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| name = National Periodical Publications Inc.
| name = National Periodical Publications Inc.
| logo =
| logo =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gelder |first1=Lawrence Van |title=A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/04/archives/a-comics-magazine-defies-code-ban-on-drug-stories-comics-magazine.html |access-date=September 18, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 4, 1971}}</ref>
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gelder |first1=Lawrence Van |title=A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/04/archives/a-comics-magazine-defies-code-ban-on-drug-stories-comics-magazine.html |access-date=September 18, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 4, 1971}}</ref> (1967–1977)
| fate = Rebranded as [[DC Comics]] in 1977
| fate = Rebranded as [[DC Comics]] in 1977
| former_names = {{Plainlist|
| former_names = {{Plainlist|
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}}
}}
| predecessors = {{Plainlist|
| predecessors = {{Plainlist|
* National Allied Publications<br />(1935–1946)
* National Allied Publications<br />(1934–1936)
* Nicholson Publishing<br />(1936–1938)
* Detective Comics<br />(1936–1946)
* Detective Comics<br />(1936–1946)
* [[All-American Publications]] (1939<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Gerard|author-link=Gerard Jones|title=Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book|date=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=9780465036561}}</ref>{{rp|147}}–1946
* [[All-American Publications]] (1939<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Gerard|author-link=Gerard Jones|title=Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book|date=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=9780465036561}}</ref>{{rp|147}}–1946)
}}
}}
| successor = DC Comics
| successor = DC Comics
| founder = {{Plainlist|
| founder = {{Plainlist|
* [[Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson]]
* [[Harry Donenfeld]]
* [[Harry Donenfeld]]
* [[Jack Liebowitz]]
* [[Jack Liebowitz]]
Line 30: Line 32:
}}
}}


'''National Periodical Publications Inc.''' (also known as '''National''') was an American comic book publishing company. It was the direct predecessor of modern-day [[DC Comics]].
'''National Comics Publications''' ('''NCP'''; later known as '''National Periodical Publications Inc.''' or simply '''National''') was an American comic book publishing company. It was the direct predecessor of modern-day [[DC Comics]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:New Fun.jpeg|thumb|left|Cover art of the first comic book by National Comics Publications]]
[[File:New Fun.jpeg|thumb|left|Cover art of the first comic book by National Comics Publications]]
The corporation was originally two companies: '''National Allied Publications Inc.''' (also known as '''National Allied Newspaper Syndicate Inc.''')<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|title=Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas|date=2014|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0313397509|page=7}}</ref> which was founded by [[Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson]] in 1935<ref name="Fifty">Marx, Barry, [[Joey Cavalieri|Cavalieri, Joey]] and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson: DC Founded" ''[[Fifty Who Made DC Great]]'': 5 (1985), DC Comics</ref><ref name="Goulart55">{{cite book |title=Ron Goulart's Great History of Comics Books |first=Ron |last=Goulart |author-link=Ron Goulart |publisher=Contemporary Press |year=1986 |page=55 |isbn=0-8092-5045-4}}</ref><ref name="Benton17">{{cite book |last=Benton |first=Mike |title=The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=Taylor Publishing |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-87833-659-3 |pages=17–18}}</ref> to publish ''[[New Fun Comics|New Fun]]'',<ref group=note>The company debuted in 1935 with the [[Tabloid (paper size)|tabloid]]-sized ''[[New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine]]'' #1 with a [[cover date]] of February 1935; [http://www.comics.org/details.lasso?id=85 ''New Fun'' #1 (Feb. 1935)] at the [[Grand Comics Database]]. The entry notes that while the logo appears to be simply ''Fun'', the [[Indicia (publishing)|indicia]] reads, "New FUN is published monthly at 49 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y., by National Allied Publications, Inc.; Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, President ... Inquiries concerning advertising should be addressed to the Advertising Manager, New FUN,...."</ref> the first [[American comic book]] with all-original material rather than [[comic strip]] reprints, and '''Detective Comics Inc.''',<ref name="Goulart55"/> which was founded on December 31, 1936<ref>[https://twitter.com/WBHomeEnt/status/1741512039355256841?t=XfoT3JbYx6sQBhIo5B4rGA&s=19 Twitter.com]</ref> by Wheeler-Nicholson with [[Harry Donenfeld]] and [[Jack Liebowitz]] to publish ''[[Detective Comics]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallace|first1= Daniel|last2=Dolan|first2=Hannah|chapter= 1930s|title = DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|date= 2010|location= London, United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-7566-6742-9 |page= 17 |quote = The launch of ''Detective Comics'' defined [Malcolm] Wheeler-Nicholson's young comics company and set it on an ascendant path within the industry...His smart business decision to partner with businessmen Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz on ''Detective Comics'' guaranteed that his company's third title would at least be solvent.}}</ref> Wheeler-Nicholson fell into deep debt to Donenfeld and Liebowitz, and in 1938, Donenfeld and Liebowitz petitioned Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied into bankruptcy and seized it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Roy|title=All-Star Companion: An Historical and Speculative Overview of the Justice Society of America|date=2000|publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing|location=Raleigh, North Carolina|isbn=1893905055|page=13|quote="By 1938 Major had faded into history..."}}</ref><ref name="Cowsill">{{cite book|last1=Cowsill|first1=Alan|title=DC Comics Year by Year: Updated Edition|date=2014|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=London|isbn=9780241015858}}</ref>{{rp|20}}
The corporation was originally two companies: '''National Allied Publications Inc.''' (also known as '''National Allied Newspaper Syndicate Inc.'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|title=Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas|date=2014|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0313397509|page=7}}</ref> and later '''Nicholson Publishing Co., Inc.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fertig |first=Mark |title=Take That, Adolf!: The Fighting Comic Books of the Second World War |date=2017 |publisher=[[Fantagraphics Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781606999875}}</ref>) which was founded by [[Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson]] in 1935<ref name="Fifty">Marx, Barry, [[Joey Cavalieri|Cavalieri, Joey]] and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson: DC Founded" ''[[Fifty Who Made DC Great]]'': 5 (1985), DC Comics</ref><ref name="Goulart55">{{cite book |title=Ron Goulart's Great History of Comics Books |first=Ron |last=Goulart |author-link=Ron Goulart |publisher=Contemporary Press |year=1986 |page=55 |isbn=0-8092-5045-4}}</ref><ref name="Benton17">{{cite book |last=Benton |first=Mike |title=The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=Taylor Publishing |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-87833-659-3 |pages=17–18}}</ref> to publish ''[[New Fun Comics|New Fun]]'',<ref group=note>The company debuted in 1935 with the [[Tabloid (paper size)|tabloid]]-sized ''[[New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine]]'' #1 with a [[cover date]] of February 1935; [http://www.comics.org/details.lasso?id=85 ''New Fun'' #1 (Feb. 1935)] at the [[Grand Comics Database]]. The entry notes that while the logo appears to be simply ''Fun'', the [[Indicia (publishing)|indicia]] reads, "New FUN is published monthly at 49 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y., by National Allied Publications, Inc.; Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, President ... Inquiries concerning advertising should be addressed to the Advertising Manager, New FUN,...."</ref> the first [[American comic book]] with all-original material rather than [[comic strip]] reprints, and '''Detective Comics Inc.''',<ref name="Goulart55"/> which was founded on December 31, 1936<ref>[https://twitter.com/WBHomeEnt/status/1741512039355256841?t=XfoT3JbYx6sQBhIo5B4rGA&s=19 Twitter.com]</ref> by Wheeler-Nicholson with [[Harry Donenfeld]] and [[Jack Liebowitz]] to publish ''[[Detective Comics]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallace|first1= Daniel|last2=Dolan|first2=Hannah|chapter= 1930s|title = DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|date= 2010|location= London, United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-7566-6742-9 |page= 17 |quote = The launch of ''Detective Comics'' defined [Malcolm] Wheeler-Nicholson's young comics company and set it on an ascendant path within the industry...His smart business decision to partner with businessmen Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz on ''Detective Comics'' guaranteed that his company's third title would at least be solvent.}}</ref> Wheeler-Nicholson fell into deep debt to Donenfeld and Liebowitz, and in 1938, Donenfeld and Liebowitz petitioned Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied into bankruptcy and seized it, and as a result, Liebowitz took over and folded National Allied into Detective Comics.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Roy|title=All-Star Companion: An Historical and Speculative Overview of the Justice Society of America|date=2000|publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing|location=Raleigh, North Carolina|isbn=1893905055|page=13|quote="By 1938 Major had faded into history..."}}</ref><ref name="Cowsill">{{cite book|last1=Cowsill|first1=Alan|title=DC Comics Year by Year: Updated Edition|date=2014|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=London|isbn=9780241015858}}</ref>{{rp|20}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Todd |date=2013-07-08 |title=The DC Comics Offices 1930s-1950s Part 1 |url=https://kleinletters.com/Blog/the-dc-comics-offices-1930s-1950s-part-1/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Todd's Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>


National Allied and Detective Comics Inc. merged to become '''National Comics Publications Inc.'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bridwell|first1=E. Nelson|author-link=E. Nelson Bridwell|title=Batman: From the 30s to the 70s|date=1972|publisher=Spring Books|location=Feltham|isbn=0600313034|page=4}}</ref> ('''NCP''') on September 30, 1946,<ref>{{cite web|title=Young April 12, 1948 Findings of Facts|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/298839638/Young-April-12-1948-Findings-of-Facts|website=Scribd|access-date=11 December 2016|quote=DETECTIVE COMICS, INC. was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, and was one of the constituent corporations consolidated on September 30, 1946, into defendant NATIONAL COMICS PUBLICATIONS, INC.}}</ref> absorbing [[Max Gaines]]' [[All-American Publications]] as well.<ref name="Cowsill"/>{{rp|50}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Gerard|author-link=Gerard Jones|title=Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book|date=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0465036562|page=223}}</ref> National Comics was renamed '''National Periodical Publications Inc.''' in 1961.<ref name="Cowsill"/>{{rp|102}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bart |first1=Peter |title=Advertising: Superman Faces New Hurdles; Publishers of Comic Books Showing a Decline Television Termed Chief Reason for Revenue Drop |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/23/archives/advertising-superman-faces-new-hurdles-publishers-of-comic-books.html |access-date=September 11, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 23, 1962 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Maggie |last2=Dean |first2=Michael |last3=Frankenhoff |first3=Brent |last4=Greenholdt |first4=Joyce |last5=Miller |first5=John Jackson |title=Comics Buyer's Guide 1996 Annual |date=1995 |publisher=[[Krause Publications]] |isbn=0873414063 |page=81 |quote=Beginning as National Allied Publications in 1935 {{sic}} and becoming National Allied Newspaper Syndicate the next year, it changed to National Comic {{sic}} Publications in 1946 and National Periodical Publications in 1961...}}</ref>
Max Gaines' [[All-American Publications]] and Detective Comics Inc. merged to become National Comics Publications Inc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bridwell|first1=E. Nelson|author-link=E. Nelson Bridwell|title=Batman: From the 30s to the 70s|date=1972|publisher=Spring Books|location=Feltham|isbn=0600313034|page=4}}</ref> on September 30, 1946.<ref>{{cite web|title=Young April 12, 1948 Findings of Facts|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/298839638/Young-April-12-1948-Findings-of-Facts|website=Scribd|access-date=11 December 2016|quote=DETECTIVE COMICS, INC. was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, and was one of the constituent corporations consolidated on September 30, 1946, into defendant NATIONAL COMICS PUBLICATIONS, INC.}}</ref><ref name="Cowsill"/>{{rp|50}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Gerard|author-link=Gerard Jones|title=Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book|date=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0465036562|page=223}}</ref> National Comics was renamed "National Periodical Publications Inc." in 1961.<ref name="Cowsill"/>{{rp|102}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bart |first1=Peter |title=Advertising: Superman Faces New Hurdles; Publishers of Comic Books Showing a Decline Television Termed Chief Reason for Revenue Drop |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/23/archives/advertising-superman-faces-new-hurdles-publishers-of-comic-books.html |access-date=September 11, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 23, 1962 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Maggie |last2=Dean |first2=Michael |last3=Frankenhoff |first3=Brent |last4=Greenholdt |first4=Joyce |last5=Miller |first5=John Jackson |title=Comics Buyer's Guide 1996 Annual |date=1995 |publisher=[[Krause Publications]] |isbn=0873414063 |page=81 |quote=Beginning as National Allied Publications in 1935 {{sic}} and becoming National Allied Newspaper Syndicate the next year, it changed to National Comic {{sic}} Publications in 1946 and National Periodical Publications in 1961...}}</ref>

Despite the official names "National Comics" and "National Periodical Publications", the company began branding itself as "'''Superman-DC'''" in the early 1940s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eury |first1=Michael |title=Captain Action: The Original Super-Hero Action Figure |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=1893905179 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC5mPdEtOdoC&pg=PA46 |access-date=January 20, 2019|date=December 2002 }}</ref>


In 1967, National Periodical Publications was purchased by [[Kinney National Company|Kinney National Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toonopedia.com/dc.htm |title=DC Comics |publisher=[[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]] |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=August 10, 2012}}</ref> In 1977, the company changed its name to [[DC Comics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=7621531 |title=DC Comics, Inc.: Private Company Information |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>
In 1967, National Periodical Publications was purchased by [[Kinney National Company|Kinney National Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toonopedia.com/dc.htm |title=DC Comics |publisher=[[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]] |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=August 10, 2012}}</ref> In 1977, the company changed its name to [[DC Comics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=7621531 |title=DC Comics, Inc.: Private Company Information |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>
{{-}}


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 05:07, 27 September 2024

National Periodical Publications Inc.
Formerly
  • National Comics Publications
    (1946–1961)
Company typeSubsidiary[1] (1967–1977)
IndustryPublishing
Predecessors
  • National Allied Publications
    (1934–1936)
  • Nicholson Publishing
    (1936–1938)
  • Detective Comics
    (1936–1946)
  • All-American Publications (1939[2]: 147 –1946)
FoundedSeptember 30, 1946; 78 years ago (September 30, 1946)
Founder
Defunct1977; 47 years ago (1977)
FateRebranded as DC Comics in 1977
SuccessorDC Comics
HeadquartersNew York City, U.S.
ProductsComic books
Parent

National Comics Publications (NCP; later known as National Periodical Publications Inc. or simply National) was an American comic book publishing company. It was the direct predecessor of modern-day DC Comics.

History

[edit]
Cover art of the first comic book by National Comics Publications

The corporation was originally two companies: National Allied Publications Inc. (also known as National Allied Newspaper Syndicate Inc.[3] and later Nicholson Publishing Co., Inc.[4]) which was founded by Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson in 1935[5][6][7] to publish New Fun,[note 1] the first American comic book with all-original material rather than comic strip reprints, and Detective Comics Inc.,[6] which was founded on December 31, 1936[8] by Wheeler-Nicholson with Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz to publish Detective Comics.[9] Wheeler-Nicholson fell into deep debt to Donenfeld and Liebowitz, and in 1938, Donenfeld and Liebowitz petitioned Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied into bankruptcy and seized it, and as a result, Liebowitz took over and folded National Allied into Detective Comics.[10][11]: 20 [12]

Max Gaines' All-American Publications and Detective Comics Inc. merged to become National Comics Publications Inc.[13] on September 30, 1946.[14][11]: 50 [15] National Comics was renamed "National Periodical Publications Inc." in 1961.[11]: 102 [16][17]

Despite the official names "National Comics" and "National Periodical Publications", the company began branding itself as "Superman-DC" in the early 1940s.[18]

In 1967, National Periodical Publications was purchased by Kinney National Services.[19] In 1977, the company changed its name to DC Comics.[20]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The company debuted in 1935 with the tabloid-sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a cover date of February 1935; New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935) at the Grand Comics Database. The entry notes that while the logo appears to be simply Fun, the indicia reads, "New FUN is published monthly at 49 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y., by National Allied Publications, Inc.; Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, President ... Inquiries concerning advertising should be addressed to the Advertising Manager, New FUN,...."

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gelder, Lawrence Van (February 4, 1971). "A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  2. ^ Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465036561.
  3. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2014). Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0313397509.
  4. ^ Fertig, Mark (2017). Take That, Adolf!: The Fighting Comic Books of the Second World War. Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 9781606999875.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson: DC Founded" Fifty Who Made DC Great: 5 (1985), DC Comics
  6. ^ a b Goulart, Ron (1986). Ron Goulart's Great History of Comics Books. Contemporary Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-8092-5045-4.
  7. ^ Benton, Mike (1989). The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-87833-659-3.
  8. ^ Twitter.com
  9. ^ Wallace, Daniel; Dolan, Hannah (2010). "1930s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. The launch of Detective Comics defined [Malcolm] Wheeler-Nicholson's young comics company and set it on an ascendant path within the industry...His smart business decision to partner with businessmen Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz on Detective Comics guaranteed that his company's third title would at least be solvent.
  10. ^ Thomas, Roy (2000). All-Star Companion: An Historical and Speculative Overview of the Justice Society of America. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 1893905055. By 1938 Major had faded into history...
  11. ^ a b c Cowsill, Alan (2014). DC Comics Year by Year: Updated Edition. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9780241015858.
  12. ^ Klein, Todd (2013-07-08). "The DC Comics Offices 1930s-1950s Part 1". Todd's Blog. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  13. ^ Bridwell, E. Nelson (1972). Batman: From the 30s to the 70s. Feltham: Spring Books. p. 4. ISBN 0600313034.
  14. ^ "Young April 12, 1948 Findings of Facts". Scribd. Retrieved 11 December 2016. DETECTIVE COMICS, INC. was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, and was one of the constituent corporations consolidated on September 30, 1946, into defendant NATIONAL COMICS PUBLICATIONS, INC.
  15. ^ Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books. p. 223. ISBN 0465036562.
  16. ^ Bart, Peter (September 23, 1962). "Advertising: Superman Faces New Hurdles; Publishers of Comic Books Showing a Decline Television Termed Chief Reason for Revenue Drop". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  17. ^ Thompson, Maggie; Dean, Michael; Frankenhoff, Brent; Greenholdt, Joyce; Miller, John Jackson (1995). Comics Buyer's Guide 1996 Annual. Krause Publications. p. 81. ISBN 0873414063. Beginning as National Allied Publications in 1935 [sic] and becoming National Allied Newspaper Syndicate the next year, it changed to National Comic [sic] Publications in 1946 and National Periodical Publications in 1961...
  18. ^ Eury, Michael (December 2002). Captain Action: The Original Super-Hero Action Figure. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 1893905179. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  19. ^ "DC Comics". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. November 17, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  20. ^ "DC Comics, Inc.: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-08-06.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Charles Wooley (1986). Wooley's History of the Comic Book, 1899-1936: The Origin of the Superhero. Lake Buena Vista, Florida. 1986.
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