P. W. Botha: Difference between revisions
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| honorific-suffix = [[Decoration for Meritorious Services|DMS]] |
| honorific-suffix = [[Decoration for Meritorious Services|DMS]] |
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| image = PW Botha 1962.jpg |
| image = PW Botha 1962.jpg |
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| imagesize = |
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| alt = |
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| caption = Botha in 1962 |
| caption = Botha in 1962 |
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| order = |
| order = 6th |
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| office = |
| office = State President of South Africa |
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| term_start = |
| term_start = 3 September 1984 |
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| term_end = |
| term_end = 14 August 1989<br>Acting until 14 September 1984 |
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| predecessor = [[Marais Viljoen]] |
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Marais Viljoen]] (ceremonial State President)|Himself (as Prime Minister)}} |
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| successor = [[Chris Heunis|Christiaan Heunis]] (acting) |
| successor = {{ubl|[[Chris Heunis|Christiaan Heunis]] (acting)|[[F. W. de Klerk|Frederik Willem de Klerk]]}} |
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| order2 = |
| order2 = 8th |
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| office2 = |
| office2 = Prime Minister of South Africa |
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| term_start2 = |
| term_start2 = 9 October 1978 |
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| term_end2 = |
| term_end2 = 14 September 1984 |
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| president2 = Johannes Vorster |
| president2 = {{ubl|Johannes Vorster|Marais Viljoen}} |
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| predecessor2 = [[John Vorster|Johannes Vorster]] |
| predecessor2 = [[John Vorster|Johannes Vorster]] |
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| successor2 = |
| successor2 = Himself (as State President) |
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| office3 = [[Minister of Defence and Military Veterans|Minister of Defence]] |
| office3 = [[Minister of Defence and Military Veterans|Minister of Defence]] |
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| term_start3 = 30 March 1966 |
| term_start3 = 30 March 1966 |
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| term_end3 = 28 April 1981 |
| term_end3 = 28 April 1981 |
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| primeminister3 = [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] |
| primeminister3 = {{ubl|[[Hendrik Verwoerd]]|[[John Vorster|Johannes Vorster]]|Himself}} |
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| predecessor3 = [[Jim Fouché|Jacobus |
| predecessor3 = [[Jim Fouché|Jacobus Fouché]] |
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| successor3 = [[Magnus Malan]] |
| successor3 = [[Magnus Malan]] |
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| office4 = [[Minister of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation|Minister of Community Development and Coloured Affairs]] |
| office4 = [[Minister of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation|Minister of Community Development and Coloured Affairs]] |
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| successor4 = Willem Adriaan Maree |
| successor4 = Willem Adriaan Maree |
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| office5 = Member of the [[House of Assembly of South Africa|South African House of Assembly]] from [[George, Western Cape|George]] |
| office5 = Member of the [[House of Assembly of South Africa|South African House of Assembly]] from [[George, Western Cape|George]] |
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| term_start5 = |
| term_start5 = 1948 |
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| term_end5 = |
| term_end5 = 1958 |
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⚫ | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1916|01|12}} |
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1916|01|12}} |
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| birth_place = [[Paul Roux]], [[Orange Free State]], [[Union of South Africa]] |
| birth_place = [[Paul Roux]], [[Orange Free State]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2006|10|31|1916|01|12}} |
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2006|10|31|1916|01|12}} |
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| death_place = [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]], [[Western Cape]], |
| death_place = [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]], [[Western Cape]], South Africa |
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| restingplace = |
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| restingplacecoordinates = |
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⚫ | |||
| party = [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (1946–1990) |
| party = [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (1946–1990) |
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| spouse = {{plainlist| |
| spouse = {{plainlist| |
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* {{marriage|Barbara Robertson|22 June 1998}} |
* {{marriage|Barbara Robertson|22 June 1998}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| children = Rossouw, Pieter Willem, Elanza, Amelia, Rozanne |
| children = Rossouw, Pieter Willem, Elanza, Amelia, [[Rozanne Botha]] |
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| alma_mater = [[University of the Free State|Grey University College]] |
| alma_mater = [[University of the Free State|Grey University College]] |
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| |
| occupation = Politician |
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| signature = PWBotha signature.png |
| signature = PWBotha signature.png |
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| signature_alt = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Apartheid}} |
{{Apartheid}} |
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'''Pieter Willem Botha''', {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|DMS}} ({{ |
'''Pieter Willem Botha''', {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|DMS}} ({{IPAc-en|local|ˈ|b|ʊər|t|ə}} {{respell|BOOR|tə}},<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FOOMtCLJyM|access-date=30 September 2024|title=This Day In History {{!}} PW Botha succeeds Vorster to become SA's Prime Minister - YouTube|date=28 September 2023|time=0:15}}</ref> {{IPA|af|ˈpitər ˈvələm ˈbuəta}}; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006) was a South African politician. He was the head of government of [[South Africa]] from 1978 to 1989, serving as the last [[prime minister of South Africa]] from 1978 to 1984 and the first executive [[state president of South Africa]] from 1984 to 1989. |
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First [[1948 South African general election|elected to Parliament]] in 1948, Botha was an opponent of black majority rule and [[international communism]]. However, his administration did make concessions towards political reform, whereas internal unrest saw widespread human rights abuses at the hands of his government. Botha resigned as leader of the ruling [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (NP) in February 1989 after suffering a stroke and six months later was also coerced to leave the presidency. |
First [[1948 South African general election|elected to Parliament]] in 1948, Botha, an [[Afrikaner nationalist]], was an opponent of black majority rule and [[international communism]]. However, his administration did make concessions towards political reform, whereas internal unrest saw widespread human rights abuses at the hands of his government. Botha resigned as leader of the ruling [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (NP) in February 1989 after suffering a stroke and six months later was also coerced to leave the presidency. |
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In [[F. W. de Klerk]]'s [[1992 South African apartheid referendum|1992 apartheid referendum]], Botha campaigned for a No vote and denounced De Klerk's administration as irresponsible for opening the door to black majority rule. In early 1998, when Botha refused to testify at the [[Nelson Mandela|Mandela]] government's [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC), he was supported by the [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative Party]], which had earlier contested his rule as the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|official opposition]]. For his refusal, he was fined and given a [[Suspended sentence|suspended]] jail sentence, which was overturned on appeal due to a technicality.<ref>{{cite news |
In [[F. W. de Klerk]]'s [[1992 South African apartheid referendum|1992 apartheid referendum]], Botha campaigned for a No vote and denounced De Klerk's administration as irresponsible for opening the door to black majority rule. In early 1998, when Botha refused to testify at the [[Nelson Mandela|Mandela]] government's [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC), he was supported by the [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative Party]], which had earlier contested his rule as the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|official opposition]]. For his refusal, he was fined and given a [[Suspended sentence|suspended]] jail sentence, which was overturned on appeal due to a technicality.<ref>{{cite news |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McGreal|first1=Chris|title=Botha's Conviction Overturned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jun/02/chrismcgreal1|website=The Guardian|date=2 June 1999|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> |
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McGreal|first1=Chris|title=Botha's Conviction Overturned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jun/02/chrismcgreal1|website=The Guardian|date=2 June 1999|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> |
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== |
==Personal life== |
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===Early life and education=== |
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Pieter Willem Botha was born on a farm in the [[Paul Roux]] district of the [[Orange Free State Province]] (now [[Free State (province)|Free State Province]]), the son of [[Afrikaner]] parents. His father, Pieter Willem Botha Sr., fought as a [[Boer Commando|commando]] against the British in the [[Second Boer War]]. His mother, Hendrina Christina Botha (née de Wet), was interned in a [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camp]] during the war. |
Pieter Willem Botha was born on a farm in the [[Paul Roux]] district of the [[Orange Free State Province]] (now [[Free State (province)|Free State Province]]), the son of [[Afrikaner]] parents. His father, Pieter Willem Botha Sr., fought as a [[Boer Commando|commando]] against the British in the [[Second Boer War]]. His mother, Hendrina Christina Botha (née de Wet), was interned in a [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camp]] during the war.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/nov/02/guardianobituaries.southafrica PW Botha] ''The Guardian''. 2 November 2006</ref> |
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Botha initially attended the Paul Roux School and matriculated from [[Bethlehem Voortrekker High School]]. In 1934, he entered the Grey University College (now the [[University of the Free State]]) in [[Bloemfontein]] to study law, but left early at the age of twenty in order to pursue a career in politics. He began working for the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] as a political organiser in the neighbouring [[Cape Province]]. In the run-up to [[World War II]], Botha joined the [[Ossewabrandwag]], an [[Afrikaner nationalism|Afrikaner nationalist]] group which was sympathetic to the German [[Nazi Party]]; but months after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German attack on the USSR]], Botha condemned the Ossewabrandwag and changed his ideological allegiance to [[Christian nationalism]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/01/world/africa/01botha.html P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90], ''The New York Times'', 1 November 2006</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/pieter-willem-botha|title=Pieter Willem Botha|last=sahoboss|date=17 February 2011|work=South African History Online|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> |
Botha initially attended the Paul Roux School and matriculated from [[Bethlehem Voortrekker High School]].<ref name=mg>[https://mg.co.za/article/2006-11-01-pw-botha-was-kragdadige-autocrat/ PW Botha was ‘kragdadige’ autocrat] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 1 November 2006</ref> In 1934, he entered the Grey University College (now the [[University of the Free State]]) in [[Bloemfontein]] to study law, but left early at the age of twenty in order to pursue a career in politics.<ref name=mg/> He began working for the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] as a political organiser in the neighbouring [[Cape Province]]. In the run-up to [[World War II]], Botha joined the [[Ossewabrandwag]], an [[Afrikaner nationalism|Afrikaner nationalist]] group which was sympathetic to the German [[Nazi Party]]; but months after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German attack on the USSR]], Botha condemned the Ossewabrandwag and changed his ideological allegiance to [[Christian nationalism]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/01/world/africa/01botha.html P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90], ''The New York Times'', 1 November 2006</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/pieter-willem-botha|title=Pieter Willem Botha|last=sahoboss|date=17 February 2011|work=South African History Online|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> |
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===Family=== |
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In 1943, Botha married [[Anna Elizabeth Rossouw]] (Elize). The couple had two sons and three daughters. |
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In 1943, Botha married [[Anna Elizabeth Rossouw]] (Elize).<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2006/11/01/pw-botha/f6ccd19b-225b-4212-9965-cf46611d68f7/ P.W. Botha; President of Apartheid-Era South Africa] ''The Washington Post''. 31 October 2006</ref> The couple had five children; two sons (Piet and Rossouw) and three daughters (Elsa, Amelia and Rozanne).<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/p-w-botha-422534.html P. W. Botha] ''The Independent''. 2 November 2006</ref><ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/pws-sons-might-quit-sa-20050123 PW's sons might quit SA ] ''News24''. 23 January 2005</ref> In the 1980s, [[Rozanne Botha]], emerged as a minor celebrity figure in the country. She released Afrikaans pop songs and appeared on the covers of magazines such as ''[[Sarie]]'' and ''[[Style (magazine)|Style]]'', where she was dubbed "First Daughter of the Land".<ref>[https://www.frontlinemissionsa.org/in-memorium/rozanne-visage-has-finished-her-race Rozanne Visagie has Finished her Race] Frontline Mission SA. 3 October 2022</ref><ref name=west/> |
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In 1998, he married Barbara Robertson, a legal secretary 25 years his junior, following Elize's death the previous year.<ref name=ind/> |
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In 2022, two of his daughters died. Amelia Paschke, died in a [[car crash]] driving back from [[Betty's Bay]].<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-01-21-pw-bothas-daughter-amelia-dies-in-car-accident/ PW Botha’s daughter Amelia dies in car accident] ''The Times''. 21 January 2022</ref> In the same year, Rozanne also died, of [[cancer]].<ref name=west>[https://thewest.com.au/news/obituaries/rozanne-visagie-obituary-faith-helped-daughter-of-south-african-national-leader-pw-botha-through-obstacles-c-8786262 Rozanne Visagie obituary: Faith helped daughter of South African national leader P.W. Botha through obstacles] ''The West Australian''. 7 October 2022</ref> |
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==Parliamentary career== |
==Parliamentary career== |
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Botha undertook some changes to apartheid practices, but these were rejected by many as superficial and inadequate. He legalised [[interracial marriage]] and [[miscegenation]], both completely banned since the late 1940s. The constitutional prohibition on multiracial political parties was lifted. He also relaxed the [[Group Areas Act]], which barred non-whites from living in certain areas. In 1988, a new law created "Open Group Areas" or racially mixed neighbourhoods but these neighbourhoods had to receive a Government permit, had to have the support of the local whites immediately concerned, and had to be an upper-class neighbourhood in a major city in order to be awarded a permit. In 1983, the aforementioned constitutional reforms granted limited political rights to "Coloureds" and "Indians". Botha also became the first South African government leader to authorise contacts with [[Nelson Mandela]], the imprisoned leader of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC). |
Botha undertook some changes to apartheid practices, but these were rejected by many as superficial and inadequate. He legalised [[interracial marriage]] and [[miscegenation]], both completely banned since the late 1940s. The constitutional prohibition on multiracial political parties was lifted. He also relaxed the [[Group Areas Act]], which barred non-whites from living in certain areas. In 1988, a new law created "Open Group Areas" or racially mixed neighbourhoods but these neighbourhoods had to receive a Government permit, had to have the support of the local whites immediately concerned, and had to be an upper-class neighbourhood in a major city in order to be awarded a permit. In 1983, the aforementioned constitutional reforms granted limited political rights to "Coloureds" and "Indians". Botha also became the first South African government leader to authorise contacts with [[Nelson Mandela]], the imprisoned leader of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC). |
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Even these |
Even these meagre reforms went too far for a group of NP hardliners, led by former Education Minister [[Andries Treurnicht]]. In 1982, the group broke away to form the [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative Party]]. However, they did not even begin to meet the demands of the opposition. In the face of rising discontent and violence, Botha refused to cede political power to blacks and imposed greater security measures against anti-apartheid activists. Botha also refused to negotiate with the ANC. |
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In 1985, Botha delivered the [[Rubicon speech]], a policy address in which he refused to give in to demands by the black population, including the release of Mandela.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/17/world/botha-speech-2-signals.html|title=BOTHA SPEECH: 2 SIGNALS|last=Times|first=Alan Cowell and Special To the New York|work=The New York Times |date=17 August 1985 |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Botha's defiance of international opinion further isolated South Africa, leading to economic sanctions and a rapid decline in the value of the [[South African rand|rand]]. The following year, when the United States introduced the [[Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act]], Botha declared a nationwide [[state of emergency]]. He is famously quoted during this time as saying, "This uprising will bring out the beast in us".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moshenberg|first1=Dan|title=Margaret Thatcher: no fond farewells from Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-africa-fela-kuti|work=The Guardian|date=9 April 2013}}</ref> |
In 1985, Botha delivered the [[Rubicon speech]], a policy address in which he refused to give in to demands by the black population, including the release of Mandela.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/17/world/botha-speech-2-signals.html|title=BOTHA SPEECH: 2 SIGNALS|last=Times|first=Alan Cowell and Special To the New York|work=The New York Times |date=17 August 1985 |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Botha's defiance of international opinion further isolated South Africa, leading to economic sanctions and a rapid decline in the value of the [[South African rand|rand]]. The following year, when the United States introduced the [[Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act]], Botha declared a nationwide [[state of emergency]]. He is famously quoted during this time as saying, "This uprising will bring out the beast in us".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moshenberg|first1=Dan|title=Margaret Thatcher: no fond farewells from Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-africa-fela-kuti|work=The Guardian|date=9 April 2013}}</ref> |
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As economic and diplomatic actions against South Africa increased, [[civil unrest]] spread amongst the black population, supported by the ANC and neighbouring black-majority governments. On 16 May 1986, Botha publicly warned neighbouring states against engaging in "unsolicited interference" in South Africa's affairs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sparks|first1=Allister|title=Moves by Botha Telegraph Pullback From Compromise|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/08/17/moves-by-botha-telegraph-pullback-from-compromise/f0e4bba1-7bca-4dbc-a045-293624781ff2/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=17 August 1986}}</ref> Four days later, Botha ordered air strikes against selected targets in [[Lusaka]], [[Harare]], and [[Gaborone]], including the offices of exiled ANC activists. Botha charged that these raids were just a "first installment" and showed that "South Africa has the capacity and the will to break the [ANC]."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|title=South African President Warns of Further Raids|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/22/world/south-african-president-warns-of-further-raids.html|work=The New York Times|date=22 May 1986}}</ref> |
As economic and diplomatic actions against South Africa increased, [[civil unrest]] spread amongst the black population, supported by the ANC and neighbouring black-majority governments. On 16 May 1986, Botha publicly warned neighbouring states against engaging in "unsolicited interference" in South Africa's affairs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sparks|first1=Allister|title=Moves by Botha Telegraph Pullback From Compromise|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/08/17/moves-by-botha-telegraph-pullback-from-compromise/f0e4bba1-7bca-4dbc-a045-293624781ff2/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=17 August 1986}}</ref> Four days later, Botha ordered air strikes against selected targets in [[Lusaka]], [[Harare]], and [[Gaborone]], including the offices of exiled ANC activists. Botha charged that these raids were just a "first installment" and showed that "South Africa has the capacity and the will to break the [ANC]."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|title=South African President Warns of Further Raids|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/22/world/south-african-president-warns-of-further-raids.html|work=The New York Times|date=22 May 1986}}</ref> |
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In spite of the concessions made by Botha, |
In spite of the concessions made by Botha, his rule was still very repressive. Thousands were detained without trial during Botha's tenure, while others were tortured and killed. The TRC found Botha responsible for gross violations of human rights.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,1936843,00.html] [[Dan van der Vat]]. ''The Guardian'' Obituary. 2 November 2006.</ref> He was also found to have directly authorised "unlawful activity which included killing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2003/trc/3_1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513103921/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2003/trc/3_1.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }} Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. (2003) ''Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report'', Vol. 6, Section 3, pp. 252–3, para. 326 (e), 327, and 328.</ref> Botha declined to apologise for apartheid. In a 2006 interview to mark his 90th birthday, he suggested that he had no regrets about the way he had run the country.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234828/http://www.mweb.co.za/home/?p=portalfeatures&i=58414 The Groot Krokodil speaks], ''MWeb'', 2 November 2006</ref> Botha denied that he had ever considered black South Africans to be in any way inferior to whites, but conceded that "some" whites did hold that view. He also claimed that the [[racial segregation]] laws of apartheid "started in [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Lord Milner]]’s time" and the National Party merely inherited them; however, Botha conceded that the Afrikaner population had been "happy to perpetuate [apartheid]", as many of them "were, and some of them still are... 'racists at heart'".<ref>{{cite news|last1=MacLennan|first1=Ben|title=PW Botha on the 'so-called apartheid policy'|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2006-03-19-pw-botha-on-the-socalled-apartheid-policy|work=Mail & Guardian|date=19 March 2006}}</ref> |
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==Fall from power== |
==Fall from power== |
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:"Personally, my relationship with P. W. Botha was often strained. I did not like his overbearing leadership style and was opposed to the intrusion of the [[State Security Council]] system into virtually every facet of government. After I became leader of the National Party in February 1989, I did my best to ensure that P. W. Botha would be able to end his term as president with full dignity and decorum. Unfortunately, this was not to be."<ref>Statement by F W de Klerk on the death of former president P W Botha (Issued by the F W de Klerk Foundation, Cape Town, 1 November 2006)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414071227/http://www.fwdklerk.org.za/download_docs/06_11_01_PW_Botha_C.pdf|date=14 April 2008}}</ref> |
:"Personally, my relationship with P. W. Botha was often strained. I did not like his overbearing leadership style and was opposed to the intrusion of the [[State Security Council]] system into virtually every facet of government. After I became leader of the National Party in February 1989, I did my best to ensure that P. W. Botha would be able to end his term as president with full dignity and decorum. Unfortunately, this was not to be."<ref>Statement by F W de Klerk on the death of former president P W Botha (Issued by the F W de Klerk Foundation, Cape Town, 1 November 2006)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414071227/http://www.fwdklerk.org.za/download_docs/06_11_01_PW_Botha_C.pdf|date=14 April 2008}}</ref> |
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==Post-presidency== |
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Botha and his wife Elize retired to their home, ''Die Anker'', in the town of [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]], {{Convert|16|km|}} from the city of [[George, Western Cape|George]] and located on the [[Indian Ocean]] coast of the [[Western Cape]]. Elize died in 1997, |
Botha and his wife Elize retired to their home, ''Die Anker'', in the town of [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]], {{Convert|16|km|}} from the city of [[George, Western Cape|George]] and located on the [[Indian Ocean]] coast of the [[Western Cape]].<ref>[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-06-27-through-a-lens-darkly-david-goldblatt-1930-2018/ Through a Lens Darkly: David Goldblatt (1930-2018)] ''The Daily Maverick''. 27 June 2018</ref><ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2006-01-11-former-president-pw-botha-turns-90/ Former president PW Botha turns 90] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 11 January 2006</ref> Elize died in 1997 after a [[heart attack]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/06/08/deaths/322224be-d299-4a40-a843-800e9d6145ea/ Deaths] ''The Washington Post''. 7 June 1997</ref> He was briefly engaged to Reinette Water Naude, an independently wealthy woman 31 years his junior.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/1997-08-08-pw-bothas-bawdy-new-bride/ PW Botha’s bawdy new bride] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 8 August 1997</ref><ref name=ind/> However, on 22 June 1998, he married Barbara Robertson, a legal secretary 25 years his junior.<ref name=ind>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/botha-makes-mind-up-over-wife-1166918.html Botha makes mind up over wife] ''The Independent''. 22 June 1998</ref> |
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Botha remained largely out of sight of the media and it was widely believed that he remained opposed to many of F. W. de Klerk's reforms. He resigned from the [[Afrikaner Broederbond]]. |
Botha remained largely out of sight of the media and it was widely believed that he remained opposed to many of F. W. de Klerk's reforms. He resigned from the [[Afrikaner Broederbond]]. |
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Botha |
Then-president [[Nelson Mandela]] arranged a dinner with Botha's daughters, Rozanne and Elsa, and their husbands. Mandela had hoped to lobby the family so that they would persuade Botha to testify at the new government's [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC), set up to expose apartheid-era crimes and chaired by his cultural and political nemesis, Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. There was no unanimous agreement between the family, with Rozanne vocally opposed, believing that her father could face prosecution and/or humiliation in the court.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = La Grange |
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| first = Zelda |
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| author-link = |
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| date = 2014 |
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| title = Good Morning, Mr Mandela |
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| url = |
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| location = London |
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| publisher = Penguin Books |
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| page = <!-- or pages: --> |
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| isbn = |
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}}</ref> |
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The TRC found that he had ordered the 1988 bombing of the [[South African Council of Churches]] headquarters in Johannesburg. In August 1998, he was fined and given a [[Suspended sentence|suspended]] jail sentence for his refusal to testify on human rights violations and violence sanctioned by the [[State Security Council]] (SSC) which he, as president until 1989, had directed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/truth_and_reconciliation/203927.stm TRC findings: P W Botha], BBC News, 29 October 1998</ref> |
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In June 1999, Botha successfully appealed to the [[High Court of South Africa|High Court]] against his conviction and sentence. The Court's ruling by Judge [[Selwyn Selikowitz|Selikowitz]] (with Judge Foxcroft concurring) found that the notice served on Botha to appear before the TRC was technically invalid.<ref> |
In June 1999, Botha successfully appealed to the [[High Court of South Africa|High Court]] against his conviction and sentence. The Court's ruling by Judge [[Selwyn Selikowitz|Selikowitz]] (with Judge Foxcroft concurring) found that the notice served on Botha to appear before the TRC was technically invalid.<ref> |
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"The Citizen", 2 June 1999</ref> |
"The Citizen", 2 June 1999</ref> |
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==Death== |
==Death and funeral== |
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Botha died of a heart attack at his home in [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]] on Tuesday 31 October 2006, aged 90.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6104332.stm Former South Africa leader dies], BBC News, 1 November 2006</ref> His death was met with [[magnanimity]] by many of his former opponents. Former President [[Nelson Mandela]] was reported as saying "while to many Mr. Botha will remain a symbol of [[apartheid]], we also remember him for the steps he took to pave the way towards the eventual peacefully negotiated settlement in our country".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6105178.stm PW Botha: Reaction in quotes], BBC News, 1 November 2006</ref> |
Botha died of a heart attack at his home in [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]] on Tuesday 31 October 2006, aged 90.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6104332.stm Former South Africa leader dies], BBC News, 1 November 2006</ref> His death was met with [[magnanimity]] by many of his former opponents. Former President [[Nelson Mandela]] was reported as saying "while to many Mr. Botha will remain a symbol of [[apartheid]], we also remember him for the steps he took to pave the way towards the eventual peacefully negotiated settlement in our country".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6105178.stm PW Botha: Reaction in quotes], BBC News, 1 November 2006</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 05:44, 28 November 2024
P. W. Botha | |
---|---|
6th State President of South Africa | |
In office 3 September 1984 – 14 August 1989 Acting until 14 September 1984 | |
Preceded by |
|
Succeeded by | |
8th Prime Minister of South Africa | |
In office 9 October 1978 – 14 September 1984 | |
President |
|
Preceded by | Johannes Vorster |
Succeeded by | Himself (as State President) |
Minister of Defence | |
In office 30 March 1966 – 28 April 1981 | |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | Jacobus Fouché |
Succeeded by | Magnus Malan |
Minister of Community Development and Coloured Affairs | |
In office 8 October 1961 – 30 March 1966 | |
Prime Minister | Hendrik Verwoerd |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Willem Adriaan Maree |
Member of the South African House of Assembly from George | |
In office 1948–1958 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Pieter Willem Botha 12 January 1916 Paul Roux, Orange Free State, South Africa |
Died | 31 October 2006 Wilderness, Western Cape, South Africa | (aged 90)
Political party | National Party (1946–1990) |
Spouses | |
Children | Rossouw, Pieter Willem, Elanza, Amelia, Rozanne Botha |
Alma mater | Grey University College |
Occupation | Politician |
Signature | |
Part of a series on |
Apartheid |
---|
Pieter Willem Botha, DMS (locally /ˈbʊərtə/ BOOR-tə,[1] Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈpitər ˈvələm ˈbuəta]; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006) was a South African politician. He was the head of government of South Africa from 1978 to 1989, serving as the last prime minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and the first executive state president of South Africa from 1984 to 1989.
First elected to Parliament in 1948, Botha, an Afrikaner nationalist, was an opponent of black majority rule and international communism. However, his administration did make concessions towards political reform, whereas internal unrest saw widespread human rights abuses at the hands of his government. Botha resigned as leader of the ruling National Party (NP) in February 1989 after suffering a stroke and six months later was also coerced to leave the presidency.
In F. W. de Klerk's 1992 apartheid referendum, Botha campaigned for a No vote and denounced De Klerk's administration as irresponsible for opening the door to black majority rule. In early 1998, when Botha refused to testify at the Mandela government's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), he was supported by the Conservative Party, which had earlier contested his rule as the official opposition. For his refusal, he was fined and given a suspended jail sentence, which was overturned on appeal due to a technicality.[2][3]
Personal life
[edit]Early life and education
[edit]Pieter Willem Botha was born on a farm in the Paul Roux district of the Orange Free State Province (now Free State Province), the son of Afrikaner parents. His father, Pieter Willem Botha Sr., fought as a commando against the British in the Second Boer War. His mother, Hendrina Christina Botha (née de Wet), was interned in a British concentration camp during the war.[4]
Botha initially attended the Paul Roux School and matriculated from Bethlehem Voortrekker High School.[5] In 1934, he entered the Grey University College (now the University of the Free State) in Bloemfontein to study law, but left early at the age of twenty in order to pursue a career in politics.[5] He began working for the National Party as a political organiser in the neighbouring Cape Province. In the run-up to World War II, Botha joined the Ossewabrandwag, an Afrikaner nationalist group which was sympathetic to the German Nazi Party; but months after the German attack on the USSR, Botha condemned the Ossewabrandwag and changed his ideological allegiance to Christian nationalism.[6][7]
Family
[edit]In 1943, Botha married Anna Elizabeth Rossouw (Elize).[8] The couple had five children; two sons (Piet and Rossouw) and three daughters (Elsa, Amelia and Rozanne).[9][10] In the 1980s, Rozanne Botha, emerged as a minor celebrity figure in the country. She released Afrikaans pop songs and appeared on the covers of magazines such as Sarie and Style, where she was dubbed "First Daughter of the Land".[11][12]
In 1998, he married Barbara Robertson, a legal secretary 25 years his junior, following Elize's death the previous year.[13]
In 2022, two of his daughters died. Amelia Paschke, died in a car crash driving back from Betty's Bay.[14] In the same year, Rozanne also died, of cancer.[12]
Parliamentary career
[edit]At age 30, Botha was elected head of the National Party Youth in 1946, and two years later was elected to the House of Assembly as representative of George in the southern Cape Province in the general election which saw the beginning of the National Party's 46-year tenure in power. His opponent in the 1948 election was JP Marais from the United Party. In 1958 Botha was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs by Hendrik Verwoerd, and in 1961 was appointed to the new Department of Coloured Affairs and became Minister of Community Development.[15][16] In 1966, Botha was appointed Minister of Defence by Verwoerd and served under the government of John Vorster, upon Verwoerd's murder later that year. Under his 14 years in charge of the ministry, the South African Defence Force (SADF) reached a zenith, at times consuming 20% of the national budget, compared to 1.3% in 1968, and was involved in the South African Border War.[17] When Vorster resigned following allegations of his involvement in the Muldergate Scandal in 1978, Botha was elected as his successor by the National Party caucus, besting the electorate's favourite, 45-year-old Foreign Minister Pik Botha. In the final internal ballot, he beat Connie Mulder, the scandal's namesake, in a 78–72 vote.
Botha was keen to promote constitutional reform, and hoped to implement a form of federal system in South Africa that would allow for greater "self-rule" for black homelands (or Bantustans), while still retaining the supremacy of a white central government, and foremost expand the rights of Coloureds (South Africans of mixed ancestry) and Asians in order to widen support for the government. Upon enacting the reforms, he remarked in the House of Assembly; "We must adapt or die."[citation needed]
Upon becoming Prime Minister, Botha retained the defence portfolio until October 1980, when he appointed SADF Chief General Magnus Malan, his successor. From his ascension to the cabinet, Botha pursued an ambitious military policy designed to increase South Africa's military capability. He sought to improve relations with the West – especially the United States – but with mixed results. He argued that the preservation of the apartheid government, though unpopular, was crucial to stemming the tide of African Communism, which had made in-roads into neighbouring Angola and Mozambique after these two former Portuguese colonies obtained independence.
As Prime Minister and later State President, Botha's greatest parliamentary opponents were Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman of the Progressive Federal Party until 1987, when his former cabinet colleague Andries Treurnicht's new Conservative Party became the official opposition on a strictly anti-concessionist agenda.
In 1977, as Minister of Defence, Botha began a secret nuclear weapons program, which culminated in the manufacture of six nuclear bombs, destroyed only in the early 1990s.[18] He remained steadfast in South Africa's administration of neighbouring territory South-West Africa, particularly while there was a presence of Cuban troops in Angola to the north. Botha was responsible for introducing the notorious Koevoet police counter-insurgency unit. He was also instrumental in building the SADF's strength, adding momentum to establishing units such as 32 Battalion. South African intervention, with support of the rebel UNITA movement (led by Dr. Jonas Savimbi, a personal friend), in the Angolan Civil War continued until the late 1980s, terminating with the Tripartite Accord. To maintain the nation's military strength, a very strict draft was implemented to enforce compulsory military service for white South African men.
State President
[edit]In 1983, Botha proposed a new constitution, which was then put to a vote of the white population. Though it did not implement a federal system, it implemented what was ostensibly a power-sharing agreement with Coloureds and Indians. The new constitution created two new houses of parliament alongside the existing, white-only House of Assembly—the House of Representatives for Coloureds and the House of Delegates for Indians. The three chambers of the new Tricameral Parliament had sole jurisdiction over matters relating to their respective communities. Legislation affecting "general affairs," such as foreign policy and race relations, had to pass all three chambers after consideration by joint standing committees. At the time, White South Africans outnumbered Coloureds and Indians together, hence preserving white dominance within the framework of a "power-sharing" system.
The plan included no chamber or system of representation for the black majority. Each Black ethno-linguistic group was allocated a 'homeland' which would initially be a semi-autonomous area. However, blacks were legally considered citizens of the Bantustans, not of South Africa, and were expected to exercise their political rights there. Bantustans were expected to gradually move towards a greater state of independence with sovereign nation status being the final goal. During Botha's tenure, Ciskei, Bophutatswana and Venda all achieved nominal sovereignty and nationhood, which were only recognised by each other and by South Africa . These new countries, set up within the borders of South Africa, never gained international recognition, and economically all remained heavily dependent on South Africa. Over half of the Bantustans, most notably KwaZulu led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, rejected independence due to their leaders' commitment to opposing apartheid from within.
The new constitution also changed the executive branch from the parliamentary system that had been in place in one form or another since 1910, to a presidential system. The prime minister's post was abolished, and its functions were merged with those of the state president, which became an executive post with sweeping powers. In a departure from general presidential systems, however, the president was to be elected not by universal suffrage (or white suffrage) but by an electoral college, whose members were elected by the three chambers of the Parliament. The state president and cabinet had sole jurisdiction over "general affairs". Disputes between the three chambers regarding "general affairs" were resolved by the President's Council, composed of members from the three chambers and members directly appointed by the state president. In practice, the composition of the President's Council and the electoral college made it impossible for the Coloured and Indian chambers to outvote the white chamber on any substantive matter, even if they voted as a bloc. Thus, the real power remained in white hands — and in practice, in the hands of Botha's National Party, which commanded a large majority in the white chamber due to the first past the post voting system. Only with the challenge posed by the Conservative Party, which was against the reforms due to the fears of apartheid breaking up, was the Botha's position put in question.
Though the new constitution was criticised by the black majority for failing to grant them any formal role in government, many international commentators praised it as a "first step" in what was assumed to be a series of reforms. On 14 September 1984, Botha was elected as the first state president under the newly approved constitution.
Implementing the presidential system was seen as a key step in consolidating Botha's personal power. In previous years, he had succeeded in getting a number of strict laws that limited freedom of speech through parliament, and thus suppressed criticism of government decisions. States of emergencies became frequent, including extrajudicial killings either during riots or through special forces, such as the Koevoet.
In many western countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom (where the Anti-Apartheid Movement was based) and the Commonwealth, there was much debate over the imposition of economic sanctions in order to weaken Botha and undermine the white regime. By the late 1980s – as foreign investment in South Africa declined – disinvestment began to have a serious effect on the nation's economy.
Apartheid government
[edit]Botha undertook some changes to apartheid practices, but these were rejected by many as superficial and inadequate. He legalised interracial marriage and miscegenation, both completely banned since the late 1940s. The constitutional prohibition on multiracial political parties was lifted. He also relaxed the Group Areas Act, which barred non-whites from living in certain areas. In 1988, a new law created "Open Group Areas" or racially mixed neighbourhoods but these neighbourhoods had to receive a Government permit, had to have the support of the local whites immediately concerned, and had to be an upper-class neighbourhood in a major city in order to be awarded a permit. In 1983, the aforementioned constitutional reforms granted limited political rights to "Coloureds" and "Indians". Botha also became the first South African government leader to authorise contacts with Nelson Mandela, the imprisoned leader of the African National Congress (ANC).
Even these meagre reforms went too far for a group of NP hardliners, led by former Education Minister Andries Treurnicht. In 1982, the group broke away to form the Conservative Party. However, they did not even begin to meet the demands of the opposition. In the face of rising discontent and violence, Botha refused to cede political power to blacks and imposed greater security measures against anti-apartheid activists. Botha also refused to negotiate with the ANC.
In 1985, Botha delivered the Rubicon speech, a policy address in which he refused to give in to demands by the black population, including the release of Mandela.[19] Botha's defiance of international opinion further isolated South Africa, leading to economic sanctions and a rapid decline in the value of the rand. The following year, when the United States introduced the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, Botha declared a nationwide state of emergency. He is famously quoted during this time as saying, "This uprising will bring out the beast in us".[20]
As economic and diplomatic actions against South Africa increased, civil unrest spread amongst the black population, supported by the ANC and neighbouring black-majority governments. On 16 May 1986, Botha publicly warned neighbouring states against engaging in "unsolicited interference" in South Africa's affairs.[21] Four days later, Botha ordered air strikes against selected targets in Lusaka, Harare, and Gaborone, including the offices of exiled ANC activists. Botha charged that these raids were just a "first installment" and showed that "South Africa has the capacity and the will to break the [ANC]."[22]
In spite of the concessions made by Botha, his rule was still very repressive. Thousands were detained without trial during Botha's tenure, while others were tortured and killed. The TRC found Botha responsible for gross violations of human rights.[23] He was also found to have directly authorised "unlawful activity which included killing."[24] Botha declined to apologise for apartheid. In a 2006 interview to mark his 90th birthday, he suggested that he had no regrets about the way he had run the country.[25] Botha denied that he had ever considered black South Africans to be in any way inferior to whites, but conceded that "some" whites did hold that view. He also claimed that the racial segregation laws of apartheid "started in Lord Milner’s time" and the National Party merely inherited them; however, Botha conceded that the Afrikaner population had been "happy to perpetuate [apartheid]", as many of them "were, and some of them still are... 'racists at heart'".[26]
Fall from power
[edit]State President Botha's loss of influence can be directly attributed to decisions taken at the Ronald Reagan/Mikhail Gorbachev summit of the leaders of the US and the Soviet Union in Moscow (29 May – 1 June 1988) that paved the way to resolving the problem of Namibia which, according to foreign minister Pik Botha, was destabilising the region and "seriously complicating" the major issue which South Africa itself would shortly have to face.[27] Soviet military aid would cease and Cuban troops be withdrawn from Angola as soon as South Africa complied with UN Security Council Resolution 435 by relinquishing control of Namibia and allowing UN-supervised elections there. The Tripartite Agreement, which gave effect to the Reagan/Gorbachev summit decisions, was signed at UN headquarters in New York on 22 December 1988 by representatives of Angola, Cuba and South Africa.[28]
On 18 January 1989, Botha (then aged 73) suffered a mild stroke which prevented him from attending a meeting with Namibian political leaders on 20 January 1989. Botha's place was taken by acting president J. Christiaan Heunis.[29] On 2 February 1989, Botha resigned as leader of the National Party (NP), anticipating his nominee – finance minister Barend du Plessis – would succeed him. Instead, the NP's parliamentary caucus selected as leader education minister F. W. de Klerk, who moved quickly to consolidate his position within the party as a reformist, while hardliners supported Botha. In March 1989, the NP elected De Klerk as state president but Botha refused to resign, saying in a television address that the constitution entitled him to remain in office until March 1990 and that he was even considering running for another five-year term. Following a series of acrimonious meetings in Cape Town, and five days after UNSCR 435 was implemented in Namibia on 1 April 1989, Botha and De Klerk reached a compromise: Botha would retire after the parliamentary elections in September, allowing de Klerk to take over as state president.
However, Botha abruptly resigned from the state presidency on 14 August 1989, complaining that he had not been consulted by De Klerk over his scheduled visit to see President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia:
- "The ANC is enjoying the protection of president Kaunda and is planning insurgency activities against South Africa from Lusaka", Botha declared on nationwide television. He said he had asked the cabinet what reason he should give the public for abruptly leaving office. "They replied I could use my health as an excuse. To this, I replied that I am not prepared to leave on a lie. It is evident to me that after all these years of my best efforts for the National Party and for the government of this country, as well as the security of our country, I am being ignored by ministers serving in my cabinet."[30]
De Klerk was sworn in as acting state president on 14 August 1989 and the following month was nominated by the electoral college to succeed Botha in a five-year term as state president.[31] De Klerk soon announced the removal of legislation against anti-apartheid groups – including the African National Congress – and the release of Nelson Mandela. De Klerk's term saw the dismantling of the apartheid system and negotiations that eventually led to South Africa's first racially inclusive democratic elections on 27 April 1994.
In a statement on the death of Botha in 2006, De Klerk said:
- "Personally, my relationship with P. W. Botha was often strained. I did not like his overbearing leadership style and was opposed to the intrusion of the State Security Council system into virtually every facet of government. After I became leader of the National Party in February 1989, I did my best to ensure that P. W. Botha would be able to end his term as president with full dignity and decorum. Unfortunately, this was not to be."[32]
Post-presidency
[edit]Botha and his wife Elize retired to their home, Die Anker, in the town of Wilderness, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the city of George and located on the Indian Ocean coast of the Western Cape.[33][34] Elize died in 1997 after a heart attack.[35] He was briefly engaged to Reinette Water Naude, an independently wealthy woman 31 years his junior.[36][13] However, on 22 June 1998, he married Barbara Robertson, a legal secretary 25 years his junior.[13]
Botha remained largely out of sight of the media and it was widely believed that he remained opposed to many of F. W. de Klerk's reforms. He resigned from the Afrikaner Broederbond.
Then-president Nelson Mandela arranged a dinner with Botha's daughters, Rozanne and Elsa, and their husbands. Mandela had hoped to lobby the family so that they would persuade Botha to testify at the new government's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), set up to expose apartheid-era crimes and chaired by his cultural and political nemesis, Archbishop Desmond Tutu. There was no unanimous agreement between the family, with Rozanne vocally opposed, believing that her father could face prosecution and/or humiliation in the court.[37] The TRC found that he had ordered the 1988 bombing of the South African Council of Churches headquarters in Johannesburg. In August 1998, he was fined and given a suspended jail sentence for his refusal to testify on human rights violations and violence sanctioned by the State Security Council (SSC) which he, as president until 1989, had directed.[38]
In June 1999, Botha successfully appealed to the High Court against his conviction and sentence. The Court's ruling by Judge Selikowitz (with Judge Foxcroft concurring) found that the notice served on Botha to appear before the TRC was technically invalid.[39]
Death and funeral
[edit]Botha died of a heart attack at his home in Wilderness on Tuesday 31 October 2006, aged 90.[40] His death was met with magnanimity by many of his former opponents. Former President Nelson Mandela was reported as saying "while to many Mr. Botha will remain a symbol of apartheid, we also remember him for the steps he took to pave the way towards the eventual peacefully negotiated settlement in our country".[41]
President Thabo Mbeki announced that flags would be flown at half mast to mark the death of a former head of state. The offer of a state funeral was declined by Botha's family, and a private funeral was held on 8 November in the town of George, where Botha's body was buried. Mbeki attended the funeral.[42]
Awards
[edit]- Taiwan: Order of Propitious Clouds with Special Grand Cordon (1980)[43]
- Decoration for Meritorious Services
References
[edit]- ^ This Day In History | PW Botha succeeds Vorster to become SA's Prime Minister - YouTube. 28 September 2023. Event occurs at 0:15. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ Mary Braid (8 January 1998). "Afrikaners champion Botha's cause of silence". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (2 June 1999). "Botha's Conviction Overturned". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ PW Botha The Guardian. 2 November 2006
- ^ a b PW Botha was ‘kragdadige’ autocrat The Mail & Guardian. 1 November 2006
- ^ P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90, The New York Times, 1 November 2006
- ^ sahoboss (17 February 2011). "Pieter Willem Botha". South African History Online. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ P.W. Botha; President of Apartheid-Era South Africa The Washington Post. 31 October 2006
- ^ P. W. Botha The Independent. 2 November 2006
- ^ PW's sons might quit SA News24. 23 January 2005
- ^ Rozanne Visagie has Finished her Race Frontline Mission SA. 3 October 2022
- ^ a b Rozanne Visagie obituary: Faith helped daughter of South African national leader P.W. Botha through obstacles The West Australian. 7 October 2022
- ^ a b c Botha makes mind up over wife The Independent. 22 June 1998
- ^ PW Botha’s daughter Amelia dies in car accident The Times. 21 January 2022
- ^ "Pieter Willem Botha". South African History Online. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Gregory, Joseph R. (1 November 2006). "P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90". The New York Times.
- ^ Gregory, Joseph R. (1 November 2006). "P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90". The New York Times.
- ^ "South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program – Building Bombs". nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ Times, Alan Cowell and Special To the New York (17 August 1985). "BOTHA SPEECH: 2 SIGNALS". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ Moshenberg, Dan (9 April 2013). "Margaret Thatcher: no fond farewells from Africa". The Guardian.
- ^ Sparks, Allister (17 August 1986). "Moves by Botha Telegraph Pullback From Compromise". The Washington Post.
- ^ Cowell, Alan (22 May 1986). "South African President Warns of Further Raids". The New York Times.
- ^ [1] Dan van der Vat. The Guardian Obituary. 2 November 2006.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. (2003) Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 6, Section 3, pp. 252–3, para. 326 (e), 327, and 328. - ^ The Groot Krokodil speaks, MWeb, 2 November 2006
- ^ MacLennan, Ben (19 March 2006). "PW Botha on the 'so-called apartheid policy'". Mail & Guardian.
- ^ "130-1988". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ New York Accords signed by Angola, Cuba and South Africa Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Botha Is Expected to Be Discharged Soon". The New York Times. 22 January 1989.
- ^ "Washingtonpost.com: South Africa Report". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "South Africa Limited Reforms". country-studies.com. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ Statement by F W de Klerk on the death of former president P W Botha (Issued by the F W de Klerk Foundation, Cape Town, 1 November 2006)] Archived 14 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Through a Lens Darkly: David Goldblatt (1930-2018) The Daily Maverick. 27 June 2018
- ^ Former president PW Botha turns 90 The Mail & Guardian. 11 January 2006
- ^ Deaths The Washington Post. 7 June 1997
- ^ PW Botha’s bawdy new bride The Mail & Guardian. 8 August 1997
- ^ La Grange, Zelda (2014). Good Morning, Mr Mandela. London: Penguin Books.
- ^ TRC findings: P W Botha, BBC News, 29 October 1998
- ^ "The Citizen", 2 June 1999
- ^ Former South Africa leader dies, BBC News, 1 November 2006
- ^ PW Botha: Reaction in quotes, BBC News, 1 November 2006
- ^ PW laid to rest, Independent Online (IOL), 8 November 2006
- ^ Shelagh Gastrow (1986). Who's Who In South African Politics. Johannesburg: Ravan Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780869752807 – via Internet Archive.
October 1980: Taiwan: Order of Propitious Clouds with Special Grand Cordon
Further reading
[edit]- Botha's last interview before he died
- The Mandela Document, dated prior to Mandela's release
- "Fighter and Reformer: Extracts from the Speeches of P. W. Botha", Compiled by J.J.J. Scholtz, Published: Bureau for Information, Pretoria, 1989
- The life and times of PW Botha – IOL
- PW, Tambo 'partners in peace' – News24
- 'He was my bread and botha' (By artists) – Mail&Guardian
- Zuma on PW: 'He saw the need for change' – Mail&Guardian
- Thabo Mbeki on PW – Moneyweb
- 1916 births
- 2006 deaths
- People from Dihlabeng Local Municipality
- South African people of Dutch descent
- Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)
- National Party (South Africa) politicians
- State Presidents of South Africa
- South African anti-communists
- Prime ministers of South Africa
- Defence ministers of South Africa
- Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)
- Afrikaner Broederbond members
- Apartheid government
- University of the Free State alumni
- Ossewabrandwag members