Juan José Zúñiga: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Bolivian general}} |
{{Short description|Bolivian general}} |
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{{family name hatnote| |
{{family name hatnote|Zúñiga|Macias|lang=Spanish}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| order = |
| order = |
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| office = [[General of the Bolivian Army]] |
| office = [[Bolivian Army|Commanding General of the Bolivian Army]] |
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| president = [[Luis Arce]] |
| president = [[Luis Arce]] |
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| term_start = 1 November 2022 |
| term_start = 1 November 2022 |
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'''Juan José Zúñiga Macías'''<!-- (born 1972)--> is a former [[Bolivian Army]] officer who served as the [[Bolivian Army|General of the Bolivian Army]] from November 2022 until his dismissal in June 2024 following his role in the [[2024 Bolivian coup attempt|coup d'état attempt]] against the President [[Luis Arce]].<ref name="self_coup_1">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Antes de ser detenido, Juan José Zúñiga sugirió que se trató de un 'autogolpe': "El domingo me reuní con Arce" |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/06/26/levantamiento-militar-en-bolivia-el-jefe-del-ejercito-juan-jose-zuniga-aseguro-que-el-pais-no-puede-seguir-asi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626215652/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/06/26/levantamiento-militar-en-bolivia-el-jefe-del-ejercito-juan-jose-zuniga-aseguro-que-el-pais-no-puede-seguir-asi/ |archive-date=26 June 2024 |accessdate=27 June 2024 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name="self_coup_2">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title="Arce me ordenó sacar los blindados para levantar su popularidad", acusa el general Zúñiga tras ser detenido por el intento de golpe de Estado en Bolivia |url=https://latinus.us/2024/06/26/arce-me-ordeno-sacar-blindados-levantar-popularidad-acusa-general-zuniga-detenido-intento-golpe-estado-bolivia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627035533/https://latinus.us/2024/06/26/arce-me-ordeno-sacar-blindados-levantar-popularidad-acusa-general-zuniga-detenido-intento-golpe-estado-bolivia/ |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Latinus |language=es}}</ref> |
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'''Don Pollo Zúñiga Macías'''<!-- (born 1972)--> is a former [[Bolivian Army]] officer who served as the [[Bolivian Army|General of the Bolivian Army]] from November 2022 until his dismissal in June 2024 following his role in the [[2024 Bolivian coup attempt|coup attempt]] against President [[Luis Arce]]. |
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== Early |
== Early life and military career == |
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=== Early |
=== Early life === |
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Juan Zúñiga Macías was born in [[Uncía Municipality|Uncía municipality]], Bolivia.<ref name="elpais" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=swissinfo.ch |first=S. W. I. |date=2024-06-27 |title=Zuñiga, el jefe militar acusado de un "intento de golpe de Estado" que amenazó a Morales |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%C3%B1iga,-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%C3%B3-a-morales/81994885 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es-ES |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703013152/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%c3%b1iga%2c-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%c3%b3-a-morales/81994885 |url-status=live }}</ref> After finishing primary and secondary education, he entered the Bolivian Army and graduated in 1990, placing 48th out of 65 officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=swissinfo.ch |first=S. W. I. |date=2024-06-27 |title=Zuñiga, el jefe militar acusado de un "intento de golpe de Estado" que amenazó a Morales |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%C3%B1iga,-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%C3%B3-a-morales/81994885 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es-ES |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703013152/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%c3%b1iga%2c-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%c3%b3-a-morales/81994885 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Bolivia: Zuñiga, el militar acusado de"intento de golpe de Estado" |url=https://efe.com/mundo/2024-06-27/bolivia-golpe-quien-es-el-militar-juan-jose-zuniga/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=EFE Noticias |language=es-ES |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701015540/https://efe.com/mundo/2024-06-27/bolivia-golpe-quien-es-el-militar-juan-jose-zuniga/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Juan Zúñiga Macías was born in [[Uncía Municipality|Uncía municipality]], Bolivia.<ref name="elpais" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=swissinfo.ch |first=S. W. I. |date=2024-06-27 |title=Zuñiga, el jefe militar acusado de un "intento de golpe de Estado" que amenazó a Morales |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%C3%B1iga,-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%C3%B3-a-morales/81994885 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es-ES |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703013152/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%c3%b1iga%2c-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%c3%b3-a-morales/81994885 |url-status=live }}</ref> After finishing primary and secondary education, he entered the Bolivian Army and graduated in 1990, placing 48th out of 65 officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=swissinfo.ch |first=S. W. I. |date=2024-06-27 |title=Zuñiga, el jefe militar acusado de un "intento de golpe de Estado" que amenazó a Morales |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%C3%B1iga,-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%C3%B3-a-morales/81994885 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es-ES |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703013152/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/zu%c3%b1iga%2c-el-jefe-militar-acusado-de-un-%22intento-de-golpe-de-estado%22-que-amenaz%c3%b3-a-morales/81994885 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Bolivia: Zuñiga, el militar acusado de"intento de golpe de Estado" |url=https://efe.com/mundo/2024-06-27/bolivia-golpe-quien-es-el-militar-juan-jose-zuniga/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=EFE Noticias |language=es-ES |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701015540/https://efe.com/mundo/2024-06-27/bolivia-golpe-quien-es-el-militar-juan-jose-zuniga/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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=== Military |
=== Military career === |
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Zúñiga served as colonel of the [[REIM-23 Max Toledo]] regiment between 2012 and 2013. He was charged with the embezzlement of [[Bolivian boliviano|Bs]]2.7 million intended for the ''[[Renta Dignidad]]'' and ''[[Juancito Pinto]]'' [[cash transfer]] schemes and well for traveling abroad without permission during his tenure and was tortured for seven days.<ref name="milenio" /><ref name="timesnownews" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Who is General Zúñiga, the shadowy officer behind the thwarted coup in Bolivia? |url=https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-army-chief-coup-attempted-foiled-2698e4bf34f25f8dddb1542a41f2f27d |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701143426/https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-army-chief-coup-attempted-foiled-2698e4bf34f25f8dddb1542a41f2f27d |url-status=live }}</ref> He subsequently worked as a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is General Zúñiga, the shadowy officer behind the thwarted coup in Bolivia? |url=https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-army-chief-coup-attempted-foiled-2698e4bf34f25f8dddb1542a41f2f27d |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701143426/https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-army-chief-coup-attempted-foiled-2698e4bf34f25f8dddb1542a41f2f27d |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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After serving as Chief of Staff and brigadier general, |
After serving as Chief of Staff and brigadier general, Zúñiga was appointed as commanding general of the Bolivian Army through a decree by [[Luis Arce]] on 1 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zuñiga, el nuevo Comandante del Ejército y exjefe de Inteligencia que "sabe mucho" de Evo y Arce |url=https://www.urgente.bo/noticia/zu%C3%B1iga-el-nuevo-comandante-del-ej%C3%A9rcito-y-exjefe-de-inteligencia-que-%E2%80%9Csabe-mucho%E2%80%9D-de-evo-y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102000234/https://www.urgente.bo/noticia/zu%C3%B1iga-el-nuevo-comandante-del-ej%C3%A9rcito-y-exjefe-de-inteligencia-que-%E2%80%9Csabe-mucho%E2%80%9D-de-evo-y |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=urgente.bo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Padinger |first=Germán |date=26 June 2024 |title=¿Quién es el general Juan José Zúñiga Macías, el señalado líder del "intento de golpe de Estado" en Bolivia? |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/06/26/quien-es-juan-jose-zuniga-macias-general-intento-golpe-estado-bolivia-orix/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=CNN |language=es |archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000806/https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/06/26/quien-es-juan-jose-zuniga-macias-general-intento-golpe-estado-bolivia-orix/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia |url=http://gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/buscar/4820 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216004408/http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/buscar/4820 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo |language=es}}</ref> |
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== Conflict with Evo Morales == |
== Conflict with Evo Morales == |
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On 24 June 2024, |
On 24 June 2024, Zuñiga announced that the Bolivian Armed Forces would arrest former President [[Evo Morales]] if he ran as a candidate in the next [[2025 Bolivian general election|presidential elections in 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Bolivia: quién es Juan José Zúñiga, el General que desafió el orden constitucional {{!}} Intento de golpe de Estado |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/747512-bolivia-quien-es-juan-jose-zuniga-el-general-que-desafio-el- |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=PAGINA12 |language=es |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000127/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/747512-bolivia-quien-es-juan-jose-zuniga-el-general-que-desafio-el- |url-status=live}}</ref> In threats made against Morales, he described the former president as a "traitor" and accused him of plotting a revolution against the current government, while stating that the [[Constitution of Bolivia]] would prevent Morales from returning to power.<ref name="elpais">{{Cite web |title=El comandante del Ejército de Bolivia fue destituido tras amenazar a Evo Morales: "No puede ser más presidente de este país" |url=https://elpais.com/america/2024-06-26/el-comandante-del-ejercito-de-bolivia-fue-destituido-tras-amenazar-a-evo-morales-no-puede-ser-mas-presidente-de-este-pais.html |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=El País |language=es |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626152231/https://elpais.com/america/2024-06-26/el-comandante-del-ejercito-de-bolivia-fue-destituido-tras-amenazar-a-evo-morales-no-puede-ser-mas-presidente-de-este-pais.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Reportan que el comandante del Ejército, Juan José Zúñiga, fue relevado de su cargo, tras polémicas declaraciones |url=https://www.vision360.bo/noticias/2024/06/25/6984-reportan-que-el-comandante-del-ejercito-juan-jose-zuniga-fue-relevado-de-su-cargo-tras-polemicas-declaraciones |access-date=26 June 2024 |language=es-BO |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626030639/https://www.vision360.bo/noticias/2024/06/25/6984-reportan-que-el-comandante-del-ejercito-juan-jose-zuniga-fue-relevado-de-su-cargo-tras-polemicas-declaraciones |url-status=live}}</ref> Following Zuñiga's proclamation, he was relieved of his post of commanding general on 25 June 2024.<ref name="elpais" /><ref name=":0" /> |
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Prior to this event, |
Prior to this event, Zuñiga was accused by Evo Morales of being the commander of the military organization [[Pachajcho]], allegedly plotting to eliminate the former president as part of a "black plan" against [[coca]] production leaders and political opponents.<ref name="elpais" /><ref name="milenio">{{Cite news |title=Él es Juan José Zúñiga, general del Ejército de Bolivia que estaría detrás de intento de golpe de Estado |url=https://www.milenio.com/internacional/quien-es-juan-jose-zuniga-comandante-del-ejercito-de-bolivia |work=milenio.com |language=es}}</ref><ref name="timesnownews">{{Cite news |date=27 June 2024 |title=Juan José Zúñiga: Meet The Mastermind Of Bolivia Coup |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/juan-jose-zuniga-meet-the-mastermind-of-bolivia-coup-article-111295525 |access-date=26 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000132/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/juan-jose-zuniga-meet-the-mastermind-of-bolivia-coup-article-111295525 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==2024 coup attempt== |
==2024 coup attempt== |
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[[File:Juan José Zúñiga.png|thumb|Detained Zúñiga after the 2024 coup attempt |
[[File:Juan José Zúñiga.png|thumb|Detained Zúñiga after the 2024 coup attempt]] |
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He was the primary leader behind the [[2024 Bolivian coup attempt]] on 26 June, attempting to "restore democracy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vock |first=Ido |title=Bolivia: Soldiers storm presidential palace in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000701/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko |url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Luis Arce]] called on Zúñiga to demobilize soldiers who had taken over the main square of [[La Paz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bolivia president Arce orders general to call off military action |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-president-arce-orders-general-call-off-military-action-2024-06-26/ |website=Reuters |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Zúñiga was detained by police soon after.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attempted coup in Bolivia fails after president calls on country to mobilize in defense of democracy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/26/americas/bolivia-coup-attempt-claims-intl-latam/index.html |website=CNN |date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |agency=CNN |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626212756/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/26/americas/bolivia-coup-attempt-claims-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Zúñiga claimed that on 23 June—before the events had begun, which led to his arrest—he had met with Luis Arce; Zúñiga alleged that during their meeting, Arce had stated that to boost his popularity, he would attempt a [[self-coup]]; Zúñiga alleged that Arce had ordered Zúñiga to assist in this self-coup by deploying tanks into the streets.<ref |
He was the primary leader behind the [[2024 Bolivian coup attempt]] on 26 June, attempting to "restore democracy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vock |first=Ido |title=Bolivia: Soldiers storm presidential palace in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000701/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko |url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Luis Arce]] called on Zúñiga to demobilize soldiers who had taken over the main square of [[La Paz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bolivia president Arce orders general to call off military action |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-president-arce-orders-general-call-off-military-action-2024-06-26/ |website=Reuters |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Zúñiga was detained by police soon after.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attempted coup in Bolivia fails after president calls on country to mobilize in defense of democracy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/26/americas/bolivia-coup-attempt-claims-intl-latam/index.html |website=CNN |date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |agency=CNN |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626212756/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/26/americas/bolivia-coup-attempt-claims-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Zúñiga claimed that on 23 June—before the events had begun, which led to his arrest—he had met with Luis Arce; Zúñiga alleged that during their meeting, Arce had stated that to boost his popularity, he would attempt a [[self-coup]]; Zúñiga alleged that Arce had ordered Zúñiga to assist in this self-coup by deploying tanks into the streets.<ref name="self_coup_1"/><ref name="self_coup_2"/> |
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As of 28 June 2024, Zúñiga and several other suspects in the coup attempt are currently detained in the [[Prisons in Bolivia|Chonchocoro maximum-security prison]] outside La Paz following an order for their six-month pre-trial detention.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240629-suspected-leaders-of-failed-bolivian-coup-ordered-into-six-month-custody |title=Suspected leaders of failed Bolivian coup remanded in six-month custody |access-date=2023-06-29 |work=France 24 |date=2023-06-29 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629155530/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240629-suspected-leaders-of-failed-bolivian-coup-ordered-into-six-month-custody |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-coup-attempt-zuniga-arce-prison-aa0770b7f23e7d49e1504004c51f93be |title=Bolivian general accused of failed coup is transferred to a maximum-security prison |access-date=2023-06-29 |work=Associated Press |date=2023-06-30 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630085736/https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-coup-attempt-zuniga-arce-prison-aa0770b7f23e7d49e1504004c51f93be |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
Latest revision as of 12:33, 4 December 2024
Juan José Zúñiga | |
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Commanding General of the Bolivian Army | |
In office 1 November 2022 – 26 June 2024 | |
President | Luis Arce |
Succeeded by | José Wilson Sánchez |
Personal details | |
Born | Uncía, Potosí, Bolivia[1] |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Bolivia |
Branch/service | Bolivian Army |
Rank | General |
Juan José Zúñiga Macías is a former Bolivian Army officer who served as the General of the Bolivian Army from November 2022 until his dismissal in June 2024 following his role in the coup d'état attempt against the President Luis Arce.[2][3]
Early life and military career
[edit]Early life
[edit]Juan Zúñiga Macías was born in Uncía municipality, Bolivia.[4][5] After finishing primary and secondary education, he entered the Bolivian Army and graduated in 1990, placing 48th out of 65 officers.[6][7]
Military career
[edit]Zúñiga served as colonel of the REIM-23 Max Toledo regiment between 2012 and 2013. He was charged with the embezzlement of Bs2.7 million intended for the Renta Dignidad and Juancito Pinto cash transfer schemes and well for traveling abroad without permission during his tenure and was tortured for seven days.[8][9][10] He subsequently worked as a police officer.[11]
After serving as Chief of Staff and brigadier general, Zúñiga was appointed as commanding general of the Bolivian Army through a decree by Luis Arce on 1 November 2022.[12][13][14]
Conflict with Evo Morales
[edit]On 24 June 2024, Zuñiga announced that the Bolivian Armed Forces would arrest former President Evo Morales if he ran as a candidate in the next presidential elections in 2025.[15] In threats made against Morales, he described the former president as a "traitor" and accused him of plotting a revolution against the current government, while stating that the Constitution of Bolivia would prevent Morales from returning to power.[4][16] Following Zuñiga's proclamation, he was relieved of his post of commanding general on 25 June 2024.[4][16]
Prior to this event, Zuñiga was accused by Evo Morales of being the commander of the military organization Pachajcho, allegedly plotting to eliminate the former president as part of a "black plan" against coca production leaders and political opponents.[4][8][9]
2024 coup attempt
[edit]He was the primary leader behind the 2024 Bolivian coup attempt on 26 June, attempting to "restore democracy".[17] President Luis Arce called on Zúñiga to demobilize soldiers who had taken over the main square of La Paz.[18] Zúñiga was detained by police soon after.[19] Zúñiga claimed that on 23 June—before the events had begun, which led to his arrest—he had met with Luis Arce; Zúñiga alleged that during their meeting, Arce had stated that to boost his popularity, he would attempt a self-coup; Zúñiga alleged that Arce had ordered Zúñiga to assist in this self-coup by deploying tanks into the streets.[2][3]
As of 28 June 2024, Zúñiga and several other suspects in the coup attempt are currently detained in the Chonchocoro maximum-security prison outside La Paz following an order for their six-month pre-trial detention.[20][21]
References
[edit]- ^ "Juan José Zúñiga, el general que odia a Evo Morales y dice escuchar la voz de Dios". El País (in Spanish). 26 June 2024. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Antes de ser detenido, Juan José Zúñiga sugirió que se trató de un 'autogolpe': "El domingo me reuní con Arce"". infobae (in European Spanish). 26 June 2024. Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ a b ""Arce me ordenó sacar los blindados para levantar su popularidad", acusa el general Zúñiga tras ser detenido por el intento de golpe de Estado en Bolivia". Latinus (in Spanish). 26 June 2024. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d "El comandante del Ejército de Bolivia fue destituido tras amenazar a Evo Morales: "No puede ser más presidente de este país"". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
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