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{{Short description|Latvian textile artist}}
{{Short description|Latvian textile artist}}
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{{Infobox artist
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}
| name = Ljuba Monastirskaja

| image = Ljuba-Monastirskaja.jpg
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{{Infobox person
| name = Ljuba Monastirskaja
| image_size =
| image = Ljuba-Monastirskaja.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Ljuba Monastirskaja circa 1926
| caption = Ljuba Monastirskaja c. 1926
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|09|25|df=y}}
| birthname =
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| birth_place = [[Riga]], [[Russian Empire]]
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|09|25|df=y}}
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|11|30|1906|09|25|df=y}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Riga]], [[Russian Empire]]
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| death_place = [[Rumbula massacre|Rumbula]]
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|11|30|1906|09|25|df=y}}
| resting_place =
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| death_place = [[Rumbula]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| education =
| nationality = [[Latvia|Latvian]]
| occupation =
| education = [[Bauhaus]] 1926–1930
| field = [[Textile design]], [[weaving]]
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse = Natan Kirsh
| children =
| father =
| mother =
| memorials =
| website =
}}
}}


'''Ljuba Monastirskaja''' (25 September 1906 – 30 November 1941) was a Latvian textile artist. She was a victim of the [[Rumbula massacre]] in 1941.
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'''Ljuba Monastirskaja''', (25 September 1906 – 30 November 1941) was a Latvian textile artist.<ref name="auto1">Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2009). The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-608-5</ref> She was born into an secular Jewish family. Her father was a merchant who had moved to Riga from Chernigov to escape the new wave of progromes.<ref name="ZO">{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2024 |date=2023 |first=Zane |language=lv |last=Onckule |publisher=Arterritory |title=(Ne)būt pie stellēm: Bauhaus, "dārgās niecības" un gal Ļuba |url=https://arterritory.com/lv/vizuala_maksla/raksti/26880-nebut_pie_stellem_bauhaus_dargas_niecibas_un_gal_luba/}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>


==Biography==
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Her upbringing in Riga during the later parts of 1910s was affected by events like the First World War. Monastirskaja as a teenager studied at the Jewish secular school in Riga, where she graduated in 1924.<ref name="ZO"/> Approximately two years later in October 1926, she started to study at the German arts and design school Bauhaus in Dessau, where she studied for teachers like Josef Albers, Gunta Stölzl, Marcel Breuer and Georg Muche.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2024 |publisher=Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center |title=Ljuba Kirsh |url=https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/15027940}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
⚫
Monastirskaja was born into a secular Jewish family. Her father was a merchant who had moved to Riga from [[Chernihiv]], [[Russian Empire]] (today [[Ukraine]]) to escape the [[Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire#1903–1906|1903–1906 wave of pogroms]].<ref name="ZO">{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2024 |date=2023 |first=Zane |language=lv |last=Onckule |work=Arterritory |title=(Ne)būt pie stellēm: Bauhaus, "dārgās niecības" un gal Ļuba |url=https://arterritory.com/lv/vizuala_maksla/raksti/26880-nebut_pie_stellem_bauhaus_dargas_niecibas_un_gal_luba/ |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422080926/https://arterritory.com/lv/vizuala_maksla/raksti/26880-nebut_pie_stellem_bauhaus_dargas_niecibas_un_gal_luba/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


⚫
Her upbringing in Riga during the late 1910s was affected by dramatic events related to [[Eastern Front (World War I)|World War I]].<ref name="Angrick Klein">{{cite book |date=2009 |first1=Andrej |first2=Peter |isbn=978-1-84545-608-5 |last1=Angrick |last2=Klein |location=New York |publisher=Berghahn Books |title=The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944}}</ref> As a teenager, Monastirskaja studied at the Jewish secular school in Riga, where she graduated in 1924.<ref name="ZO"/> Two years later, in October 1926, she began studies at the [[Bauhaus]] School of Art, Design and Architecture in [[Dessau]]. Her teachers included [[Josef Albers]], [[Gunta Stölzl]], [[Marcel Breuer]] and [[Georg Muche]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=Yad Vashem: the World Holocaust Remembrance Center |title=Ljuba Kirsh |url=https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/15027940 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517171135/https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/15027940 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Similarly with most female students at Bauhaus she was placed at the textile factory. There she could develop her skills with textiles and industrial weaving techniques adapted for mass production and a more modern way mostly inspired by constructivism.<ref name="auto1"/>
[[File:Oskar Schlemmer Webereiklasse auf der Bauhaustreppe 1927.jpg |thumb|150px|right|[[Bauhaus]], 1927. Ljuba Monastirskaja (front) with other students]]
Ljuba Monastirskaja can be seen in a well known photograph which shows female students standing on the stairwell inside the Bauhaus building, she can be seen standing besides Gunta Stölzl and Otti Berger.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2024 |language=de |publisher=Kunst Archive |title=Die Weberinnen auf der Bauhaustreppe, Gunta Stölzl, Meister der Weberei, mit ihren Studierenden |url=https://www.kunst-archive.net/de/wvz/t_lux_feininger/works/gunta_stoelzel_meister_der_weberei_mit_ihren_studierenden_bauhaustreppe/type/all}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
⚫
After her years of studie she started working for two well known textile producers firstly in [[Mössingen]] and then [[Żagań|Sagan]]. Her ambition was to continue to live and work in Germany, but the nazi power rise in 1933 would hinder that, she was later arrested and deported to Latvia.<ref>Pourchier-Plasseraud, Suzanne (2015). ”The Authoritarian Regime (1934–1940)”. Arts and a Nation: The Role of Visual Arts and Artists in the Making of the Latvian Identity, 1905–1940 (Leiden: Brill Rodopi). ISSN 1570-7121.</ref>


Like most other female students at Bauhaus, she was put in the [[weaving]] workshop. There she could develop both her craft skills as well as new industrial weaving techniques developed for mass production, largely inspired by [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]].<ref name="Angrick Klein"/> She was photographed many times during her time at Bauhaus. One well-known photograph shows female students standing in a staircase of the Bauhaus building. Monastirskaja can be seen in the background beside Gunta Stölzl and just above [[Otti Berger]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2024 |language=de |work=Kunst-Archive |title=Die Weberinnen auf der Bauhaustreppe, Gunta Stölzl, Meister der Weberei, mit ihren Studierenden |url=https://www.kunst-archive.net/de/wvz/t_lux_feininger/works/gunta_stoelzel_meister_der_weberei_mit_ihren_studierenden_bauhaustreppe/type/all |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429094103/https://www.kunst-archive.net/de/wvz/t_lux_feininger/works/gunta_stoelzel_meister_der_weberei_mit_ihren_studierenden_bauhaustreppe/type/all |url-status=live}}</ref> A few of her creations are still in existence, such as three work samples held by the [[Textile Museum (Tilburg)|Textile Museum]] in [[Tilburg]], Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collectie - TextielMuseum |url=https://textielmuseum.nl/collectie/objecten?diw-id=brabantcloud_textielmuseum-objecten_08711a=c |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=textielmuseum.nl |language=nl |archive-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621210449/https://textielmuseum.nl/collectie/objecten?diw-id=brabantcloud_textielmuseum-objecten_08711a=c |url-status=live }}</ref>
A short time after returning to Latvia she married architect Natan Kirsh in 1934, who also had a Jewish upbringing.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |first=Suzanne |issn=1570-7121 |journal=Arts and a Nation: The Role of Visual Arts and Artists in the Making of the Latvian Identity, 1905–1940 |last=Pourchier-Plasseraud |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Rodopi |title=The Authoritarian Regime (1934–1940)}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> After political unrest in Latvia she had trouble establishing herself and her career as textile producer, as she belonged to an minority who became marginalised by the regime in Latvia as Russian speaking an a Jew, her education in Germany was also a reason.<ref name="ZO"/>


⚫
Once she had completed her education, Monastirskaja started working for two well known German textile producers, first in [[Mössingen]] and then in [[Żagań|Sagan]]. A certificate of 18 April 1932 stated that her job responsibilities included the preparation of the artistic designs of "decorative and padding fabrics in formal and technical terms".<ref name="ZO" /> Her ambition was to continue to live and work in Germany, but the [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|rise to power of the Nazis]] would stop that. In 1933, she was arrested and deported to Latvia.<ref name="Pourchier-Plasseraud">{{cite journal |date=2015 |first=Suzanne |issn=1570-7121 |journal=Arts and a Nation: The Role of Visual Arts and Artists in the Making of the Latvian Identity, 1905–1940 |last=Pourchier-Plasseraud |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Rodopi |title=The Authoritarian Regime (1934–1940)}}</ref>
In 1941, after the nazi invasion of Latvia a persecution of Latvian Jews started, Monastirskaja was placed along with over 40,000 Jews in a specially made ghetto. Her husband head earlier been moved to [[Biķernieki]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |date=2009 |first=Andrej |first2=Peter |isbn=978-1-84545-608-5 |last=Angrick |last2=Klein |location=New York |publisher=Berghahn Books |title=The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>


A short time after returning to Latvia, she married architect Natan Kirsh in 1934, who also had a Jewish upbringing.<ref name="Pourchier-Plasseraud" /> Following the [[1934 Latvian coup d'état|Ulmanis coup d'état]], Monastirskaja had trouble establishing her practice as a textile producer. Her modern designs were not high in demand as the new nationalist regime promoted Latvian specific designs based on [[Culture_of_Latvia#Folklore|folkloristic]] traditions. Furthermore, she belonged to two minorities which were marginalised in 1930s Latvia: both Russian-speaking and Jewish.<ref name="ZO" />
On 30 November 1941, she along with 12,000 others where moved from the ghetto to Rumbula to a forrest ten kilometres south of Riga where she was forced down into a massgrave and shot to death. This massacre was done by the nazis Einsatzgruppe A.<ref name="auto"/>


In 1941, once Nazi Germany had [[German occupation of Latvia during World War II|invaded Latvia]], the persecution of Latvian Jews begun. Monastirskaja was placed along with over 40,000 Jews in the specially built [[Riga Ghetto]]. Her husband had earlier been abducted and taken to [[Bikernieki Memorial|Biķernieki]].<ref name="Angrick Klein" />
After Monastirskajas was moved to the ghetto in Riga and her death in Rumbula, most of her belonging and artistic works was destroyed or got lost, this was part of nazi Germanys extermination of culture, books, arts and memories of the people doing it.<ref>{{cite book |date=2013 |first=Anders |last=Rydell |location=Stockholm |pages=8–29 |publisher=Ordfront |title=Plundrarna – Hur nazisterna stal Europas konstskatter}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

==Death==
On 30 November 1941, Monastirskaja, along with 12,000 others, was moved from the ghetto to a forest ten kilometres southest of Riga. Here she was forced into a [[mass grave]] and shot dead in an atrocity that would later become known as the [[Rumbula massacre]]. The massacre was carried out by the Nazi [[Einsatzgruppe A|''Einsatzgruppe'' A]] with the help of local collaborators of the [[Arajs Kommando]].<ref name="Angrick Klein"/> All of her belongings and artistic works were destroyed or lost.


==References==
==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Ljuba Monastirskaja}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Ljuba Monastirskaja}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Monastirskaja, Ljuba}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monastirskaja, Ljuba}}

[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Latvian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Latvian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:Bauhaus alumni]]

Latest revision as of 05:55, 28 June 2024

Ljuba Monastirskaja
Ljuba Monastirskaja c. 1926
Born(1906-09-25)25 September 1906
Riga, Russian Empire
Died30 November 1941(1941-11-30) (aged 35)
Rumbula
NationalityLatvian
EducationBauhaus 1926–1930
Known forTextile design, weaving
SpouseNatan Kirsh

Ljuba Monastirskaja (25 September 1906 – 30 November 1941) was a Latvian textile artist. She was a victim of the Rumbula massacre in 1941.

Biography

[edit]

Monastirskaja was born into a secular Jewish family. Her father was a merchant who had moved to Riga from Chernihiv, Russian Empire (today Ukraine) to escape the 1903–1906 wave of pogroms.[1]

Her upbringing in Riga during the late 1910s was affected by dramatic events related to World War I.[2] As a teenager, Monastirskaja studied at the Jewish secular school in Riga, where she graduated in 1924.[1] Two years later, in October 1926, she began studies at the Bauhaus School of Art, Design and Architecture in Dessau. Her teachers included Josef Albers, Gunta Stölzl, Marcel Breuer and Georg Muche.[3]

Like most other female students at Bauhaus, she was put in the weaving workshop. There she could develop both her craft skills as well as new industrial weaving techniques developed for mass production, largely inspired by constructivism.[2] She was photographed many times during her time at Bauhaus. One well-known photograph shows female students standing in a staircase of the Bauhaus building. Monastirskaja can be seen in the background beside Gunta Stölzl and just above Otti Berger.[4] A few of her creations are still in existence, such as three work samples held by the Textile Museum in Tilburg, Netherlands.[5]

Once she had completed her education, Monastirskaja started working for two well known German textile producers, first in Mössingen and then in Sagan. A certificate of 18 April 1932 stated that her job responsibilities included the preparation of the artistic designs of "decorative and padding fabrics in formal and technical terms".[1] Her ambition was to continue to live and work in Germany, but the rise to power of the Nazis would stop that. In 1933, she was arrested and deported to Latvia.[6]

A short time after returning to Latvia, she married architect Natan Kirsh in 1934, who also had a Jewish upbringing.[6] Following the Ulmanis coup d'état, Monastirskaja had trouble establishing her practice as a textile producer. Her modern designs were not high in demand as the new nationalist regime promoted Latvian specific designs based on folkloristic traditions. Furthermore, she belonged to two minorities which were marginalised in 1930s Latvia: both Russian-speaking and Jewish.[1]

In 1941, once Nazi Germany had invaded Latvia, the persecution of Latvian Jews begun. Monastirskaja was placed along with over 40,000 Jews in the specially built Riga Ghetto. Her husband had earlier been abducted and taken to Biķernieki.[2]

Death

[edit]

On 30 November 1941, Monastirskaja, along with 12,000 others, was moved from the ghetto to a forest ten kilometres southest of Riga. Here she was forced into a mass grave and shot dead in an atrocity that would later become known as the Rumbula massacre. The massacre was carried out by the Nazi Einsatzgruppe A with the help of local collaborators of the Arajs Kommando.[2] All of her belongings and artistic works were destroyed or lost.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Onckule, Zane (2023). "(Ne)būt pie stellēm: Bauhaus, "dārgās niecības" un gal Ļuba". Arterritory (in Latvian). Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2009). The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-608-5.
  3. ^ "Ljuba Kirsh". Yad Vashem: the World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  4. ^ "Die Weberinnen auf der Bauhaustreppe, Gunta Stölzl, Meister der Weberei, mit ihren Studierenden". Kunst-Archive (in German). Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Collectie - TextielMuseum". textielmuseum.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  6. ^ a b Pourchier-Plasseraud, Suzanne (2015). "The Authoritarian Regime (1934–1940)". Arts and a Nation: The Role of Visual Arts and Artists in the Making of the Latvian Identity, 1905–1940. Leiden: Brill Rodopi. ISSN 1570-7121.
[edit]
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