first1=Steve|last1=McKelvie|date=21 December 2017|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> This was raised soon after introduction to {{convert|155|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,600 rpm. {{convert|220|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of [[torque]] was produced at 2,400 rpm with a [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] 2GC (DualJet) two-barrel [[carburetor]] and 8.8:1 [[compression ratio]]. A mid-year introduction was the Buick Special Skylark version, which had 10.0:1 compression and a four-barrel carburetor, raising output to {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm and {{convert|230|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800 rpm. |
|||
====Pontiac usage==== |
|||
For 1962, the four-barrel-equipped engine's compression ratio was increased to 10.25:1 and horsepower to {{convert|190|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm and {{convert|235|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3,000 rpm. The two-barrel engine was unchanged. For 1963, the four-barrel was bumped to 11.0:1 compression and an even {{convert|200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,000 rpm and {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3,200 rpm, {{convert|{{#expr:200/215 round 2}}|hp|1|abbr=on}}/cu in. The higher output "Power Pack" was equipped with higher lift camshaft .0.518" intake/ 0.523" exhaust with increased duration 305/310 and required 99 research octane fuel. |
|||
[[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] used the Buick version of the 215 in its Y-body cars, the [[Pontiac Tempest|Tempest]] and [[Pontiac LeMans|LeMans]]. At that time the engine was closely associated with the Buick brand, and Pontiac sold few cars with it, using it only in 1961 and 1962. |
|||
====Oldsmobile version==== |
|||
The great expense of the aluminum engine led to its cancellation after the 1963 model year.<ref name="RoverV8"/> The engine had an abnormally high scrap ratio due to hidden block-casting porosity problems,<ref name="RoverV8"/> which caused serious oil leaks. Another problem was clogged radiators from antifreeze mixtures incompatible with aluminum.<ref name="RoverV8"/> It was said that one of the major problems was because the factory had to make extensive use of air gauging to check for casting leaks during the manufacturing process and was unable to detect leaks on blocks that were as much as 95% complete.<ref name="RoverV8"/> This raised the cost of complete engines to more than that of a comparable all cast-iron engine. Casting-sealing technology was not advanced enough at that time to prevent the high scrap rates.<ref name="RoverV8"/> |
|||
Although sharing basic architecture with the Buick, Oldsmobile developed its own [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|all-aluminum 215]], the "Rockette V8", to install in its F-85 Cutlass Y-body. Its angled valve covers were designed by Oldsmobile engineers to look like a traditional Olds V8. |
|||
Olds also released a turbocharged version, the {{cvt|215|hp|kW}} [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo-Rocket|Turbo-Rocket]], in its 1962–63 Oldsmobile Jetfire.<ref> Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. ''American Cars 1960-1972'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2004), pp.205 & 246.</ref> Together with Chevrolet's turbocharged 1962 Corvair Spyder, these were the first [[Turbocharger|turbochargers]] ever offered in passenger cars. |
|||
The 215's very high [[power-to-weight ratio]] made it immediately interesting for automobile and boat racing. [[Mickey Thompson]] entered a stock-block 215-powered car in the 1962 [[Indianapolis 500]]. From 1946-1962, there had not been a single stock-block car in this race. In 1962, the 215 was the only non-[[Offenhauser]]-powered entry in the field.<ref name="RoverV8"/> Rookie driver [[Dan Gurney]] qualified eighth and raced well for 92 laps before retiring with transmission problems.<ref name="RoverV8"/> |
|||
Produced on a separate assembly line, the Olds 215 was somewhat heavier at {{cvt|350|lb|kg}}. Intended to alleviate a head-warping problem on high-compression versions, Oldsmobile added a sixth head bolt on the intake manifold side. This meant that the five-bolt Buick heads would fit on Oldsmobile blocks, but not vice versa. The Oldsmobile used wedge-shaped/quench combustion chambers/pistons that allowed larger valves, while the Buick had a 37-cc wedge combustion chamber and used "dished head" pistons.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.teambuick.com/reference/library/affordable_aluminum_v-8.php|via=TeamBuick.com|title=Affordable Aluminum V-8's|last=Davis|first=Marian|magazine=[[Hot Rod (magazine)|Hot Rod]]|date=March 1985|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Altering the compression ratio on the Oldsmobile 215 required changing the heads, but on a Buick 215, only the pistons were changed, which was less expensive and simpler. |
|||
Surplus engine blocks of the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile F85]] version formed the basis of the Australian Formula One [[Repco]] V8<ref name="RoverV8"/> used by [[Brabham]] to win the [[1966 Formula One season|1966]] Formula One world championship, although only the earliest engines had any Oldsmobile components.<ref name="RoverV8"/> The majority of [[Repco#Repco V8 engine|Repco RB620]] engines were cast and built in-house at Repco.<ref name="RoverV8"/> |
|||
====Discontinuation==== |
|||
Rights to these engines were purchased by the British [[Rover Company]] and used in the 1967 [[Rover P5B]] that replaced the 3 L straight six Rover engined P5. Throughout the years, the Rover Company (which became part of [[British Leyland]] in 1968), and its successor companies constantly improved the engine making it much stronger and more reliable. Capacities ranged from {{convert|215|to|307|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. This engine was used for V8 versions of the MGB GT known as the [[MG MGB#GT|GTV8]]. Rover also used the engine in the 1970 [[Range Rover]]. [[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]] used the Rover version in its [[Morgan Plus 8|Plus 8]].<ref>Boddy, William. "Morgan", in Northey, Tom, executive editor. ''World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 12, p.1419.</ref> American 215s have also been [[engine swap]]ped into countless other platforms, especially [[Chevrolet Vega]]s<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.team.net/TR8/mp/html/body_buick_215.html |via=Team.net |title=Chevy Small Block |magazine=Hotrod |date=March 1985 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> and later British cars including the MG RV8 in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hsx/2011/04/Buick-215-cu-in--V-8-Rover-3-5L/3698361.html|website=Hemmings.com|title=Buick 215-cu.in. V-8/Rover 3.5L|editor=Issue of [[Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car]]|first1=Jeff|last1=Koch|date=April 2011|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] [[TR8]], and various sports sedans and sports cars by the [[MG Rover Group]] and specialist manufacturers such as [[TVR]]. The engine remains well-supported by enthusiast clubs, specialist parts suppliers, and by shops that specialize in conversions and tuning. |
|||
Casting-sealing technology was not advanced enough at that time, and hidden porosity problems caused serious oil leaks, producing an abnormally high scrap ratio.<ref name="RoverV8"/> The factory had to make extensive use of air gauging for leak checks, and was unable to detect leaks on blocks that were as much as 95% complete.<ref name="RoverV8"/> This raised the cost of complete engines to more than that of a comparable all cast-iron engine, so aluminum blocks were cancelled after the 1963 model year.<ref name="RoverV8"/> Another problem was clogged radiators from antifreeze mixtures incompatible with aluminum.<ref name="RoverV8"/> |
|||
====Racing==== |
|||
In the mid-1980s, [[hot rod]]ders realized the 215 could be stretched to as much as {{convert|305|cid|L|1|abbr=on}}, using the Buick 300 [[crankshaft]], new [[Cylinder (engine)#Cylinder sleeving|cylinder sleeves]], and an assortment of non-Buick parts.<ref>Davis, Marlan. "Affordable Aluminum V8's [sic]", in ''Hot Rod'' Magazine, March 1985, pp.84-9 & 121.</ref> It could also be fitted with high-compression [[cylinder head]]s from the Morgan Plus 8. Using the [[Rover V8 engine#5.0|5 liter Rover]] block and crankshaft, a maximum displacement of {{convert|317.8|cid|L|1|abbr=on}} is theoretically possible.<ref>Davis, p.87.</ref> |
|||
The 215's very high [[power-to-weight ratio]] made it immediately interesting for automobile and boat racing. [[Mickey Thompson]] entered a stock-block 215-powered car in the 1962 [[Indianapolis 500]], the first stock-block engine since 1946 and the only non-[[Offenhauser]]-powered entry in the race.<ref name="RoverV8"/> Rookie driver [[Dan Gurney]] qualified eighth and raced well for 92 laps before retiring with transmission problems.<ref name="RoverV8"/> |
|||
Surplus engine blocks of the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile F85]] version formed the basis of the Australian Formula One [[Repco]] V8<ref name="RoverV8"/> used by [[Brabham]] to win the [[1966 Formula One season|1966 Formula One world championship]], although only the earliest engines had any Oldsmobile components.<ref name="RoverV8"/> The majority of [[Repco#Repco V8 engine|Repco RB620]] engines were cast and built in-house at Repco.<ref name="RoverV8"/> |
|||
====Sale to Rover==== |
|||
Rights to these engines were purchased by the British [[Rover Company]] and used in the 1967 [[Rover P5B]] that replaced the 3 L straight six Rover engined P5. Throughout the years, the Rover Company (which became part of [[British Leyland]] in 1968), and its successor companies constantly improved the engine making it much stronger and more reliable. Capacities ranged from {{cvt|215|to|307|cuin|L|1|disp=flip}}. This engine was used for V8 versions of the MGB GT known as the [[MG MGB#GT|GTV8]]. Rover also used the engine in the 1970 [[Range Rover]]. [[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]] used the Rover version in its [[Morgan Plus 8|Plus 8]].<ref>Boddy, William. "Morgan", in Northey, Tom, executive editor. ''World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 12, p.1419.</ref> American 215s have also been [[engine swap]]ped into countless other platforms, especially [[Chevrolet Vega]]s<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.team.net/TR8/mp/html/body_buick_215.html |via=Team.net |title=Chevy Small Block |magazine=Hotrod |date=March 1985 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> and later British cars including the MG RV8 in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hsx/2011/04/Buick-215-cu-in--V-8-Rover-3-5L/3698361.html|website=Hemmings.com|title=Buick 215-cu.in. V-8/Rover 3.5L|editor=Issue of [[Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car]]|first1=Jeff|last1=Koch|date=April 2011|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] [[TR8]], and various sports sedans and sports cars by the [[MG Rover Group]] and specialist manufacturers such as [[TVR]]. The engine remains well-supported by enthusiast clubs, specialist parts suppliers, and by shops that specialize in conversions and tuning. |
|||
===300=== |
===300=== |
||
[[File:1967 300ci Buick V8 engine in a Skylark.jpg|thumb|A 300 ci Buick V8 in a 1967 [[Buick Skylark|Skylark]] |
[[File:1967 300ci Buick V8 engine in a Skylark.jpg|thumb|A 300 ci Buick V8 in a 1967 [[Buick Skylark|Skylark]]]] |
||
In 1964, Buick replaced the 215 with an iron-block engine of very similar architecture. The new "small block" engine had a bore of {{convert|3.75|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} and a stroke of {{convert|3.4|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} for a displacement of {{convert|300|CID|L|1|adj=on}}. It retained the aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifold, and accessories of the 215 for a dry weight of {{convert|405|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. The 300 was offered in two-barrel form, with 9.0:1 compression, making {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4600 rpm and {{convert|310|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2400 rpm, and four-barrel form, with 11.0:1 compression, making {{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4800 rpm and {{convert|355|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3000 rpm. |
|||
In 1964, Buick replaced the 215 with an iron-block engine of very similar architecture. The new "small block" engine had a bore of {{cvt|3.75|in|mm|1}} and a stroke of {{cvt|3.4|in|mm|1}} for a displacement of {{cvt|4923|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}}. It retained the aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifold, and accessories of the 215 for a dry weight of {{cvt|405|lb|kg}}. The 300 was offered in two-barrel form, with 9.0:1 compression, making {{cvt|210|hp|kW|0}} at 4600 rpm and {{cvt|310|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2400 rpm, and four-barrel form, with 11.0:1 compression, making {{cvt|250|hp|kW|0}} at 4800 rpm and {{cvt|355|lbft|Nm|0}} at 3000 rpm. |
|||
For 1965, the 300 switched to cast-iron heads, raising dry weight to {{ |
For 1965, the 300 switched to cast-iron heads, raising dry weight to {{cvt|467|lb|kg}}, still quite light for a V8 engine of its era. The four-barrel option was cancelled for 1966, and the 300 was replaced entirely by the 350 in 1968. |
||
In 1964, while nearly all Buick engines were painted "Buick Late Green", the |
In 1964, while nearly all Buick engines were painted "Buick Late Green", the 300 V8s were painted silver instead. In 1966 Buick engines switched to "Buick Late Red", but until 1967 at least, the 300 V8 (and the 225) were still painted Buick Late Green.<ref name=TeamBuickengcol>{{cite web | url = https://www.teambuick.com/reference/engine_colors.php | title = Buick Engine Colors, Which One is Right For You! | publisher = Team Buick | work = Reference }}</ref> The [[Apollo (1962 automobile)|Apollo 5000 GT]] sports car, (also sold as the Vetta Ventura) used this engine. |
||
===340=== |
===340=== |
||
In 1966, the 300's stroke was increased to {{ |
In 1966, the 300's stroke was increased to {{cvt|3.85|in|mm|1}} in a raised block to create the ''340'', displacing {{cvt|5574.48|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}}, as a replacement for the four-barrel-carbureted 300. The taller deck (raised by {{cvt|0.5625|in|mm|1}} compared to the 215/300's) meant the intake manifold was of a new design to bolt to the otherwise interchangeable cylinder heads. |
||
It was offered with two- or four-barrel carburetion, the two-barrel with a 9.0:1 compression rated at {{ |
It was offered with two- or four-barrel carburetion, the two-barrel with a 9.0:1 compression rated at {{cvt|220|hp|kW|0}} at 4,000 rpm and {{cvt|340|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2,400 rpm, and the four barrel with 10.25:1 compression, rated at {{cvt|260|hp|kW|0}} at 4,000 rpm and {{cvt|375|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2,800 rpm. It was only produced through 1967, being replaced by the new small block {{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} in 1968. |
||
===350=== |
===350=== |
||
[[File:1969 Buick GS 350 small-block V8 engine.jpg|thumb|A 350 in a 1969 [[Buick Gran Sport]]]] |
[[File:1969 Buick GS 350 small-block V8 engine.jpg|thumb|A 350 in a 1969 [[Buick Gran Sport]]]] |
||
Buick adopted the popular |
Buick adopted the popular 350 size in 1968 for their final family of V8 engines, which was produced through 1980. Although it shared the displacement of the other GM small blocks, including the [[Chevrolet small-block engine|Chevrolet 350]], [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]], and [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|Pontiac 350]], the Buick blocks were of a substantially different proprietary company design. The Buick 350 featured the same {{cvt|3.8|in|mm|1}} bore as the {{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} version of the [[Buick V6 engine|Buick 90° V6]] and retained the {{cvt|3.85|in|mm|1}} stroke of the previous {{cvt|340|CID|L|1}} V8. The exact displacement is {{cvt|349.31|CID|cc|0}}. |
||
The major differences of the 350 in comparison to other GM V8s are Buick's "deep-skirt" engine block construction, the use of cast iron with increased nickel content |
The major differences of the 350 in comparison to other GM V8s are Buick's "deep-skirt" engine block construction, the use of cast iron with increased nickel content, under-square cylinder bore sizing, {{cvt|3|in|mm|1}} crankshaft main journals, and {{cvt|6.385|in|mm}} connecting rods. Of all the GM "350s", the Buick has the longest piston stroke. This design characteristic made the engine significantly wider than the others — essentially the same as the Buick big-blocks, which have the shortest stroke of the GM big-blocks. The engine garnered a reputation as rugged and durable,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itstillruns.com/350-buick-engine-specifications-7562961.html|title=Buick 350 engine specifications|website=It still runs.com|first=James|last=Jordan|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> and some of its design characteristics are found in other Buick-designed GM engines, such as the {{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} V6 and its 3800 descendants. |
||
The 350 was used by Kaiser-Jeep and AMC Jeep in the [[Jeep Gladiator (SJ)|Jeep Gladiator]] and [[Jeep Wagoneer|Wagoneer]] models from 1968–71;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeeptech.com/engine/dauntless350.html|title=Jeep Engine: Dauntless Buick 350 V8|website=www.jeeptech.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> in these applications, the engine was billed as the Dauntless V8. |
The 350 was used by Kaiser-Jeep and AMC Jeep in the [[Jeep Gladiator (SJ)|Jeep Gladiator]] and [[Jeep Wagoneer|Wagoneer]] models from 1968–71;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeeptech.com/engine/dauntless350.html|title=Jeep Engine: Dauntless Buick 350 V8|website=www.jeeptech.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> in these applications, the engine was billed as the Dauntless V8. |
||
{{hidden begin |
{{hidden begin |
||
|title |
|title = Applications: |
||
|titlestyle = background:#88FF88; text-align:left; |
|titlestyle = background:#88FF88; text-align:left; |
||
|bodystyle |
|bodystyle = text-align:left; |
||
}} |
}} |
||
* 1968-1972 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.myclassicgarage.com/knowledge-base/1970-Buick-Skylark|title=1970 Buick Skylark|website=Myclassicgarage.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
* 1968-1972 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.myclassicgarage.com/knowledge-base/1970-Buick-Skylark|title=1970 Buick Skylark|website=Myclassicgarage.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
||
Line 147: | Line 209: | ||
{{hidden end}} |
{{hidden end}} |
||
==Other GM V8s used in Buicks== |
|||
==Buick big block== |
|||
In the mid-1970s, Buick's 455 big block became unable to meet fuel economy/emission requirements and was phased out, with the Buick 350 remaining as a factory option until 1980. In their place a variety of other GM divisions' V8s were offered, both as standard equipment and factory options. These included: |
|||
Buick introduced a "big block" V8 in 1967 to replace the largest displacement nailheads. It retained a {{convert|4.75|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} cylinder bore spacing, and was produced in three displacements, 400, 430, and 455, through 1976. |
|||
=== |
===Oldsmobile 260=== |
||
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#260|{{cvt|260|CID|L|1}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1976/174275/buick_skylark_s_2-door_coupe_4_3l_v-8_hydra-matic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1976 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.3L V-8 Hydra-Matic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Buick400.jpg|alt=1969 Buick Grand Sport 400 Cubic Inch Engine |thumb|1969 Buick Grand Sport 400 Engine]] |
|||
The {{convert|400|CID|L|1|adj=on}} was produced from 1967-1969. This engine has a bore and a stroke of {{convert|4.04x3.9|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}. It was the only large V8 engine available for the intermediate-sized [[GM A platform|A-body]] Buicks due to the GM cubic inch limit restriction in effect through 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musclecarsdays.com/7-fastest-cars-1970s/|website=Muscle Cars Days.com|title=7 fastest cars 1970s|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 430 and 455. This 400 engine had the distributor towards the front of the engine, as opposed to the 401/400 nailhead, which had its near the firewall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teambuick.com/reference/ident_eng_visual.php|website=Team Buick.com|title=Visually Identifying a 1960's or '70's GM engine|first=Bob K.|last=Mando|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
===430=== |
|||
[[File:07-1968 Wildcat Custom - Engine.jpg|thumb|upright|1968 Wildcat 430 CID engine]] |
|||
The {{convert|430|CID|L|1|adj=on}} was only produced from 1967 until 1969. This engine had a bore and a stroke of {{convert|4.1875x3.9|in|mm|abbr=on}}. The 430 four-barrel engine was rated at {{convert|360|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|475|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque. This engine was used in large [[GM B platform|B-]], [[GM C platform (RWD)|C-]] and [[GM E platform|E-body]] Buicks. Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 400 and 455. |
|||
Applications: |
|||
*1967-1969 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z19015/buick-electra-225.aspx|title=1967 Buick Electra 225|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1967-1969 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z24029/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1967 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1967-1969 [[Buick Wildcat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z12816/buick-wildcat.aspx|title=1969 Buick Wildcat|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
===455=== |
|||
[[Image:Buick 455 V8.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Buick 455 V8]] |
|||
[[File:Buick 455 Stage I Engine.JPG|thumb|455 Stage I engine]] |
|||
The 400-based {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} was produced from 1970–1976, with a [[Bore (engine)|bore]] x [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]] of {{convert|4.31x3.9|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}. Most parts (except [[piston]]s and heads) interchange between the 400 and the 430. The base model was rated at {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, while the [[Buick Gran Sport#Gran Sport 455|455 Stage 1]] equipped with a single 4-barrel [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] [[Quadrajet]] [[carburetor]] was rated at {{convert|360|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4600 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1970/85430/buick_gsx_stage-1_sport_coupe_4-speed.html|website=automobile-catalog|title=1970 Buick GSX Stage-1 Sport Coupe 4-speed|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
|url=https://www.myclassicgarage.com/knowledge-base/1970-Buick-GS |
|||
|website=MyClassicGarage.com |
|||
|title=1970 Buick GS |
|||
|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> The regular 455 produced a rated {{convert|510|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 2,800 rpm, more than any other muscle car engine. The horsepower was somewhat reduced in 1971 mainly due to the reduction in [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] [[compression ratio]], a change which was mandated by [[General Motors|GM]] in order to cope with the introduction of new federal laws which would require new cars to use low [[octane]] [[gasoline]] in an effort to reduce [[Exhaust gas|exhaust emissions]]. Then, starting in 1972, the horsepower rating on paper would be reduced again due to a shift from [[Horsepower#SAE gross power|SAE gross]] to [[Horsepower#SAE net power|SAE net]], down to approximately {{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Unleaded gasoline and [[catalytic converter]]s came into play in 1975 for all US manufactured cars. Tightening [[Vehicle emissions control|emissions controls]] would cause the engine to drop in power still further, a little at a time, through 1976. |
|||
The 455 was one of the first "thin-wall casting" engine blocks at GM, and because of this<ref name="Inside455">{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/gm-455-cubic-inch-big-bloc-726346|website=ThoughtCo.com|title=Inside the 455 Cubic Inch Big Block from General Motors|first=Mark|last=Gittelman|date=24 December 2018|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> advance in production technology, it weighs significantly less than other engines of comparable size (for example, {{convert|150|lb|kg|abbr=on}} less than a [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#454 2|Chevrolet 454]]<ref name="Inside455"/> and only {{convert|25|lb|kg|abbr=on}} more than a [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|Chevrolet 350]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} |
|||
Applications: |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z25377/buick-electra.aspx|title=1976 Buick Electra|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick Estate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1972/159380/buick_estate_wagon_455-4_v-8_dual_exhaust.html|title=1972 Buick Estate Wagon 455-4 V-8 dual exhaust|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick LeSabre]]<ref name="LeSabre"/> |
|||
*1970-1976 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z13844/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1973 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970-1972 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z9898/buick-skylark.aspx|title=1970 Buick Skylark|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1970 [[Buick Wildcat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1970/90800/buick_wildcat_custom_sport_coupe.html|title=1970 Buick Wildcat Custom Sport Coupe|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1971-1973 [[Buick Centurion]]<ref name="Centurion"/> |
|||
*1973-1974 [[Buick Century#Third generation (1973–1977)|Buick Century]]<ref name="Century"/> |
|||
*1973-1974 [[Buick Gran Sport#Century GS / Century GS Stage 1|Buick Gran Sport]]<ref name="Century"/> |
|||
*1973-1974 [[Buick Regal#First generation (1973)|Buick Regal]]<ref name="Regal"/> |
|||
==GM V8s== |
|||
In the mid-1970s Buick's 400/430/455 big blocks became unable to meet fuel economy/emission requirements and were phased out, with the Buick 350 remaining as a factory option until 1980. In their place were a variety of GM V8s were offered, both as standard equipment and factory options. These included: |
|||
===260=== |
|||
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#260|{{convert|260|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1976/174275/buick_skylark_s_2-door_coupe_4_3l_v-8_hydra-matic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1976 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.3L V-8 Hydra-Matic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
|||
*1975–1977 [[Buick Skylark]] |
*1975–1977 [[Buick Skylark]] |
||
===301=== |
===Pontiac 301=== |
||
The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{ |
The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{cvt|301|CID|L|1}}]] was a [[Pontiac V8 engine]] shared with Buick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1977/174755/buick_skylark_s_2-door_coupe_4_9l_v-8_automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1977 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.9L V-8 automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
||
===305=== |
===Chevrolet 305=== |
||
The [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{ |
The [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{cvt|305|CID|L|1}}]] was a [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine|Chevrolet V8]] engine shared with Buick: |
||
*1978–1987 [[Buick Regal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/179555/buick_regal_limited_coupe_5_0l_v-8_4-bbl__automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Regal Limited Coupe 5.0L V-8 4-bbl. automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
*1978–1987 [[Buick Regal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/179555/buick_regal_limited_coupe_5_0l_v-8_4-bbl__automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Regal Limited Coupe 5.0L V-8 4-bbl. automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
||
*1975–1979 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/175175/buick_skylark_custom_2-door_coupe_5_0l_v-8_automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Skylark Custom 2-door Coupe 5.0L V-8 automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
*1975–1979 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/175175/buick_skylark_custom_2-door_coupe_5_0l_v-8_automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Skylark Custom 2-door Coupe 5.0L V-8 automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
||
===307=== |
===Oldsmobile 307=== |
||
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#307|{{ |
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#307|{{cvt|307|CID|L|1}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebuiltcrateengines.com/oldsmobile-307-hurst-olds-v8-p-2151.html|website=Rebuilt crate engines.com|title=Oldsmobile 307 Hurst Olds V8|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
||
*1980–1985 [[Buick Lesabre]] |
*1980–1985 [[Buick Lesabre]] |
||
*1980–1984 [[Buick Electra]] |
*1980–1984 [[Buick Electra]] |
||
Line 212: | Line 232: | ||
*1986–1987 [[Buick Regal]] |
*1986–1987 [[Buick Regal]] |
||
===403=== |
===Oldsmobile 403=== |
||
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{ |
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{cvt|403|CID|L|1}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/184400/buick_electra_park_avenue_coupe_6_6l_v-8.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Electra Park Avenue Coupe 6.6L V-8|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> |
||
*1977 [[Buick Century]] estate |
*1977 [[Buick Century]] estate |
||
*1977–1979 [[Buick Riviera]] |
*1977–1979 [[Buick Riviera]] |
||
Line 222: | Line 242: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{Commons category|Buick V8 engine}} |
{{Commons category|Buick V8 engine}} |
||
{| class="wikitable floatright" |
|||
|+ Buick Engine Colors<ref name=TeamBuickengcol>{{cite web | url = https://www.teambuick.com/reference/engine_colors.php | title = Buick Engine Colors, Which One is Right For You! | publisher = Team Buick | work = Reference }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! Years !! Models !! Color |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1957-1966 || All || Apple "Late Buick" Green |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1963 || Riviera || Silver |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1966 || Riviera || Red |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1967-1974 || All || Red |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1975-1977 || All || Medium Metallic Blue |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1978-1982 || All || Light Blue |
|||
|} |
|||
*[[Buick straight-8 engine]] |
|||
*[[Buick V6 engine]] |
*[[Buick V6 engine]] |
||
Latest revision as of 03:33, 2 January 2025
Buick V8 engines | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Buick (General Motors) |
Also called | Fireball V8 (nickname) Nailhead (1953–1966) |
Production | 1953Buick City (engine block and heads) Saginaw Metal Casting Operations | –1981
Layout | |
Configuration | 90º V8 |
Displacement | 215–455 cu in (3.5–7.5 L) |
Cylinder bore | 3.5–4.31 in (88.9–109.5 mm) |
Piston stroke | 2.8–3.9 in (71.1–99.1 mm) |
Cylinder block material | Cast iron, Aluminum |
Cylinder head material | Cast iron, Aluminum |
Valvetrain | OHV 2 valves x cyl. |
Compression ratio | 8.8:1–11.0:1 |
Combustion | |
Turbocharger | In 1962-63 Oldsmobile Cutlass only |
Fuel system | Carter AFB or Rochester carburetors |
Fuel type | Gasoline |
Cooling system | Water-cooled |
Output | |
Power output | 150–360 hp (112–268 kW) |
Torque output | 220–510 lb⋅ft (298–691 N⋅m) |
Dimensions | |
Dry weight | 318–467 lb (144–212 kg) |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Buick straight-eight |
Successor |
The Buick V8 is a family of V8 engines produced by the Buick division of General Motors (GM) between 1953 and 1981. All were 90° water-cooled V8 OHV pushrod engines, and all were naturally aspirated except one turbocharged version of the 215.
The Buick V8 family can be divided into two sizes, big-blocks and small-blocks (block size classification refers to the engine block's bore spacing and external dimensions, not displacement). All 1953–1966 Buick V8s and the 1967–1976 "big-block" engines shared a 4.75 in (121 mm) bore spacing. The small-block was produced from 1961 to 1981.
Some Buick V8s, such as the 350, 400, and 455, have the same displacements as V8s of other GM divisions, but they are entirely different designs. Buick Nailhead V8s can be distinguished by the top surfaces of their valve covers being horizontal (parallel to the ground). Later Buick small and big block V8s have a front-mounted distributor tilted to the drivers side (like Cadillacs), but siamesed center exhaust ports (unlike Cadillacs).
First-generation Nailhead
[edit]Buick's first generation V8 was offered from 1953 through 1956; it replaced the Buick straight-eight. While officially called the "Fireball V8"[1] by Buick, it became known by enthusiasts as the "Nailhead" for the unusual vertical alignment of its small-sized valves (Originally it was known to hot-rodders as the "nail valve", because the engine's small heads contained valves with long stems, which made them look like nails.)[2]
During this era, Buick ranked smoothness above most other marketing objectives, and the Dynaflow transmission's non-shifting design was demonstrably smoother than the other rough shifting automatics then available. With the Dynaflow, a high torque engine was needed to provide adequate acceleration, so that's what the Nailhead was designed to deliver.
Both the intake and exhaust valves were on the intake manifold side of a "pent-roof combustion chamber". To offset restrictive port diameters and the smaller-sized valves [1.75 in (44 mm) intake, 1.25 in (32 mm) exhaust], the Nailhead V8s used a camshaft with greater lift and duration. The small-diameter intake runners allowed these engines to develop high torque, with many exceeding 1 ft-lb/cu in (exceptional for the time).
First-generation Nailheads were painted "Late" Buick Green (also called Apple Green, used from 1953 to 1965).[3]
264
[edit]The 264 cu in (4.3 L) produced in 1954 and 1955 was a direct replacement for the 263 straight-eight and the only engine available in Buick's economy "Special" series vehicles. It was the smallest displacement Nailhead, sharing stroke and deck height with the 322, but having its own smaller bore 3.625 in (92.1 mm).
322
[edit]The larger 322 cu in (5.3 L) was the original Nailhead, used by Buick from 1953 through 1956 in the Roadmaster, Super, and Century models, and the Special in 1956. It has a bore and stroke of 4 in × 3.2 in (101.6 mm × 81.3 mm).
The 322 was also used in the 1956 through 1957 10,000-Series conventional-cab Chevrolet heavy duty trucks labeled as the Loadmaster.
Second-generation Nailhead
[edit]Buick's second variation of the "Nailhead" was produced from 1957–1966. The "Fireball" name was dropped after 1957, but the 364 was very briefly called the "B-12000", referring to the 12,000 foot pounds generated by each piston.[4] Second generation Nailheads were painted "Late"[clarification needed] Buick Green, with the exception of those installed in the 1963 Riviera, which were silver, and the 1966 Riviera, which were red.[3]
364
[edit]Buick, like most of its competitors, continued to expand their V8 engine to larger displacements. The 364 cu in (6.0 L) was introduced in 1957 and produced through 1961, with a 4.125 by 3.4 inches (104.8 mm × 86.4 mm) (bore by stroke). The Special series cars came standard with the 250 hp (186 kW) two-barrel carburetor version, where all other models got the 300 hp (224 kW) four-barrel engine.
401 (400)
[edit]The 364 was enlarged to 401.0 cu in (6.6 L; 6,572 cc) and produced from 1959 to 1966. Bore and stroke were enlarged to 4.1875 by 3.64 inches (106.36 mm × 92.46 mm) respectively. Originally labelled a 401, it was later redesignated "400" (with no change to displacement) to meet 1960s GM directives for maximum allowable engine displacements in mid-size cars.
The 401/400 became Buick's muscle car powerplant of choice, used in the company's Skylark Gran Sport, Buick Sport Wagon and Buick Wildcat models, among others. The engine was variously designated the Wildcat 375, Wildcat 410, and Wildcat 445 depending on the torque each version produced. The Wildcat 410 was the two-barrel carbureted engine, standard on the 1962-63 LeSabre. The Wildcat 375 was a no-cost option for the 1962-63 LeSabre that used a lower compression ratio to run on lower-octane fuel. The various Wildcat engines had decals on their air cleaners indicating their version; however, the four-barrel edition of the 1966-67 small-block Buick 340 V8 was also labeled Wildcat 375 on its air cleaner, but was not a Nailhead.
The Wildcat 445, with a single four-barrel carburetor, was the standard engine in the Invicta, 1959-1966 Electra, 1962–1966 Buick Wildcat, 1963 Riviera, and 1965 Riviera (the 1964 and 1966 Riviera models used the 425 with a single four-barrel carburetor, labeled Wildcat 465, as standard equipment).
In an effort to overcome the restrictive exhaust-port design of the Nailhead, Buick drag racing enthusiasts in the 1960s adapted superchargers with a custom camshaft to feed intake air in through the exhaust ports; the larger intake ports became the exhaust outlets.
425
[edit]The 425 cu in (7.0 L) was produced from 1963 to 1966. Its bore and stroke measured 4.3125 by 3.64 inches (109.54 mm × 92.46 mm). The largest-displacement version of the Nailhead, it began as an option on the 1963 Riviera, and was later available on the Wildcat and Electra models. The 1964 and 1966 Rivieras used the 425 engine as standard equipment. Mounted on a trolley, Buick 425s were also used as starter motors for the SR-71 Blackbird supersonic jet.[5]
Four-barrel carburetion was standard on the basic 425, called the Wildcat 465 for the torque (as measured in lb-ft) it developed. The Super Wildcat (Regular Production Option {RPO}-coded Y48) was available on the 1964 Riviera as a factory option (2,122 produced), 1964 Electras (any model, production numbers unknown), 1965 Riviera Gran Sport and 1966 Wildcat GS, which included two four-barrel carburetors and matching intake manifold. Coded "MW", these parts were delivered in the car's trunk for dealer installation. Toward the end of the 1966 model year, around May 1966, Buick offered the Super Wildcat 465 with factory-installed dual four-barrel Carter AFB carburetors as an "MZ" option. Only 179 of the 1966 Riviera GS cars were built with the MZ package.
Big-block
[edit]Buick introduced its "Big Block" V8 in 1967 to replace the largest displacement Nailheads. It retained the 4.75 in (120.7 mm) cylinder bore spacing and was produced in three displacements: 400, 430, and 455 cubic inches. Production continued through 1976.
400
[edit]The 399.95 cu in (6,554 cc) big-block V8 was produced from 1967-1969. This engine has a bore and a stroke of 4.04 in × 3.9 in (102.6 mm × 99.1 mm). It was the only large V8 engine available for the intermediate-sized A-body Buicks due to the GM cubic inch limit restriction in effect through 1970.[6] Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 430 and 455. This 400 engine had the distributor towards the front of the engine, as opposed to the 401/400 nailhead, which had its near the firewall.[7]
430
[edit]The 430-cubic-inch (7.0 L) was only produced from 1967 until 1969. This engine had a bore and a stroke of 4.1875 in × 3.9 in (106.36 mm × 99.06 mm). The 430 four-barrel engine was rated at 360 hp (268 kW) and 475 lb⋅ft (644 N⋅m) of torque. This engine was used in large B-, C- and E-body Buicks. Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 400 and 455.
Applications:
- 1967-1969 Buick Electra[8]
- 1967-1969 Buick Riviera[9]
- 1967-1969 Buick Wildcat[10]
455
[edit]The 400-based 455 was produced from 1970–1976, with a bore x stroke of 4.31 in × 3.9 in (109.5 mm × 99.1 mm) for an overall displacement of 455.2 cu in (7.5 L; 7,459 cc). Most parts (except pistons and heads) interchange between the 400 and the 430. The base model was rated at 350 hp (261 kW), while the 455 Stage 1 equipped with a single 4-barrel Rochester Quadrajet carburetor was rated at 360 hp (268 kW) at 4600 rpm.[11][12] The regular 455 produced a rated 510 lb⋅ft (691 N⋅m) of torque at 2,800 rpm, more than any other muscle car engine. The horsepower was somewhat reduced in 1971 mainly due to the reduction in cylinder compression ratio, a change which was mandated by GM in order to cope with the introduction of new federal laws which would require new cars to use low octane gasoline in an effort to reduce exhaust emissions. Then, starting in 1972, the horsepower rating on paper would be reduced again due to a shift from SAE gross to SAE net, down to approximately 250 hp (186 kW). Unleaded gasoline and catalytic converters came into play in 1975 for all US manufactured cars. Tightening emissions controls would cause the engine to drop in power still further, a little at a time, through 1976.
The 455 was one of the first "thin-wall casting" engine blocks at GM, and because of this[13] advance in production technology, it weighs significantly less than other engines of comparable size (for example, 150 lb (68 kg) less than a Chevrolet 454[13] and only 25 lb (11 kg) more than a Chevrolet 350).[citation needed]
Applications:
- 1970-1976 Buick Electra[14]
- 1970-1976 Buick Estate[15]
- 1970-1976 Buick LeSabre[16]
- 1970-1976 Buick Riviera[17]
- 1970-1972 Buick Skylark[18]
- 1970 Buick Wildcat[19]
- 1971-1973 Buick Centurion[20]
- 1973-1974 Buick Century[21]
- 1973-1974 Buick Gran Sport[21]
- 1973-1974 Buick Regal[22]
Small-block
[edit]Buick introduced a "small block" V8 in 1961 with a 4.24 in (107.7 mm) cylinder bore spacing; it was produced in four displacements, 215, 300, 340, and 350. This design also became the basis of a highly successful cast iron V6 engine, the Fireball. Design features include an external oil pump, a forward-mounted distributor, and an integrated aluminum timing cover which incorporates the oil pump mechanisms, leaving the oil filter exposed to oncoming air for added cooling.
With the exception of the silver 1964 300, Buick small-blocks were painted "Late"[clarification needed] Buick Green through 1966. Buick engines were painted red from 1967-1974, medium metallic blue from 1975-1977, and light blue from 1978-1982.[3]
The small-block was originally produced as an industry-first all-aluminum engine. Alas, after 3 years of production, persisting cylinder liner issues, trumped with new and cheaper thin-wall iron casting techniques, pushed a change to an iron block.
215
[edit]- See also Rover V8 engine
GM experimented with aluminum engines starting in the early 1950s, when Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) was pushing all automakers to use more aluminum. An early-development supercharged version of the 215-cubic-inch (3.5 L) V8 was used in the 1951 Le Sabre concept car,[23] and the 1953 Buick Roadmaster concept car.
GM designated Buick as engine design leader, and work on a production unit commenced in 1956. Originally intended for 180-cubic-inch (2.9 L) displacement, Buick decided on a larger, 215-cubic-inch (3.5 L) size, deemed ideal for the new Y-body cars introduced for 1961, like the Skylark.
Known as the Buick Fireball, the 215 had a bore and a stroke of 3.5 in × 2.8 in (88.9 mm × 71.1 mm), for an actual displacement of 215.51 cu in (3,532 cc). With its aluminum cylinder heads and cylinder block, at the time it was the lightest mass-production V8 in the world, with a dry weight of only 318 lb (144 kg). Measuring 28 in (71 cm) long, 26 in (66 cm) wide, and 27 in (69 cm) high (same as the small-block Chevy),[24] it became standard equipment in the 1961 Buick Special.
At introduction, Buick's 215 was rated 150 hp (112 kW) at 4400 rpm.[25][26] This was raised soon after introduction to 155 hp (116 kW) at 4,600 rpm. 220 lb⋅ft (298 N⋅m) of torque was produced at 2,400 rpm with a Rochester 2GC (2 Jet) two-barrel carburetor and 8.8:1 compression ratio. A mid-year introduction was the Buick Special Skylark version, which had 10.0:1 compression and a four-barrel carburetor, raising output to 185 hp (138 kW) at 4,800 rpm and 230 lb⋅ft (312 N⋅m) at 2,800 rpm.
For 1962, the four-barrel-equipped engine's compression ratio was increased to 10.25:1 and horsepower to 190 hp (142 kW) at 4,800 rpm and 235 lb⋅ft (319 N⋅m) at 3,000 rpm. The two-barrel engine was unchanged. For 1963, the four-barrel was bumped to 11.0:1 compression and an even 200 hp (149 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 240 lb⋅ft (325 N⋅m) at 3,200 rpm, 0.93 hp (0.7 kW)/cu in. The higher output "Power Pack" was equipped with higher lift camshaft .0.518" intake/ 0.523" exhaust with increased duration 305/310 and required 99 research octane fuel.
Pontiac usage
[edit]Pontiac used the Buick version of the 215 in its Y-body cars, the Tempest and LeMans. At that time the engine was closely associated with the Buick brand, and Pontiac sold few cars with it, using it only in 1961 and 1962.
Oldsmobile version
[edit]Although sharing basic architecture with the Buick, Oldsmobile developed its own all-aluminum 215, the "Rockette V8", to install in its F-85 Cutlass Y-body. Its angled valve covers were designed by Oldsmobile engineers to look like a traditional Olds V8.
Olds also released a turbocharged version, the 215 hp (160 kW) Turbo-Rocket, in its 1962–63 Oldsmobile Jetfire.[27] Together with Chevrolet's turbocharged 1962 Corvair Spyder, these were the first turbochargers ever offered in passenger cars.
Produced on a separate assembly line, the Olds 215 was somewhat heavier at 350 lb (160 kg). Intended to alleviate a head-warping problem on high-compression versions, Oldsmobile added a sixth head bolt on the intake manifold side. This meant that the five-bolt Buick heads would fit on Oldsmobile blocks, but not vice versa. The Oldsmobile used wedge-shaped/quench combustion chambers/pistons that allowed larger valves, while the Buick had a 37-cc wedge combustion chamber and used "dished head" pistons.[28] Altering the compression ratio on the Oldsmobile 215 required changing the heads, but on a Buick 215, only the pistons were changed, which was less expensive and simpler.
Discontinuation
[edit]Casting-sealing technology was not advanced enough at that time, and hidden porosity problems caused serious oil leaks, producing an abnormally high scrap ratio.[26] The factory had to make extensive use of air gauging for leak checks, and was unable to detect leaks on blocks that were as much as 95% complete.[26] This raised the cost of complete engines to more than that of a comparable all cast-iron engine, so aluminum blocks were cancelled after the 1963 model year.[26] Another problem was clogged radiators from antifreeze mixtures incompatible with aluminum.[26]
Racing
[edit]The 215's very high power-to-weight ratio made it immediately interesting for automobile and boat racing. Mickey Thompson entered a stock-block 215-powered car in the 1962 Indianapolis 500, the first stock-block engine since 1946 and the only non-Offenhauser-powered entry in the race.[26] Rookie driver Dan Gurney qualified eighth and raced well for 92 laps before retiring with transmission problems.[26]
Surplus engine blocks of the Oldsmobile F85 version formed the basis of the Australian Formula One Repco V8[26] used by Brabham to win the 1966 Formula One world championship, although only the earliest engines had any Oldsmobile components.[26] The majority of Repco RB620 engines were cast and built in-house at Repco.[26]
Sale to Rover
[edit]Rights to these engines were purchased by the British Rover Company and used in the 1967 Rover P5B that replaced the 3 L straight six Rover engined P5. Throughout the years, the Rover Company (which became part of British Leyland in 1968), and its successor companies constantly improved the engine making it much stronger and more reliable. Capacities ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 L (215 to 307 cu in). This engine was used for V8 versions of the MGB GT known as the GTV8. Rover also used the engine in the 1970 Range Rover. Morgan used the Rover version in its Plus 8.[29] American 215s have also been engine swapped into countless other platforms, especially Chevrolet Vegas[30] and later British cars including the MG RV8 in the 1990s,[31] Triumph TR8, and various sports sedans and sports cars by the MG Rover Group and specialist manufacturers such as TVR. The engine remains well-supported by enthusiast clubs, specialist parts suppliers, and by shops that specialize in conversions and tuning.
300
[edit]In 1964, Buick replaced the 215 with an iron-block engine of very similar architecture. The new "small block" engine had a bore of 3.75 in (95.3 mm) and a stroke of 3.4 in (86.4 mm) for a displacement of 300.4 cu in (4.9 L; 4,923 cc). It retained the aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifold, and accessories of the 215 for a dry weight of 405 lb (184 kg). The 300 was offered in two-barrel form, with 9.0:1 compression, making 210 hp (157 kW) at 4600 rpm and 310 lb⋅ft (420 N⋅m) at 2400 rpm, and four-barrel form, with 11.0:1 compression, making 250 hp (186 kW) at 4800 rpm and 355 lb⋅ft (481 N⋅m) at 3000 rpm.
For 1965, the 300 switched to cast-iron heads, raising dry weight to 467 lb (212 kg), still quite light for a V8 engine of its era. The four-barrel option was cancelled for 1966, and the 300 was replaced entirely by the 350 in 1968.
In 1964, while nearly all Buick engines were painted "Buick Late Green", the 300 V8s were painted silver instead. In 1966 Buick engines switched to "Buick Late Red", but until 1967 at least, the 300 V8 (and the 225) were still painted Buick Late Green.[3] The Apollo 5000 GT sports car, (also sold as the Vetta Ventura) used this engine.
340
[edit]In 1966, the 300's stroke was increased to 3.85 in (97.8 mm) in a raised block to create the 340, displacing 340.2 cu in (5.6 L; 5,574 cc), as a replacement for the four-barrel-carbureted 300. The taller deck (raised by 0.5625 in (14.3 mm) compared to the 215/300's) meant the intake manifold was of a new design to bolt to the otherwise interchangeable cylinder heads.
It was offered with two- or four-barrel carburetion, the two-barrel with a 9.0:1 compression rated at 220 hp (164 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m) at 2,400 rpm, and the four barrel with 10.25:1 compression, rated at 260 hp (194 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 375 lb⋅ft (508 N⋅m) at 2,800 rpm. It was only produced through 1967, being replaced by the new small block 350 cu in (5.7 L) in 1968.
350
[edit]Buick adopted the popular 350 size in 1968 for their final family of V8 engines, which was produced through 1980. Although it shared the displacement of the other GM small blocks, including the Chevrolet 350, Oldsmobile 350, and Pontiac 350, the Buick blocks were of a substantially different proprietary company design. The Buick 350 featured the same 3.8 in (96.5 mm) bore as the 231 cu in (3.8 L) version of the Buick 90° V6 and retained the 3.85 in (97.8 mm) stroke of the previous 340 cu in (5.6 L) V8. The exact displacement is 349.31 cu in (5,724 cc).
The major differences of the 350 in comparison to other GM V8s are Buick's "deep-skirt" engine block construction, the use of cast iron with increased nickel content, under-square cylinder bore sizing, 3 in (76.2 mm) crankshaft main journals, and 6.385 in (162.2 mm) connecting rods. Of all the GM "350s", the Buick has the longest piston stroke. This design characteristic made the engine significantly wider than the others — essentially the same as the Buick big-blocks, which have the shortest stroke of the GM big-blocks. The engine garnered a reputation as rugged and durable,[32] and some of its design characteristics are found in other Buick-designed GM engines, such as the 231 cu in (3.8 L) V6 and its 3800 descendants.
The 350 was used by Kaiser-Jeep and AMC Jeep in the Jeep Gladiator and Wagoneer models from 1968–71;[33] in these applications, the engine was billed as the Dauntless V8.
- 1968-1972 Buick Skylark[34]
- 1968-1972 Buick Sport Wagon[34]
- 1968-1971 Jeep Wagoneer[35]
- 1968-1971 Jeep Gladiator[36]
- 1971-1973 Buick Centurion[20]
- 1971-1980 Buick Electra[37]
- 1971-1980 Buick LeSabre[16]
- 1973-1975 Buick Apollo[38]
- 1973-1977 Buick Century[21]
- 1973-1977 Buick Regal[22]
- 1975 Pontiac Ventura[39]
- 1975-1979 Buick Skylark[40]
- 1977-1980 Buick Estate[41]
- 1977-1978 Buick Riviera[42]
Other GM V8s used in Buicks
[edit]In the mid-1970s, Buick's 455 big block became unable to meet fuel economy/emission requirements and was phased out, with the Buick 350 remaining as a factory option until 1980. In their place a variety of other GM divisions' V8s were offered, both as standard equipment and factory options. These included:
Oldsmobile 260
[edit]The 260 cu in (4.3 L) was an Oldsmobile V8 engine shared with Buick:[43]
- 1975–1977 Buick Skylark
Pontiac 301
[edit]The 301 cu in (4.9 L) was a Pontiac V8 engine shared with Buick.[44]
Chevrolet 305
[edit]The 305 cu in (5.0 L) was a Chevrolet V8 engine shared with Buick:
- 1978–1987 Buick Regal[45]
- 1975–1979 Buick Skylark[46]
Oldsmobile 307
[edit]The 307 cu in (5.0 L) was an Oldsmobile V8 engine shared with Buick:[47]
- 1980–1985 Buick Lesabre
- 1980–1984 Buick Electra
- 1980–1985 Buick Riviera
- 1980–1990 Buick Estate Wagon
- 1986–1987 Buick Regal
Oldsmobile 403
[edit]The 403 cu in (6.6 L) was an Oldsmobile V8 engine shared with Buick:[48]
- 1977 Buick Century estate
- 1977–1979 Buick Riviera
- 1977–1979 Buick Electra
- 1977–1979 Buick Estate Wagon
- 1977–1979 Buick LeSabre
See also
[edit]Years | Models | Color |
---|---|---|
1957-1966 | All | Apple "Late Buick" Green |
1963 | Riviera | Silver |
1966 | Riviera | Red |
1967-1974 | All | Red |
1975-1977 | All | Medium Metallic Blue |
1978-1982 | All | Light Blue |
From the 1950s-1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Many were shared among other divisions, but each design is most-closely associated with its own division:
- Cadillac V8 engine
- Chevrolet Small-Block engine
- Chevrolet Big-Block engine
- Oldsmobile V8 engine
- Pontiac V8 engine
- Holden V8 engine
GM later standardized on the later generations of the Chevrolet design:
- GM LT engine — Generation II small-block
- GM LS engine — Generation III/IV small-block
- List of GM engines
References
[edit]- ^ Flory, J. "Kelly" Jr. (2008). American Cars, 1946 to 1959; Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.
- ^ "Vintage Buick Engines". Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "Buick Engine Colors, Which One is Right For You!". Reference. Team Buick.
- ^ Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.
- ^ "English: SR-71 Blackbird AG330 start cart, Hill Aerospace Museum, Utah". 8 March 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ "7 fastest cars 1970s". Muscle Cars Days.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Mando, Bob K. "Visually Identifying a 1960's or '70's GM engine". Team Buick.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1967 Buick Electra 225". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1967 Buick Riviera". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1969 Buick Wildcat". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1970 Buick GSX Stage-1 Sport Coupe 4-speed". automobile-catalog. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
- ^ "1970 Buick GS". MyClassicGarage.com. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
- ^ a b Gittelman, Mark (24 December 2018). "Inside the 455 Cubic Inch Big Block from General Motors". ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1976 Buick Electra". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Zal, Pawel (ed.). "1972 Buick Estate Wagon 455-4 V-8 dual exhaust". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b "1972 Buick Le Sabre". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1973 Buick Riviera". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1970 Buick Skylark". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Zal, Pawel (ed.). "1970 Buick Wildcat Custom Sport Coupe". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b "1973 Buick Centurion". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b c "1973 Buick Century". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b "1973 Buick Regal". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946-1959 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.1021.
- ^ Baechtel, John. "Alternative Engines: Part 2--Buick V8", in Hot Rod Magazine, 11/84, p.67.
- ^ Autoblog staff, ed. (21 July 2017). "Greatest Buick cars of all time". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j McKelvie, Steve (21 December 2017). "The Rover V8 engine". Wordpress.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1960-1972 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2004), pp.205 & 246.
- ^ Davis, Marian (March 1985). "Affordable Aluminum V-8's". Hot Rod. Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via TeamBuick.com.
- ^ Boddy, William. "Morgan", in Northey, Tom, executive editor. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 12, p.1419.
- ^ "Chevy Small Block". Hotrod. March 1985. Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via Team.net.
- ^ Koch, Jeff (April 2011). Issue of Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car (ed.). "Buick 215-cu.in. V-8/Rover 3.5L". Hemmings.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Jordan, James. "Buick 350 engine specifications". It still runs.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "Jeep Engine: Dauntless Buick 350 V8". www.jeeptech.com. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ a b "1970 Buick Skylark". Myclassicgarage.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "Dauntless Buick 350". 1970jeepwagoneer.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1963-1987 Jeep Gladiator and J-Series Pickups". Allpar.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1979 Buick Electra Coupe 350 V8 automatic classic vintage collector". Classiccarsmarks.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1974 Buick Apollo four-door, GM 350 four-barrel". Classiccarsmarks.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1975 Pontiac Ventura SJ Sprint". Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "1978 Buick Skylark". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Pawel Zal (ed.). "1978 Buick Estate Wagon limited 5.7L V-8". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "1977 Buick Riviera". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Pawel Zal (ed.). "1976 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.3L V-8 Hydra-Matic". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Pawel Zal (ed.). "1977 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.9L V-8 automatic". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Pawel Zal (ed.). "1978 Buick Regal Limited Coupe 5.0L V-8 4-bbl. automatic". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Pawel Zal (ed.). "1978 Buick Skylark Custom 2-door Coupe 5.0L V-8 automatic". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "Oldsmobile 307 Hurst Olds V8". Rebuilt crate engines.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Pawel Zal (ed.). "1978 Buick Electra Park Avenue Coupe 6.6L V-8". Automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- Peter C Sessler (1999). Ultimate American V8 Engine Data Book. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0489-0.