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{{Short description|Pakistani multinational commercial bank}}
{{Short description|Pakistani commercial bank}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = MCB Bank
| name = MCB Bank
| logo = MCB Bank Limited logo.png
| logo = MCB Bank Limited logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_size =
| image = MCB-HQ.jpg
| image = MCB-HQ.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_size = 220px
| image_caption = Headquarters of MCB Bank in [[Lahore]]
| image_caption = Headquarters of MCB Bank in [[Lahore]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{karse|MCB}}
| traded_as = {{karse|MCB}} <br /> [[KSE 100 Index|KSE 100]] component <br /> [[KSE 30 Index|KSE 30]] component
| location_city = [[Lahore]]-54660
| location_city = [[Lahore]]-54660
| location_country = [[Pakistan]]
| location_country = [[Pakistan]]
Line 28: Line 28:
| equity_year = 2023
| equity_year = 2023
| num_employees = 14,420<ref name=AR2023/>
| num_employees = 14,420<ref name=AR2023/>
| website = {{URL|https://www.mcb.com.pk/}}
| website = {{URL|mcb.com.pk}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1947|07|09}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1947|07|09}}
| founder = [[Adamjee Haji Dawood]]
| founder = [[Adamjee Haji Dawood]]
| num_employees_year = 2023
| num_employees_year = 2023
| subsid = [[MCB Islamic Bank]] <br /> MCB Non-Bank Credit Organization Closed Joint Stock Company <br /> MCB Investment Management Limited (81.42%)
| parent = [[Nishat Group]] (30%) <br /> [[Maybank]] (18.78%)<ref name=AR2023/>
| parent = [[Maybank]] <br /> [[Nishat Group]]
| owner = [[Maybank]] (18.78%) <br /> [[Nishat Mills]] (8.02%) <br /> Adamjee Insurance (5%) <br /> Security General Insurance (5%)
}}
}}
'''MCB Bank Limited''' ({{nastaliq|ایم سی بی بینک لمیٹڈ}}) is a Pakistani [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[commercial bank]] which is based in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan. The majority of shares are owned by Pakistani conglomerate [[Nishat Group]] and Malaysian bank [[Maybank]]. The bank has a network of 1600 branches and over 1450 ATMs in Pakistan. The current President/CEO of the bank is Shoaib Mumtaz.
'''MCB Bank Limited''' ({{langx|ur|ایم سی بی بینک}}) is a Pakistani [[commercial bank]] which is based in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The majority of shares are owned by companies that are part of [[Nishat Group]] or Malaysian bank [[Maybank]].


MCB Bank is listed on the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] and the [[London Stock Exchange]].
MCB, advised by Merrill Lynch, became the fourth Pakistani company (the other three being Hubco, PTCL, and Chakwal cement; they all have been delisted) to list on the [[London Stock Exchange]] when it raised US$150 million in global depositary receipts.


==History==
==History==
MCB Bank was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] as Muslim Commercial Bank in July 1947, shortly before the [[Partition of India]], under the encouragement of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1152902|title=Pakistan's Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrepreneurship, and Partial Modernization|author=Papanek, Hanna|year=1972|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–32|doi=10.1086/450605 |jstor=1152902 }}</ref> The founders, [[Adamjee Haji Dawood]] and [[M. A. Ispahani]], were joined by directors from major Muslim commercial and industrial families, including the [[M.M. Ispahani|Ispahani]], [[Adamjee Group|Adamjee]], Dada, Arag, and Amin Jute families.<ref name="auto"/> Among the founding members was also [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]], a former member of the first Muslim ministry in Bengal from 1937 to 1940.<ref name="auto"/>
It was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] by the [[Adamjee Group]] on 9 July 1947. The bank was established to provide banking facilities to the business community of South Asia. The bank was [[Nationalization|nationalised]] in 1974 during the government of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].


In 1964, MCB became part of [[Adamjee Group]].<ref name="auto"/>
⚫
On April 6, 1991, the government sold 26 percent of MCB's shares to the National Group at PKR 56 per share, totaling PKR 838.8 million.<ref name="sbp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/financial_sector/2004/policy_considerations.pdf|title=Policy Considerations before Bank Privatization Country Experience |first=Ishrat |last=Husain}}</ref> The transaction was conducted under an "as is where is" arrangement, and it resulted in the Federal Government suspending most provisions of the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974 for six months, with the exception of section 5(6)(a).<ref name="sbp"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328081238/https://privatisation.gov.pk/Detail/NTU0ZjE1NGQtNmYzNC00NWZjLWIxZTEtYWMzMzliYzFhNzk4|title=Ministry of Privatisation - Privatisation Commission|date=March 28, 2023|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

MCB was [[nationalization|nationalised]] in 1974 during the government of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Subsequently, its shares were de-listed from the [[Karachi Stock Exchange]] after acquisition by the [[government of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psx.com.pk/psx/themes/psx/uploads/Delisted-Report.pdf|title=De-listed companies}}</ref>

⚫
On April 6, 1991, the government sold 26 percent of MCB's shares to the National Group at PKR 56 per share, totaling PKR 838.8 million.<ref name="HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25825145|title=Historical Development of Liberalization Since 1947 in Pakistan|author1=SAJID, MUSHTAQ A.|author2=CHAUDHARY, A. R.|year=1996|journal=Pakistan Economic and Social Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=179–192|jstor=25825145 }}</ref><ref name="sbp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/financial_sector/2004/policy_considerations.pdf|title=Policy Considerations before Bank Privatization Country Experience |first=Ishrat |last=Husain}}</ref> The transaction was conducted under an "as is where is" arrangement, and it resulted in the Federal Government suspending most provisions of the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974 for six months, with the exception of section 5(6)(a).<ref name="sbp"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://privatisation.gov.pk/Detail/NTU0ZjE1NGQtNmYzNC00NWZjLWIxZTEtYWMzMzliYzFhNzk4|title=Ministry of Privatisation - Privatisation Commission|date=March 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328081238/https://privatisation.gov.pk/Detail/NTU0ZjE1NGQtNmYzNC00NWZjLWIxZTEtYWMzMzliYzFhNzk4 |archive-date=2023-03-28 }}</ref>


The privatization process continued on February 19, 1992, with the public offering of an additional 25 percent of MCB's shares.<ref name="sbp"/> Following the divestment of a 51 percent stake, MCB was no longer subject to the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974.<ref name="sbp"/> On December 31, 1992, the National Group acquired another 24 percent of MCB's shares at Rs56.15 per share, increasing their total holding to 50 percent.<ref name="sbp"/>
The privatization process continued on February 19, 1992, with the public offering of an additional 25 percent of MCB's shares.<ref name="sbp"/> Following the divestment of a 51 percent stake, MCB was no longer subject to the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974.<ref name="sbp"/> On December 31, 1992, the National Group acquired another 24 percent of MCB's shares at Rs56.15 per share, increasing their total holding to 50 percent.<ref name="sbp"/>
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In 2008, Maybank (Malaysia) announced the acquisition of 20% of the stake in MCB Bank Limited's equity by purchasing a little more than 94 million ordinary shares from the Nishat Group. This transaction amounted to MYR 2.17 billion (US$686 million) in value. The price paid by the Maybank was Pak. Rupees 470 per ordinary share of MCB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maybank2u.com.my/home/m2u/common/login.do|title=Maybank2u|website=Maybank2u.com.my|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> In 2008, the head office of MCB was shifted from [[MCB Tower]], Karachi to Lahore in a newly constructed building, namely MCB House located at Sharea Ghous-ul-Azam, commonly known as Jail Road.
In 2008, Maybank (Malaysia) announced the acquisition of 20% of the stake in MCB Bank Limited's equity by purchasing a little more than 94 million ordinary shares from the Nishat Group. This transaction amounted to MYR 2.17 billion (US$686 million) in value. The price paid by the Maybank was Pak. Rupees 470 per ordinary share of MCB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maybank2u.com.my/home/m2u/common/login.do|title=Maybank2u|website=Maybank2u.com.my|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> In 2008, the head office of MCB was shifted from [[MCB Tower]], Karachi to Lahore in a newly constructed building, namely MCB House located at Sharea Ghous-ul-Azam, commonly known as Jail Road.


In 2000, the bank established its [[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic Banking]] Business Group and opened its first [[branch]] in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/03/20050303203065/|title=MCB to expand Islamic banking services|date=2005-03-03|website=Business Recorder|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> by 2014 the Islamic Banking network had grown to 34 branches.<ref name="mcb.com.pk1">{{cite web|url=https://www.mcb.com.pk/assets/documents/Annual-2014.pdf|title=Annual Report 2014|website=Mcb.com.pk|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> This was in addition to and separate from bank's 1,100 conventional banking branches.<ref name="mcb.com.pk1"/> In 2015, given the potential of Islamic Banking business, the bank proceeded to establish an independent but wholly owned subsidiary bank<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/62629-mcb-sets-up-islamic-banking-subsidiary|title=MCB sets up Islamic banking subsidiary|date=2015-09-15|website=Thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/62629-mcb-sets-up-islamic-banking-subsidiary|title=MCB sets up Islamic banking subsidiary|date=15 September 2015|website=Thenews.com.pk|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> named "MCB Islamic Bank Limited", referred to as "MIB "in short. MCB Bank Ltd appointed Raza Mansha as its first chairman of the board of directors and Ali Muhammad Mahoon as the first President of the MIB.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcbislamicbank.com/assets/documents/Annual_Report_2015.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015|website=Mcbislamicbank.com|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref>
In 2000, MCB established its [[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic Banking]] Business Group and opened its first [[branch]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/03/20050303203065/|title=MCB to expand Islamic banking services|date=2005-03-03|website=Business Recorder|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> By 2014 the Islamic Banking network had grown to 34 branches.<ref name="mcb.com.pk1">{{cite web|url=https://www.mcb.com.pk/assets/documents/Annual-2014.pdf|title=Annual Report 2014|website=Mcb.com.pk|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> This was in addition to and separate from bank's 1,100 conventional banking branches.<ref name="mcb.com.pk1"/> In 2015, given the potential of Islamic Banking business, the bank proceeded to establish an independent but wholly owned subsidiary bank<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/62629-mcb-sets-up-islamic-banking-subsidiary|title=MCB sets up Islamic banking subsidiary|date=2015-09-15|website=Thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/62629-mcb-sets-up-islamic-banking-subsidiary|title=MCB sets up Islamic banking subsidiary|date=15 September 2015|website=Thenews.com.pk|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> named MCB Islamic Bank Limited, referred to as MIB in short.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1210886|title=MCB Bank’s foray into Islamic banking|first=Ali Raza|last=Mehdi|date=October 5, 2015|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>


== Credit rating ==
== Credit rating ==
Line 64: Line 70:
[[MNET (interbank network)|MNET Services (Private) Limited]] amalgamated with and into MCB Bank, the effective date of amalgamation was April 30, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Bank winds up another Subsidiary|url=https://www.researchsnipers.com/mcb-bank-winds-up-another-subsidiary/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[MNET (interbank network)|MNET Services (Private) Limited]] amalgamated with and into MCB Bank, the effective date of amalgamation was April 30, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Bank winds up another Subsidiary|url=https://www.researchsnipers.com/mcb-bank-winds-up-another-subsidiary/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>


==Subsidiaries==
== Subsidiary companies<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Bank Subsidiary Companies|url=https://www.mcb.com.pk/about-mcb/profile-of-bank|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>==
* [[MCB Islamic Bank Limited]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Bank Subsidiary Companies|url=https://www.mcb.com.pk/about-mcb/profile-of-bank|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>

⚫
* MCB Funds<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Arif Habib Savings & Investments Limited|url=http://www.mcbah.com/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>
1. [[MCB Islamic Bank Limited]]
⚫
* MCB BOKT Non-Bank Credit Organisation <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Non-Bank Credit Organisation" Closed Joint Stock Company" |url=https://mcb.az/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>

⚫
2. MCB Arif Habib Savings & Investments Limited <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Arif Habib Savings & Investments Limited|url=http://www.mcbah.com/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>

⚫
3. [[MCB BOKT]] Non-Bank Credit Organisation” Closed Joint Stock Company” <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=MCB Non-Bank Credit Organisation" Closed Joint Stock Company" |url=https://mcb.az/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Research Snipers|language=en-US}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{Nishat Group}}
{{Nishat Group}}
{{Banking in Pakistan}}
{{Banking in Pakistan}}
{{KSE 100}}
{{KSE 30}}
{{KSE 30}}


⚫
[[Category:Maybank]]
[[Category:Nishat Group]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1947]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1947]]
⚫
[[Category:Pakistani companies established in 1947]]
⚫
[[Category:1991 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:1992 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Banks of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Banks of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Lahore]]
[[Category:Companies based in Lahore]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the KSE 100 Index]]
[[Category:Companies in the KSE 100 Index]]
[[Category:Pakistani brands]]
[[Category:Pakistani brands]]
⚫
[[Category:Nishat Group]]
[[Category:Formerly government-owned companies of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Formerly government-owned companies of Pakistan]]
⚫
[[Category:1991 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Pakistan]]
⚫
[[Category:Pakistani companies established in 1947]]

Latest revision as of 11:33, 30 November 2024

MCB Bank
Company typePublic
PSX: MCB
KSE 100 component
KSE 30 component
IndustryBanking
FoundedJuly 9, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-07-09)
FounderAdamjee Haji Dawood
Headquarters
Lahore-54660
,
Pakistan
Key people
ProductsLoans, credit cards, Debit cards, savings, consumer banking, Home Remittance etc.
RevenueIncreaseRs. 180.61 billion (US$630 million)[1] (2023)
Increase Rs. 125.24 billion (US$430 million)[1] (2023)
Increase Rs. 59.63 billion (US$210 million)[1] (2023)
Total assetsIncrease Rs. 2.42 trillion (US$8.4 billion)[1] (2023)
Total equityIncreaseRs. 206.61 billion (US$720 million)[1] (2023)
OwnerMaybank (18.78%)
Nishat Mills (8.02%)
Adamjee Insurance (5%)
Security General Insurance (5%)
Number of employees
14,420[1] (2023)
ParentMaybank
Nishat Group
SubsidiariesMCB Islamic Bank
MCB Non-Bank Credit Organization Closed Joint Stock Company
MCB Investment Management Limited (81.42%)
Websitemcb.com.pk

MCB Bank Limited (Urdu: ایم سی بی بینک) is a Pakistani commercial bank which is based in Lahore, Punjab. The majority of shares are owned by companies that are part of Nishat Group or Malaysian bank Maybank.

MCB Bank is listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange.

History

[edit]

MCB Bank was incorporated as Muslim Commercial Bank in July 1947, shortly before the Partition of India, under the encouragement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[2] The founders, Adamjee Haji Dawood and M. A. Ispahani, were joined by directors from major Muslim commercial and industrial families, including the Ispahani, Adamjee, Dada, Arag, and Amin Jute families.[2] Among the founding members was also Khwaja Shahabuddin, a former member of the first Muslim ministry in Bengal from 1937 to 1940.[2]

In 1964, MCB became part of Adamjee Group.[2]

MCB was nationalised in 1974 during the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Subsequently, its shares were de-listed from the Karachi Stock Exchange after acquisition by the government of Pakistan.[3]

On April 6, 1991, the government sold 26 percent of MCB's shares to the National Group at PKR 56 per share, totaling PKR 838.8 million.[4][5] The transaction was conducted under an "as is where is" arrangement, and it resulted in the Federal Government suspending most provisions of the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974 for six months, with the exception of section 5(6)(a).[5][6]

The privatization process continued on February 19, 1992, with the public offering of an additional 25 percent of MCB's shares.[5] Following the divestment of a 51 percent stake, MCB was no longer subject to the Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974.[5] On December 31, 1992, the National Group acquired another 24 percent of MCB's shares at Rs56.15 per share, increasing their total holding to 50 percent.[5]

In 2005, the management of the bank abbreviated its name from Muslim Commercial Bank Limited to MCB Bank Limited to explore international markets; they were facing resistance due to the word Muslim especially from Western Countries to avail licence.[7]

In 2008, Maybank (Malaysia) announced the acquisition of 20% of the stake in MCB Bank Limited's equity by purchasing a little more than 94 million ordinary shares from the Nishat Group. This transaction amounted to MYR 2.17 billion (US$686 million) in value. The price paid by the Maybank was Pak. Rupees 470 per ordinary share of MCB.[8] In 2008, the head office of MCB was shifted from MCB Tower, Karachi to Lahore in a newly constructed building, namely MCB House located at Sharea Ghous-ul-Azam, commonly known as Jail Road.

In 2000, MCB established its Islamic Banking Business Group and opened its first branch in 2003.[9] By 2014 the Islamic Banking network had grown to 34 branches.[10] This was in addition to and separate from bank's 1,100 conventional banking branches.[10] In 2015, given the potential of Islamic Banking business, the bank proceeded to establish an independent but wholly owned subsidiary bank[11][12] named MCB Islamic Bank Limited, referred to as MIB in short.[13]

Credit rating

[edit]

Long-Term Credit Rating of MCB Bank Ltd is June 26, 2020, maintained at AAA [Triple A] and Short-Term Credit Rating of the bank is maintained at A1+ [A one plus] by Pakistan Credit Rating Agency (PACRA).[14][15]

MCB Tower

[edit]

MCB Tower, situated in Karachi, Pakistan is the former headquarters of MCB Bank Limited. The tower includes 29 floors and 3 basement floors.[16]

MCB Islamic Bank

[edit]
Main article: MCB Islamic Bank

MCB Islamic Bank (MIB) is a subsidiary of MCB Bank. MIB was established as a demerger from MCB and NIB Bank.[17]

MNET Services Amalgamation with and into MCB Bank

[edit]

MNET Services (Private) Limited amalgamated with and into MCB Bank, the effective date of amalgamation was April 30, 2019.[18]

Subsidiaries

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "MCB Annual Report 2023" (PDF). MCB.com.pk. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Papanek, Hanna (1972). "Pakistan's Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrepreneurship, and Partial Modernization". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 21 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1086/450605. JSTOR 1152902.
  3. ^ "De-listed companies" (PDF).
  4. ^ SAJID, MUSHTAQ A.; CHAUDHARY, A. R. (1996). "Historical Development of Liberalization Since 1947 in Pakistan". Pakistan Economic and Social Review. 34 (2): 179–192. JSTOR 25825145.
  5. ^ a b c d e Husain, Ishrat. "Policy Considerations before Bank Privatization Country Experience" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Ministry of Privatisation - Privatisation Commission". March 28, 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28.
  7. ^ "Annual Report 2005" (PDF). Mcb.com.pk. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  8. ^ "Maybank2u". Maybank2u.com.my. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  9. ^ "MCB to expand Islamic banking services". Business Recorder. 2005-03-03. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  10. ^ a b "Annual Report 2014" (PDF). Mcb.com.pk. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  11. ^ "MCB sets up Islamic banking subsidiary". Thenews.com.pk. 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  12. ^ "MCB sets up Islamic banking subsidiary". Thenews.com.pk. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  13. ^ Mehdi, Ali Raza (October 5, 2015). "MCB Bank's foray into Islamic banking". Dawn.
  14. ^ "Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Mcb.com.pk. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  15. ^ "Pakistan Credit Rating Agency (PACRA)" (PDF). pacra.com.pk. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  16. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (2012-02-21). "Pakistan's tallest building completed". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  17. ^ "MCB Bank demerges Islamic banking group against Rs7.946bln". www.thenews.com.pk.
  18. ^ "MCB Bank winds up another Subsidiary". Research Snipers. 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  19. ^ "MCB Bank Subsidiary Companies". Research Snipers. 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  20. ^ "MCB Arif Habib Savings & Investments Limited". Research Snipers. 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  21. ^ "MCB Non-Bank Credit Organisation" Closed Joint Stock Company"". Research Snipers. 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
[edit]
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